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THÓRARINSSON, SIGURJÓN B., PAUL M. HOLM, SEBASTIAN TAPPE, LARRY M. HEAMAN, and NIELS-OLE PRÆGEL. "U–Pb geochronology of the Eocene Kærven intrusive complex, East Greenland: constraints on the Iceland hotspot track during the rift-to-drift transition." Geological Magazine 153, no. 1 (July 3, 2015): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815000448.
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AbstractSeveral major tholeiitic (e.g. the Skaergaard intrusion) and alkaline (e.g. the Kangerlussuaq Syenite) intrusive complexes of the North Atlantic Large Igneous Province are exposed along the Kangerlussuaq Fjord in East Greenland. The Kærven Complex forms a satellite intrusion to the Kangerlussuaq Syenite and includes early tholeiitic gabbros and a series of cross-cutting alkaline intrusions ranging from monzonite to alkali granite. The alkaline intrusions cut the gabbros, and are cut by the outer nordmarkite zone of the Kangerlussuaq Syenite. This study presents the first U–Pb zircon ages from the alkaline units of the Kærven Complex. Fourteen multi-grain zircon fractions have been analysed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). Absolute age differences could not be resolved between the different units, suggesting a relatively rapid succession of intrusions betweenc. 53.5 and 53.3 Ma. Our compilation of precise radiometric age data shows that most of the alkaline magmatism in the Kangerlussuaq Fjord occurred prior to 50 Ma. Moreover, pre-50 Ma alkaline intrusions and lavas show a SSE-younging trend, which is interpreted as the track of the Iceland hotspot during the rift-to-drift transition of the North Atlantic.
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O'Driscoll, B. "The Centre 3 layered gabbro intrusion, Ardnamurchan, NW Scotland." Geological Magazine 144, no. 6 (September 21, 2007): 897–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756807003846.
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AbstractDetailed remapping of the Palaeogene Ardnamurchan Centre 3 gabbros, NW Scotland, suggests that this classic sequence of ring-intrusions forms a composite layered lopolith. The area mapped by previous studies as the Great Eucrite gabbro intrusion comprises 70% by area of Centre 3. Field observations suggest that most of the other smaller ring-intrusions of Centre 3 (interior to the Great Eucrite) constitute either distinct petrological facies of the same intrusion, or included country-rock or peridotite blocks. These observations, together with syn-magmatically deformed inward-dipping modal layering, are used here to support the interpretation that significant central sagging occurred in the intrusion at a late stage in its crystallization history.
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Canhimbue, Ludmila, and Irina Talovina. "Geochemical Distribution of Platinum Metals, Gold and Silver in Intrusive Rocks of the Norilsk Region." Minerals 13, no. 6 (May 24, 2023): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13060719.
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The Norilsk ore district is one of the world leaders in the production of platinum metals. Long-term research focused on the detection of sulfide platinum-copper-nickel ores contributed to the accumulation of a large volume of scientific material on the geology and mineralization of the Norilsk area. Despite this, the issue of the composition of the initial melt for ore-bearing intrusive complexes and its degree of enrichment with noble metals remains open. Intrusive rocks of the Norilsk region are rarely analyzed for their ratio of noble metals. However, the analysis and comparison of geochemical parameters of different types of intrusions allows us to draw important conclusions not only about the composition of the initial magmas of ore-bearing complexes, but also about the formation conditions of the intrusions. This study demonstrates the distribution of platinum metals, gold and silver in the main petrographic differentiates of the Kharaelakh, Talnakh, Vologochan intrusions and Kruglogorsk-type intrusion. The regularities and variations of the distribution of metals depend on the host rocks. There are two series of rocks in the inner structure of the ore-bearing intrusions: 1. Picritic and taxitic gabbro-dolerites enriched in PGE-Au-Ag mineralization which forms disseminated ores at intrusion bottoms (ore-bearing rocks). 2. Olivine-, olivine-bearing, olivine-free gabbro-dolerites and leucogabbro with poor sulfide mineralization at the upper part of the intrusions (ore-free rocks). There is a distinct correlation between PGE, Cu, S and to a lesser extent correlation with Ni in the first rock group, which is a characteristic of sulfide PGE-Cu-Ni deposits. In the second group, correlations are also revealed, but the correlation coefficients are lower. The main element controlling the distribution of platinum metals is copper. The taxitic gabbro-dolerites of the Talnakh intrusion are the most enriched by noble metals. According to noble metal patterns the rocks of the Kharaelakh intrusion show the highest degree of melting of the initial mantle material during the formation of parental magmas chambers. Despite some differences, the geochemical features of the studied rocks indicate the similar characteristics of the accumulation of gold, silver and platinum metals in the intrusions of the Talnakh, Kruglogorsk and Zubovsk types, which allow suggesting the close conditions for the formation of ore mineralization of these intrusions.
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Kovacs, Marinel, Zoltán Pécskay, Alexandrina Fülöp, Maria Jurje, and Oscar Edelstein. "Geochronology of the Neogene intrusive magmatism of the Oaș—Gutâi Mountains, Eastern Carpathians (NW Romania)." Geologica Carpathica 64, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geoca-2013-0033.
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Abstract Earlier geological work in the Oaș-Gutâi Mts (OG), Eastern Carpathians, has revealed the extensive presence of shallow subvolcanic intrusive bodies, both exposed on the surface and covered by Paleogene-Neogene sedimentary sequences and Neogene volcanic formations. This study is based on detailed mapping and sampling of the OG Neogene intrusive magmatic rocks. Thirty seven representative intrusions (sills, dykes, microlaccoliths, etc.) were selected for radiometric dating. These intrusions show a wide variety of petrographic rock-types: from microgabbros to microgranodiorites and from basalts to andesites. However, the intrusions consist of typical calc-alkaline, medium-K rocks, similar to the volcanic rocks which outcrop in the same areas. The K-Ar age determinations on whole-rock samples of intrusions yielded ages between 11.9 Ma and 7.0 Ma (from Late Sarmatian to Middle Pannonian). The results are in good agreement with the common assumption, based on the biostratigraphic and geological data, that large volumes of intrusions have formed during the paroxysm of the intermediate volcanic activity in the OG. Except for the Firiza basalt intrusive complex of the Gutâi Mts (8.1-7.0 Ma), the OG intrusions show similar K-Ar ages as the intrusions of the “Subvolcanic Zone” and Călimani Mts from Eastern Carpathians. The timing of the OG intrusive magmatism partially overlaps with the timing of the intrusive magmatic activity in the Eastern Moravia and Pieniny Mts. The systematic radiometric datings in the whole OG give clear evidence that the hydrothermal activity related to the epithermal systems always postdates intrusion emplacement.
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Makkonen, Hannu V., and Pekka Tuisku. "Geology and crystallization conditions of the Särkiniemiintrusion and related nickel-copper ore, central Finland – implications for depth of emplacement of 1.88 Ga nickel-bearing intrusions." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 92, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/92.2.003.
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Several Ni-Cu deposits occur within the Kotalahti area, central Finland, in proximity to an Archaean gneiss dome surrounded by a Palaeoproterozoic craton-margin supracrustal sequence comprising quartzites, limestones, calc-silicate rocks, black schists and banded diopside amphibolites. The geology of the area and age of the Ni-bearing intrusions (1.88 Ga) are similar to the Thompson Ni belt in the Canadian Trans-Hudson Orogen. The small mafic-ultramafic and Ni-Cu -bearing Särkiniemi intrusion, closely associated with the Archaean basement core of the Kotalahti Dome, is composed of a western peridotite and eastern gabbro body, both of which are mineralized. The eastern gabbro has a contact aureole several meters thick, consisting of orthopyroxene +/- cordierite bearing hornfels between the intrusion and the migmatites. Geochemically, the Särkiniemi intrusion shares many features in common with other Svecofennian mafic-ultramafic intrusions, including crustal contamination and nickel depletion. The related Ni-Cu deposit has a low Ni/Co value (15) and low nickel content in the sulphide fraction (2.8 wt.%), together with a low estimated magma/sulphide ratio of around 170. Svecofennian 1.88 Ga mafic-ultramafic intrusions occur in terrains of variable metamorphic grade (from low-amphibolite to granulite facies) and are likely to represent emplacement at different crustal depths. Multi-equilibrium thermobarometry indicates that the contact aureole at Särkiniemi reached equilibrium at pressures of 4.5–6 kbar (15–20 km depth) and temperatures of 600–670 °C. Combined with the results of earlier research on the Svecofennian intrusions, this study indicates that a depth of 15–20 km crustal level was favourable, along with other critical factors, for nickel sulfide deposition at 1.88 Ga.
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Krivolutskaya, Nadezhda, Sheida Makvandi, Bronislav Gongalsky, Irina Kubrakova, and Natalia Svirskaya. "Chemical Characteristics of Ore-Bearing Intrusions and the Origin of PGE–Cu–Ni Mineralization in the Norilsk Area." Minerals 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080819.
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The composition of the parental magmas of Cu–Ni deposits is crucial for the elucidation of their genesis. In order to estimate the role of magma in ore formation, it is necessary to compare the compositions of silicate rock intrusions with different mineralization patterns, as observed in the Norilsk region. The rock geochemistry of two massifs located in the same Devonian carbonate rocks—the Kharaelakh intrusion, with its world-class platinum-group element (PGE)–Cu–Ni deposit, and the Pyasinsky-Vologochansky intrusion, with its large deposit—was studied. Along with these massifs, the Norilsk 2 massif with noneconomic mineralization intruded in the Ivakinskaya-Nadezhdinskaya basalts was studied as well. Their settings allow the estimation of the parental magma composition, taking into account the possible assimilation of host rocks. Analyses of 39 elements in 97 samples demonstrated the similarity of the intrusions in terms of their major components. The Pyasinsky-Vologochansky intrusion contains the highest trace element contents compared with the Kharaelakh and Norilsk 2 massifs, evidencing its crystallization from evolved parental magma. No influence of host rocks on the silicate rock compositions was found, except for narrow (1–2 m) endo-contact zones. There is no correlation between the mineralization volume and the rock compositions of the studied intrusions. It is assumed that the intrusions were formed from one magma crustal source irregularly rich in sulfur (S). This source inhomogeneity in terms of the sulfur distribution resulted in deposits of varying sizes. The magmas served as a transporting agent for sulfides from deep zones to the surface.
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Hart, Thomas Robert, and Carole Anne MacDonald. "Proterozoic and Archean geology of the Nipigon Embayment: implications for emplacement of the Mesoproterozoic Nipigon diabase sills and mafic to ultramafic intrusions." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1021–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e07-026.
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The Nipigon Embayment is underlain by Archean rocks of the English River, Wabigoon, and Quetico subprovinces, and intruded along the west side by late- to post-tectonic mafic to ultramafic intrusions. The early Mesoproterozoic ultramafic to felsic Badwater intrusion and felsic English Bay Complex are located in the northwest corner of the Nipigon Embayment. Three mafic to ultramafic intrusions, the Disraeli, Seagull, and Hele intrusions, are located south of Lake Nipigon, and the Kitto intrusion is located east of the lake. A number of mafic to ultramafic bodies (Jackfish (Island), Shillabeer, Kama Hill, Nipigon Bay) have only limited outcrops. The gabbroic Nipigon diabase sills intrude all other rocks in the Nipigon Embayment and generally have a consistent mineralogy and geochemistry, except for the Inspiration sill(s) and the McIntyre Sill. Geological and geophysical data suggest emplacement of the ultramafic intrusions by mechanisms similar to those controlling emplacement of the saucer-shaped diabase sills. These mechanisms are partially dependent on a series of pre-existing north-, northwest-, and northeast-trending faults formed prior to Keweenawan magmatism. The presence of sills, rather than dykes, indicates that the Nipigon Embayment was not extensional during the Keweenawan Midcontinent Rift, suggesting that the Nipigon Embayment is not a classic failed arm.
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Milner, Simon C., Anton P. Le Roex, and Ronald T. Watkins. "Rb-Sr age determinations of rocks from the Okenyenya igneous complex, northwestern Namibia." Geological Magazine 130, no. 3 (May 1993): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680002001x.
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AbstractThe Okenyenya igneous complex is one of a suite of intrusions which define a prominent northeast-trending linear feature in Damaraland, northwestern Namibia. Precise Rb–Sr internal isochron ages range from 128.6 ± 1 to 123.4 ± 1.4 Ma for the major phases of intrusion identified within the complex. The tholeiitic gabbros forming the outer rings of the complex, and the later alkali gabbros which form the central hills, cannot be distinguished in terms of Rb–Sr ages, although field relations clearly indicate the younger age of the latter. The intrusionsof nepheline-syenite and essexite comprising the mountain of Okenyenya Bergon the northern edge of the complex give ages of 123.4 ± 1.4 and 126.3 ± 1 Ma, respectively, and form the final major phase of intrusion. The ages obtained for early and late intrusive phases define a minimum magmatic ‘life-span’ of approximately 5 Ma for the complex. The determined age of the Okenyenya igneous complex (129–123 Ma), when taken together with the few reliable published ages for other Damaraland complexes (130–134 Ma), suggests that these sub-volcanic complexes were emplaced contemporaneously with the widespread Etendeka volcanics (˜ 130 Ma), and relate to magmatism associated with the breakup of southern Africa and South America with the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. The linear distributionof intrusions in Damaraland is interpreted to be due to magmatism resultingfrom the upwelling Tristan plume being focused along a structural discontinuity between the Pan-African, Damaran terrain to the south, and Proterozoiccratonic basement to the north.
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NICOLL, GRAEME R., MARIAN B. HOLNESS, VALENTIN R. TROLL, COLIN H. DONALDSON, EOGHAN P. HOLOHAN, C. HENRY EMELEUS, and DAVID CHEW. "Early mafic magmatism and crustal anatexis on the Isle of Rum: evidence from the Am Màm intrusion breccia." Geological Magazine 146, no. 3 (March 25, 2009): 368–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808005864.
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AbstractThe Rum Igneous Centre comprises two early marginal felsic complexes (the Northern Marginal Zone and the Southern Mountains Zone), along with the later central ultrabasic–basic layered intrusions. These marginal complexes represent the remnants of near-surface to eruptive felsic magmatism associated with caldera collapse, examples of which are rare in the North Atlantic Igneous Province. Rock units include intra-caldera collapse breccias, rhyolitic ignimbrite deposits and shallow-level felsic intrusions, as well the enigmatic ‘Am Màm intrusion breccia’. The latter comprises a dacitic matrix enclosing lobate basaltic inclusions (~1–15 cm) and a variety of clasts, ranging from millimetres to tens of metres in diameter. These clasts comprise Lewisian gneiss, Torridonian sandstone and coarse gabbro. Detailed re-mapping of the Am Màm intrusion breccia has shown its timing of emplacement as syn-caldera, rather than pre-caldera as previously thought. Textural analysis of entrained clasts and adjacent, uplifted country rocks has revealed their thermal metamorphism by early mafic intrusions at greater depth than their present structural position. These findings provide a window into the evolution of the early mafic magmas responsible for driving felsic magmatism on Rum. Our data help constrain some of the physical parameters of this early magma–crust interaction and place it within the geochemical evolution of the Rum Centre.
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Zi, Jian-Wei, Birger Rasmussen, Janet R. Muhling, Wolfgang D. Maier, and Ian R. Fletcher. "U-Pb monazite ages of the Kabanga mafic-ultramafic intrusions and contact aureoles, central Africa: Geochronological and tectonic implications." GSA Bulletin 131, no. 11-12 (April 15, 2019): 1857–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35142.1.
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AbstractMafic-ultramafic rocks of the Kabanga-Musongati alignment in the East African nickel belt occur as Bushveld-type layered intrusions emplaced in metasedimentary sequences. The age of the mafic-ultramafic intrusions remains poorly constrained, though they are regarded to be part of ca. 1375 Ma bimodal magmatism dominated by voluminous S-type granites. In this study, we investigated igneous monazite and zircon from a differentiated layered intrusion and metamorphic monazite from the contact aureole. The monazite shows contrasting crystal morphology, chemical composition, and U-Pb ages. Monazite that formed by contact metamorphism in response to emplacement of mafic-ultramafic melts is characterized by extremely high Th and U and yielded a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 1402 ± 9 Ma, which is in agreement with dates from the igneous monazite and zircon. The ages indicate that the intrusion of ultramafic melts was substantially earlier (by ∼25 m.y., 95% confidence) than the prevailing S-type granites, calling for a reappraisal of the previously suggested model of coeval, bimodal magmatism. Monazite in the metapelitic rocks also records two younger growth events at ca. 1375 Ma and ca. 990 Ma, coeval with metamorphism during emplacement of S-type granites and tin-bearing granites, respectively. In conjunction with available geologic evidence, we propose that the Kabanga-Musongati mafic-ultramafic intrusions likely heralded a structurally controlled thermal anomaly related to Nuna breakup, which culminated during the ca. 1375 Ma Kibaran event, manifested as extensive intracrustal melting in the adjoining Karagwe-Ankole belt, producing voluminous S-type granites. The Grenvillian-aged (ca. 990 Ma) tin-bearing granite and related Sn mineralization appear to be the far-field record of tectonothermal events associated with collision along the Irumide belt during Rodinia assembly. Since monazite is a ubiquitous trace phase in pelitic sedimentary rocks, in contact aureoles of mafic-ultramafic intrusions, and in regional metamorphic belts, our study highlights the potential of using metamorphic monazite to determine ages of mafic-ultramafic intrusions, and to reconstruct postemplacement metamorphic history of the host terranes.
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Shelepaev, Roman, Maria Shapovalova, Vera Egorova, Yaroslav Shelepov, Tumen-Ulzii Oyunchimeg, and Nadezhda Tolstykh. "Petrology and Age of the Yamaat Uul Mafic Complex, Khangai Mountains, Western Mongolia." Minerals 13, no. 6 (June 20, 2023): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13060833.
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The Yamaat Uul mafic complex with Cu-Ni mineralization is located in the Khangai Mountains of Western Mongolia. We have received new unique data for mafic rocks of the complex: U-Pb dating (SHRIMP II), mineralogy (WDS) and geochemistry (XRF, ICP-MS), Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope data and sulphur isotopes. The Yamaat Uul mafic complex consists of two intrusions: Intrusion 1 is represented by rocks of plagioclase cumulates and olivine–pyroxene cumulates; Intrusion 2 consists of monzogabbro. Intrusions 1 and 2 are different in composition of minerals such as olivine, plagioclase and biotite. The monzogabbro has higher contents of incompatible elements (REE, K, Ti, P) than rocks of Intrusion 1. Zircon U-Pb dating of the anorthosite and Bt-Am-Ol gabbronorite shows a Late Permian age (255.8 ± 2.9 Ma and 262.6 ± 3.1 Ma, respectively) for the Yamaat Uul mafic complex. All of the rocks of the complex are derived from a unified parental melt due to different amounts of trapped melts in plagioclase and olivine–pyroxene cumulates and without crustal contamination. The Cu-Ni mineralization of the complex has a low degree of evolution of the sulphide melt, similar to PGE-Cu-Ni mafic–ultramafic intrusions of the Khangai Mountains (Nomgon and Oortsog Uul). The Yamaat Uul mafic complex together with other mafic–ultramafic intrusions of the Khangai Mountains is related to the Khangai LIP and can be considered as potential for the PGE-Cu-Ni. The new geological, petrological, geochemical and isotope–geochronological data can later be used to reconstruct the geotectonics of the Khangai Mountains and the Central Asian orogenic belt as a whole.
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Stepenshchikov, Dmitry, and Nikolay Groshev. "Using 1D Thermal Modeling to Evaluate Formation Models of Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions and Associated Sulfide Cu-Ni-PGE Mineralization." Minerals 13, no. 8 (August 6, 2023): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13081046.
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In this paper, we trace the thermal history of the mafic–ultramafic intrusions of the Monchegorsk (MC), Fedorova–Pana (FPC), and Norilsk ore-bearing complexes (NC) using an upgraded version of the author’s software Gehenna 2.2. It is shown that a key role in the concentration of sulfides in the lower parts of the intrusions belongs to the preliminary heating of the host rocks by early magmatic influxes. In the presence of late ore-bearing magmatic phases of a relatively small volume, the pattern of sulfide distribution within such a phase can be used to estimate the time gap with the main influx. Thermal modeling shows that the Gabbro-10 massif, an additional ore-bearing phase of the Nyud-Poaz intrusion of the MC, is separated from the main influx by a time gap of no more than 100 ka, while the minimum gap between the magmatic phases of the Fedorova intrusion of the FPC is 650–700 ka. The development of a hornfels halo around mafic–ultramafic rocks makes it possible to estimate the duration of the process of continuous magma flow inside intrusions, which, as an example from the Kharaelakh intrusion of the NC shows, can reach 1000 years and more. Thermal modeling is recommended both for formulating genetic hypotheses and for testing different scenarios for the formation of sulfide Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization in mafic–ultramafic complexes.
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Kanaris-Sotiriou, R., and F. G. F. Gibb. "Hybridization and the petrogenesis of composite intrusions: the dyke at An Cumhann, Isle of Arran, Scotland." Geological Magazine 122, no. 4 (July 1985): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800031800.
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AbstractThe composite dyke at An Cumhann, Arran consists of a central unit of quartz-feldspar porphyry flanked by narrow marginal dolerites containing xenocrysts of quartz, plagioclase and alkali feldspar identical to the phenocrysts in the porphyry. The chemistry of the marginal dolerites indicates that they formed by the crystallization of a hybrid magma produced at depth by the incorporation of the porphyritic acid magma in a basic liquid. During the intrusion of the hybrid magma, flow caused a differential distribution of the xenocrysts across the initial basic dyke. Subsequent intrusion of the quartz-feldspar porphyry magma along the still unconsolidated centre of the basic dyke produced the wide central unit. A similar origin is proposed for other composite intrusions of the same type in the region. Whilst it is unlikely that the coexistence of the highly contrasting magmas necessary for the formation of these intrusions is entirely coincidental there is little likelihood that the two liquids were related as members of the same fractionation series.
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Haslett, Simon K. "Magnetic survey of a monchiquite intrusion in central Gwent." Geological Magazine 127, no. 6 (November 1990): 591–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680001548x.
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AbstractA magnetic survey was carried out along a NW–SE trending monchiquiteintrusion near Llanllowell, Gwent. The intrusion was previously thought to be a dyke, 23m long and 5 m wide, and that it may have been an extension of a second monchiquite intrusion at Great House to the southeast. However, the survey revealed the intrusion to beat least 34 m long, up to 20 m wide, and independent of the Great House intrusion. Evidence suggests that both of these monchiquite intrusions in central Gwent may have been feeder pipes to post-Lower Carboniferous volcanoes.
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Garde, A. A. "Post-kinematic diorite intrusions in Archaean basement rocks around outer Fiskefjord, southern West Greenland." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 39 (December 20, 1991): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1991-39-07.
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About twenty small dioritic intrusions around outer Fiskefjord, southern West Greenland, which are undeformed and unmigmatised, mark the final stage in middle Archaean accretion of continental crust, deformation and high-grade metamorphism in the Akia terrane. The diorites were emplaced into hot tonalitic gneisses, some of which were thoroughly retrograded from granulite facies prior to diorite intrusion. The diorites are themselves sporadically retrograded. A conventional zircon U-Pb age of 3017 + 12/-10 Ma has been obtained from one of the diorites. The diorites have SiO2 contents between ea. 52 and 58 wt. % and up to ea. 15% MgO, and some of them border on leuconorite or anorthosite, with normative plagioclase contents up to ea. 85 wt. % . Trace element compositions are characterised by elevated amounts of Zn, Co, Ni, and especially Cr, but low contents of several LIL elements, and they were probably contaminated with sialic crust. The diorite intrusions may be related to a group of a more mafic intrusions with anomalous contents of precious metals, forming the "norite belt" some 50 km north of Fiskefjord.
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You, Minxin, Wenyuan Li, Houmin Li, Zhaowei Zhang, and Xin Li. "Petrogenesis and Tectonic Significance of the ~276 Ma Baixintan Ni-Cu Ore-Bearing Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusion in the Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt, NW China." Minerals 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11040348.
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The Baixintan mafic-ultramafic intrusion in the Dananhu-Tousuquan arc of the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt is composed of lherzolite, olivine gabbro, and gabbro. Olivine gabbros contain zircon grains with a U-Pb age of 276.8 ± 1.1 Ma, similar to the ages of other Early Permian Ni-Cu ore-bearing intrusions in the region. The alkaline-silica diagrams, AFM diagram, together with the Ni/Cu-Pd/Ir diagram, indicate that the parental magmas for the Baixintan intrusion were likely high-Mg tholeiitic basaltic in composition. The Cu/Pd ratios, the relatively depleted PGEs and the correlations between them demonstrate that the parental magmas had already experienced sulfide segregation. The lower CaO content in pyroxenites compared with the Duke Island Alaskan-type intrusion and the composition of spinels imply that Baixintan is not an Alaskan-type intrusion. By comparing the Baixintan intrusion with other specific mafic-ultramafic intrusions, this paper considers that the mantle source of the Baixintan intrusion is metasomatized by subduction slab-derived fluids’ components, which gives rise to the negative anomalies of Nb, Ti, and Ta elements. Nb/Yb-Th/Yb, Nb/Yb-TiO2/Yb, and ThN-NbN plots show that the Baixintan intrusion was emplaced in a back-arc spreading environment and may be related to a mantle plume.
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Kostitsyn, Yuri, Nadezhda Krivolutskaya, Alina V. Somsikova, Maria Anosova, Svetlana Demidova, and Artem Konyshev. "Geochemical Features of Potentially Ore-Bearing Mafic Intrusions at the Eastern Norilsk Region and Their Relationships with Lavas (NW Siberian Traps Province)." Minerals 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13020213.
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The problem of the world-class PGE-Cu-Ni Norilsk deposits’ origin has attracted geologists for several decades. The main goal of this study is to determine the specific features of ore-bearing intrusions in comparison with thousands of similar barren intrusions widespread within the Siberian igneous province, and to establish their genesis. As a result of statistical processing of previously published isotope-geochemical data and obtained by the authors, systematic differences were found in the distribution of the isotopic ratio of Nd in ore-bearing and barren intrusions, as well as in volcanic rocks at the Norilsk region. Thus, ore-bearing rocks in ten deposits (Talnakh, Kharayelakh, Norilsk 1, South-Maslovsky, North-Maslovsky, Norilsk 2, Chernogorsky, Zub-Mrksheydersky, Pyasino-Vologochansky, Imangdinsky), different in Ni and PGE reserves, show a very narrow range of Nd isotopic ratio, ԐNd(T) = 1.0 ± 1.0 (2σ, N = 139), whereas barren and volcanic rocks are characterized by a rather wide ԐNd(T) range, from −10 to +7 units (N = 256). Furthermore, ore-bearing intrusions are characterized by reduced and compact variations of the La/Lu ratio due to lower concentrations of light lanthanides. For the first time the authors studied two new intrusions penetrated by MD-48 and MD-60 boreholes drilled by Norislkgeologia LLT at the eastern part of the Mikchangda area. Their economic values are still unclear and should be estimated using geochemical methods. Both intrusions lie in the Devonian rocks, have similar thickness and mineral composition, but differ in textural and structural features, which indicate a rapid crystallization of the MD-48 intrusion. According to the contents of the major oxides, the rocks in MD-48 and MD-60 are identical, but they differ in U/Nb, La/Sm, and Gd/Yb ratios. It is important that the rocks in the MD-60 borehole are characterized by ԐNd(T) = 1.0 ± 0.6 (2σ) and fall into the range of ore-bearing intrusions, whereas the rocks in MD-48 have ԐNd(T) 2.4 ± 0.9, and, thus, are outside of ore-bearing intrusions. Therefore, ԐNd(T) values can be used as a local criterion for the estimation of economic potential of mafic intrusions, which is demonstrated for the Mikachangda area.
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Muirhead, D. K., M. Duffy, N. Schofield, N. Mark, and M. D. Rowe. "Making oil from magma." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 484, no. 1 (August 14, 2018): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp484.8.
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AbstractPetroleum systems within rifted margin basins affected by volcanism continue to remain challenging for the exploration of hydrocarbons, most notably owing to the volume of intrusions that pose imaging, drilling and exploration problems. Typically, intrusions possess small thermal aureoles, but despite this, there is evidence that intrusions could none the less be responsible for the generation of commercial volumes of hydrocarbons. Here we shed new light on this petroleum systems challenge by integrating organic geochemical and Raman spectroscopic techniques to produce potential volumetric data for hydrocarbons generated as a result of igneous intrusion. The results indicate that, in areas with immature source rock intervals, it may be possible for intrusions to generate volumes of oil that would be capable of comfortably filling likely known oil reservoirs. This is a critical step forward in integrating several analytical techniques, indicating that under the right conditions there is the potential for hydrocarbon generation as a result of igneous intrusion.
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Zhang, Xuebing, Fengmei Chai, Chuan Chen, Hongyan Quan, and Xiaoping Gong. "Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic implications of late Carboniferous Daheyan intrusions from the Bogda Mountains, eastern Tianshan." Geological Magazine 157, no. 2 (July 29, 2019): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675681900075x.
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AbstractThe Daheyan region, situated in the SW of the Bogda Mountains in eastern Tianshan, is important for understanding the accretionary history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. We investigated Carboniferous intrusions from the Daheyan area, SW Bogda Mountains, obtaining new zircon U–Pb ages, whole-rock geochemical data and Hf isotope data for these intrusions. Zircon U–Pb dating indicates that syenogranite, diorite, granodiorite and monzonite of the Daheyan intrusions were all formed during late Carboniferous (311–303 Ma) magmatism. The syenogranite has geochemical characteristics of A-type granites that were mainly sourced from melting of juvenile crust. In comparison, the low-Mg-number diorite intrusion, with tholeiite and metaluminous features, was derived from young crust and mixed some mantle materials. The granodiorite and monzonite are both I-type granites, and are both sourced from the melting of juvenile crust. Based on a comprehensive analysis of previous geochronological, geochemical and isotopic data of magmatic and sedimentary rocks in the Bogda–Harlik belt, we consider that late Carboniferous intrusive rocks of the Bogda Mountains formed in an intra-arc extension related to a continent-based arc setting.
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Priambodo, Galih, Mariyanto Mariyanto, and Wien Lestari. "Magnetotelluric data analysis using 2D resistivity modelling in Gondang region, Bojonegoro." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012020.
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Abstract Previous studies in Gondang Subdistricthave identified underground mud reservoirnear a rock intrusion, while another study near Gondang Subdistrict has identified deep fault structures. This study will identify the distribution and characteristics of possible geological features in the area using magnetotelluric (MT) method to further describe the relationship between the geological features related to local geology. MT data measurements were conducted on 7 stations alonga north-south line, then modelled in 2D using nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithm. The model was used to describe the subsurface resistivity distribution and to identify the geological features. The results show 5 resistive zones (20–1250 Ω⋅m) and 4 conductive zones (≤10 Ω⋅m). The former consist of 4 vertical zones, 1 vertical zone deeper than 5 km, and 1 horizontal zone near the surface. 2 conductive zones surround a resistive zone, while 2 others stretch below the horizontal resistive zone. The vertical resistive zones are interpreted as andesite intrusions, and the horizontal one as volcanic breccia. The conductive zones are interpreted consisting of tuff and marl with possible saline water content. 3 vertical intrusions are thought to have the same source, and all vertical intrusions are suspected to co-occurr with the Pandan Volcano intrusion.
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Yin, Lusheng, Huaihong Wang, Dongdong Wang, Yinan Liu, Haiyan Liu, Yuzhen Zhu, Lijun Shen, and Zengxue Li. "Magmatic Intrusion during the Yanshanian Period and Multi-Mineral Enrichment Mechanisms in the Eastern Margin of the North China Craton." Minerals 14, no. 4 (March 24, 2024): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14040332.
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The mineralization within the North China Craton (NCC) is intricately linked to Mesozoic large-scale extension in eastern China and is a consequence of a unified geodynamic tectonic background. Despite previous attempts to elucidate the relationship between large-scale mineralization and magmatic activity in the NCC, a lack of systematic research has hindered the identification of connections among deposits with inconsistent metallogenic ages. This study focuses on the coal measures of the Huanghebei Coalfield (HHBC) in western Shandong, presenting a regional magmatic–hydrothermal metallogenic system with a genetic connection. It delves into the intricate interplay between the multi-mineral enrichment mechanism, metallogenic regularity, and the NCC’s destruction. The findings reveal that: (1) Various stages of magmatic intrusion during the Yanshanian period significantly influenced the Late Paleozoic coal measures in the HHBC. The coal measures exhibit distinct ranks, ranging from medium-rank bituminous C to A and high-rank anthracite C, resulting in noticeable differences in gas generation among different coal ranks. The shale between the coal seams C5 and C7 emerges as excellent with a good hydrocarbon-generating capacity during the middle-maturity stage. (2) The “Intrusion along the rock layer type” proves most conducive to shale gas enrichment, while the “laccolith type” is more favorable for shale gas enrichment compared to “dike type” intrusions, which have a limited impact on shale gas enrichment. (3) The mineralization process of CBM, shale gas, and iron ore is influenced by Yanshanian-period magma. The enrichment degree of CBM and shale gas exhibits an inverse correlation with the distance from the magmatic intrusion. Iron deposits demonstrate a close association with the magmatic intrusion, with enhanced enrichment along the rock layer. The results indicate that the destruction of the NCC triggered intense metasomatism in the deep cratonic fluids, serving as the primary driving mechanism for large-scale mineralization during the Yanshanian period. Magmatic intrusions bring hydrothermal fluids conducive to mineralization, and the heat release from these intrusions promotes thermal evolution, hydrocarbon generation, and the enrichment of organic-rich strata.
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HUGHES, HANNAH S. R., KATHRYN M. GOODENOUGH, ABIGAIL S. WALTERS, MICHAEL MCCORMAC, A. GUS GUNN, and ALICJA LACINSKA. "The structure and petrology of the Cnoc nan Cuilean Intrusion, Loch Loyal Syenite Complex, NW Scotland." Geological Magazine 150, no. 5 (February 22, 2013): 783–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756812000957.
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AbstractIn NW Scotland, several alkaline intrusive complexes of Silurian age intrude the Caledonian orogenic front. The most northerly is the Loch Loyal Syenite Complex, which is divided into three separate intrusions (Ben Loyal, Beinn Stumanadh and Cnoc nan Cuilean). Mapping of the Cnoc nan Cuilean intrusion shows two main zones: a Mixed Syenite Zone (MZ) and a Massive Leucosyenite Zone (LZ), with a gradational contact. The MZ forms a lopolith, with multiple syenitic lithologies, including early basic melasyenites and later felsic leucosyenites. Leucosyenite melts mixed and mingled with melasyenites, resulting in extreme heterogeneity within the MZ. Continued felsic magmatism resulted in formation of the relatively homogeneous LZ, invading western parts of the MZ and now forming the topographically highest terrane. The identification of pegmatites, microgranitic veins and unusual biotite-magnetite veins demonstrates the intrusion's complex petrogenesis. Cross-sections have been used to create a novel 3D GoCad™ model contributing to our understanding of the intrusion. The Loch Loyal Syenite Complex is known to have relatively high concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), and thus the area has potential economic and strategic value. At Cnoc nan Cuilean, abundant REE-bearing allanite is present within melasyenites of the MZ. Extensive hydrothermal alteration of melasyenites here formed steeply dipping biotite-magnetite veins, most enriched in allanite and other REE-bearing accessories. This study has thus identified the area of greatest importance for further study of REE enrichment processes in the Cnoc nan Cuilean intrusion.
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Borradaile, Graham J. "The internal tectonic fabric of minor intrusions and their potential as regional palaeostress indicators." Geological Magazine 123, no. 6 (November 1986): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800024171.
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AbstractA suite of late-tectonic minor intrusive rocks in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland show a well developed internal tectonic fabric. This fabric has a similar orientation in adjacent intrusions and it is usually not seen in the wall rock. It is suggested that the intrusions' tectonic fabric records the effects of palaeostress over the cooling period of the intrusions and thus provides palaeostress trajectories over a geologically short period of time over the area occupied by the swarm of intrusions.
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Sepahi, Ali, Seyedeh Jafari, and Sara Mani-Kashani. "Low pressure migmatites from the Sanandaj-Sirjan Metamorphic Belt in the Hamedan region (Iran)." Geologica Carpathica 60, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-009-0007-2.
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Low pressure migmatites from the Sanandaj-Sirjan Metamorphic Belt in the Hamedan region (Iran)Migmatites with evidence for low pressure metamorphism and partial melting occur adjacent to the Alvand Plutonic Complex in the Hamedan region of Iran. They show stromatic, schollen, diktyonitic and massive structure. Sillimanite/andalusite/(kyanite)-garnet- and cordierite-K-feldspar-andalusite-spinel-bearing migmatites are the most common rock types. Some of the granitic intrusions contain xenocrysts which resemble the porphyroblasts of nearby migmatites (e.g. sillimanite, andalusite, cordierite and garnet). Although migmatitic rocks of the region are located near the granitic intrusions, the degree of partial melting is not related to intrusions and is irregular. It appears that partial melting and migmatization pre-date the intrusion of major granitic bodies in the region. Leucosomes in stromatic migmatites are commonly parallel to bedding planes and are mostly formed by metamorphic segregation and/orin situpartial melting (showing mafic selvedges, pinch and swell structures). The melt fraction and migmatite type depend on the chemical composition of parent rocks and the distribution of high strain zones. The formation of thin leucosomes in the stromatic migmatites was controlled by short-range melt movement along the grain boundaries. Melt-rich layers are constrained by pre-existing compositional layering and foliation. Peak metamorphic conditions of ~650 °C and ~300 MPa are consistent with the observed mineral assemblages and the presence of melt in the investigated migmatites.
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Nawrocki, Jerzy, Magdalena Pańczyk, and Piotr Szrek. "Magmatic activity at the Silurian/Devonian boundary in the Brunovistulia and Małopolska Terranes (S Poland): possible link with the Rheic Ocean closure and the onset of the Rheno-Hercynian Basin." Geological Magazine 157, no. 2 (May 17, 2019): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819000384.
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AbstractThe age of granophyric diorite from the Sosnowiec IG-1 borehole (Brunovistulia Terrane) was studied by means of U–Pb single-grain zircon analysis performed on a SHRIMP (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe) IIe device. The isotope ages and provenance of zircons from the Emsian tuffs cropping out in the southern part of the Holy Cross Mountains (Małopolska Terrane) were also investigated using the same method. The age of the diorite intrusion (420 ± 2 Ma) is comparable with the combined Ar–Ar/magnetostratigraphic age of the Bardo diabase intrusion from the northern part of the Małopolska Terrane. These intrusions were emplaced during the same event of regional tectonic extension associated with the Rheic Ocean closure and the onset of processes creating the Rheno-Hecynian Basin near the Silurian/Devonian boundary. A negative Nb anomaly characteristic of both intrusions could be linked with the subduction of the Rheic oceanic crust under the SE margin of the Old Red Continent. Emsian magmatic activity in the distant Rheno-Hercynian Zone provided several tuff layers in the northern part of the Małopolska Terrane. As can be inferred from zircon ages, these tuffs were derived from mafic eruptions that cut sedimentary rocks containing detrital zircons transported from Baltica. This interpretation fits the existing models of development of the Rheno-Hercynian Basin in the Emsian.
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Serov, Pavel A. "Paleoproterozoic Pt-Pd Fedorovo-Pansky and Cu-Ni-Cr Monchegorsk Ore Complexes: Age, Metamorphism, and Crustal Contamination According to Sm-Nd Data." Minerals 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121410.
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This paper continues the Sm-Nd isotope geochronological research carried out at the two largest Paleoproterozoic ore complexes of the northeastern Baltic Shield, i.e., the Cu-Ni-Cr Monchegorsk and the Pt-Pd Fedorovo-Pansky intrusions. These economically significant deposits are examples of layered complexes in the northeastern part of the Fennoscandian Shield. Understanding the stages of their formation and transformation helps in the reconstruction of the long-term evolution of ore-forming systems. This knowledge is necessary for subsequent critical metallogenic and geodynamic conclusions. We applied the Sm-Nd method of comprehensive age determination to define the main age ranges of intrusion. Syngenetic ore genesis occurred 2.53–2.85 Ga; hydrothermal metasomatic ore formation took place 2.70 Ga; and the injection of additional magma batches occurred 2.44–2.50 Ga. The rock transformation and redeposited ore formation at 2.0–1.9 Ga corresponded to the beginning of the Svecofennian events, widely presented on the Fennoscandian Shield. According to geochronological and Nd-Sr isotope data, rocks of the Monchegorsk and the Fedorovo-Pansky complexes seemed to have an anomalous mantle source in common with Paleoproterozoic layered intrusions of the Fennoscandian Shield (enriched with lithophile elements, εNd values vary from −3.0 to +2.5 and ISr 0.702–0.705). The data obtained comply with the known isotope-geochemical and geochronological characteristics of ore-bearing layered intrusions in the northeastern Baltic Shield. An interaction model of parental melts of the Fennoscandian layered intrusions and crustal matter shows a small level of contamination within the usual range of 5–10%. However, the margins of the Monchetundra massif indicate a much higher level of crustal contamination caused by active interaction of parental magmas and host rock.
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Fridovsky, V. Yu, A. E. Vernikovskaya, K. Yu Yakovleva, N. V. Rodionov, A. V. Travin, N. Yu Matushkin, and P. I. Kadilnikov. "Geodynamic Formation Conditions and Age of Granitoids from Small Intrusions in the West of the Yana–Kolyma Gold Belt (Northeast Asia)." Russian Geology and Geophysics 63, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 483–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20214442.
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Abstract We report results of geological, mineralogical-petrographic, geochemical, isotope-geochemical (Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr), and geochronological (U–Pb, 40Ar/39Ar) studies of acid and intermediate intrusive rocks (granodiorites, leucocratic granites, subalkaline granites, and subalkaline leucocratic granites, diorites, and quartz diorites) of the Bukeschen and Samyr small plutons in the western part of the Yana–Kolyma gold belt (northeast Asia). These rocks are combined with Late Jurassic (151–145 Ma) dikes of basic, intermediate, and acid compositions into a single complex of small intrusions. They intrude the Upper Triassic–Middle Jurassic terrigenous deposits of continental margin blocks in the eastern part of the Verkhoyansk–Kolyma folded area. Our new U–Pb data for zircon (SHRIMP-II) indicate that the Bukeschen and Samyr pluton granitoids formed in the Berriasian, at 144.5 and 143 Ma, respectively. The small-intrusion granitoids have geochemical and isotope (Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr) characteristics similar to those of Late Jurassic dikes of varying composition. Therefore, they can be united into a single complex of small intrusions generated from a mixed source with the participation of mantle (OIB- and E-MORB type), lower crust, and subduction components and with Paleoproterozoic–Mesoproterozoic Sm–Nd model age estimates for the magma sources. Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous magmatic and postmagmatic events and cooling of the intrusions played an important role in the processes of gold localization in the western part of the Yana–Kolyma gold belt. This is reflected in two tectonothermal stages (accounting for closing temperatures of the U–Pb, 40Ar/39Ar, and Re–Os isotope systems for different minerals) estimated at 151–141 and 138–137 Ma. These results for the small-intrusion complex agree with the tectonic model of the evolution of an active continental margin (northeastern Siberia) in the Mesozoic era, whose final development stage in the Berriasian age saw the formation of mostly small granitoid plutons.
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Holdsworth, R. E., and R. A. Strachan. "The structural age and possible origin of the Vagastie Bridge granite and associated intrusions, central Sutherland." Geological Magazine 125, no. 6 (November 1988): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800023426.
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AbstractThe Vagastie Bridge granite, central Sutherland, belongs to a regional suite of igneous intrusions within Moine psammites adjacent to the base of the east Sutherland migmatite complex. An isotopic date of 405 ± 11 Ma, obtained using U–Pb determinations on zircon and sphene taken from the granite, has previously been interpreted as an intrusion age. However, a reassessment of the field relationships demonstrates that intrusion was syn-tectonic with respect to the later stages of ductile Caledonian deformation affecting the Moine rocks. It is suggested that the granite suite magmas originated at depth and that they were channelled into the still active Caledonian ductile thrust zone (the Naver Thrust) which forms the tectonic base of the Naver Nappe. On regional grounds, the interpretation of the c. 405 Ma date as an intrusion age is untenable, which implies that the isotope systematics of the Vagastie Bridge granite require re-investigation.
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Sun, Jiajia, Aline Tavares Melo, Jae Deok Kim, and Xiaolong Wei. "Unveiling the 3D undercover structure of a Precambrian intrusive complex by integrating airborne magnetic and gravity gradient data into 3D quasi-geology model building." Interpretation 8, no. 4 (July 23, 2020): SS15—SS29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2019-0273.1.
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Mineral exploration under a thick sedimentary cover naturally relies on geophysical methods. We have used high-resolution airborne magnetic and gravity gradient data over northeast Iowa to characterize the geology of the concealed Precambrian rocks and evaluate the prospectivity of mineral deposits. Previous researchers have interpreted the magnetic and gravity gradient data in the form of a 2D geologic map of the Precambrian basement rocks, which provides important geophysical constraints on the geologic history and mineral potentials over the Decorah area located in the northeast of Iowa. However, their interpretations are based on 2D data maps and are limited to the two horizontal dimensions. To fully tap into the rich information contained in the high-resolution airborne geophysical data, and to further our understanding of the undercover geology, we have performed separate and joint inversions of magnetic and gravity gradient data to obtain 3D density contrast models and 3D susceptibility models, based on which we carried out geology differentiation. Based on separately inverted physical property values, we have identified 10 geologic units and their spatial distributions in 3D which are all summarized in a 3D quasi-geology model. The extension of 2D geologic interpretation to 3D allows for the discovery of four previously unidentified geologic units, a more detailed classification of the Yavapai country rock, and the identification of the highly anomalous core of the mafic intrusions. Joint inversion allows for the classification of a few geologic units further into several subclasses. We have demonstrated the added value of the construction of a 3D quasi-geology model based on 3D separate and joint inversions.
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Barkov, A. Y., R. F. Martin, A. E. Izokh, A. A. Nikiforov, and V. N. Korolyuk. "Ultramagnesian Olivine in the Monchepluton (Fo96) and Pados-Tundra (Fo93) Layered Intrusions (Kola Peninsula)." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 03 (March 1, 2021): 324–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20194091.
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Abstract —The paper focuses on compositional variations of olivine and chromian spinel in the Monchepluton and Pados-Tundra layered intrusions, which host significant chromitite mineralization. Ore-bearing dunite (with up to 25–30 vol.% Mcr) in the Sopcheozerskoe chromite deposit from the Monchepluton complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia, bears an assemblage of phases with exceptionally high magnesium contents: Fo96 + augite (Mg# = 94) + magnesiochromite, Mcr (Mg# ≈ 65); Mg# = 100·Mg/(Mg + Fe2+ + Mn). However, olivine in the host dunite has normal maximum values of Mg# comparable to those in cumulus olivine from layered intrusions worldwide (Fo≤91–92). The Fo96 phase in the Sopcheozerskoe deposit shows the most primitive composition ever reported from any layered intrusion. Magnesiochromite occurs as unzoned homogeneous euhedral crystals unaffected by subsolidus exchange or metasomatic effects. Olivine in ore-bearing dunite (20–25 vol.% magnesian chromite) from the Pados-Tundra complex attains Fo93, with the Mg# value notably higher than the range (Fo85.5–90.6) in olivine from orthopyroxenite, harzburgite, and dunite within the intrusion. Olivine and chromian spinel in the two complexes behave coherently, with covarying patterns of Mg# and Ni contents in olivine at R = 0.75 (n = 160) and positive correlation between Mg# in coexisting chromian spinel and olivine grains at R = 0.8 (n = 150). This behavior indicates that the two phases attained equilibrium during crystallization. It appears unlikely that the extremely high Mg enrichment in olivine (Fo96), as well as in all associated phases of the Monchepluton complex, would result from a subsolidus reaction between olivine and chromian spinel or low-temperature alteration of olivine. We suggest a more realistic explanation that the olivine (+ high-Mg augite)–chromian spinel assemblage crystallized from komatiitic magma under the conditions of progressively increasing oxygen fugacity (fO2). The high Mg# in the Mcr-chromite-enriched system, above the maximum values common in cumulus olivine from layered intrusions (up to Fo96 against Fo≤91–92), may be caused by shortage of ferrous iron.
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Borodina, E. V., A. E. Izokh, and A. A. Mongush. "The Bulka peridotite–gabbro intrusion (West Sayan), a syncollisional type of layered intrusions." Russian Geology and Geophysics 52, no. 3 (March 2011): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2011.02.004.
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Thakurta, Joyashish, Kevin Rupp, and Beau Haag. "Episodic Nature of Magmatic Ascent in a Dynamic Conduit System: Evidence From a Late Gabbroic Intrusion Associated with the Eagle Ni-Cu Sulfide Deposit in Northern Michigan, USA." Economic Geology 117, no. 5 (August 1, 2022): 1105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4925.
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Abstract New exploration studies have revealed a near-vertical, plug-like gabbroic intrusive body emplaced along the feeder conduit of the funnel-shaped Eagle East ultramafic intrusion in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. U-Pb baddeleyite analysis on this gabbro yielded an age of 1103.4 ± 1.2 Ma. Although a sulfide-deficient gabbro is the principal rock unit, peripheral zones of the intrusion contain feldspathic pyroxenite and melagabbro with minor blebs of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. A small pocket-like body of peridotite with significant quantities of sulfide minerals occurs along the edge of the main gabbroic unit. The modes of occurrence of sulfide minerals in the pocket peridotite are similar to the larger Eagle East and Eagle intrusions nearby. The composition of olivine in the main gabbroic rock is Fo24–30, but olivine in pocket peridotite shows a composition of ~Fo74. The Ni-concentration in the olivine of the main gabbro unit is below 100 ppm, but in the Mg-rich olivine of the pocket peridotite, it is between 2,100 and 2,800 ppm. Although δ34S values of sulfide minerals in the pyroxenite rim and in the pocket peridotite range from –0.6 to 7.0‰, the average value is higher than those reported from sulfides in the Eagle East and Eagle intrusions. The origin of the gabbro unit could be explained by a closed-system crystallization of a fractionated late derivative of an original high-MgO magma, while the peridotite pocket is a xenolithic representative of the old peridotitic intrusion dislodged and entrained in a late magmatic pulse.
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Ekwok, Stephen E., Anthony E. Akpan, Ogiji-Idaga M. Achadu, Cherish E. Thompson, Ahmed M. Eldosouky, Kamal Abdelrahman, and Peter Andráš. "Towards Understanding the Source of Brine Mineralization in Southeast Nigeria: Evidence from High-Resolution Airborne Magnetic and Gravity Data." Minerals 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020146.
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Investigation into understanding the genesis of brines in southeast Nigeria was carried out utilizing high-resolution potential field (HRPF) data. This study reveals that igneous intrusions and associated hydrothermal fluids are responsible for brine generation. The obtained result of the analytic signal revealed the locations and spatial distribution of short- and long-wavelength geologic structures associated with igneous intrusions. The low pass filtering, upward continuation, and 2D modelling procedures showed key synclinal structures which coincided well with the location of brine fields. The results showed that salt ponds are common in the neighborhood of igneous intrusions. To validate this finding, a conceptual model describing igneous-related hydrothermal circulation systems that are driven by convective cells of the hydrothermal fluid and overburden loads was generated. This model fits reasonably well into the overall stratigraphic and geologic framework of the study area.
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MacDonald, Peter J., and Stephen J. Piercey. "Geology, lithogeochemistry, and significance of porphyry intrusions associated with gold mineralization within the Timmins–Porcupine gold camp, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 4 (April 2019): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0091.
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The Timmins–Porcupine gold camp, Abitibi greenstone belt, is host >60 Moz of Au with many gold deposits spatially associated with porphyry intrusions and the Porcupine–Destor deformation zone (PDDZ). Porphyry intrusions form three suites. The Timmins porphyry suite (TIS) consists of high-Al tonalite–trondjhemite–granodiorite (TTG) with calc–alkalic affinities and high La/Yb ratios and formed during ∼2690 Ma D1-related crustal thickening and hydrous partial melting of mafic crust where garnet and hornblende were stable in the residue. The Carr Township porphyry intrusive suite (CIS) and the granodiorite intrusive suite (GIS) also have high-Al TTG, calc-alkalic affinities, but were generated 10–15 million years after the TIS; the CIS were generated at shallower depths (during postorogenic extension?) with no garnet in the crustal residue, whereas the GIS formed during D2 thrust-related crustal thickening and partial melting where garnet was stable in the residue. Gold mineralization is preferentially associated with the TIS, and to a lesser extent the GIS, proximal to the PDDZ. Intrusions near mineralization have abundant sericite, carbonate, and sulphide alteration. These intrusions exhibit low Na2O and Sr, and high Al2O3/Na2O, K2O, K2O/Na2O, Rb, and Cs, (i.e., potassic alteration); sulfide- and carbonate-altered porphyries have high (CaO + MgO + Fe2O3)/Al2O3 and LOI values. Although porphyries are not genetically related to gold mineralization, they are spatially related and are interpreted to reflect the emplacement of intrusions and subsequent Au-bearing fluids along the same crustal structures. The intrusive rocks also served as structural traps, where gold mineralization precipitated in dilatant structures along the margins of intrusions during regional (D3?) deformation.
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Nicholson, R. "The intrusion and deformation of Tertiary minor sheet intrusions, west Suardal, Isle of Skye, Scotland." Geological Journal 20, no. 1 (April 30, 2007): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350200106.
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ZHU, WEI-GUANG, ZHONG-JIE BAI, HONG ZHONG, XIAN-TAO YE, and HONG-PENG FAN. "The origin of the c. 1.7 Ga gabbroic intrusion in the Hekou area, SW China: constraints from SIMS U–Pb zircon geochronology and elemental and Nd isotopic geochemistry." Geological Magazine 154, no. 2 (February 9, 2016): 286–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815001119.
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AbstractThe late Palaeoproterozoic to early Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks of southwestern China are characterized by a number of mafic intrusions and dykes. However, the origin and tectonic implications of these mafic intrusions and dykes remain unclear. The Hekou mafic intrusion, intruding into the Hekou Group in the Hekou area, SW China, is the biggest and most representative one. The intrusion is mainly composed of coarse-grained in the central zone (CZ) and medium- to fine-grained gabbroic rocks in the outer zone (OZ). Cameca secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) U–Pb zircon ages, and geochemical and Nd isotopic results for the intrusion are reported in this paper. SIMS U–Pb zircon ages indicate that the gabbroic rocks from the CZ and OZ were emplaced at 1735±6.5 Ma and 1736±4.0 Ma, respectively. This suggests that the Hekou intrusion originated from c. 1.7 Ga mafic magmatism in the southwestern Yangtze Block. The coarse-grained rocks in the CZ of the intrusion show fairly homogeneous major- and trace-element compositions. In contrast, the medium- to fine-grained rocks from the OZ display slightly evolved compositions, with relatively lower Mg nos, MgO, Al2O3, Cr and Ni contents, and higher SiO2, CaO and Zr concentrations than those of the rocks from the CZ. Although the gabbroic rocks of the intrusion have low total rare earth element (REE) contents (REE = 29.3–40.2 ppm) with slightly light REE (LREE)-enriched and heavy REE (HREE)-depleted patterns, they exhibit distinct trace-element and Nd isotopic features. The rocks from the CZ are characterized by slightly LREE-enriched and ‘convex upwards’ incompatible trace-element patterns with significant Th depletion and insignificant Nb and Ta depletion relative to La. However, the rocks from the OZ have relatively flatter REE patterns than those of the rocks from the CZ. In addition, the rocks from the OZ are slightly enriched in Th and depleted in Nb and Ta relative to La. The εNd(T) values of the CZ and the OZ rocks are +0.70 to +2.3 and −0.30 to +0.24, respectively. The parental magma for the Hekou gabbroic intrusion exhibits affinity with a subalkaline basaltic magma, which was possibly generated by relatively high degrees of partial melting of a slightly depleted asthenospheric mantle source. Their geochemical and isotopic variations were due to slight crystal fractionation with varying degrees of crustal contamination. The Hekou intrusion was therefore supposed to form in an anorogenic extensional environment. It is further suggested that c. 1.7 Ga is an important onset timing of widespread anorogenic magmatism in the southwestern Yangtze Block. We interpret the late Palaeoproterozoic gabbroic intrusion to represent anorogenic mafic magmatism, which was most likely related to the break-up of the Columbia supercontinent.
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Malitch, K. N. "Forecasting criteria for sulphide PGE-copper-nickel deposits of the Noril’sk province (In English)." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 21, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 660–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2021-21-5-660-682.
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Research subject. World-class sulphide platinum-group-element (PGE)-Cu-Ni deposits occur within the Noril’sk-Talnakh region of northern Siberia, Russia. The signifcance of these deposits presents opportunities to determine the most effective approaches for the search of similar deposits using commercial PGE-Cu-Ni deposit examples. Materials and methods. Petrological and geochemical analysis of the ultramafc-mafc intrusions of the Noril’sk province ranks them into three types in terms of sulphide mineralization style and economic signifcance: 1) economic intrusions containing unique and large sulphide PGE-Cu-Ni deposits (Oktyabr’sk, Talnakh and Noril’sk-1); 2) subeconomic intrusions that contain small- to medium-sized Cu-Ni sulphide deposits, and medium-sized to large PGE deposits (Chernogorsk, Zub-Marksheider, Vologochan, etc.); 3) uneconomic intrusions that contain low-grade disseminated Cu-Ni ores with ≈0.2 wt % of Cu and Ni, and low Cr and PGE (Nizhny Talnakh, Zelyonaya Griva, etc.). Results and conclusions. Principal sources used in exploration for rich sulphide PGE-Cu-Ni ores include structural, magmatic, stratigraphic-lithological, geochemical, mineralogical, metamorphic and some others. Based on an analysis of isotope-geochemical data, new indicators for locating sulphide PGE-Cu-Ni mineralization are suggested. A restricted range of S-isotope values, and a negative trend for coupled S-Cu isotope compositions can be employed as useful guides to assess the economic potential of a PGE-Cu-Ni sulphide deposit. It is proposed that the Chernogorsk ultramafc-mafc intrusion of the Noril’sk province is the most promising target in a search for rich PGE-Cu-Ni ores. It is suggested that the previously known mineralogical-geochemical and novel isotope-geochemical characteristics of sulphide and silicate minerals are important indicators in assessing the potential ore content of ultramafc-mafc intrusions of the Noril’sk province.
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Pezzo, Giuseppe, Mimmo Palano, Cristiano Tolomei, Pasquale De Gori, Stefano Calcaterra, Piera Gambino, and Claudio Chiarabba. "Flank sliding: A valve and a sentinel for paroxysmal eruptions and magma ascent at Mount Etna, Italy." Geology 48, no. 11 (July 13, 2020): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47656.1.
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Abstract Rising magma, dike intrusions, and flank collapse are observed at many volcanoes worldwide, but how they interact is still poorly documented. Extensive synthetic aperture radar interferometry and continuous global positioning system observations captured a sharp dike intrusion at Mount Etna, Italy, during the 2018 paroxysm that triggered a vigorous seaward sliding of the eastern flank connected with brittle failure and deep magmatic resourcing. We propose a feedback process between flank acceleration and magma intrusion that derives from the interaction between the long- and short-term deformation of the volcano. The flank sliding acts as a valve that modulates the emplacement and eruption of magma within the shallow system. Rapid flank acceleration could potentially evolve into sudden collapses and seismic release at shallow depth. In turn, flank slip events could act as a sentinel for changes in magma depth and paroxysmal eruptions at Mount Etna.
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Ruddick, B., and K. Richards. "Oceanic thermohaline intrusions: observations." Progress in Oceanography 56, no. 3-4 (March 2003): 499–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(03)00028-4.
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Ruddick, Barry, and Oliver Kerr. "Oceanic thermohaline intrusions: theory." Progress in Oceanography 56, no. 3-4 (March 2003): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(03)00029-6.
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Vorontsov, Alexander A., Andrey E. Izoh, Vladimir V. Yarmolyuk, Tatyana Y. Komaritsyna, Anatoly V. Nikiforov, Olga Y. Perfilova, Sergei I. Dril, Nailya G. Rizvanova, and Egor P. Dushkin. "Evolution of Syenite Magmas: Insights from the Geology, Geochemistry and O-Nd Isotopic Characteristics of the Ordovician Saibar Intrusion, Altai-Sayan Area, Russia." Minerals 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050473.
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In this paper, we provide insight into the evolution of syenite magmas based on geological data and petrographic, geochemical, and O-Nd isotope parameters of rocks of the Saibar intrusion located within the Minusinsk Trough, Altay-Sayan area. The intrusive suite includes predominant syenites, few bodies of melanocratic and leucocratic nepheline syenites (foyaites), and granites. In addition, dykes of granites and mafic rocks are present. The U-Pb zircon age from the melanocratic foyaites was determined to be 457 ± 10 Ma? Examined rocks show fractionated light rare earth element patterns, normalized to chondrite, with (La/Sm)n varying from 4 to 9, and a weakly fractionated distribution of medium and heavy rare elements, with (Dy/Yb)n from 0.35 to 1.23 and (Sm/Yb)n from 0.63 to 2.62. The spidergram normalized to the primitive mantle shows negative Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta, Ti, and Eu anomalies (Eu* = 0.48–0.60) and positive Rb, Th, and U anomalies. The δ18O values vary within 6.3 to 10.2‰, and εNd(t) from +4.1 to +5.0. We observe gradual transitions from syenites to foyaites. Assimilation by syenite magma of the host carbonate rocks was followed to transition from silica-saturated to silica-undersaturated conditions and removal of anorthite from the melt, which then led to nepheline. Granites of the main phase show depleted lithophile incompatible elements in comparison with syenites and foyaites. They originate via interaction of magmas at the marginal part (endocontact zone) of the intrusion, corresponding to north contact of the granites with the host felsic rocks. In comparison, the rock composition of granite dykes is enriched in lithophile incompatible elements, except for Zr, Hf, and Ti. These rocks are formed due to the differentiation of syenite magma without a significant effect of host rock assimilation. Mantle magmas must be used as parent magmas for syenites based on analysis of the formation model of other alkaline intrusions, which are similar in age to the Saibar intrusion. In the line of syenite intrusions of the Altai-Sayan province, the Saibar intrusion is no exception, and its origin is related to the evolution of mafic magmas that arose during the melting of the mantle under the influence of a mantle plume.
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Smol’kin, Valery F., Artem V. Mokrushin, and Aleksey V. Chistyakov. "Layered Intrusions of Paleoproterozoic Age in the Kola and Karelian Regions." Minerals 13, no. 5 (April 25, 2023): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13050597.
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Large-scale layered intrusions of a peridotite–pyroxenite–gabbronorite complex, to which Cr, Ni, Cu, and PGE deposits and ore occurrences are confined, were emplaced into the Baltic paleocontinent 2.50–2.45 Ga. Layered intrusions in the Monchegorsk Ore District, including the Monchepluton and Imandra–Umbarechka Complex, as well as the gabbro-anorthosite complex of the Main Ridge, were analyzed earlier geochemically and isotopically. In the present paper, the authors analyze layered intrusions in the Kola region (Mount Generalskaya) and Karelia (Kivakka, Kovdozero, and the Burakovsky Pluton). The primary composition of mantle magmas for the layered intrusions is assumed to be identical to that of the komatiitic basalts making up the volcanogenic units of the Vetreny Belt and the Imandra–Varzuga zone. A general model for the formation of layered intrusions includes superplume uplift in the early Paleoproterozoic, the generation of mantle magmas and their injection into the lower portion of the earth crust, the formation of deep-seated and intermediate magma chambers, and the intense contamination of the granulite–metamorphic complex followed by the generation of magma chambers provoked by single or multiple injections.
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Gurevich, A. B., and S. B. Shishlov. "IGNEOUS INTRUSIONS IN COAL-BEARING SEQUENCES." International Geology Review 29, no. 8 (August 1987): 951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206818709466190.
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Wellman, Peter. "Intrusions Beneath Large Intraplate Volcanoes." Exploration Geophysics 17, no. 3 (September 1986): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg986135.
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Muhtar, M. N., Chang-Zhi Wu, M. Santosh, Ru-Xiong Lei, Lian-Xing Gu, Si-Meng Wang, and Kai Gan. "Late Paleozoic tectonic transition from subduction to post-collisional extension in Eastern Tianshan, Central Asian Orogenic Belt." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 7-8 (December 23, 2019): 1756–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35432.1.
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Abstract Late Paleozoic large-scale transcurrent tectonics and synkinematic intrusions are prominent features in the Eastern Tianshan segment of the southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. However, the spatial and temporal relationship between synkinematic intrusions and crustal-scale shear zones remains unclear. Here we report petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the Qiziltag pluton associated with the Kanggur-Huangshan Shear Zone (KHSZ) with a view to characterize the spatial and temporal relationship between synkinematic intrusions and large-scale transcurrent shearing. Field relations and zircon U-Pb ages indicate that the Qiziltag pluton was formed through two stages of magmatism, with earlier stage granitoids (gneissic biotite granite: 288.9 ± 1.9 Ma, biotite monzogranite: 291.5 ± 1.7 Ma, K-feldspar granite: 287.9 ± 3.1 Ma), and later stage bimodal intrusions (biotite quartz monzonite: 278.5 ± 1.8 Ma, gabbro: 278.1 ± 2.3 Ma). The earlier stage granitoids are high-K calc-alkaline, enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g., Rb, Th, and U), and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs; e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti). Combined with their depleted isotopic compositions (εNd(t) = +6.29 to +7.48) and juvenile model ages (TDM2 = 450–610 Ma), we infer that the granitoids were derived from juvenile lower crust in a post-collisional tectonic transition (from compression to extension). The structural and temporal features indicate that the earlier stage (ca. 290 Ma) granitoids formed prior to the regional large-scale dextral strike slip. The later stage bimodal intrusions are dominated by biotite quartz monzonite as the felsic member and gabbro as the mafic component. The biotite quartz monzonite is high-K calc-alkaline with enriched LREEs and LILEs (e.g., Rb, Th, and U), and depleted HFSEs (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti), whereas the gabbro is subalkalic with depleted LREEs and HFSEs (e.g., Nb and Ta), resembling normal mid-ocean ridge basalt features. The bimodal intrusions show similar isotopic compositions (εNd(t) = +6.41 to +6.72 and εHf(t) = +9.55 to + 13.85 for biotite quartz monzonite; εNd(t) = +9.13 to +9.69 and εHf(t) = +4.80 to +14.07 for gabbro). These features suggest that the later stage (ca. 280 Ma) bimodal intrusions were derived from partial melting of depleted mantle and anatectic melting of lower crust materials induced by synchronous underplating of basaltic magma in a post-collisional extension. The structural features of the bimodal intrusions indicate that the later stage (ca. 280 Ma) magmatism was coeval with the development of the KHSZ. In conjunction with spatial and temporal evolution of magmatism and sedimentary records of Eastern Tianshan, we infer that transition between the northward closure of the North Tianshan Ocean and subsequent collision between the Central Tianshan Massif and the Qoltag Arc belt occurred at ca. 300 Ma.
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HOLNESS, M. B. "Spherulitic textures formed during crystallization of partially melted arkose, Rum, Scotland." Geological Magazine 139, no. 6 (November 2002): 651–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756802006842.
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Melting of Torridonian arkoses, due to intrusion of shallow bodies of mafic melts on the Isle of Rum, was locally extensive, reaching up to 95 vol.%. Crystallization (to form granophyre) of these highly melted rocks was generally static in the vicinity of minor intrusions, although disruption of bedding is apparent in the aureole of the main mafic pluton. A distinctive millimetre- to centimetre-scale spherulitic texture developed during solidification of the partially melted arkose, in both the aureole of the main intrusion, and also in those of associated minor gabbro plugs. The spherulites are formed of radiating, fan-shaped intergrowths of plagioclase and quartz set in a matrix of quartz, plagioclase and K-feldspar. The importance of nucleation rates in determining texture development is demonstrated by a dominance of Na-rich compositions in the first feldspar to form, even in non-spherulitic rocks. It is suggested that the spherulites formed by the early growth of metastable plagioclase due to difficulties in nucleating feldspar.
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Holm, Paul Martin, Eva Degn Egeberg, and Niels-Ole Prægel. "Multiple syenite intrusions at Kærven, Kangerdlugssuaq, East Greenland: Evidence from the 1986 field work." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 38 (February 18, 1991): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1990-38-17.
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Tue Kærven Syenite Complex is recognized as the earliest intrusive body in the Kangerdlugssuaq region associated with the opening of the proto-Atlantic Ocean in the Lower Tertiary. Earlier investigations of the geology of the Kærven Syenite Complex have interpreted the intrusion as a single igneous body, emplaced subsequent to the Kærven Gabbro and in turn cut by the Kangerdlugssuaq intrusion. Preliminary sampling on Kærven in 1977 revealed a relatively large range of rock types in the complex (syenite - alkali feldspar syenite - alkali feldspar granite). Tue field work conducted in 1986 has verified these findings and enabled the distinction of 8 intrusive events within the complex. Further, a preliminary geological map has been produced. An igneous breccia separates the complex from the earlier Kærven Gabbro along parts of the eastern and southern margins. The central part of the Kærven Syenite Complex include an hitherto unrecognized slice of Precambrian basement gneisses with numerous approximately N-S trending basaltic dykes. This is multiply intruded by syenite. Most notably in the eastern part of the complex, intimate associations of brecciated and remobilized basement gneiss and melts of syenitic through monzonitic to tonalitic compositions are found. The form of the intrusive bodies are more or less dyke-shaped and N-S trending. Toere is a general stratigraphic younging to the SW, which is matched by the tater adjacent Kangerdlugssuaq intrusion. Tue intrusive sequence and trend of the intrusions are thought to be closely related to an extentional tectonic regime present in this part of the fjord for a considerable period onwards from the earliest Tertiary magmatic activity in the area.
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Kholodnov, V. V., E. S. Shagalov, G. A. Kallistov, G. Yu Shardakova, D. N. Salikhov, and E. V. Konovalova. "The Akhunovo–Petropavlovsk Granitoid Area as a Continental-Margin Center of the Long-Term Mantle–Crust Interaction: The Role of Subductional and Rift–Plume Sources." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 648–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20194121.
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Abstract —The Akhunovo–Petropavlovsk area of the late Paleozoic granite magmatism is located in the northeast of the Magnitogorsk megazone (MMZ) in the South Urals. It is a series of successively intruded rocks (Petropavlovsk, Akhunovo, Karagai, and Uiskii Bor intrusions) differing not only in composition, the depth of formation, and ore content but also in the relationship with magmatic and fluid sources and in magma generation mechanisms. This area differs significantly in the number and composition of intrusive complexes from the igneous rocks and ore associations in the central and western parts of the MMZ. The granite magmatism pulses alternated with the collisional shearing/spreading and rifting stages. The Petropavlovsk mesoabyssal granite intrusion (347.0 ± 8.6 Ma) formed at the early stage of the area evolution. Its rocks are similar in composition to a suprasubductional series (melting products of a mantle source enriched not only in water fluid but also in Cl). Later (310–306 Ma), at the collision–compression stage, crustal intrusion of the Akhunovo–Karagai granodiorite–granite complex took place. The intruded rocks are similar to the Middle Urals continental-margin gabbro-tonalite–grano-diorite–granite plutons (320–290 Ma) bearing large gold–sulfide–quartz deposits (Berezovskoe etc.). At the final stage of the area evolution, during the transition from continental-margin regime to hard collision between the East European and Kazakhstan continents (late Carboniferous) and the intense shearing/spreading deformations, the Uiskii Bor granosyenite–granite intrusion (304.0 ± 4.8 Ma) rich in K and HFSE formed. Granite intrusions of this type have been revealed in the MMZ for the first time. Thus, the granitoid complexes of the Akhunovo–Petropavlovsk area formed under changes in geodynamic settings and are characterized by different compositions, depths of occurrence, and genesis. This permits us to consider the area a typical continental-margin center of the long-term mantle–crust interaction, where magma generation proceeded at different mantle and crust levels, with the participation of both suprasubductional and enriched plume-related rift sources.
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Diemer, John. "Murchison's Research Method: An Example from Southern Norway." Earth Sciences History 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.27.1.e87605575l500655.
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Roderick Impey Murchison (1792-1871) was an eminent geologist whose reputation was in large part based on a research method that comprised an efficient fieldwork procedure followed by public presentations and publication of his findings. His research method enabled him to survey large areas rapidly, apply recent advances in the science of geology to those large areas, and present his results in a timely and widespread manner with maximum impact. This paper focuses on Murchison's two-week visit to Norway in 1844, and the presentation of his findings in the aftermath of that visit, to illustrate his research method in action. Not only did his work result in a significant advance in the understanding of the geology of Norway, but Murchison also applied his Norway results to issues of wide interest in the developing science of geology. In particular, his work in Norway resulted in: (1) an appreciation of the extent of Paleozoic rock systems in Norway; (2) a new name, Azoic, for the older, nonfossiliferous basement rocks; (3) the recognition of the effects of younger igneous intrusions on country rock; (4) a proposed classification scheme for metamorphic grade; and (5) a proposed classification scheme for igneous rocks based on the timing of intrusion.
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Dickin, A. P. "Nd isotope chemistry of Tertiary igneous rocks from Arran, Scotland: implications for magma evolution and crustal structure." Geological Magazine 131, no. 3 (May 1994): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800011092.
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AbstractThe geochemistry of Tertiary igneous rocks from Arran, western Scotland, provides a probe for the structure of the crust in the region of the Highland Boundary Fault (HBF). New Nd isotope data, coupled with other geochemical evidence, point to variable contamination of primitive mantle-derived magmas during magmatic differentiation in the crust. Two different isotopic contamination trends are seen. The northern granite was generated by contamination of basic differentiates by crust resembling exposed Dalradian units. Data for the central granite, and several other minor intrusions from south of the HBF, trend towards the reported isotopic signatures of granulite-facies xenoliths from the Midland Valley. However, quartz porphyry intrusions in the south of the island are compositionally similar to the nothern granite, and were probably intruded southwards across the HBF in dykes. Hence the isotopic signatures of the Tertiary intrusions reflect the different character of the crustal units on either side of the fault.