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1

Moszyński, M., J. Zalipska, M. Balcerzyk, M. Kapusta, W. Mengesha, and J. D. Valentine. "Intrinsic energy resolution of NaI(Tl)." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 484, no. 1-3 (May 2002): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(01)01964-7.

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2

Samedov, V. V. "Intrinsic Energy Resolution of a Scintillation Detector." Physics of Atomic Nuclei 84, no. 11 (December 2021): 1828–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063778821100355.

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3

Lolli, L., E. Taralli, C. Portesi, E. Monticone, and M. Rajteri. "High intrinsic energy resolution photon number resolving detectors." Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 4 (July 22, 2013): 041107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4815922.

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4

Nygren, David. "Can the "intrinsic" energy resolution in xenon be surpassed?" Journal of Physics: Conference Series 309 (August 10, 2011): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/309/1/012006.

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5

Moszynski, M., M. Balcerzyk, W. Czarnacki, M. Kapusta, W. Klamra, A. Syntfeld, and M. Szawlowski. "Intrinsic energy resolution and light yield nonproportionality of BGO." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 51, no. 3 (June 2004): 1074–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2004.829491.

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6

Kuntner, C., E. Auffray, P. Lecoq, C. Pizzolotto, and M. Schneegans. "Intrinsic energy resolution and light output of the Lu0.7Y0.3AP:Ce scintillator." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 493, no. 3 (November 2002): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(02)01559-0.

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7

Wanarak, Chalerm, Weerapong Chewpraditkul, and Akapong Phunpueok. "Light Yield Non-Proportionality and Energy Resolution of Lu1.8Y0.2SiO5:Ce and LaCl3:Ce Scintillation Crystals." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 2002–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.2002.

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The scintillation response of Lu1.8Y0.2SiO5:Ce (LYSO:Ce) and LaCl3:Ce scintillators were compared under g-ray excitation using photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout. For 662 keV g-rays (137Cs source), energy resolution of 4.5±0.2% obtained for LaCl3:Ce coupled to XP5200B PMT is much better than that of 8.2±0.4% for LYSO:Ce. The non-proportionality of the light yield and energy resolution versus g-ray energy were measured and the intrinsic resolution of the crystals was calculated. Special attention was devoted to the correlation between intrinsic resolution and non-proportional response of scintillators.
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8

Formozov, A. "The measurement of liquid scintillator nonlinear response and intrinsic energy resolution." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1390 (November 2019): 012111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1390/1/012111.

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9

Phunpueok, Akapong, Voranuch Thongpool, and Weerapong Chewpraditkul. "Scintillation Properties of Ce-Doped LuYAP Crystal for Gamma Ray Detection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 804 (October 2015): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.804.93.

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In the present day, inorganic scintillating crystals become a main part in detection and spectroscopy of nuclear particles and high energy photons, more spectively in X/g-ray imaging. The good properties for the scintillating crystals used in these applications require high photon yield, high stopping power, good energy resolution, good light yield proportionality, and minimal afterglow. The main useful of Ce-doped Lu0.7Y0.3AlO3 (LuYAP(Ce)) are high stopping power and non-hygroscopic which are expected to be key ingredients for medical imaging. In this work, we studied the light yield non-proportionality and energy resolution of LuYAP(Ce) crystal with the energy range from 31 to 1,274.5 keV using photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout. The intrinsic resolution of the LuYAP(Ce) crystal has been determined after correcting the measured PMT resolution. The results showed that the non-proportional response of the crystals was strongly correlated with the intrinsic resolution of the crystals.
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10

Vasil'ev, A. N., I. A. Markov, and A. S. Zakharov. "Usage of polarization approximation for the estimation of scintillator intrinsic energy resolution." Radiation Measurements 45, no. 3-6 (March 2010): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.11.034.

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11

Koehler, Katrina E. "Low Temperature Microcalorimeters for Decay Energy Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094044.

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Low Temperature Detectors have been used to measure embedded radioisotopes in a measurement mode known as Decay Energy Spectroscopy (DES) since 1992. DES microcalorimeter measurements have been used for applications ranging from neutrino mass measurements to metrology to measurements for safeguards and medical nuclides. While the low temperature detectors have extremely high intrinsic energy resolution (several times better than semiconductor detectors), the energy resolution achieved in practice is strongly dependent on factors such as sample preparation method. This review seeks to present the literature consensus on what has been learned by looking at the energy resolution as a function of various choices of detector, absorber, and sample preparation methods.
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12

Phunpueok, Akapong, Weerapong Chewpraditkul, Pichet Limsuwan, and Chalerm Wanarak. "Luminescence and Scintillation Properties of Ce-Doped YAP and LuYAP Crystals." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1789.

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The luminescence and gamma-ray detection properties of cerium-doped scintillators, namely, Lu0.3Y0.7AlO3:Ce (Lu0.3Y0.7AP:Ce), Lu0.7Y0.3AlO3:Ce (Lu0.7Y0.3AP:Ce ), and YAlO3:Ce (YAP:Ce) were investigated. UV excitation and emission spectra of studied crystals were compared. The light yield and energy resolution were measured using photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout. The light yield non-proportionality and energy resolution versus gamma-ray energy were measured and the intrinsic resolution of the crystals was determined after correcting the measured energy resolution for PMT statistics. For 662 keV gamma rays (137Cs source), YAP: Ce showed the highest light yield of 28,500 ph/MeV and the best energy resolution of 4.4 % , while its photofraction is worst.
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13

Li, Fankang, Jiazhou Shen, Steven R. Parnell, Alex N. Thaler, Masaaki Matsuda, Thomas Keller, Olivier Delaire, Roger Pynn, and Jaime A. Fernandez-Baca. "High-resolution phonon energy shift measurements with the inelastic neutron spin echo technique." Journal of Applied Crystallography 52, no. 4 (June 28, 2019): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576719008008.

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The energy resolution of the conventional way of measuring a small change in a phonon dispersion curve using neutron scattering is restricted by the relatively coarse intrinsic resolution ellipsoid of the neutron triple-axis spectrometer (TAS). By implementing inelastic neutron spin echo on the host TAS using the Larmor precession of the neutron spin, the energy resolution of such measurements can be further improved without reducing the resolution ellipsoid. Measurements of the temperature-dependent phonon energy change are demonstrated using superconducting magnetic Wollaston prisms at the HB-1 instrument of the High-Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the achievable resolution is <10 µeV.
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14

Limkitjaroenporn, Pruittipol, Narong Sangwaranatee, Wuttichai Chaiphaksa, and Jakrapong Kaewkhao. "Comparative Studies of the Light Yield Non-Proportionality and Energy Resolution of CsI(Tl), LYSO and BGO Scintillation Crystals." Materials Science Forum 872 (September 2016): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.872.266.

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This article, for comparison, the non-proportionality of light yield and energy resolution of BGO, LYSO and CsI(Tl) scintillators couple to the R1306 PMT readouts were investigated. At 662 keV from 137Cs source, the good energy resolution of 7.13% for CsI(Tl) superior than LYSO and BGO scintillators. The energy resolution on gamma-ray energy was also evaluated to expose the scintillator intrinsic resolution parameters. For non-proportionality of light yield, the study showed a light yield non-proportionality 0.35% of LYSO, the value is better than 4.82 % for CsI(Tl) and 1.53 % of BGO scintillators.
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15

Lu, Jian, Juan Gao, Wen-Fei Wang, Bao-Yi Li, Pei-Xin Li, Fa-Kun Zheng, and Guo-Cong Guo. "Barium-based scintillating MOFs for X-ray dosage detection with intrinsic energy resolution via luminescent multidentate naphthalene disulfonate moieties." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 17 (2021): 5615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc00671a.

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16

Chewpraditkul, Weerapong, Chalerm Wanarak, Marek Moszynski, and Lukasz Swiderski. "Comparison of Lu3Al5O12:Ce and LaBr3:Ce Scintillators in Gamma-Ray Spectrometry." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.922.

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The performances of Ce-doped Lu3Al5O12(LuAG:Ce) and LaBr3(LaBr3:Ce) scintillators were compared for γ-ray detection using photomultiplier tube ( XP5500B PMT) readout. For 662 keV γ-rays (137Cs source), an energy resolution of 3.5% obtained for LaBr3:Ce is much better than that of 6.7% obtained for LuAG:Ce, while the estimated photofraction of 28.0% for LuAG:Ce is higher than that of 16.2% for LaBr3:Ce. The light yield non-proportionality and energy resolution versus γ-ray energy were measured and the intrinsic resolution of the crystals was calculated. The coincidence timing resolution, obtained in this work for 511 keV annihilation quanta, was 583 ps and 204 ps, respectively, for LuAG:Ce –BaF2and LaBr3:Ce – BaF2detectors.
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17

Hoheisel, M., J. Giersch, and P. Bernhardt. "Intrinsic spatial resolution of semiconductor X-ray detectors: a simulation study." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 531, no. 1-2 (September 2004): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.05.077.

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18

Phunpueok, Akapong, Weerapong Chewpraditkul, Pichet Limsuwan, Bing Kun Yu, and Chalerm Wanarak. "Comparison of Lu0.7Y0.3AP:Ce and Bi4Ge3O12 Scintillators in Gamma Ray Spectrometry." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 2008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.2008.

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The scintillation response of Lu0.7Y0.3AP:Ce and Bi4Ge3O12 scintillation crystals have been compared using photomultiplier tube readout for photon energies ranging from 22.1 to 1274.5 keV. Lu0.7Y0.3AP:Ce showed a light yield non-proportionality of about 20% upon lowering energy from 1,274.5 to 22.1 keV, which is better than that of about 39% obtained for Bi4Ge3O12. Lu0.7Y0.3AP:Ce showed the light yield of 13,400 ph/MeV and energy resolution of about 8 % for 662 keV gamma rays from a 137Cs source. The photofraction of Bi4Ge3O12 is better than that of Lu0.7Y0.3AP:Ce. The intrinsic resolution of the crystals versus energy of gamma rays has been determined after correcting the measured energy resolution for photomultiplier tube statistics.
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19

Wanarak, Chalerm, Weerapong Chewpraditkul, Akapong Phunpueok, and Jakrapong Kaewkhao. "Luminescence and Scintillation Properties of Ce-Doped LYSO and YSO Crystals." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1796–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1796.

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The luminescence and gamma-ray detection properties of the new cerium-doped rare-earth scintillator lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate ( Lu1.95Y0.05SiO5:Ce, LYSO:Ce) were investigated and compared to those of cerium-doped yttrium oxyorthosilicate ( Y2SiO5:Ce, YSO:Ce) crystal. The light yield and energy resolution were measured using photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout. The non-proportionality of the light yield and energy resolution versus γ-ray energy were measured and the intrinsic resolution of the crystals was calculated. In spite of significant progress in light yield and luminescence properties, the energy resolution of LYSO:Ce appears to still suffer from an excess variance in the number of scintillation photons. The mass attenuation coefficient of LYSO:Ce and YSO:Ce for 662 keV gamma rays was also measured by transmission method and compared with the theoretical values calculated by WinXCom program.
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20

Chewpraditkul, Weerapong, Chalerm Wanarak, Marek Moszynski, Tomasz Szczesniak, and Lukasz Swiderski. "Lu1.8Y0.2SiO5:Ce and LaCl3:Ce Scintillators for Gamma-Ray Detection." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 2064–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.2064.

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The scintillation properties of Lu1.8Y0.2SiO5:Ce (LYSO:Ce) and LaCl3:Ce scintillators were studied under g-ray excitation. For 662 keV g-rays (137Cs source), energy resolution of 4.5% obtained for LaCl3:Ce coupled to XP5200B PMT is much better than that of 8.2% for LYSO:Ce. The estimated photofraction of 26.1% at 662 keV for LYSO:Ce is higher than that of 15.7 % for LaCl3:Ce. The non-proportionality of the light yield and energy resolution versus g-ray energy were measured and the intrinsic resolution of the crystals was calculated. The coincidence timing resolution, obtained in this work for 511 keV annihilation quanta, was 222 and 229 ps, respectively, for LYSO:Ce – and LaCl3:Ce – based detectors in coincidence with a BaF2detector.
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21

Batson, P. E. "Low-workfunction field-emission source for high-resolution EELS." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100125592.

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In recent years,instrumentation for electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) has been steadily improved to increase energy resolution and collection efficiency. At present 0.40eV at 10mR collection half angle is available with commercial magnetic sectors (e.g. Gatan, Inc. and VG Microscopes, Ltd.), and 70meV at 10mR has been demonstrated by use of a Wien filter within a large deceleration field. When these high resolution spectrometers are coupled to the modern small electron probe instrument, we obtain a tool which promises to reveal local changes in bandstructure and bonding near defects and interfaces in heterogeneous materials.Unfortunately, typical electron sources have intrinsic energy widths which limit attainable spectroscopic resolution in the absence of some monochromation system. For instance, the W thermal emitter has a half width of about 1eV.
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22

O’Rourke, Amanda K., Brian K. Arbic, and Stephen M. Griffies. "Frequency-Domain Analysis of Atmospherically Forced versus Intrinsic Ocean Surface Kinetic Energy Variability in GFDL’s CM2-O Model Hierarchy." Journal of Climate 31, no. 5 (March 2018): 1789–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0024.1.

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Low-frequency variability at the ocean surface can be excited both by atmospheric forcing, such as in exchanges of heat and momentum, and by the intrinsic nonlinear transfer of energy between mesoscale ocean eddies. Recent studies have shown that nonlinear eddy interactions can excite an energy transfer from high to low frequencies analogous to the transfer of energy from high to low wavenumbers (small to large spatial scales) in quasi-two-dimensional turbulence. As the spatial inverse cascade is driven by oceanic eddies, the process of energy exchange across frequencies may be sensitive to ocean model resolution. Here a cross-spectrum diagnostic is applied to the oceanic component in a hierarchy of fully coupled ocean–atmosphere models to address the transfer of ocean surface kinetic energy between high and low frequencies. The cross-spectral diagnostic allows for a comparison of the relative contributions of coupled atmospheric forcing through wind stress and the intrinsic advection to low-frequency ocean surface kinetic energy. Diagnostics of energy flux and transfer within the frequency domain are compared between three coupled models with ocean model horizontal resolutions of 1°, 1/4°, and 1/10° to address the importance of resolving eddies in the driving of energy to low frequencies in coupled models.
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23

Meng, L. J., and G. Fu. "Investigation of the Intrinsic Spatial Resolution of an Intensified EMCCD Scintillation Camera." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 55, no. 5 (October 2008): 2508–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2008.2004278.

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24

Yawai, Nattasuda, Weerapong Chewpraditkul, Kriangkrai Wantong, and Martin Nikl. "Luminescence and Scintillation Characteristics of Gd2SiO5: Ce Single Crystal Scintillator." Key Engineering Materials 675-676 (January 2016): 772–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.675-676.772.

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The luminescence and gamma-ray detection properties of Gd2SiO5: Ce single crystal scintillator were investigated. The light yield (LY) and energy resolution were measured using R6231 photomultiplier. At 662 keV γ-rays, high LY of 10,300 photons /MeV and good energy resolution of 6.4 % were obtained. The intrinsic LY and light loss coefficient under excitation with 662 keV γ-rays were evaluated. The mass attenuation coefficient for 662 keV γ-rays was also measured by transmission method and compared with the theoretical value calculated by WinXCom program.
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25

Valentine, John D., and Brian D. Rooney. "Design of a Compton spectrometer experiment for studying scintillator non-linearity and intrinsic energy resolution." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 353, no. 1-3 (December 1994): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)91597-0.

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26

Gog, Thomas, Diego M. Casa, Ayman H. Said, Mary H. Upton, Jungho Kim, Ivan Kuzmenko, XianRong Huang, and Ruben Khachatryan. "Spherical analyzers and monochromators for resonant inelastic hard X-ray scattering: a compilation of crystals and reflections." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 20, no. 1 (November 10, 2012): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049512043154.

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Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) experiments require special sets of near-backscattering spherical diced analyzers and high-resolution monochromators for every distinct absorption-edge energy and emission line. For the purpose of aiding the design and planning of efficient RIXS experiments, comprehensive lists of suitable analyzer reflections for silicon, germanium, α-quartz, sapphire and lithium niobate crystals were compiled for a multitude of absorption edges and emission lines. Analyzers made from lithium niobate, sapphire or α-quartz offer many choices of reflections with intrinsic resolutions currently unattainable from silicon or germanium. In some cases these materials offer higher intensities at comparable resolutions. While lithium niobate, sapphire or α-quartz analyzers are still in an early stage of development, the present compilation can serve as a computational basis for assessing expected and actual performance. With regard to high-resolution monochromators, bandpass and throughput calculations for combinations of double-crystal, high-heat-load and near-backscattering high-resolution channel-cuts were assembled. The compilation of these analyzer and monochromator data is publicly available on a website.
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27

Patel, K. M., S. Withington, C. N. Thomas, D. J. Goldie, and A. G. Shard. "Simulation method for investigating the use of transition-edge sensors as spectroscopic electron detectors." Superconductor Science and Technology 34, no. 12 (October 29, 2021): 125007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac30d0.

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Abstract Transition-edge sensors (TESs) are capable of highly accurate single particle energy measurement. TESs have been used for a wide range of photon detection applications, particularly in astronomy, but very little consideration has been given to their capabilities as electron calorimeters. Existing electron spectrometers require electron filtering optics to achieve energy discrimination, but this step discards the vast majority of electrons entering the instrument. TESs require no such energy filtering, meaning they could provide orders of magnitude improvement in measurement rate. To investigate the capabilities of TESs in electron spectroscopy, a simulation pipeline has been devised. The pipeline allows the results of a simulated experiment to be compared with the actual spectrum of the incident beam, thereby allowing measurement accuracy and efficiency to be studied. Using Fisher information, the energy resolution of the simulated detectors was also calculated, allowing the intrinsic limitations of the detector to be separated from the specific data analysis method used. The simulation platform has been used to compare the performance of TESs with existing x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysers. TESs cannot match the energy resolution of XPS analysers for high-precision measurements but have comparable or better resolutions for high count rate applications. The measurement rate of a typical XPS analyser can be matched by an array of ten TESs with 120 μ s response times and there is significant scope for improvement, without compromising energy resolution, by increasing array size.
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28

Phunpueok, Akapong, Voranuch Thongpool, and Weerapong Chewpraditkul. "Intrinsic Light Yield and Loss Parameter of Y2SiO5:Ce Single Crystal Scintillator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 866 (June 2017): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.866.329.

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Nowadays, single crystal scintillators play an key role in the scientific researches, high-energy physics and modern medical imaging. In this research, we studied the scintillation response of polished yttrium oxyorthosilicate with Ce-doped (Y2SiO5:Ce, YSO(Ce)) crystals grown by the Czochralski method. The nominal Ce3+ ion is about 0.5% for tested crystals. Energy resolution and photon yield of the scintillator are read out by the photomultiplier tube (XP5200B PMT) under excitation with gamma-rays. The polished YSO:Ce samples (5x5x1 mm3 and 5x5x3 mm3) was tested at room temperature. The 1 mm thick sample shows the better energy resolution than the 3 mm thick crystal. The light yield dependences on the height of crystal were evaluated under excitation with 662 keV gamma ray energy and the intrinsic light yield and loss parameter were also determined.
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29

Li, Y., P. Gong, X. Tang, Z. Hu, P. Wang, F. Tian, S. Wu, M. Ye, C. Zhou, and X. Zhu. "DOI correction for gamma ray energy reconstruction based on energy segment in 3D position-sensitive CdZnTe detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 03 (March 1, 2022): T03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/03/t03004.

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Abstract The amplitude of the induced signal in 3D CdZnTe detector depends on the depth of interaction (DOI). Therefore, calibrating the detector by using DOI correction technology plays a crucial role in improving the energy resolution of the detectors to gamma rays. The current DOI correction method focuses on the single energy gamma rays, and its application to multiple energy gamma-rays are not found. In this study, we propose an improved energy correction algorithm with excellent correction results in the multiple energy gamma-ray detection. In the experiment, the DOI correction factors of a CdZnTe detector under different energies are discussed. The energy resolution and peak height of multiple energy peaks in the energy spectrum are significantly improved by using the segment energy correction method. We also extend the DOI correction method to the gamma detectors used in the Compton imaging, and the influence of this method on the Compton imaging quality is also discussed. For a single 60Co point source, the intrinsic efficiency increases from 6.5‰ to 8.3‰.
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30

Wang, Fuyue, Dong Han, Yi Wang, Pengfei Lyu, and Yuanjing Li. "A detailed study on the intrinsic time resolution of the future MRPC detector." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 950 (January 2020): 162932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.162932.

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31

Jullien, Swen, Sébastien Masson, Véra Oerder, Guillaume Samson, François Colas, and Lionel Renault. "Impact of Ocean–Atmosphere Current Feedback on Ocean Mesoscale Activity: Regional Variations and Sensitivity to Model Resolution." Journal of Climate 33, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 2585–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0484.1.

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AbstractOcean mesoscale eddies are characterized by rotating-like and meandering currents that imprint the low-level atmosphere. Such a current feedback (CFB) has been shown to induce a sink of energy from the ocean to the atmosphere, and consequently to damp the eddy kinetic energy (EKE), with an apparent regional disparity. In a context of increasing model resolution, the importance of this feedback and its dependence on oceanic and atmospheric model resolution arise. Using a hierarchy of quasi-global coupled models with spatial resolutions varying from 1/4° to 1/12°, the present study shows that the CFB induces a negative wind work at scales ranging from 100 to 1000 km, and a subsequent damping of the mesoscale activity by ~30% on average, independently of the model resolution. Regional variations of this damping range from ~20% in very rich eddying regions to ~40% in poor eddying regions. This regional modulation is associated with a different balance between the sink of energy by eddy wind work and the source of EKE by ocean intrinsic instabilities. The efficiency of the CFB is also shown to be a function of the surface wind magnitude: the larger the wind, the larger the sink of energy. The CFB impact is thus related to both wind and EKE. Its correct representation requires both an ocean model that resolves the mesoscale field adequately and an atmospheric model resolution that matches the ocean effective resolution and allows a realistic representation of wind patterns. These results are crucial for including adequately mesoscale ocean–atmosphere interactions in coupled general circulation models and have strong implications in climate research.
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32

Qian, Maoxu, Mehmet Sarikaya, and Edward A. Stern. "Acquisition of EELS spectra for high-resolution spectroscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100148721.

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It is difficult, in general, to perform quantitative EELS to determine, for example, relative or absolute compositions of elements with relatively high atomic numbers (using, e.g., K edge energies from 500 eV to 2000 eV), to study ELNES (energy loss near edge structure) signal using the white lines to determine oxidation states, and to analyze EXELFS (extended energy loss fine structure) to study short range ordering. In all these cases, it is essential to have high signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio (low systematical error) with high overall counts, and sufficient energy resolution (∽ 1 eV), requirements which are, in general, difficult to attain. The reason is mainly due to three important inherent limitations in spectrum acquisition with EELS in the TEM. These are (i) large intrinsic background in EELS spectra, (ii) channel-to-channel gain variation (CCGV) in the parallel detection system, and (iii) difficulties in obtaining statistically high total counts (∽106) per channel (CH). Except the high background in the EELS spectrum, the last two limitations may be circumvented, and the S/N ratio may be attained by the improvement in the on-line acquisition procedures. This short report addresses such procedures.
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Moszyński, M., W. Czarnacki, W. Klamra, M. Szawlowski, P. Schotanus, and M. Kapusta. "Intrinsic energy resolution of pure NaI studied with large area avalanche photodiodes at liquid nitrogen temperatures." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 505, no. 1-2 (June 2003): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01021-0.

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34

Álvarez, V., F. I. G. M. Borges, S. Cárcel, J. Castel, S. Cebrián, A. Cervera, C. A. N. Conde, et al. "Near-intrinsic energy resolution for 30–662keV gamma rays in a high pressure xenon electroluminescent TPC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 708 (April 2013): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.12.123.

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35

Heo, H., J. Yang, and J. Kang. "Rotatable LYSO-GAPD DEXA detector for providing improved spatial resolution." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): P12012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/p12012.

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Abstract A rotatable lutetium-yttrium-oxyorthosilicate-Geiger-mode-avalanche photodiode (LYSO-GAPD) DEXA detector that can be configured into either a normal-resolution or a high-resolution mode, was proposed and examined. A 3 × 3 × 2 mm3 LYSO was coupled to a 3 × 3 mm2 GAPD. The versatile transformation of the high-resolution mode was possible by employing the rotating controller for the DEXA detector on its own axis, and the intrinsic resolution in this mode was improved by ∼ 33% compared to the normal-resolution mode. Dual-energy X-ray spectra and imaging capabilities were evaluated in both acquisition modes. The respective peak positions of low- and high-energy-beam of normal-resolution mode (high-resolution mode) were 1330 mV (1262 mV) and 2347 mV (2267 mV). The respective peak-to-valley ratios of low- and high-energy-beam of normal-resolution mode (high-resolution mode) were ∼ 2.8 (∼ 2.9) and ∼ 1.2 (∼ 1.1). Considerable improvements in phantom images such as overall contrast and fine-spot detectability were observed in the high-resolution mode. It should be noted that spatial resolution was improved by reducing the detection-area from 3 × 3 mm2 to 2 × 3 mm2 in the high-resolution mode, but count rate was also decreased. These results demonstrated that a rotatable LYSO-GAPD DEXA detector allows to provide high versatility for both high-resolution mode and normal-resolution mode with a single detector.
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36

Sérazin, Guillaume, Thierry Penduff, Bernard Barnier, Jean-Marc Molines, Brian K. Arbic, Malte Müller, and Laurent Terray. "Inverse Cascades of Kinetic Energy as a Source of Intrinsic Variability: A Global OGCM Study." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 6 (June 2018): 1385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0136.1.

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AbstractA seasonally forced 1/12° global ocean/sea ice simulation is used to characterize the spatiotemporal inverse cascade of kinetic energy (KE). Nonlinear scale interactions associated with relative vorticity advection are evaluated using cross-spectral analysis in the frequency–wavenumber domain from sea level anomaly (SLA) time series. This analysis is applied within four eddy-active midlatitude regions having large intrinsic variability spread over a wide range of scales. Over these four regions, mesoscale surface KE is shown to spontaneously cascade toward larger spatial scales—between the deformation scale and the Rhines scale—and longer time scales (possibly exceeding 10 years). Other nonlinear processes might have to be invoked to explain the longer time scales of intrinsic variability, which have a substantial surface imprint at midlatitudes. The analysis of a fully forced 1/12° hindcast shows that low-frequency and synoptic atmospheric forcing barely affects this inverse KE cascade. The inverse cascade is also at work in a 1/4° simulation, albeit with a weaker intensity, consistent with the weaker intrinsic variability found at this coarser resolution. In the midlatitude North Pacific, the spatiotemporal cascade transfers KE from high-frequency frontal Rossby waves (FRWs), probably generated by baroclinic instability, toward the lower-frequency, westward-propagating mesoscale eddy (WME) field. The WMEs provide local gradients of potential vorticity that support these short Doppler-shifted FRWs. FRWs have periods shorter than 2 months and might be subsampled by altimetric observations, perhaps explaining why the temporal inverse cascade deduced from high-resolution models and mapped altimeter products can be quite different. The nature of the nonlinear interactions between FRWs and WMEs remains unclear but might involve wave turbulence processes.
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37

Alekseev, I., T. Arihara, V. Baranov, L. Bartoszek, L. Bernardi, A. Blondel, A. V. Boikov, et al. "SuperFGD prototype time resolution studies." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): P01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/p01012.

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Abstract The SuperFGD detector will be a novel and important upgrade to the ND280 near detector for both the T2K and Hyper-Kamiokande projects. The main goal of the ND280 upgrade is to reduce systematic uncertainties associated with neutrino flux and cross-section modeling for future studies of neutrino oscillations using the T2K and Hyper-Kamiokande experiments. The upgraded ND280 detector will be able to perform a full exclusive reconstruction of the final state from neutrino-nucleus interactions, including measurements of low momentum protons, pions and for the first time, event-by event measurements of neutron kinematics. Precisely understanding the time resolution is critical for the neutron energy measurements and hence an important factor in reducing the systematic uncertainties. In this paper we present the results of time resolution measurements made with the SuperFGD prototype that consists of 9216 plastic scintillator cubes (cube size is 1 cm3) readout with 1728 wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibers along the three orthogonal directions. We used data from a muon beam exposure at CERN. A time resolution of 0.97 ns was obtained for one readout channel after implementing the time calibration with a correction for time-walk effects. The time resolution improves with increasing energy deposited in a scintillator cube, improving to 0.87 ns for large pulses. Averaging two readout channels for one scintillator cube further improves the time resolution to 0.68 ns implying that signals in different channels are not synchronous. In addition the contribution from the time sampling interval of 2.5 ns is averaged as well. Most importantly, averaging time values from N channels improves the time resolution by ∼ 1/√(N). For example, averaging the time from 2 scintillator cubes with 2 fibers each improves the time resolution to 0.47 ns which is much better than the intrinsic electronics time resolution of 0.72 ns in one channel due to the 2.5 ns sampling window. This indicates that a very good time resolution should be achievable for neutrons since neutron recoils typically interact with several scintillator cubes and in addition produce larger signal amplitudes than muons. Measurements performed with a laser and a wide-bandwidth oscilloscope in which the contribution from the electronics time sampling window was removed demonstrated that the time resolution obtained with the muon beam is not far from the theoretical limit. The intrinsic time resolution of a scintillator cube and one WLS fiber is about 0.67 ns for signals of 56 photo electrons which is typical for minimum ionizing particles.
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38

Manuel, M. J. E., J. Strehlow, J. S. Green, D. Parker, E. L. Alfonso, J. Jaquez, L. Carlson, D. Neely, F. N. Beg, and T. Ma. "Intrinsic resolution limits of monolithic organic scintillators for use in rep-rated proton imaging." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 913 (January 2019): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.10.119.

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Ali, Sadiq, and Nabeel Ali Khan. "SUPPRESSION OF CROSS-TERM IN WIGNER DISTRIBUTION USING DIRECTIONAL FILTERING AND IMAGE PROCESSING." NED University Journal of Research XVI, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35453/nedjr-ascn-2018-0042.

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Cross-term suppression in the Wigner distribution is a challenging task. Kernel based schemes are most widely used for reducing cross-terms. However, these schemes suffer from the intrinsic give and take between auto-term resolution and cross-term suppression. This paper presents a cross-term suppression scheme by combining directional filtering with image processing. This scheme retains the resolution of auto-term while significantly reducing cross-terms. The performance comparison with other methods demonstrates that the proposed method is superior compared to other methods in terms of cross-term suppression and energy concentration.
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40

Phunpueok, Akapong, Voranuch Thongpool, Sarawut Jaiyen, and Hua Shu Hsu. "Comparison of Scintillation Light Yield of CWO and BGO Single Crystals for Gamma Ray Detection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 901 (August 2020): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.901.89.

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Nowadays, radioactive materials are being applied in medical imaging. Because humans cannot observe radiation, radiation detection materials are very important to humans. A scintillator is a material that can change gamma photons to visible photons. Good scintillators should have the following properties: high scintillation light yield, good energy resolution, and high density. In this work, the scintillation light yield property of CWO crystals was studied due to its interesting properties, such as high stopping power and low hygroscopicity. CWO crystals were compared with BGO crystals. From the results, it was found that the BGO crystals showed higher scintillation light yield value at 662 keV energy from 137Cs radioactive source than the CWO crystals, resulting in better energy resolution value. The intrinsic light yield and loss parameters for both crystals are also presented in this work.
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41

Naydenov, Sergey V. "Spectrometric properties of detectors with regular and chaotic light collection and improvement of the intrinsic energy resolution." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 537, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.08.051.

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42

Nersesian, Angelos, Sébastien Viaene, Ilse De Looze, Maarten Baes, Emmanuel M. Xilouris, Matthew W. L. Smith, Simone Bianchi, et al. "High-resolution, 3D radiative transfer modelling." Astronomy & Astrophysics 643 (November 2020): A90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038939.

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Context. Investigating the dust heating mechanisms in galaxies provides a deeper understanding of how the internal energy balance drives their evolution. Over the last decade radiative transfer simulations based on the Monte Carlo method have emphasised the role of the various stellar populations heating the diffuse dust. Beyond the expected heating through ongoing star formation, older stellar populations (≥8 Gyr) and even active galactic nuclei can both contribute energy to the infrared emission of diffuse dust. Aims. In this particular study we examine how the radiation of an external heating source, such as the less massive galaxy NGC 5195 in the M 51 interacting system, could affect the heating of the diffuse dust of its parent galaxy NGC 5194, and vice versa. Our goal is to quantify the exchange of energy between the two galaxies by mapping the 3D distribution of their radiation field. Methods. We used SKIRT, a state-of-the-art 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, to construct the 3D model of the radiation field of M 51, following the methodology defined in the DustPedia framework. In the interest of modelling, the assumed centre-to-centre distance separation between the two galaxies is ∼10 kpc. Results. Our model is able to reproduce the global spectral energy distribution of the system, and it matches the resolved optical and infrared images fairly well. In total, 40.7% of the intrinsic stellar radiation of the combined system is absorbed by dust. Furthermore, we quantify the contribution of the various dust heating sources in the system, and find that the young stellar population of NGC 5194 is the predominant dust-heating agent, with a global heating fraction of 71.2%. Another 23% is provided by the older stellar population of the same galaxy, while the remaining 5.8% has its origin in NGC 5195. Locally, we find that the regions of NGC 5194 closer to NGC 5195 are significantly affected by the radiation field of the latter, with the absorbed energy fraction rising up to 38%. The contribution of NGC 5195 remains under the percentage level in the outskirts of the disc of NGC 5194. This is the first time that the heating of the diffuse dust by a companion galaxy is quantified in a nearby interacting system.
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43

Li, Hui, Haiqi Zheng, and Liwei Tang. "Gear Fault Detection Based on Teager-Huang Transform." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/502064.

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Gear fault detection based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Teager Kaiser Energy Operator (TKEO) technique is presented. This novel method is named as Teager-Huang transform (THT). EMD can adaptively decompose the vibration signal into a series of zero mean Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). TKEO can track the instantaneous amplitude and instantaneous frequency of the Intrinsic Mode Functions at any instant. The experimental results provide effective evidence that Teager-Huang transform has better resolution than that of Hilbert-Huang transform. The Teager-Huang transform can effectively diagnose the fault of the gear, thus providing a viable processing tool for gearbox defect detection and diagnosis.
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44

González-Montoro, Andrea, Filomeno Sánchez, Peter Bruyndonckx, Gabriel Cañizares, Jose M. Benlloch, and Antonio J. González. "Novel method to measure the intrinsic spatial resolution in PET detectors based on monolithic crystals." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 920 (March 2019): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.12.056.

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45

Lerche, I. "On Economic Resolution and Uncertainty in Hydrocarbon Exploration Assessment." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 16, no. 5 (October 1998): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879801600502.

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When assessments of parameters of a decision tree for a hydrocarbon exploration project can lie within estimated ranges, it is shown that the ensemble average expected value has two sorts of uncertainties: one sort due to the expected value of each realization of the decision tree being different than the average; the second sort due to intrinsic variance of each decision tree. The total standard error of the average expected value combines both sorts. The use of additional statistical measures, such as standard error, volatility, and cumulative probability of making a profit, provide insight into the selection process leading to a more appropriate decision. In addition, the use of relative contributions and relative importance for the uncertainty measures guides one to a better determination of those parameters that dominantly influence the total ensemble uncertainty. In this way one can concentrate resources on efforts to minimize the uncertainty ranges of such dominant parameters. A numerical illustration is provided to indicate how such calculations can be performed simply with a hand calculator.
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46

Viebahn, Jan, Daan Crommelin, and Henk Dijkstra. "Toward a Turbulence Closure Based on Energy Modes." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 4 (April 2019): 1075–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0117.1.

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AbstractA new approach to parameterizing subgrid-scale processes is proposed: The impact of the unresolved dynamics on the resolved dynamics (i.e., the eddy forcing) is represented by a series expansion in dynamical spatial modes that stem from the energy budget of the resolved dynamics. It is demonstrated that the convergence in these so-called energy modes is faster by orders of magnitude than the convergence in Fourier-type modes. Moreover, a novel way to test parameterizations in models is explored. The resolved dynamics and the corresponding instantaneous eddy forcing are defined via spatial filtering that accounts for the representation error of the equations of motion on the low-resolution model grid. In this way, closures can be tested within the high-resolution model, and the effects of different parameterizations related to different energy pathways can be isolated. In this study, the focus is on parameterizations of the baroclinic energy pathway. The corresponding standard closure in ocean models, the Gent–McWilliams (GM) parameterization, is also tested, and it is found that the GM field acts like a stabilizing direction in phase space. The GM field does not project well on the eddy forcing and hence fails to excite the model’s intrinsic low-frequency variability, but it is able to stabilize the model.
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47

Zhou, Jianqiang Sky, Lucia Reining, Alessandro Nicolaou, Azzedine Bendounan, Kari Ruotsalainen, Marco Vanzini, J. J. Kas, et al. "Unraveling intrinsic correlation effects with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 46 (October 29, 2020): 28596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012625117.

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Interaction effects can change materials properties in intriguing ways, and they have, in general, a huge impact on electronic spectra. In particular, satellites in photoemission spectra are pure many-body effects, and their study is of increasing interest in both experiment and theory. However, the intrinsic spectral function is only a part of a measured spectrum, and it is notoriously difficult to extract this information, even for simple metals. Our joint experimental and theoretical study of the prototypical simple metal aluminum demonstrates how intrinsic satellite spectra can be extracted from measured data using angular resolution in photoemission. A nondispersing satellite is detected and explained by electron–electron interactions and the thermal motion of the atoms. Additional nondispersing intensity comes from the inelastic scattering of the outgoing photoelectron. The ideal intrinsic spectral function, instead, has satellites that disperse both in energy and in shape. Theory and the information extracted from experiment describe these features with very good agreement.
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48

Phunpueok, Akapong, Voranuch Thongpool, and Wuttichai Chaiphaksa. "Interaction of 662 keV Gamma Rays with LYSO(Ce) and BGO Single Crystal Scintillators." Key Engineering Materials 675-676 (January 2016): 764–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.675-676.764.

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The study of photon interactions with matter is very important in many fields such as scientific, industry, medical imaging, biological applications, dosimetry, and radiation shielding for their potential use in radiation physics. Scintillating materials become a main part in detection and spectroscopy of high energy photons. The goal of this work is to study an interaction of 662 keV γ-rays with scintillating materials, namely the LYSO(Ce) and BGO crystals. The light output, energy resolution, intrinsic resolution, and photo-fraction of both crystals with the same size of 5x5x3 mm3 were measured using photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout. The result showed that the light yield of the LYSO(Ce) crystal is much more better than that of the BGO crystal, while its photo-fraction is worse than that of the BGO crystal.
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49

Collart, Emilie, Abhay Shukla, Frédéric Gélébart, Marc Morand, Cécile Malgrange, Nathalie Bardou, Ali Madouri, and Jean-Luc Pelouard. "Spherically bent analyzers for resonant inelastic X-ray scattering with intrinsic resolution below 200 meV." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 12, no. 4 (June 15, 2005): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s090904950501472x.

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50

Shahbazi, M., G. Sohn, J. Théau, and P. Ménard. "REVISITING INTRINSIC CURVES FOR EFFICIENT DENSE STEREO MATCHING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-3 (June 3, 2016): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-3-123-2016.

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Dense stereo matching is one of the fundamental and active areas of photogrammetry. The increasing image resolution of digital cameras as well as the growing interest in unconventional imaging, e.g. unmanned aerial imagery, has exposed stereo image pairs to serious occlusion, noise and matching ambiguity. This has also resulted in an increase in the range of disparity values that should be considered for matching. Therefore, conventional methods of dense matching need to be revised to achieve higher levels of efficiency and accuracy. In this paper, we present an algorithm that uses the concepts of intrinsic curves to propose sparse disparity hypotheses for each pixel. Then, the hypotheses are propagated to adjoining pixels by label-set enlargement based on the proximity in the space of intrinsic curves. The same concepts are applied to model occlusions explicitly via a regularization term in the energy function. Finally, a global optimization stage is performed using belief-propagation to assign one of the disparity hypotheses to each pixel. By searching only through a small fraction of the whole disparity search space and handling occlusions and ambiguities, the proposed framework could achieve high levels of accuracy and efficiency.
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