Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Intrusive memories'
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Gregory, J. "Intrusive memories and images in bipolar disorder." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1443980/.
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The clinical literature on the phenomenology of intrusive memories and intrusive images was reviewed systematically. The methodology adopted in the literature is described before presenting the phenomenological findings of intrusive memories and intrusive images across the following categories: 1) prevalence, 2) sensory qualities, 3) emotions and 4) characteristics. The similarities and differences between intrusive memories and intrusive images across clinical disorders are discussed. It is then considered whether intrusive memories and intrusive images represent separate phenomenon and a pragmatic model is briefly presented to conceptualise the distinctions that may exist. Finally, areas of further research are presented.
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Payne, Alexandra. "Intrusive memories in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/66572/.
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Intrusive memories have been identified in the adult literature as not unique to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but a transdiagnostic process common to many psychological disorders, including depression. However, there remains a lack of consensus regarding the prevalence of intrusive memories in adult depression and research exploring this experience in adolescence is extremely limited. The current thesis portfolio aimed to estimate the prevalence of intrusive memories in adult depression through meta-analysis and to explore this experience in young people with PTSD and depression through empirical research. The meta-analysis revealed a pooled prevalence estimate of 76.0% (95% CI 59.4 – 89.4%), with indication that depressed adults are at comparable risk of intrusive memories as adults with PTSD and at increased risk compared to healthy controls (risk ratio of 2.94, 95% CI 1.53 – 5.67). A total of 49 young people participated in the empirical research, comprised of 13 with PTSD (with or without comorbid depression), 11 with depression and 25 non-clinical controls. Intrusive memories were reported by 92.3% of the PTSD group (95% CI 77.8 - 100%), 54.5% of the depressed group (95% CI 25.1 – 83.9%) and 28.0% of the control group (95% CI 10.4 – 45.6%), assessed through structured interview via telephone or video call. Intrusive memories experienced by clinical participants were characterised by accompanying negative emotional experience and appraisals of psychological abnormality and negative self-evaluation, whilst strong sensory quality was identified as a distinctive feature of intrusive memories in PTSD. Intrusive memories are therefore revealed as a common experience in adult and adolescent depression and highlighted as a potential target for cognitive intervention in both depression and PTSD. Routine screening for intrusive memories may provide valuable clinical information. Larger-scale study is recommended to affirm findings and further research is required to evaluate therapeutic interventions. Findings are discussed with reference to cognitive models of PTSD.
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Scott, Jennifer Anne. "Rumination in adolescent depression : the impact on intrusive memories." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/rumination-in-adolescent-depression(96946532-821b-4305-94fc-6db4cf56ee70).html.
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Rumination, a type of repetitive negative thinking, is implicated in the onset and maintenance of adult and youth depression (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008). Whilst experimental studies, key to establishing causality, have shown rumination (in comparison to alternative processing styles including concrete thinking) has a negative effect on cognitive maintaining factors amongst depressed and dysphoric adults, there is a paucity of research with adolescents. Vivid, intrusive memories of autobiographical events are often reported by depressed adults (Brewin et al., 1999). Depressed young people also experience intrusive memories, however, there is little research exploring the nature of these (Meiser-Stedman et al., 2012). Inducing a ruminative processing mode in comparison to distraction resulted in undergraduates rating an intrusive memory as more distressing (Williams & Moulds, 2010). This study aimed to explore the nature of intrusive memories provided by a dysphoric adolescent sample. It then aimed to determine if analytical rumination, in comparison to concrete thinking, impacted on the experience of intrusive memories. High dysphoric adolescents were recruited from a secondary school. They completed the Intrusive Memory Interview and experimental inductions were used to compare the effect of processing styles (rumination vs concrete) on how participants emotionally evaluated their memory. Intrusive memories were experienced frequently in our sample; roughly 1.5 times a week. The memories mainly concerned death/ injury/ illness to a close other, or interpersonal problems. They were experienced as vivid and distressing, with a considerable sense of reliving. The emotions most experienced in relation to the memories were sadness and anger. No significant differences were found regarding memory evaluation between participants in the rumination and concrete conditions. Reasons for these non-significant results are discussed and the need for further research is highlighted. This study is one of very few to explore the experience of intrusive memories in adolescent depression. This study points to the importance of considering intrusive memories in cases of youth depression, and supports the exploration of new avenues regarding the treatment of depression when intrusive memories are present.
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Sayan, Stephanie. "Investigating the link between intrusive memories and cognitive control." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15655.
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Intrusive memories are memories for negative autobiographical events that come to mind without being deliberately recalled (Hackmann, Ehlers, Speckens, & Clark, 2004). Previous research has demonstrated that intrusive memories, and negative reactions to intrusive memories, are an important feature of depression (Starr & Moulds, 2006; Williams & Moulds, 2008b) and contribute to the maintenance of depression longitudinally (Newby & Moulds, 2011c). It has also been established that intrusive memory experience is related to individual differences in cognitive control, specifically in proactive interference resolution (Verwoerd, Wessel, & de Jong, 2009; Verwoerd, Wessel, de Jong, Nieuwenhuis, & Huntjens, 2011). The present thesis aimed to extend upon these existing findings, using the Dual Mechanism of Control theory, which distinguishes between proactive and reactive modes of control (Braver, Gray, & Burgess, 2007). Furthermore, in view of some recent ambiguity of the defining feature of an intrusive memory, as compared to a negative involuntary memory more generally (Kvavilashvili, 2014; Moulds & Krans, 2015), another goal of the thesis was to incorporate a wider focus of involuntary memories, rather than focusing only on traditionally studied intrusive memories. Participants from the student population and local community were tested. Overall, results provide some evidence for a negative involuntary memory related deficit in proactive control, on both a classic and an emotional version of the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT). Conversely, there was no link between intrusive or involuntary memory experience and reactive control. A brief mindfulness and self-compassion based intervention, designed to reduce negative reactions to intrusive memories, was also tested. The intervention was successful in reducing intrusive-memory distress, and recommendations for the future development of the intervention are presented.
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Williams, Alishia Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Experiential features of intrusive memories in depression and the role of cognitive avoidance in intrusion maintenance." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/36794.
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Although recent research has demonstrated that intrusive memories of negative autobiographical events are an overlapping cognitive feature of depression and PTSD, there is still a general paucity of research investigating the prevalence and maintenance of these memories in depression. Accordingly, the current thesis represented a much-needed program of empirically-driven research that delineated the cognitive processes that underpin the manifestation, experience, and persistence of intrusive memories in depression. Firstly, Study 1 used descriptive and correlational methodologies to outline the content and features of these memories, and explored whether intrusion characteristics linked to intrusive memories in PTSD are also features of intrusive memories in depression. In accord with studies in PTSD samples, sensory features accounted for unique variance in the prediction of depression severity, over and above that accounted for by intrusion frequency. This commonality raised the possibility that cognitive management strategies linked to the persistence of intrusive memories in PTSD may also play a role in depression. Accordingly, Study 2 utilized a cross-sectional and prospective design to investigate whether negative appraisals and cognitive avoidance strategies, which are key to the persistence of intrusive memories in PTSD, similarly play a role in depression. The results demonstrated that assigning negative appraisals to one???s intrusive memory, and attempts to control the memory, were positively associated with intrusion-related distress, level of depression, and cognitive avoidance mechanisms. Additionally, negative appraisals and the use of cognitive mechanisms were predictive of depression concurrently, but not prospectively. Studies 3, 4, and 5 further investigated avoidant intrusion- response strategies by assessing the role of recall vantage perspective in mediating the effects of intrusion-related distress. Study 3 found that although field memories were not experienced as more distressing than observer memories, the results supported an association between an observer vantage perspective and cognitive avoidance mechanisms. As this study employed a correlational design, Study 4 addressed the question of directionality by experimentally manipulating mode of recall to ascertain whether shifting participants into a converse perspective would have differential effects on the reported experience of their intrusive memory. Results indicated that shifting participants from a field to an observer perspective resulted in decreased experiential ratings; specifically, reduced distress and vividness and increased detachment and observation. Also, as anticipated, the converse shift in perspective (from observer to field) did not lead to a corresponding increase in experiential ratings, but resulted in reduced ratings of observation. Study 5 attempted to investigate the stability of this memory orientation phenomenon by investigating mode of recall vantage perspective prospectively. Attrition of participants across the 12-month study limited analyses to the descriptive level, but illustrated that, at least for some individuals, recall vantage perspective remained stable across assessments periods. Collectively, the findings supported the notion that recall perspective has a functional role in the regulation of intrusion-related distress and represents a cognitive avoidance mechanism. Studies 6 and 7 employed experimental methodologies to investigate whether adopting an abstract/analytical mode of processing following a negative event would result in poor emotional processing, or increased distress associated with intrusive memories. Study 6 found no differences in either intrusion frequency or associated levels of distress across the processing conditions, as hypothesized. The results of Study 6 suggested that the predicted effects of ruminative self-focus on intrusion severity may be dependent upon the self-referential nature of the material being processed. Results of Study 7 indicated that inducing an analytical ruminative mode of processing resulted in participants rating their naturally occurring, self-referential intrusive memories as more negative, more distressing, and evoking a more negative emotional response compared to inducing distraction. Taken together, Studies 6 and 7 suggest the possibility that depressed individuals may get caught up in a ruminative cycle that, due to the documented effects of analytical self-focus, may exacerbate the emotional response elicited by the intrusions and perpetuate biased attentional focus towards them. Finally, Studies 8 and 9 explored suppression as a cognitive avoidance mechanism and addressed some methodological concerns regarding the measurement of this construct. Study 8 investigated the effects of repeated suppression using a method to index the frequency, duration, and associated levels of distress of an experimentally-induced intrusive memory, and assessed whether any observed effects were differentially linked to depressive symptomatology. Results supported a secondary rebound effect in those participants who were most successful at suppressing target intrusions. Study 9 was an investigation of the English version of the TCAQ (Luciano, Algarabel, Tom??s, & Mart??nez, 2005), an index of cognitive control. Study 9 evaluated the association between this measure and performance on a thought suppression task. The results indicated that low TCAQ-20 scorers experienced intrusions of a longer duration and rated these intrusions as more distressing than high TCAQ-20 scorers, supporting the validity of the measure. These findings highlight the role of suppression as a maladaptive mental control strategy and the potential for elevated intrusion-distress to perpetuate its use. Together, the findings of this program of research confirm the importance of intrusive memories in depression, and underscore the need for an empirically-supported model to account for the occurrence and maintenance of these memories.
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Parker, Julie Diane. "Intrusive memories, coping and outcome in depression : towards a traumatic processing model?" Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2487.
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Recent studies (e.g. Kuyken & Brewin, 1994a) have noted the presence of high levels of disturbing intrusive memories in depressed women. Intrusive memories are best known as a post-traumatic symptom and have received considerable attention from researchers in this field. The presence of a post-traumatic symptom in depression indicates that trauma models might be useful in refining our understanding and treatment of depression. Predictions based on theories of post-traumatic processing were tested in relation to the intrusive memories of a sample of 26 depressed women. The women showed a pattern of intrusive memory experiences which indicate that their memories are likely to be traumatic in nature. The equal availability of childhood and adulthood memories to depressed women contrasts the pattern observed in the 12 control participants, and in other non-clinical samples (e.g. Berntsen, 1996), and is interpreted as lending support to theoretical models of depression which emphasise the importance of childhood experiences to adult depression. The coping strategies deployed to deal with negative intrusive memories were assessed in both groups. The clinical group showed greater use of avoidant coping than controls, in line with predictions derived from the literature regarding coping and depression. The predictive power of coping style for outcome of depression and intrusion was tested by following up 20 of the 26 depressed participants, approximately four months after initial assessment. The data indicate that the use of approach coping, specifically of Positive Reappraisal, in relation to intrusive memories was significantly predictive of better outcome of depression. This finding is interpreted in the context of psychodynamic models of depression. The data also indicate that the use of avoidant coping, specifically of Cognitive Avoidance, is significantly predictive of the maintenance of disturbing intrusions. This finding is interpreted in the context of traumatic processing models. Finally, predictions based on the conceptualisation of dissociation as an avoidant coping mechanism, used to keep traumatic affects and experiences out of consciousness, were tested. Dissociation did not show the pattern of associations predicted, but rather seemed to be more closely allied with passive resignation than active avoidance. The pattern of results obtained in this study are interpreted as lending support to the conceptualisation of depression as a trauma-related disorder, and also as lending support to theoretical models which assign great importance to childhood experiences in the aetiology of adult disorder. Potential implications of the study for clinical practice are discussed, and suggestions made for future research.
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Verwoerd, Johan. "The crippling homunculus inefficient executive control and the persistence of intrusive memories /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2009. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/316.
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Forbes, Amanda Jacqueline. "Intrusive memories and trauma-related symptoms in individuals presenting with dental anxiety." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26511.
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Research indicates that between 36-40% of people are afraid to visit the dentist, 20% are highly anxious and 5% avoid dental treatments due to severe anxiety (Lindsay & Jackson, 1993). Dental anxiety is known to be a major barrier to optimal health care with individuals fearful of impending invasive procedures often presenting only when in severe pain. Dental anxiety has been found to be based on past memories of experiences of pain and loss of control in the dental setting. Evidence from the literature suggests that some individuals with dental anxiety also present with additional psychological problems, such as panic disorder. De Jongh, Muris, ter Horst and Duyx (1995) also reported that individuals with dental anxiety also exhibited more catastrophizing thoughts related to dental treatment. A recent study by De Jongh, Aartman & Brand (submitted for publication) reported that intrusive memories of past distressing dental experiences were associated with dental anxiety. However no structured assessment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was carried out. This study aimed to identify the association between intrusive memories related to dental experiences and trauma-related symptomatology and to investigate differences in pyschopathology and thought content in individuals with a dental anxiety presenting with and without intrusive memories. The proportion of individuals with intrusive memories who would meet criteria for PTSD was also investigated. Results will be given and conclusions reached.
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Levy, Benjamin John. "Controlling intrusive memories : behavioral and neural correlates of successful and failed memory suppression /." Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594839711&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-166). Also available in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.
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Miller, Emma Frances. "Exploring intrusive experiences in older people across the spectrum of worry." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26022.
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Background: Worry is theorised to function as a form of cognitive or experiential avoidance wherein an individual uses repetitive thinking in an attempt to avoid a future event or an aversive internal experience. There is evidence of a closer link between non-verbal thought (e.g. mental images) and emotion, physiology and behaviour than with verbal thought. Based on findings that worry is predominantly a verbal-linguistic activity, with less imagery occurring during worry episodes than during relaxation; it is theorised that worriers may move from non-verbal to verbal thought in order to avoid the greater arousal associated with non-verbal thought intrusions. This carries with it the unintended consequence of reducing emotional processing, leading to a subsequent increase in intrusive thoughts. Whilst cognitive science has emphasised the content of cognition and how this links to emotion, the psychological flexibility model suggests that content is less important than how we relate to our cognitive events. The degree to which we get entangled in our thinking, lack perspective on our thoughts and the degree to which cognition comes to regulate our behaviour over other sources is known as cognitive fusion. It is postulated that some individuals may be more prone to avoiding internal experiences due to the stance they take toward these experiences. In the long-term, worry should lead to a reduction in the experience of intrusive images and memories and an increase in intrusive thoughts; and this relationship should vary depending on an individual’s stance in relation to their internal experiences. The purpose of the current study is to explore the experience of intrusive memories, images and thoughts in an older adult sample, and the relationship of these experiences to level of worry, cognitive fusion and psychological inflexibility. Method: Sixty-two community dwelling older adults were involved in the study. Each completed questionnaire measures to assess level of trait worry, depression, cognitive fusion and psychological inflexibility, as well as an interview to determine whether diagnostic criteria were met for any mood or anxiety disorder and to complete an interview exploring the experience of intrusive memories, thoughts and images. Findings: Higher levels of trait worry were strongly associated with higher levels of cognitive fusion and psychological inflexibility. Intrusive memories, images and thoughts were all reported in low levels across the sample. Level of worry was positively associated with the severity but not the occurrence of intrusive memories and thoughts. Higher levels of psychological inflexibility were associated with less occurrence of intrusive memories and images; whereas higher levels of cognitive fusion were associated with the increased occurrence of intrusive images. Higher levels of worry, cognitive fusion and psychological inflexibility were all associated with increased severity of intrusive thoughts. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research and to the Avoidance Theory and Acceptance Model of GAD. Implications are considered for further research and clinical applications.
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Aiello, Megan. "MAINTENANCE OF INTRUSIVE MEMORIES IN AN UNSELECTED UNDERGRADUATE SAMPLE: THE ROLES OF COPING STRATEGIES, NEGATIVE APPRAISALS, AND PERCEPTIONS OF CONTROL." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1263.
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Intrusive memories, coping strategies, negative appraisals, and perceptions of control were examined in an unselected undergraduate sample. Intrusive memory frequency was positively associated with emotion-avoidant coping, but unrelated to problem-focused and emotion-approach coping. Negative appraisals and perceptions of control partially mediated the relationship between intrusive memory frequency and emotion-avoidant coping. PTSD symptoms contributed additional variance to the partial mediation models. Overall, study findings demonstrated that the intrusive memory maintenance cycle found in PTSD and depression samples can exist in an unselected sample. Individual differences within this sample may relate to varying levels of executive control and trait mindfulness. Implications for clinical practice, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
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Yoshizumi, Takahiro, and Satomi Murase. "The effect of avoidant tendencies on the intensity of intrusive memories in a community sample of college students." Elsevier, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9098.
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Polack, R. E. L. R. "The effect of viewpoint dependence in spatial memory tasks on intrusive memories in analogue trauma." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1449464/.
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Part one of this thesis is a literature review on the use of Imagery Restructuring (IR) within anxiety disorders. Narrative methods were used to synthesise the findings of 18 studies. The review details the range of different IR methodology and revealed IR to be an effective short-term, long-term and preventative technique across different anxiety disorders, reducing anxiety, imagery and memory related symptomology. However, IR could not be established as an effective intervention in isolation with long-term therapeutic effects. Given the heterogeneity of the studies’ methodology, of IR and anxiety pathology, a range of potential mechanisms underpinning IR are theorised. However, underlying mechanisms were not explicitly explored in the studies. Finally, the clinical implications of IR and the limitations of the review are reflected upon before research recommendations are made. Part two is an empirical study which investigates the effect of egocentric and allocentric memory processing on intrusive memory (IM) frequency following exposure to analogue trauma films. Forty five healthy participants were allocated in turn, stratifying for gender to the egocentric or allocentric recognition memory task group or to the control group. Participants who undertook an egocentric memory task experienced significantly fewer intrusive images than the control group (who listened to music). This supports Dual Representation Theory (DRT) – that intrusive memories are underpinned by relatively stronger sensory-perceptual egocentric memory representations and relatively weaker contextualised, allocentric based memory representations. Allocentric memory tasks did not significantly increase or reduce the number of intrusive memories experienced. Theoretical, neurobiological and methodological explanations are offered for these findings. Part three is a critical appraisal which addresses four issues. Firstly, the conceptualisation of intrusive imagery as being transdiagnostic and on a continuum. Secondly, how the project prompted the consideration of PTSD as a construct more broadly. Thirdly, the issue of measuring intrusive memory and considerations for measurement in future research. Finally, two key learning experiences around ethics of trauma designs and the dynamics of working with a research assistant.
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Iyadurai, Lalitha. "Clinical translation of a simple cognitive task to reduce the occurrence of intrusive memories after a psychological trauma." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0d271baa-8fe1-44b4-beb6-d1c5823a4bc1.
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Preventive interventions after psychological trauma are lacking. Intrusive memories in the first few weeks after a traumatic event can be highly distressing, and also predict later post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Laboratory studies with healthy volunteers have found that engaging in a visuospatial cognitive task soon after an experimental trauma film can reduce the frequency of intrusive memories over the following week. The aims of this research were to a) develop the a simple cognitive task intervention (a memory reactivation cue followed by playing the computer game "Tetris") for use in a hospital emergency department (ED) with patients who had experienced a road traffic accident, and b) provide a preliminary test of the efficacy of the intervention using a randomised controlled trial design. First, the current evidence base for preventive interventions after trauma was reviewed, and theory was drawn from experimental psychology and clinical psychology to propose that delivering a simple cognitive task involving playing Tetris in the immediate aftermath of trauma may offer a novel preventive intervention for PTSD symptoms (Chapter 1). Next, the laboratory procedure was adapted for use in a hospital ED, based on direct observation in the ED, and existing literature (Chapter 2). An initial pilot study (n = 10) tested key procedures in the ED, namely recruitment of road traffic accident patients, practical delivery of the intervention and completion of an intrusion diary over the first week (Chapter 3). A second pilot study (n = 23) was conducted to improve the study procedures, test both the intervention and control conditions, and assess participant experience (Chapter 4). The recruitment rate, eligibility criteria, drop-out rate and completion rate of the intrusion diary were all improved. Participant feedback was used to refine the intervention and control procedures. Finally, a main randomised controlled study (n = 71) was conducted, comparing the simple cognitive task intervention with usual care in the emergency department (with a simple activity diary). As predicted, participants in the intervention group had fewer intrusive memories in the first week, and less severe clinical intrusion symptom scores, than those in the control group. Further, participant feedback highlighted the value of being offered an intervention in the emergency department. This research was the first to successfully translate laboratory findings to a clinical emergency department setting. Findings provide a first step towards developing an accessible, low intensity preventive intervention to target intrusive memories after trauma. Further trials and mechanism studies are warranted.
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Idowu, Adebayo Oladimeji. "Therapists' construction of their clients' trauma-related intrusive memories in the context of client distress : a grounded theory analysis." Thesis, City, University of London, 2018. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/21731/.
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Quantitative research has shown that individuals who report intrusive memories of traumatic events often experience psychological distress. There is a need for qualitatively focused research, which would allow for an understanding of how therapists construct and make sense of their clients' intrusive trauma memories in the context of the clients' psychological distress. The research involved face to face semi-structured interview with nine qualified psychologists about their experience of working with trauma clients. The data were analysed using constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006). The research study facilitated nuanced understanding of clients' trauma memories from the perspective of therapists. It explored the process of the therapists looking within to make sense of the impact of their clients' trauma experiences on them. It also allowed the researcher to examine how the therapist changes as a result of their engagement with trauma clients. Grounded theory analysis demonstrated that therapists constructed some important categories. These include; trauma memories as threat to sense of self, appraisal processes of trauma memories, discovering survival strategies, therapists' process in therapy with clients, therapists changing and reflecting as a result of trauma work and therapist discovering coping strategies. The findings indicate that trauma work also brings some rewards and privileges in the form of strength, growth, and empowerment. The research findings have important implications for policy and practice, service quality, and the well-being of therapists and their clients.
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White, Rachel. "The effect of processing mode on intrusive memories and emotional reactivity following exposure to trauma : an experimental analogue study." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-effect-of-processing-mode-on-intrusive-memories-and-emotional-reactivity-following-exposure-to-trauma(484ceddc-0ba3-4214-9e2d-a466d1438705).html.
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Background and aims: Evidence suggests that the mode in which traumatic events are processed may influence the development of PTSD, although experimental evidence is lacking. It is crucial to discover what could potentially protect against the development of symptoms such as intrusive memories, since this would allow for the development of evidence-based prevention programmes for at-risk groups. Using a trauma film paradigm (Holmes & Bourne, 2008), the current study investigated the effect of processing mode training (abstract versus concrete) during exposure to an analogue trauma on the subsequent development of intrusive memories, the hallmark feature of PTSD. It also investigated its effect on emotional reactivity to a subsequent traumatic stimulus and whether potential vulnerability factors (e.g. rumination, dissociation, sleep problems, self-reported proneness to intrusions) were related to the frequency of intrusions developed. Method: Fifty-one participants were trained to process traumatic films in an abstract or concrete mode. In the abstract condition, participants were trained to focus on the overall meaning and implications of the events and on questions such as ‘Why?’ and ‘What if?’ In the concrete condition, participants were trained to focus on contextual details and the sequence of events and on questions such as ‘What?’ and ‘How?’ Participants rated their emotional reactions to pre- and post-training test films. They then recorded in a diary the number of intrusive memories they experienced in relation to the film clips over the subsequent week and completed the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R; Weiss & Marmar, 1997) one week later. Results: As predicted, participants in the concrete group reported fewer intrusive memories in response to the film clips over the subsequent week and lower IES-R scores compared with the abstract group. They also showed reduced emotional reactivity (distress and horror) in response to a post-training film clip although this did not extend to subjective ratings of arousal and negative affect. Self-reported proneness to intrusive memories and pre-existing sleep difficulties significantly predicted intrusive memories, whereas trait rumination and dissociation did not. Conclusions: Overall, findings suggest that training people to adopt a concrete mode of processing during exposure to analogue trauma may protect against the development of intrusive memories and have important implications for the development of preventative programmes for at-risk occupational groups.
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Hecht, Amelie Domenica [Verfasser], and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Bohus. "Frequency of Intrusive Memories in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. An Ambulatory Assessment Study / Amelie Domenica Hecht ; Betreuer: Martin Bohus." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1177252139/34.
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Streb, Markus [Verfasser], and Tanja [Akademischer Betreuer] Michael. "Examining memory processes underlying intrusive trauma memories : the impact of retrieval suppression and associative learning / Markus Streb. Betreuer: Tanja Michael." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079840214/34.
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Clark, Ian Alexander. "A clinical neuroscience investigation into flashbacks and involuntary autobiographical memories." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:04f72e37-73fe-4347-8af1-8d8852c05f1b.
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Recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of trauma are a hallmark symptom of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The term ‘flashback’ is used in this thesis to refer to vivid, sensory perceptual (predominantly visual images), emotional memories from a traumatic event that intrude involuntarily into consciousness. Furthermore, intrusive image based memories occur in a number of other psychological disorders, for example, bipolar disorder and depression. Clinically, the presence and occurrence of flashbacks and flashback type memories are well documented. However, in terms of the neural underpinnings there is limited understanding of how such flashback memories are formed or later involuntarily recalled. An experimental psychopathology approach is taken whereby flashbacks are viewed on a continuum with other involuntary autobiographical memories and are studied using analogue emotional events in the laboratory. An initial review develops a heuristic clinical neuroscience framework for understanding flashback memories. It is proposed that flashbacks consistent of five component parts – mental imagery, autobiographical memory, involuntary recall, attention hijacking and negative emotion. Combining knowledge of the component parts helped provide a guiding framework, at both a neural and behavioural level, into how flashback memories may be formed and how they return to mind unbidden. Four studies (1 neuroimaging, 3 behavioural) using emotional film paradigms were conducted. In the first study, the trauma film paradigm was combined with neuroimaging (n = 35) to investigate the neural basis of both the encoding and the involuntary recall of flashback memories. Results provided a first replication of a specific pattern of brain activation at the encoding of memories that later returned as flashbacks. This included elevation in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, insula, thalamus, ventral occipital cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus (during just the encoding of scenes that returned as flashbacks) alongside suppressed activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (during the encoding of scenes that returned as flashbacks in other participants, but not that individual). Critically, this is also the first study to show the brain activation at the moment of flashback involuntary recall in the scanner. Activation in the middle and superior frontal gyri and the left inferior frontal gyrus was found to be associated with flashback involuntary recall. In the second study, control conditions from 16 behavioural trauma film paradigm experiments were combined (n = 458) to investigate commonly studied factors that may be protective against flashback development. Results indicated that low emotional response to the traumatic film footage was associated with an absence of flashbacks over the following week. The third study used a positive film to consider the emotional valence of the emotion component of the framework. Positive emotional response at the time of viewing the footage was associated with positive involuntary memories over the following week. The fourth study aimed to replicate and extend this finding, comparing the impact of engaging in two cognitive tasks after film viewing (equated for general load). Predictions were not supported and methodological considerations are discussed. Results may have implications for understanding flashbacks and involuntary autobiographical memories occurring in everyday life and across psychological disorders. Further understanding of the proposed components of the clinical neuroscience framework may even help inform targeted treatments to prevent, or lessen, the formation and frequency of distressing involuntary memories.
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Yarar, Orhan Ferhat. "Effects Of Inhibitory Mechanisms And Thought Suppression Tendency On The Frequency And Intensity Of Traumatic Intrusions." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612926/index.pdf.
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The present study investigates the effects of cognitive inhibitory mechanisms and tendency to suppress thoughts on the frequency and intensity of traumatic intrusions within the trauma film paradigm. Non clinical participants&rsquoresponse inhibition and proactive inhibition levels and tendency to suppress thoughts were measured prior to exposure to a trauma film. One week after seeing the trauma film, participants reported the frequency and intensity of trauma film related intrusions with an intrusion diary and Impact of Events Scale. No significant effect of response inhibition, proactive inhibition and thought suppression tendency was found on the frequency and intensity of trauma film related intrusions. Findings of the study are discussed.
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Porcheret, Kate L. "Sleep and sleep timing in relation to light and emotional processing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b759244a-c339-4d9f-bd03-e150a5fa1887.
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Sleep is a complex process: the timing of sleep is regulated by two systems (the sleep homeostat and the circadian clock) and there are many potential functions of sleep. The aim of this thesis was to investigate: the impact of light on the regulation of sleep timing (study 1) and the role of sleep in emotional processing (study 2). Study 1 used natural variations in environmental light levels at different geographical locations, to examine the influence of daily light irradiance on sleep timing and chronotype using the Munich chronotype questionnaire (MCTQ). 6443 students were included in this study from six universities from the northern and southern hemispheres. Students in southern hemisphere cities had earlier sleep timings than those in the northern cities. Daily irradiance was higher in the southern hemisphere cities. The amount of time spent outside, age and sex, but not daily irradiance, influenced sleep timings. Study 2 explored the impact of an analogue traumatic event (trauma film) in students who were either sleep deprived or not sleep deprived on intrusive memories ("flashbacks"), sleep physiology and the impact of an increased risk of a mood disorder on this relationship. In this study the sleep deprived participants (n=19) reported fewer intrusive memories to the trauma film than those not sleep deprived (n=22). A change in sleep physiology was observed in the first sleep period following the trauma film, which was more pronounced in the sleep deprived group: increased levels of arousal, REM density and activity in the occipital region. Only three participants at-risk of a mood disorder completed study 2: their data are presented as case studies. In conclusion this research has demonstrated that differences in sleep timings exist between cities in the southern and northern hemispheres and has confirmed that many factors can influence sleep timing. It has also been demonstrated that following a highly emotional event not sleeping may have a beneficial effect, which has implications for the treatment of people after trauma.
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Stewart, Nick. "Doctorate in Clinical Psychology : main research portfolio." Thesis, University of Bath, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.761009.
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Critical Review of the LiteratureCan Borderline Personality Disorder be treated effectively in forensic settings? A systematic reviewBorderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a common diagnosis in forensic settings. Certain features of BPD, such as impulsivity and emotional dysregulation, can create a vulnerability to impulsive acts. The condition is also associated with poor mental and physical health, making the treatment of BPD and its clinical features an important goal in forensic settings. This paper reviews evidence for the effectiveness of treating BPD and its symptoms using psychological approaches in forensic settings. A systematic search found 2913 papers, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. The papers reported nine separate studies (six controlled) that implemented four distinct interventions, often adapted for particular forensic settings. Improvements in overall BPD symptomatology and specific BPD symptoms were reported for all types of intervention, although few differences in outcome between intervention and control groups were found. There were also reported improvements in BPD-related behaviours, but data on offending behaviour were absent. Heterogeneity in study quality and design makes it challenging to draw any firm conclusions about the effectiveness of any one form of treatment over another, nor about which treatment may best suit a particular setting. Further randomised controlled trials are needed to answer these questions. Service Improvement ProjectEvaluation of a brief educational intervention for clinical staff aimed at promoting trauma-informed approaches to careThere is growing evidence that trauma plays an important role in the aetiology of severe and enduring mental health problems. Yet staff can be reluctant to ask patients about trauma for reasons such as anxiety about harming patients and limited access to training. Where services have adopted trauma-informed approaches (TIAs) to mental health care (i.e., considering the ways in which trauma affects individuals when planning and delivering services), improved clinical outcomes have been observed. With this in mind, a new educational video was developed for mental health staff at an NHS trust. The video was intended to be (a) brief (10 minutes); (b) contemporary and engaging; and (c) accessible using computers, smartphones and tablets. Forty-one multidisciplinary staff viewed the video. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation indicated improvements in self-reported knowledge and confidence with regard to trauma, and a decrease in worries with regard to asking patients about such experiences. Participants found the video to be enjoyable, understandable and informative. Importantly, many indicated that it spurred them to further action, such as further training and asking patients about possible trauma. These findings indicate that a video of this type can offer an important ‘taster’ of trauma-related learning, constituting an important step towards embedding trauma-informed ways of working at a service. Main Research ProjectThe Role of Intrusive Imagery in Hoarding DisorderThe cardinal feature of Hoarding Disorder (HD) is persistent difficulty discarding possessions, with the resulting clutter compromising the intended use of living areas. Within the dominant cognitive-behavioural model of hoarding (Frost & Hartl, 1996), hoarding behaviours are positively and negatively reinforced in the context of certain object-related beliefs. Available treatments for HD have so far yielded modest outcomes, indicating a need for new approaches. Intrusive imagery has so far been neglected in HD research, despite the frequency of trauma in the histories of people with the condition. To address this, 27 individuals who met the DSM-5 criteria for HD and 28 community controls (CCs) were interviewed about their everyday experiences of mental imagery. Participants were also asked about the images they experienced during two recent real-life examples of actual or attempted discard of (1) an object of low subjective value; and (2) an object of high subjective value. Everyday imagery in the HD group commonly reflected themes of illness, death and reminiscence. Imagery in HD participants tended to carry negative emotional valence in comparison with CCs, and was associated with greater interference in everyday life and attempts to avoid the imagery. HD participants reported more negative experiences of intrusive imagery in comparison with CCs during recent episodes of discarding objects of low subjective value. However, HD participants experienced positive imagery when discarding, or trying to discard, high value objects. These findings indicate that although people with HD frequently report traumatic histories, this is not reflected in the everyday imagery that they experience. There is some evidence to suggest that the negative and positive memories experienced in relation to low and high value objects may aid our understanding of discarding and saving behaviour in HD. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are further discussed.
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Tettelaar, Tanya Anne. "Emplacement history of the Pearly Gates anorthosite pluton and spatially related Tessiarsuyungoakh intrusion, and metamorphic petrology of the adjacent Tasiuyak paragneiss, northern Labrador /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2004. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,61302.
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Huang, Kun-Lin, and 黃崑霖. "Effects of posttraumatic negative cognition, reflection and rumination on posttraumatic intrusive memories." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4tk3nq.
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碩士中原大學
心理學研究所
105
Background：According to past research, people who have negative posttraumatic cognitions will be traumatic events as excessive dangerous and they don’t have the ability to cope with it, and that will maintenance of intrusive symptoms(Foa et al., 1999). Negative posttraumatic cognitions will make people use abstract thinking style to avoid to experience the details of the traumatic event. Both of the rumination and reflection are kinds of abstract thinking style, and it can help traumatic people to avoid to experience the details of the traumatic event. But they have the different effect on posttraumatic stress symptoms. Rumination is a kind of cognitive avoidance, and it is a maladaptive coping strategy(Ehlers & Clark, 2000). It will maintenance of intrusive symptoms. However, the reflection will help traumatic people to accept the traumatic event. So rumination and reflection saw will mediator the effect of the negative posttraumatic cognitions to intrusive symptoms. When traumatic people who have negative posttraumatic cognitions, use the rumination as a coping strategy will worse and maintenance of intrusive symptoms. In contrast, when traumatic people who have negative posttraumatic cognitions, use the reflection as a coping strategy will help them recover from the traumatic event.(Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004; Watkins, 2008). Our research will use the rumination and reflection as the mediator, and testing mediating effect of mediators model. We use the concept of rumination and reflection which from Trapnell and Campbell(Trapnell & Campbell, 1999). We expect the traumatic people who have more negative posttraumatic cognitions and more rumination, who will have worse intrusive symptoms. However, the traumatic people who have more negative posttraumatic cognitions and more reflection, who will have less intrusive symptoms. Method：Our research has two purposes：(1) To investigate the Chinese Intrusive Thought Qusetionnaire’s reliability and validity (2) To investigate the Effects of posttraumatic negative cognition, reflection, and rumination on posttraumatic intrusive memories. Our research is cross-sectional study, and use the student from Taiwan’s college as the subject. The research questionnaire included five part. (1) the basic information form to collect the subject’s demographics information. (2) the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale to collect the subject’s type of traumatic event and posttraumatic stress symptoms. (3) Posttraumatic Cognition Inventory to collect the subject’s negative posttraumatic cognitions (4) Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire to collect the subject’s thinking style (5) The Intrusive Thought Questionnaire to collect the subject’s intrusive symptoms. We collect 213 subject’s data, and according to the subject’s traumatic event to assign them into trauma group or normal group. The normal group has 124 subjects, which data will use for research purposes 1. And trauma group has 89 subjects, which data will be used for research purposes 2. We use SPSS 23.0 to descriptive statistics, reliability, validity, t-test, correlation analysis, and mediation effect, and we will use SPSS Amos to path analysis. Result：（1）negative posttraumatic beliefs can predict intrusive memories when traumatic people have more negative posttraumatic beliefs, who will have worse intrusive memories.（2）negative posttraumatic beliefs can predict rumination when traumatic people have more negative posttraumatic beliefs, who will have more rumination.（3）negative posttraumatic beliefs can not predict reflection.（4）rumination can predict intrusive memories, when traumatic people have more rumination, who will have worse intrusive memories.（5）reflection can not predict intrusive memories.（6）The relationship between negative posttraumatic beliefs and intrusive memories is partially mediated by rumination（7）The relationship between negative posttraumatic beliefs and intrusive memories is not mediated by reflection Discussion：In research purposes 1, Chinese Intrusive Thoughts Questionnaire has good reliability and validity. In research purposes 2, Negative posttraumatic beliefs and rumination can predict intrusive memories. The relationship between negative posttraumatic beliefs and intrusive memories is partially mediated by rumination. The posttraumatic beliefs will make more rumination, and more rumination will make the intrusive memories worse. The negative posttraumatic beliefs can not predict reflection, and the reflection also can not predict the intrusive memories. When people who have more negative posttraumatic beliefs, they might not get more reflection. And when people who have more reflection, their intrusive memories might not get worse.
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Dunsworth, Sherry Mary. "Multiple intrusion and deformation within the northwestern quadrant of the plutonic complex, Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus /." 1989. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,74438.
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Collins, Patrick G. "A petrographic and geochemical characterization and the evaluation of the exploration potential for nickel sulfides in several mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes in Newfoundland /." 2007. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,57846.
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Smith, Roderick L. "The basal gabbro subdivision and associated magmatic nickel-copper sulphide mineralization of the Pants Lake intrusion, Labrador, Canada : a combined geological, petrological, geochemical, and metallogenic study /." 2006. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,68970.
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