Academic literature on the topic 'Intrusive memories'
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Journal articles on the topic "Intrusive memories"
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Spenceley, Anna, and Bill Jerrom. "Intrusive Traumatic Childhood Memories in Depression: A Comparison Between Depressed, Recovered and Never Depressed Women." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 25, no. 4 (October 1997): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800018713.
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The extent of intrusive traumatic memories of upsetting childhood experiences was investigated in independent samples of female subjects: out-patients with a primary diagnosis of unipolar major depression, women recovered from clinical depression, and healthy controls who had never experienced major depression. Subjects completed self-report questionnaires to measure levels of depression, and intrusive memories of traumatic childhood events. There were no differences between the groups in whether or not they experienced intrusive memories, but severity of intrusions varied significantly. The depressed sample reported significantly more intrusion and avoidance than the recovered or control groups, and the recovered sample reported normal levels of intrusion but higher levels of avoidance of traumatic memories than controls. Severely depressed subjects reported significantly higher levels of intrusion and avoidance than moderately depressed subjects. Implications for psychological models and for the treatment of depression are discussed.
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Brewin, C. R., E. Hunter, F. Carroll, and P. Tata. "Intrusive memories in depression: an index of schema activation?" Psychological Medicine 26, no. 6 (November 1996): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700035996.
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SynopsisA sample of 31 male and female depressed patients was interviewed to investigate spontaneous, intrusive memories of immediate and past life events. Previous findings that depressed patients experience high frequency intrusive memories were confirmed, as was an association between intrusive memories of childhood abuse and severity of depression. Patients reported intrusive memories for a variety of other events, particularly involving illness and death. Limited support was obtained for the hypotheses that the course of depression would be related to the activation of negative memories, and that immediate life events would trigger the activation of memories of similar events from the past.
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Clark, I. A., E. A. Holmes, M. W. Woolrich, and C. E. Mackay. "Intrusive memories to traumatic footage: the neural basis of their encoding and involuntary recall." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 3 (December 9, 2015): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002007.
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BackgroundA hallmark symptom after psychological trauma is the presence of intrusive memories. It is unclear why only some moments of trauma become intrusive, and how these memories involuntarily return to mind. Understanding the neural mechanisms involved in the encoding and involuntary recall of intrusive memories may elucidate these questions.MethodParticipants (n = 35) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while being exposed to traumatic film footage. After film viewing, participants indicated within the scanner, while undergoing fMRI, if they experienced an intrusive memory of the film. Further intrusive memories in daily life were recorded for 7 days. After 7 days, participants completed a recognition memory test. Intrusive memory encoding was captured by comparing activity at the time of viewing ‘Intrusive scenes’ (scenes recalled involuntarily), ‘Control scenes’ (scenes never recalled involuntarily) and ‘Potential scenes’ (scenes recalled involuntarily by others but not that individual). Signal change associated with intrusive memory involuntary recall was modelled using finite impulse response basis functions.ResultsWe found a widespread pattern of increased activation for Intrusive v. both Potential and Control scenes at encoding. The left inferior frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus showed increased activity in Intrusive scenes compared with Potential scenes, but not in Intrusive scenes compared with Control scenes. This pattern of activation persisted when taking recognition memory performance into account. Intrusive memory involuntary recall was characterized by activity in frontal regions, notably the left inferior frontal gyrus.ConclusionsThe left inferior frontal gyrus may be implicated in both the encoding and involuntary recall of intrusive memories.
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BREWIN, C. R., M. WATSON, S. McCARTHY, P. HYMAN, and D. DAYSON. "Memory processes and the course of anxiety and depression in cancer patients." Psychological Medicine 28, no. 1 (January 1998): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291797006028.
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Background. Intrusive memories of stressful events, many involving illness and death, are found in a minority of depressed cancer patients, and may predict the course of anxiety and depression.Method. Matched samples of mild to moderately depressed and non-depressed cancer patients were followed up after 6 months. Anxiety and depression at follow-up were related to measures of intrusive memories of stressful life events and autobiographical memory functioning that had been assessed at baseline.Results. Levels of anxiety and depression remained fairly constant over time in the two groups, and the depressed group continued to experience high levels of intrusive memories. The presence of intrusive memories at baseline, and the extent to which these memories were consciously avoided, predicted greater anxiety at follow-up, even after controlling for initial severity of physical and psychiatric symptoms. None of the measures of memory functioning predicted levels of depression at follow-up.Conclusions. Intrusive memories appear to be a marker of more prolonged psychopathology in cancer patients and may respond to direct therapeutic intervention.
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Reynolds, Martina, Sheena Nayak, and Christos Kouimtsidis. "Intrusive memories of trauma in PTSD and addiction." Psychiatrist 36, no. 8 (August 2012): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.111.037937.
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Aims and methodTo study intrusive phenomena relating to traumatic experiences in a community sample seeking treatment for substance use disorder and an in-patient sample from an addiction in-patient detoxification service in London. Perceived effect of drugs and drug use on traumatic intrusion and memory experiences was also analysed. The study was conducted using a semi-structured patient interview comprising a series of questionnaires.ResultsThe most frequently identified traumatic memories were those of traumatic bereavements. Substance use appears to have had the effect of dampening the memories for those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and significantly more individuals reported that their memories were less vivid and less distressing before they ceased substance use.Clinical implicationsThe findings suggest that continued substance use could in part be motivated by its capacity to dampen distressing memories within the PTSD group. This should be addressed within a treatment plan of comorbid PTSD.
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Bourne, C., CM Mackay, and EA Holmes. "Neuroimaging the Formation of Intrusive Memories." NeuroImage 47 (July 2009): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70502-6.
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Grueschow, Marcus, Iva Jelezarova, Maren Westphal, Ulrike Ehlert, and Birgit Kleim. "Emotional conflict adaptation predicts intrusive memories." PLOS ONE 15, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): e0225573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225573.
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Brewin, Chris R. "BRIEF REPORT: Intrusive Thoughts and Intrusive Memories in a Nonclinical Sample." Cognition & Emotion 10, no. 1 (January 1996): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026999396380411.
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Rombold, F., K. Wingenfeld, B. Renneberg, J. Hellmann-Regen, C. Otte, and S. Roepke. "Influence of the noradrenergic system on the formation of intrusive memories in women: an experimental approach with a trauma film paradigm." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 12 (June 23, 2016): 2523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716001379.
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BackgroundIntrusive memories of traumatic events are a core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder but little is known about the neurobiological formation of intrusions. The aim of this study was to determine whether the activity of the noradrenergic system during an intrusion-inducing stressor would influence subsequent intrusive memories.MethodWe conducted an experimental, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 118 healthy women. Participants received a single dose of either 10 mg yohimbine, stimulating noradrenergic activity, or 0.15 mg clonidine, inhibiting noradrenergic activity, or placebo. Subsequently, they watched an established trauma film which induced intrusions. The number of consecutive intrusions resulting from the trauma film, the vividness of the intrusions, and the degree of distress evoked by the intrusions were assessed during the following 4 days. Salivary cortisol and α-amylase were collected before and after the trauma film.ResultsA significant time × treatment interaction for the number of intrusions and the vividness of intrusions indicated a different time course of intrusions depending on treatment. Post-hoc tests revealed a delayed decrease of intrusions and a delayed decrease of intrusion vividness after the trauma film in the yohimbine group compared with the clonidine and placebo groups. Furthermore, after yohimbine administration, a significant increase in salivary cortisol levels was observed during the trauma film.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that pharmacological activation of the noradrenergic system during an emotionally negative event makes an impact on consecutive intrusive memories and their vividness in healthy women. The noradrenergic system seems to be involved in the formation of intrusive memories.
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Bryant, Richard A., and Shiksha Datta. "Reconsolidating Intrusive Distressing Memories by Thinking of Attachment Figures." Clinical Psychological Science 7, no. 6 (August 29, 2019): 1249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619866387.
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Thinking of attachment security can reduce arousal, and arousal has been shown to modulate memory reconsolidation. We investigated the effect of priming attachment security during reactivation of a distressing memory. We hypothesized that attachment priming would result in less frequent, distressing, and vivid subsequent intrusive, distressing memories. Seventy-one participants viewed a traumatic film and recorded the frequency, distress, and vividness of subsequent intrusive memories for the following week. The day after initial consolidation, the memory was reactivated before presentation of either an attachment or a positive nonattachment control prime. The attachment prime reduced the vividness and distress of intrusions during the ensuing week. These effects were stronger for participants with less avoidant attachment tendencies, suggesting that the reconsolidating effect of attachment priming is stronger for those with secure attachment systems. Thinking of attachment figures during reactivation of distressing memories may decrease the distressing nature of subsequent intrusive memories.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Intrusive memories"
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Gregory, J. "Intrusive memories and images in bipolar disorder." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1443980/.
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The clinical literature on the phenomenology of intrusive memories and intrusive images was reviewed systematically. The methodology adopted in the literature is described before presenting the phenomenological findings of intrusive memories and intrusive images across the following categories: 1) prevalence, 2) sensory qualities, 3) emotions and 4) characteristics. The similarities and differences between intrusive memories and intrusive images across clinical disorders are discussed. It is then considered whether intrusive memories and intrusive images represent separate phenomenon and a pragmatic model is briefly presented to conceptualise the distinctions that may exist. Finally, areas of further research are presented.
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Payne, Alexandra. "Intrusive memories in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/66572/.
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Intrusive memories have been identified in the adult literature as not unique to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but a transdiagnostic process common to many psychological disorders, including depression. However, there remains a lack of consensus regarding the prevalence of intrusive memories in adult depression and research exploring this experience in adolescence is extremely limited. The current thesis portfolio aimed to estimate the prevalence of intrusive memories in adult depression through meta-analysis and to explore this experience in young people with PTSD and depression through empirical research. The meta-analysis revealed a pooled prevalence estimate of 76.0% (95% CI 59.4 – 89.4%), with indication that depressed adults are at comparable risk of intrusive memories as adults with PTSD and at increased risk compared to healthy controls (risk ratio of 2.94, 95% CI 1.53 – 5.67). A total of 49 young people participated in the empirical research, comprised of 13 with PTSD (with or without comorbid depression), 11 with depression and 25 non-clinical controls. Intrusive memories were reported by 92.3% of the PTSD group (95% CI 77.8 - 100%), 54.5% of the depressed group (95% CI 25.1 – 83.9%) and 28.0% of the control group (95% CI 10.4 – 45.6%), assessed through structured interview via telephone or video call. Intrusive memories experienced by clinical participants were characterised by accompanying negative emotional experience and appraisals of psychological abnormality and negative self-evaluation, whilst strong sensory quality was identified as a distinctive feature of intrusive memories in PTSD. Intrusive memories are therefore revealed as a common experience in adult and adolescent depression and highlighted as a potential target for cognitive intervention in both depression and PTSD. Routine screening for intrusive memories may provide valuable clinical information. Larger-scale study is recommended to affirm findings and further research is required to evaluate therapeutic interventions. Findings are discussed with reference to cognitive models of PTSD.
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Scott, Jennifer Anne. "Rumination in adolescent depression : the impact on intrusive memories." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/rumination-in-adolescent-depression(96946532-821b-4305-94fc-6db4cf56ee70).html.
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Rumination, a type of repetitive negative thinking, is implicated in the onset and maintenance of adult and youth depression (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008). Whilst experimental studies, key to establishing causality, have shown rumination (in comparison to alternative processing styles including concrete thinking) has a negative effect on cognitive maintaining factors amongst depressed and dysphoric adults, there is a paucity of research with adolescents. Vivid, intrusive memories of autobiographical events are often reported by depressed adults (Brewin et al., 1999). Depressed young people also experience intrusive memories, however, there is little research exploring the nature of these (Meiser-Stedman et al., 2012). Inducing a ruminative processing mode in comparison to distraction resulted in undergraduates rating an intrusive memory as more distressing (Williams & Moulds, 2010). This study aimed to explore the nature of intrusive memories provided by a dysphoric adolescent sample. It then aimed to determine if analytical rumination, in comparison to concrete thinking, impacted on the experience of intrusive memories. High dysphoric adolescents were recruited from a secondary school. They completed the Intrusive Memory Interview and experimental inductions were used to compare the effect of processing styles (rumination vs concrete) on how participants emotionally evaluated their memory. Intrusive memories were experienced frequently in our sample; roughly 1.5 times a week. The memories mainly concerned death/ injury/ illness to a close other, or interpersonal problems. They were experienced as vivid and distressing, with a considerable sense of reliving. The emotions most experienced in relation to the memories were sadness and anger. No significant differences were found regarding memory evaluation between participants in the rumination and concrete conditions. Reasons for these non-significant results are discussed and the need for further research is highlighted. This study is one of very few to explore the experience of intrusive memories in adolescent depression. This study points to the importance of considering intrusive memories in cases of youth depression, and supports the exploration of new avenues regarding the treatment of depression when intrusive memories are present.
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Sayan, Stephanie. "Investigating the link between intrusive memories and cognitive control." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15655.
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Intrusive memories are memories for negative autobiographical events that come to mind without being deliberately recalled (Hackmann, Ehlers, Speckens, & Clark, 2004). Previous research has demonstrated that intrusive memories, and negative reactions to intrusive memories, are an important feature of depression (Starr & Moulds, 2006; Williams & Moulds, 2008b) and contribute to the maintenance of depression longitudinally (Newby & Moulds, 2011c). It has also been established that intrusive memory experience is related to individual differences in cognitive control, specifically in proactive interference resolution (Verwoerd, Wessel, & de Jong, 2009; Verwoerd, Wessel, de Jong, Nieuwenhuis, & Huntjens, 2011). The present thesis aimed to extend upon these existing findings, using the Dual Mechanism of Control theory, which distinguishes between proactive and reactive modes of control (Braver, Gray, & Burgess, 2007). Furthermore, in view of some recent ambiguity of the defining feature of an intrusive memory, as compared to a negative involuntary memory more generally (Kvavilashvili, 2014; Moulds & Krans, 2015), another goal of the thesis was to incorporate a wider focus of involuntary memories, rather than focusing only on traditionally studied intrusive memories. Participants from the student population and local community were tested. Overall, results provide some evidence for a negative involuntary memory related deficit in proactive control, on both a classic and an emotional version of the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT). Conversely, there was no link between intrusive or involuntary memory experience and reactive control. A brief mindfulness and self-compassion based intervention, designed to reduce negative reactions to intrusive memories, was also tested. The intervention was successful in reducing intrusive-memory distress, and recommendations for the future development of the intervention are presented.
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Williams, Alishia Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Experiential features of intrusive memories in depression and the role of cognitive avoidance in intrusion maintenance." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/36794.
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Although recent research has demonstrated that intrusive memories of negative autobiographical events are an overlapping cognitive feature of depression and PTSD, there is still a general paucity of research investigating the prevalence and maintenance of these memories in depression. Accordingly, the current thesis represented a much-needed program of empirically-driven research that delineated the cognitive processes that underpin the manifestation, experience, and persistence of intrusive memories in depression. Firstly, Study 1 used descriptive and correlational methodologies to outline the content and features of these memories, and explored whether intrusion characteristics linked to intrusive memories in PTSD are also features of intrusive memories in depression. In accord with studies in PTSD samples, sensory features accounted for unique variance in the prediction of depression severity, over and above that accounted for by intrusion frequency. This commonality raised the possibility that cognitive management strategies linked to the persistence of intrusive memories in PTSD may also play a role in depression. Accordingly, Study 2 utilized a cross-sectional and prospective design to investigate whether negative appraisals and cognitive avoidance strategies, which are key to the persistence of intrusive memories in PTSD, similarly play a role in depression. The results demonstrated that assigning negative appraisals to one???s intrusive memory, and attempts to control the memory, were positively associated with intrusion-related distress, level of depression, and cognitive avoidance mechanisms. Additionally, negative appraisals and the use of cognitive mechanisms were predictive of depression concurrently, but not prospectively. Studies 3, 4, and 5 further investigated avoidant intrusion- response strategies by assessing the role of recall vantage perspective in mediating the effects of intrusion-related distress. Study 3 found that although field memories were not experienced as more distressing than observer memories, the results supported an association between an observer vantage perspective and cognitive avoidance mechanisms. As this study employed a correlational design, Study 4 addressed the question of directionality by experimentally manipulating mode of recall to ascertain whether shifting participants into a converse perspective would have differential effects on the reported experience of their intrusive memory. Results indicated that shifting participants from a field to an observer perspective resulted in decreased experiential ratings; specifically, reduced distress and vividness and increased detachment and observation. Also, as anticipated, the converse shift in perspective (from observer to field) did not lead to a corresponding increase in experiential ratings, but resulted in reduced ratings of observation. Study 5 attempted to investigate the stability of this memory orientation phenomenon by investigating mode of recall vantage perspective prospectively. Attrition of participants across the 12-month study limited analyses to the descriptive level, but illustrated that, at least for some individuals, recall vantage perspective remained stable across assessments periods. Collectively, the findings supported the notion that recall perspective has a functional role in the regulation of intrusion-related distress and represents a cognitive avoidance mechanism. Studies 6 and 7 employed experimental methodologies to investigate whether adopting an abstract/analytical mode of processing following a negative event would result in poor emotional processing, or increased distress associated with intrusive memories. Study 6 found no differences in either intrusion frequency or associated levels of distress across the processing conditions, as hypothesized. The results of Study 6 suggested that the predicted effects of ruminative self-focus on intrusion severity may be dependent upon the self-referential nature of the material being processed. Results of Study 7 indicated that inducing an analytical ruminative mode of processing resulted in participants rating their naturally occurring, self-referential intrusive memories as more negative, more distressing, and evoking a more negative emotional response compared to inducing distraction. Taken together, Studies 6 and 7 suggest the possibility that depressed individuals may get caught up in a ruminative cycle that, due to the documented effects of analytical self-focus, may exacerbate the emotional response elicited by the intrusions and perpetuate biased attentional focus towards them. Finally, Studies 8 and 9 explored suppression as a cognitive avoidance mechanism and addressed some methodological concerns regarding the measurement of this construct. Study 8 investigated the effects of repeated suppression using a method to index the frequency, duration, and associated levels of distress of an experimentally-induced intrusive memory, and assessed whether any observed effects were differentially linked to depressive symptomatology. Results supported a secondary rebound effect in those participants who were most successful at suppressing target intrusions. Study 9 was an investigation of the English version of the TCAQ (Luciano, Algarabel, Tom??s, & Mart??nez, 2005), an index of cognitive control. Study 9 evaluated the association between this measure and performance on a thought suppression task. The results indicated that low TCAQ-20 scorers experienced intrusions of a longer duration and rated these intrusions as more distressing than high TCAQ-20 scorers, supporting the validity of the measure. These findings highlight the role of suppression as a maladaptive mental control strategy and the potential for elevated intrusion-distress to perpetuate its use. Together, the findings of this program of research confirm the importance of intrusive memories in depression, and underscore the need for an empirically-supported model to account for the occurrence and maintenance of these memories.
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Parker, Julie Diane. "Intrusive memories, coping and outcome in depression : towards a traumatic processing model?" Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2487.
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Recent studies (e.g. Kuyken & Brewin, 1994a) have noted the presence of high levels of disturbing intrusive memories in depressed women. Intrusive memories are best known as a post-traumatic symptom and have received considerable attention from researchers in this field. The presence of a post-traumatic symptom in depression indicates that trauma models might be useful in refining our understanding and treatment of depression. Predictions based on theories of post-traumatic processing were tested in relation to the intrusive memories of a sample of 26 depressed women. The women showed a pattern of intrusive memory experiences which indicate that their memories are likely to be traumatic in nature. The equal availability of childhood and adulthood memories to depressed women contrasts the pattern observed in the 12 control participants, and in other non-clinical samples (e.g. Berntsen, 1996), and is interpreted as lending support to theoretical models of depression which emphasise the importance of childhood experiences to adult depression. The coping strategies deployed to deal with negative intrusive memories were assessed in both groups. The clinical group showed greater use of avoidant coping than controls, in line with predictions derived from the literature regarding coping and depression. The predictive power of coping style for outcome of depression and intrusion was tested by following up 20 of the 26 depressed participants, approximately four months after initial assessment. The data indicate that the use of approach coping, specifically of Positive Reappraisal, in relation to intrusive memories was significantly predictive of better outcome of depression. This finding is interpreted in the context of psychodynamic models of depression. The data also indicate that the use of avoidant coping, specifically of Cognitive Avoidance, is significantly predictive of the maintenance of disturbing intrusions. This finding is interpreted in the context of traumatic processing models. Finally, predictions based on the conceptualisation of dissociation as an avoidant coping mechanism, used to keep traumatic affects and experiences out of consciousness, were tested. Dissociation did not show the pattern of associations predicted, but rather seemed to be more closely allied with passive resignation than active avoidance. The pattern of results obtained in this study are interpreted as lending support to the conceptualisation of depression as a trauma-related disorder, and also as lending support to theoretical models which assign great importance to childhood experiences in the aetiology of adult disorder. Potential implications of the study for clinical practice are discussed, and suggestions made for future research.
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Verwoerd, Johan. "The crippling homunculus inefficient executive control and the persistence of intrusive memories /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2009. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/316.
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Forbes, Amanda Jacqueline. "Intrusive memories and trauma-related symptoms in individuals presenting with dental anxiety." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26511.
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Research indicates that between 36-40% of people are afraid to visit the dentist, 20% are highly anxious and 5% avoid dental treatments due to severe anxiety (Lindsay & Jackson, 1993). Dental anxiety is known to be a major barrier to optimal health care with individuals fearful of impending invasive procedures often presenting only when in severe pain. Dental anxiety has been found to be based on past memories of experiences of pain and loss of control in the dental setting. Evidence from the literature suggests that some individuals with dental anxiety also present with additional psychological problems, such as panic disorder. De Jongh, Muris, ter Horst and Duyx (1995) also reported that individuals with dental anxiety also exhibited more catastrophizing thoughts related to dental treatment. A recent study by De Jongh, Aartman & Brand (submitted for publication) reported that intrusive memories of past distressing dental experiences were associated with dental anxiety. However no structured assessment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was carried out. This study aimed to identify the association between intrusive memories related to dental experiences and trauma-related symptomatology and to investigate differences in pyschopathology and thought content in individuals with a dental anxiety presenting with and without intrusive memories. The proportion of individuals with intrusive memories who would meet criteria for PTSD was also investigated. Results will be given and conclusions reached.
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Levy, Benjamin John. "Controlling intrusive memories : behavioral and neural correlates of successful and failed memory suppression /." Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594839711&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-166). Also available in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.
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Miller, Emma Frances. "Exploring intrusive experiences in older people across the spectrum of worry." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26022.
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Background: Worry is theorised to function as a form of cognitive or experiential avoidance wherein an individual uses repetitive thinking in an attempt to avoid a future event or an aversive internal experience. There is evidence of a closer link between non-verbal thought (e.g. mental images) and emotion, physiology and behaviour than with verbal thought. Based on findings that worry is predominantly a verbal-linguistic activity, with less imagery occurring during worry episodes than during relaxation; it is theorised that worriers may move from non-verbal to verbal thought in order to avoid the greater arousal associated with non-verbal thought intrusions. This carries with it the unintended consequence of reducing emotional processing, leading to a subsequent increase in intrusive thoughts. Whilst cognitive science has emphasised the content of cognition and how this links to emotion, the psychological flexibility model suggests that content is less important than how we relate to our cognitive events. The degree to which we get entangled in our thinking, lack perspective on our thoughts and the degree to which cognition comes to regulate our behaviour over other sources is known as cognitive fusion. It is postulated that some individuals may be more prone to avoiding internal experiences due to the stance they take toward these experiences. In the long-term, worry should lead to a reduction in the experience of intrusive images and memories and an increase in intrusive thoughts; and this relationship should vary depending on an individual’s stance in relation to their internal experiences. The purpose of the current study is to explore the experience of intrusive memories, images and thoughts in an older adult sample, and the relationship of these experiences to level of worry, cognitive fusion and psychological inflexibility. Method: Sixty-two community dwelling older adults were involved in the study. Each completed questionnaire measures to assess level of trait worry, depression, cognitive fusion and psychological inflexibility, as well as an interview to determine whether diagnostic criteria were met for any mood or anxiety disorder and to complete an interview exploring the experience of intrusive memories, thoughts and images. Findings: Higher levels of trait worry were strongly associated with higher levels of cognitive fusion and psychological inflexibility. Intrusive memories, images and thoughts were all reported in low levels across the sample. Level of worry was positively associated with the severity but not the occurrence of intrusive memories and thoughts. Higher levels of psychological inflexibility were associated with less occurrence of intrusive memories and images; whereas higher levels of cognitive fusion were associated with the increased occurrence of intrusive images. Higher levels of worry, cognitive fusion and psychological inflexibility were all associated with increased severity of intrusive thoughts. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research and to the Avoidance Theory and Acceptance Model of GAD. Implications are considered for further research and clinical applications.
Books on the topic "Intrusive memories"
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Verwoerd, Johan. The crippling homunculus: Inefficient executive control and the persistence of intrusive memories. [S.l: s.n.], 2009.
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Rutkowski, Krzysztof, and Michael Linden. Hurting Memories and Beneficial Forgetting: Posttraumatic Stress Disorders, Biographical Developments, and Social Conflicts. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.
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Pace-Schott, Edward F., and Samuel Gazecki. The Role of Stress in the Etiology of PTSD. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0012.
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This chapter reviews the biological features of stress and their correlation to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Over the past 15 years, advances in understanding the neurobiology of stress and anxiety have revealed underlying neural abnormalities that might help explain why posttraumatic symptoms—intrusive memories or nightmares, avoidance of situations or stimuli associated with the event, persistent negativity of mood and cognition, and hyperarousal—persist in patients with PTSD. This chapter focuses on research that has discovered how abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, abnormalities of the catecholamingergic/autonomic system, and atypical physiologic and neural circuit responses during fear extinction recall may be important biological factors in the etiology and maintenance of PTSD symptoms.
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Khusid, Marina. Meditation Techniques for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0004.
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Although there is currently insufficient evidence to support meditation as a first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the evidence base for meditation used adjunctively in the management of PTSD and related psychiatric comorbidities is rapidly expanding. The 2010 Veterans Administration/Department of Defense (VA/DoD) clinical practice guideline (CPG) for management of PTSD states that mind–body approaches may be considered adjunctive treatment for hyperarousal symptoms. Although several reviews support the conclusions reflected in the CPG, others suggest meditation interventions may be more useful in managing PTSD than originally speculated. Meditation may help reduce intrusive memories, avoidance, and anger; and increase self-esteem, pain tolerance, energy, and ability to relax and cope with stress. One comparative effectiveness review concluded that mindfulness meditation is beneficial in reducing psychological stress consequences, such as depression, pain, and mental health-related quality of life.
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Baldock, Emma, and David Veale. The Self as an Aesthetic Object : Body Image, Beliefs About the Self, and Shame in a Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0023.
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This chapter describes a cognitive-behavioral model of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), focusing on a core concept of “processing of the self as an aesthetic object.” This concept refers to the experience of being intensely self-focused on a distorted and negative “felt sense” of how one appears to others, and of anticipating or experiencing negative evaluation and rejection because of how one looks. The model proposes that this “felt sense” is informed by intrusive imagery derived from aversive memories, which many individuals with BDD experience. Appearance may become an “idealized value” (i.e., something of primary importance in defining the self and its worth). According to the model, the negative “felt sense” of how the person looks is interpreted in terms of a threat to the self as a whole (e.g., being unacceptable or unlovable). Behavioral responses designed to minimize the threat to the self (e.g., having cosmetic surgery, checking disliked features in the mirror, and avoiding being seen by others) are postulated to instead exaggerate the sense of threat and reinforce the processing of the self as an aesthetic object. Implications for therapeutic intervention are discussed.
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Rauch, Sheila A. M., Barbara Olasov Rothbaum, Erin R. Smith, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure for PTSD in Intensive Outpatient Programs (PE-IOP). Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190081928.001.0001.
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Trauma can leave a lasting impact on survivors. Some survivors are haunted by intrusive memories; avoid people, places, and situations related to the trauma; and feel constantly on edge due to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related posttrauma reactions. Effective treatment can help survivors suffering with PTSD to process the trauma and no longer feel haunted by traumatic experiences from their past. Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is a highly effective, flexible, individualized psychotherapy that reduces the symptoms of PTSD. PE is the most widely studied treatment for PTSD, with more than 100 studies showing its efficacy and effectiveness in PTSD and comorbid patient populations affected by single-incident and multiple-incident traumas of all types (e.g., combat, sexual assault, etc.). This manual presents a PE protocol for use in residential and massed programs to provide an innovative new model of care that provides excellent retention and transformational symptom outcomes. Providers are presented with the elements of the PE protocol along with all the logistics for how to provide PE in an intensive outpatient program. Variations and considerations for implementation are presented to allow providers designing programs to consider what best fits their patient population and setting. Patient and provider forms are included for use.
Book chapters on the topic "Intrusive memories"
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Williams, Alishia D., and Michelle L. Moulds. "The Content, Nature, and Persistence of Intrusive Memories in Depression." In The Act of Remembering, 361–83. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444328202.ch15.
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Back, Sudie E., Edna B. Foa, Therese K. Killeen, Katherine L. Mills, Maree Teesson, Bonnie Dansky Cotton, Kathleen M. Carroll, and Kathleen T. Brady. "Session 2: Common Reactions to Trauma and Craving Awareness." In Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE), 59–76. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199334537.003.0004.
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This chapter describes session 2 of the COPE therapy. It guides the therapist through the common reactions to traumatic experiences, such as fear and anxiety, avoidance, intrusive memories, trouble concentrating, sleep impairment, and irritability. Next, cravings for alcohol or drugs are reviewed for the therapist, as well as common triggers, including PTSD-related triggers, for cravings.
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Vitalis, Tania, and Catherine Verney. "Roles of the Serotoninergic System in Coping with Traumatic Stress." In Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97221.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterized by substantial physiological and/or psychological distress following exposure to trauma. Intrusive fear memories often lead to persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, detachment from others, irritability and sleep disturbances. Different key structures in the brain are involved with fear conditioning, fear extinction and coping. The limbic system, namely, the amygdala complex in close relationship with the hippocampal hub and the prefrontal cortex play central roles in the integration and in coping with fear memories. Serotonin acting both as a neurotransmitter and as a neurohormone participates in regulating the normal and pathological activity of these anatomic structures. We review the literature analyzing how the different actors of the serotoninergic system (5-HT receptors, transporters and anabolic and catabolic pathways) may be involved in regulating the sensitivity to highly stressful events and hopefully coping with them.
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Dunsmoor, Joseph E., and Marijn C. W. Kroes. "Emotion–Memory Interactions." In Neuroscience of Enduring Change, 132–62. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881511.003.0006.
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Emotional events are better remembered with more vividness and confidence than everyday occurrences. This prioritization of emotional events in memory can be helpful by ensuring that we remember important information associated with meaningful events. But persistent and intrusive memories of negative experiences presents a burden to daily life, exemplified in anxiety and stress disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Here, we describe emerging cognitive neuroscience research detailing how emotion shapes learning and memory. This research is framed in a historical context of pioneering studies in laboratory animals on Pavlovian fear conditioning and the role of stress and arousal on memory formation. Translating advances in the neuroscience of learning and memory from rodents to humans has opened the way for several lines of research that may ultimately lead to a better understanding and innovative treatments for mental health disorders. This includes new insights on how memory might be persistently attenuated so as to diminish the psychological and physiological effects of unwanted emotional memories.
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Busch, Fredric N., Barbara L. Milrod, Cory K. Chen, and Meriamne B. Singer. "Extended Example of TFPP Treatment." In Trauma Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, 119–26. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197574355.003.0009.
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This chapter provides an extended case example of a 21 session treatment of a patient with TFPP. Pablo, a 27-year-old mixed Latino male Army Veteran who served in Afghanistan, presented with generalized anxiety, severe separation anxiety, and PTSD. In addition to his severe anxiety, panic attacks, hypervigilance, nightmares, and intrusive memories, Pablo complained of being in a “fog.” Symptoms began when a Humvee exploded next to Pablo. The therapist noted the patient’s description of feeling “trapped in a foxhole” with his painful memories of abuse and neglect in childhood and anger in current relationships. The therapist helped Pablo understand that he directed this anger toward himself, seeing himself as bad or inadequate, accepting his attackers’ view of him. The therapist linked the emotional impact of the Humvee explosion to a familiar set of anxieties and concerns following certain childhood experiences, and helped Pablo see how the pain of his early relationships and losses shaped his current fears and relationship choices. In the course of TFPP, Pablo became more comfortable expressing his anger and fears about his childhood, his military trauma and his current relationships. Symptoms and defenses and their origins and meanings were understood in the context of the relationship Pablo’s with his therapist (the transference). At termination Pablo was significantly improved; he no longer met DSM criteria for PTSD or other anxiety disorders. He felt much less affected by the “fog” and more capable of addressing problems in his life and moving forward with his goals and desires.
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Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas, and Terry E. Goldberg. "Psychology and biology of memory." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 249–57. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0032.
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Memory is the ability to store, retain, and retrieve information. This cognitive function plays a key role in psychiatry. Dementia and the amnesic disorders have memory dysfunction as a defining feature. Intrusive and recurrent emotional memories are one of the most distressing symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder. Although not as obvious, problems with memory are also commonly revealed on testing in schizophrenia. Remembered episodes are often a focus in psychotherapy, as is the acquisition of new habits and response patterns. An ability to understand and assess memory is therefore important for the practising psychiatrist. In this chapter, basic neurobiological and psychological information on memory will be reviewed. We have tried to cover a very broad field in a concise manner and give the interested reader a sense of the key memory systems and subsystems that are thought to be important for human information processing in health and in disease. We have emphasized the conceptual over the theoretical and key findings over the experimental details where possible. At times, we have not carefully separated the cognitive and neuroanatomical levels of analysis, both because they are sometimes almost inextricably bound and because it made our explanations clearer not to do so. Necessarily but not happily, we have omitted many important and active areas of investigation.
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Canny, Nicholas. "Re-Imagining Ireland’s Early Modern Past." In Imagining Ireland's Pasts, 221–56. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808961.003.0008.
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Historians—Protestant and Catholic—associated with the Nation newspaper who were identified as members of Young Ireland constructed a romantic narrative of Ireland’s history in English verse that lauded heroes who had created an Irish nation by resisting English intrusion. This successful venture was designed to cultivate national sentiment among people with limited schooling. The more serious intellectual endeavour of Young Ireland was to sponsor a reasoned prose narrative of Ireland’s past to honour all—regardless of origin or denomination—who had fashioned an inclusive Irish nation. This proved less successful because it required their Catholic members to suppress memories of past injustice. Also, Catholic Church authorities, suspicious of the liberal agenda of Young Ireland, encouraged a counter-narrative that would dwell on past sufferings and celebrate those who had become martyrs for Catholicism rather than heroes of some imaginary Irish nation state.
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Rudiak-Gould, Peter. "Memories and Expectations of Environmental Disaster: Some Lessons from the Marshall Islands." In Humans and the Environment. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199590292.003.0024.
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The Republic of the Marshall Islands, an archipelago of low-lying coral atolls in eastern Micronesia, is one of four sovereign nations that may be rendered uninhabitable by climate change in the present century. It is not merely sea level rise which is expected to undermine life in these islands, but the synergy of multiple climatic threats (Barnett and Adger 2003). Rising oceans and increasingly frequent typhoons will exacerbate flooding at the same time that the islands’ natural protection—coral reefs—will die from warming waters and ocean acidification. Fresh water resources will be threatened by both droughts and salt contamination from flooding. Although the reaction of the coral atoll environment to climate change is uncertain, it is likely that the islands will no longer be able to support human habitation within fifty or a hundred years (Barnett and Adger 2003: 326)—quite possibly within the lifetimes of many Marshall Islanders living today. In the public imagination, climate change in vulnerable, remote locations is the intrusion of contamination into a formerly pristine environment, of danger into a once secure sanctuary, of change into a once static microcosm (see Lynas 2004: 81, 124). Archaeologists, of course, know better than this: every place has a history of environmental upheavals, and the Marshall Islands is no exception. Researchers agree that coral atolls are among the most precarious and marginal environments that humans have managed to inhabit (Weisler 1999; Yamaguchi et al. 2005: 27), existing only ‘on the margins of sustainability’ (Weisler 2001). The islands in fact only recently formed: while the reefs are tens of millions of years old, the islets that sit on them emerged from the sea only recently, probably around 2000 BP (Weisler et al. 2000: 194; Yamaguchi et al. 2005: 31–2), just before the first people arrived (Yamaguchi et al. 2005: 31–2). The new home that these early seafarers found was not so much an ancient safe haven as a fragile geological experiment—land whose very existence was tenuous long before humans were altering the global climate.