Relevant bibliographies by topics / Intravenous drug abusers – Canada – Prevention

Academic literature on the topic 'Intravenous drug abusers – Canada – Prevention'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Intravenous drug abusers – Canada – Prevention"

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Leukefeld, Carl G., Robert J. Battjes, and Roy W. Pickens. "Aids Prevention: Criminal Justice Involvement of Intravenous Drug Abusers Entering Methadone Treatment." Journal of Drug Issues 21, no. 4 (October 1991): 673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269102100401.

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Chaudhary, RK, and Theresa Mo. "Antibody to Hepatitis C Virus in Risk Groups in Canada." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3, no. 1 (1992): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/710476.

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The prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV) was studied in hemophiliacs, hemodialysis patients, intravenous drug abusers, female prisoners, homosexuals, individuals with no markers of recent hepatitis A or B virus infections and normal individuals (federal public servants), by an enzyme immunoassay (Ortho Diagnostic Systems Inc). Repeat positive samples were further tested by recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) HCV (Chiron Corp, California). The number of samples positive for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) was higher with enzyme immunoassay than byRIBAHCV in most cases. A high prevalence of anti-HCV was detected in hemophiliacs by both enzyme immunoassay (68.8%) andRIBAHCV (53.7%). Among intravenous drug abusers and female prisoners the prevalence rates for anti-HCV were 42.8% and 29.8%, respectively, byRIBAHCV; the results with enzyme immunoassay were only slightly higher. The prevalence rate was also high by both tests (54.2%) in hemodialysis patients’ sera taken during 1980–82, when many cases of non-A,non-B hepatitis were suspected in this group. In contrast, only 14.1% of sera taken during 1990 were positive byRIBAHCV. In individuals with no markers of recent hepatitis A or B infections, 13.4% were positive by enzyme immunoassay, whereas only 4.5% were reactive byRIBAHCV. The lowest prevalence was seen in homosexuals (2.3%) and normal individuals (1.2%) byRIBAHCV. These results indicate a high prevalence of anti-HCV in high risk groups tested in Canada.
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Yassini Ardekani, S. M., S. Bozorgi, and M. Taghavi. "Demographic characteristics of IV drug abusers commencing treatment in opiate detoxification centers in Iran." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71840-5.

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IntroductionIV drug abuse is a medical and social problem in countries all over the world including IranObjectivesKnowing about the characteristics of drug abuser could help policy makers to have more precise plan of action for prevention and management of addictionAimsThis study was designed to investigate the demographic characteristics of IV drug abusers in Iran and determining the risk factors for shifting to IV drug abuse.Methods150 intravenous drug addicts (147 males and 3 females) aged 19–61 referred to opiate detoxification centers in Yazd city in autumn 2008 were randomly enrolled to this descriptive cross sectional study. Data collection was undertaken through a structured interview, a questionnaire for demographic data and written documents at detoxification centers. Analysis of data was done with SPSS software (version 13).ResultsThere was positive family history of addiction in 56.7%, known psychiatric illness in 43.3%, known physical disease in 32% and history of psychotropic medication abuse in 58% of participants. The mean age of onset in opium and its derivatives abusers was 19.12, heroin abusers 23.5 and IV bupropion abusers 27.2 years. The most common injecting drug at the time of study was heroin (65.2%).ConclusionFamily history of addiction, psychiatric disease, physical illness and low education could all be risk factors for exacerbating an addiction. Identification of these risk factors could lead to the development of interventions to reduce the burden of addiction. Further research about this subject is required to determine if this is true.
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Feinman, S. Victor, Barnet Berris, John L. Gerin, and Robert H. Purcell. "Hepatitis Delta Infections in Toronto, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 2, no. 4 (1988): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1988/892490.

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This study assessed the prevalence of hepatitis delta virus infection, the relation of this infection to the clinical and histological status and to the geographic origin of 216 patients with hepatitis B virus infection in Toronto, Ontario. Evidence of delta infection was present in 13 of the 216 patients (6.0%). It was more common in patients with acute hepatitis (11.1%) and with chronic hepatitis (16.7%) than in asymptomatic carriers (3.6%). It was not present in the three patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The clinical course of the two patients with acute hepatitis and delta markers was similar to patients with hepatitis B alone and both made a complete recovery. Of the five patients with chronic liver disease and delta markers, three had severe chronic active hepatitis. Three of the 13 patients with delta infection were born in Canada. All three patients were intravenous drug abusers. Of the 10 patients not born in Canada, eight were immigrants from countries where delta infection is endemic. The remaining two were from West Germany and China. From this study it was concluded that, in Toronto, delta infection was more common in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B than in asymptomatic carriers. Patients with both acute hepatitis Band delta infection had a similar clinical course to patients with acute hepatitis B alone. Patients with chronic hepatitis B and delta infection frequently had severe chronic active hepatitis. In Canadian-born patients delta infection was present in intravenous drug abusers only. Most immigrants with evidence of delta infection came from countries where delta is endemic.
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Nakhoul, Mary, Carine Richa, Afif Jreij, and Antoine Abou Rached. "Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among intravenous drug abusers in the Lebanese population." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12, no. 02.1 (February 22, 2018): 28S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10076.

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Introduction: Injection drug users (IVDU) are prone to many blood born viral infections. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) constitute an important public health concern in this high-risk group. The aim of the study is to calculate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Lebanon. Methodology: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study between June 2015 and June 2016 on PWIDs recruited through the Lebanese non-governmental organizations in collaboration with the Lebanese ministry of public health. The participants were tested for HBs Antigen and HCV antibody using rapid test kits. The prevalence of each virus was then calculated. The correlation between both infections and other possible risk factors was also analyzed. Results: A total of 250 people were included in our study. 98% were males. Mean age was 31.9-year-old. The prevalence of HBV and HCV among PWID was 1.2% and 15.6%, respectively. Older age, longer duration of drug use, and the lack of awareness were found to be significantly correlated with higher rate of HCV infection. We noted a relatively high rate of sharing needles among PWIDs without significantly affecting the prevalence of both viruses. Conclusion: IVDU remains a major public health concern in Lebanon, being one of the most prevalent subpopulations for chronic viral hepatitis namely the HCV. Appropriate screening strategies, targeted educational programs and adequate HBV vaccination are of extreme importance for further viral prevention among this high-risk group.
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Mora Torres, Elizabeth, Yina Lizeth García López, Manuela García de la Hera, and María del Carmen Davó. "Efecto de la estigmatización del VIH/SIDA en usuarios de drogas intravenosas en el acceso a los servicios sanitarios según género." Cuestiones de género: de la igualdad y la diferencia, no. 5 (December 15, 2010): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/cg.v0i5.3790.

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<p>Se ha elaborado un estudio con enfoque cualitativo basado en encuestas semiestructuradas, en el periodo 2007-2008, de usuarios de drogas intravenosas de los Centros de Información y Prevención del Sida. Los profesionales, que atienden de forma esporádica a pacientes VIH los estigmatizan en mayor medida debido a la desinformación, miedo y falta de empatía. Se detecta diferente comportamiento de uso en ex consumidores de drogas. Las mujeres se ajustan más a las normas y son menos conflictivas, se desenganchan más y recaen menos. A las mujeres se les atiende rápidamente en los servicios sanitarios no específicos. Ambos sexos usan estrategias contra la estigmatización.</p><p>We have performed, in 2007-2008, based upon questionnaires, a qualitative study of intravenous drug abusers from Centres for Information and AIDS prevention. Among health professionals, those who occasionally see AIDS patients do stigmatise them more for lack of information, fear and lack of empathy. Men and women behave differently when they are no longer drug abusers. Women adapt more to the norms, are less conflictive, kick the habit on a larger scale, and relapse less than men. Women are more quickly taken care when accessing non specific health-care services. Both sexes use strategies against stigmatization.<br /><br /><br /></p>
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Alvarez, Elizabeth, Siddharth Joshi, Cynthia Lokker, Annie Wang, Sureka Pavalagantharajah, Yun Qiu, Hargun Sidhu, et al. "Health programmes and services addressing the prevention and management of infectious diseases in persons who inject drugs in Canada: a systematic integrative review protocol." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e035188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035188.

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IntroductionInjection drug use (IDU) and intravenous drug use (IVDU) are of concern to the people using drugs, their families and health systems. One of the complications of IDU/IVDU is the risk of infection. Clinical experience has shown that persons who inject drugs (PWID) are hospitalised and re-hospitalised frequently. In Canada there are sparse data about the reasons for which PWID are admitted to hospital and their health trajectories, especially for infectious diseases. There are special concerns regarding PWID with infections who leave the hospital against medical advice and those who leave with a peripherally inserted central catheter line in place for administration of long-term antibiotics or other therapies. Improving our understanding of current programmes and services addressing the prevention and management of infectious diseases and their complications in PWID could lead to focused interventions to enhance care in this population.Methods and analysisAn integrative systematic review allows for inclusion of a variety of methodologies to understand a health issue from different viewpoints. PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science Databases and websites of the Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, and Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction will be searched using terms for infectious diseases, drug use and geography (Canada) and limited to the last 10 years (2009–2019). The Quality Appraisal Tool in Studies with Diverse Designs will be used to appraise the quality of identified studies and documents. Quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods data synthesis will be used as needed.Ethics and disseminationThis study is a secondary analysis of publicly available documents; therefore, no ethics approval is required. This information will inform a research agenda to further investigate interventions that aim to address these issues.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020142947.
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Bouzanis, Katrina, Siddharth Joshi, Cynthia Lokker, Sureka Pavalagantharajah, Yun Qiu, Hargun Sidhu, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, et al. "Health programmes and services addressing the prevention and management of infectious diseases in people who inject drugs in Canada: a systematic integrative review." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (September 2021): e047511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047511.

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ObjectivesPeople who inject drugs (PWID) experience a high burden of injection drug use-related infectious disease and challenges in accessing adequate care. This study sought to identify programmes and services in Canada addressing the prevention and management of infectious disease in PWID.DesignThis study employed a systematic integrative review methodology. Electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science Core Collection) and relevant websites were searched for literature published between 2008 and 2019 (last search date was 6 June 2019). Eligible articles and documents were required to address injection or intravenous drug use and health programmes or services relating to the prevention or management of infectious diseases in Canada.ResultsThis study identified 1607 unique articles and 97 were included in this study. The health programmes and services identified included testing and management of HIV and hepatitis C virus (n=27), supervised injection facilities (n=19), medication treatment for opioid use disorder (n=12), integrated infectious disease and addiction programmes (n=10), needle exchange programmes (n=9), harm reduction strategies broadly (n=6), mobile care initiatives (n=5), peer-delivered services (n=3), management of IDU-related bacterial infections (n=2) and others (n=4). Key implications for policy, practice and future research were identified based on the results of the included studies, which include addressing individual and systemic factors that impede care, furthering evaluation of programmes and the need to provide comprehensive care to PWID, involving medical care, social support and harm reduction.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate the need for expanded services across a variety of settings and populations. Our study emphasises the importance of addressing social and structural factors that impede infectious disease care for PWID. Further research is needed to improve evaluation of health programmes and services and contextual factors surrounding accessing services or returning to care.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020142947.
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Sam, Justina J., E. Jenny Heathcote, David KH Wong, Douglas L. Wooster, and Hemant Shah. "Hepatitis B Learning Needs Assessment of Family Medicine Trainees in Canada: Results of a Nationwide Survey." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 25, no. 3 (2011): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/957937.

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BACKGROUND: An estimated 350 million people worldwide have chronic hepatitis B (CHB), which is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of knowledge among family medicine trainees regarding the identification and management of CHB.METHODS: A questionnaire to assess knowledge regarding screening and management of patients with CHB and cirrhosis was developed. The questionnaire was pilot tested among primary care physicians, subsequently revised and distributed to family medicine trainees across Canada through an online survey program (QuestionPro).RESULTS: A total of 158 trainees completed the questionnaire. Of these, 54% to 56% routinely offered vaccination against hepatitis A or hepatitis B virus (HBV), and 42% regularly screened patients for HBV risk factors. The percentage who recognized the need to screen high-risk populations for CHB, ie, individuals from an HBV-endemic country, men who have sex with men, or intravenous drug users was 73%, 66% and 74%, respectively. While less than 50% of respondents used the appropriate HBV screening tests, 86% to 91% correctly interpreted various HBV serological patterns. Only 3% recognized cirrhosis in our case scenario. Almost 80% of respondents inappropriately preferred prescribing a narcotic or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug over acetaminophen (4%) for pain control in a patient with cirrhosis. While less than 60% recognized HBeAg negative CHB as an indication for referral and treatment, 90% would have referred a patient in the immune-tolerant phase, even though treatment is not indicated.CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge gaps regarding CHB among family medicine trainees in the areas of primary prevention, disease recognition and management of cirrhosis were identified. Results suggest that opportunities to prevent potentially life-threatening complications are being missed.
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Hwang, Liana, Jesse Raffa, and Michael John Gill. "The Changing Demographics of Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Southern Alberta from 1982 to 2006." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 23, no. 2 (2012): e36-e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/501340.

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INTRODUCTION: Women account for a growing proportion of HIV infections in Canada. This has implications with respect to prevention, diagnosis and treatment.OBJECTIVE: To describe the female population presenting for HIV care in southern Alberta and to examine the impact of opt-out pregnancy screening.METHODS: A retrospective review of demographic and clinical characteristics of all patients presenting to the Southern Alberta HIV Clinic (SAC) care program from 1982 to 2006, was performed.RESULTS: The proportion of newly diagnosed patients who were female increased from 7.5% before 1998 to 21.5% after 1998. Women were more likely to be from vulnerable populations, such as intravenous drug users (31.3% versus 13.7%, P<0.001), aboriginals/Métis (21.5% versus 8.7%, P<0.001), blacks (28.9% versus 4.9%, P<0.001) and immigrants (36.6% versus 14.7%, P<0.001). Heterosexual intercourse was the main risk factor for HIV acquisition (43.7%). Women were less likely than men to have requested HIV testing (20.9% versus 37.8%, P<0.001). Opt-out pregnancy screening accounted for 12.7% of HIV-positive tests in women, following its introduction in 1998. Of the women diagnosed by pregnancy screening, 62.1% were from HIV-endemic countries. There was an association between reason for testing and CD4 count at presentation; women who requested their HIV test had higher median CD4 counts than those diagnosed because of illness (478 cells/mL, interquartile range [IQR]=370 cells/mL versus 174 cells/mL, IQR=328 cells/mL, P<0.001) or pregnancy screening (478 cells/mL, IQR=370 cells/mL versus 271 cells/mL, IQR=256 cells/mL, P=0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Women were less likely than men to have requested HIV testing and were more likely to be diagnosed by population-based screening methods. Women, especially vulnerable groups, account for a growing number and proportion of newly diagnosed HIV infections in Alberta. The implications of expanded screening in this population merit further consideration.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Intravenous drug abusers – Canada – Prevention"

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Wenger, Mona L. "Status of bloodborne pathogen education for injection drug users in Indiana hospital emergency departments." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1372056.

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The problem of the study was to determine the status of bloodborne pathogen education for injection drug users in Indiana hospital emergency departments. The study was designed to answer the following research questions: (a) Do Indiana hospital emergency departments have written policies on bloodborne pathogen education for injection drug users? (b) To what extent do Indiana hospital emergency departments provide bloodborne pathogen education for injection drug users? and (c) What are the major barriers for Indiana hospital emergency departments in providing bloodborne pathogen education for injection drug users?A valid instrument was developed and sent to 110 Indiana hospital emergency department nurse managers. Forty-six instruments were returned for a response rate of 43.8%.The results indicated only three (7.1 %) responding hospital emergency departments had written bloodborne pathogen educational policies. Ten (20.8%) emergency departments provided some form of bloodborne pathogen education for injection drug users. Major barriers indicated for not providing patient education consisted of insufficient monetary resources, injection drug users denying a drug history, and emergency department nurses being unable to identify injection drug usage.
Department of Physiology and Health Science
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"Risk perceptions, cognitive behavioral models and HIV-related risk behaviors among non-institutionalized male injecting drug users in China." Thesis, 2010. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074869.

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Conclusion. The significance of risk perception in predicting behavioral intention, hence actual future behaviors, is therefore evident. Conditional measures need to be used. HIV prevention can employ conditional risk perception approaches. Health behavioral theories can be strengthened by using such conditional measures on risk perceptions. The results add to this new and growing area of risk behavior research.
Introduction. Risk perception, a core element of key health behavioral theories and health interventions, is assumed to motivate people to avoid risk behaviors. Mixed findings however prevail in the literature due to methodological issues. Many of such studies are cross-sectional, using global risk perception measures that do not condition on type of risk behavior or partnership which may affect the level of risk.
Male injecting drug users (IDU) are driving the HIV epidemic in China and bridge HIV transmission to non-IDU female populations; they may be at risk of both unprotected sex and syringe sharing. HIV prevention targeting male IDU is greatly warranted and would benefit from understanding of the relationships between risk perceptions and behaviors, in the context of health behavioral theories such as the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model, which had not been applied to studies targeting IDU.
Objectives. This study refined the concepts and measures of HIV-related risk perception, conditioning on different types of behaviors and partners, and extended it to include others-directed risk perceptions. The relationship between such conditional risk perception measures and both prior risk behaviors and behavioral intention to avoid sex-related and drug-related risk behaviors in the future were investigated and were compared to those involving global unconditional risk perception measures. The nature of the aforementioned relationships, being motivational or reflective was investigated. A longitudinal component validated the predictive power of behavioral intention over actual future behaviors.
Results. Almost 90% of the respondents had had unprotected sex though <20% shared syringes with others in the last 6 months. Prior syringe sharing but not unprotected sex in the last 6 months was significantly associated with global unconditional risk perception measures. The picture is totally different when risk perception measures conditioned on type of sex partner and unprotected sex or syringe sharing were used instead of the global measures---higher levels of the conditional risk perception measures were significantly associated with higher levels of behavioral intention for consistent condom use and avoidance of syringe sharing, thus supporting the motivational hypothesis. Conditional others-directed risk perceptions (perceived risk of transmitting HIV to others via unprotected sex and syringe sharing) were also associated with the aforementioned behavioral intentions to avoid risk behaviors. A pilot longitudinal study showed that behavioral intentions strongly predict actual future behaviors. Other HAPA-based variables such as self-efficacy and outcome expectancies had predictive effects on behavioral intentions, independent from those of risk perceptions.
Subjects and methods. A total of 456 sexually active male IDU were recruited from Dazhou, Sichuan and Hengyang, Hunan, via snowball sampling. With informed consent, anonymous face-to-face interviews were conducted by trained and experienced staff of the local CDC in privacy settings.
Tsui, Hi Yi.
Adviser: Joseph Lau.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-130).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese; appendix in Chinese.
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Books on the topic "Intravenous drug abusers – Canada – Prevention"

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Network, Canadian Harm Reduction. Learning from each other: Enhancing community-based harm reduction programs and practices in Canada. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian AIDS Society, 2008.

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G, Leukefeld Carl, Battjes Robert, and Amsel Z, eds. AIDS and intravenous drug use: Community intervention and prevention. New York: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1990.

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Battjes, Robert. Needle sharing among intravenous drug abusers: National and international perspectives. Edited by Pickens Roy W and National Institute on Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1988.

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Battjes, Robert. Needle sharing among intravenous drug abusers: National and international perspectives. Edited by Pickens Roy W and National Institute on Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1988.

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California. Legislature. Senate. Select Committee on Substance Abuse. Joint interim hearing on AIDS and the IV drug user: Tuesday, October 20, 1987, San Francisco, Wednesday, October 21, 1987, Los Angeles. Sacramento, CA: May be purchased from Joint Publications, 1987.

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Neil, Thornton. Injecting drug users and HIV/AIDS: A counselling manual. [Wellington]: Dept. of Health, 1991.

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Millar, John S. HIV, hepatitis, and injection drug use in British Columbia: Pay now or pay later? Victoria, B.C: Office of the Provincial Health Officer, B.C. Ministry of Health, 1998.

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United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment., ed. Difficult-to-reuse needles for the prevention of HIV infection among injecting drug users. [Washington, DC]: Congress of the United States, Office of Technology Assessment, 1992.

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1976-, Alexandrova Anna, ed. AIDS, drugs, and society. New York: International Debate Education Association, 2002.

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Initiative, Avahan-India AIDS. From hills to valleys: Avahan's HIV prevention program among injecting drug users in Northeast India. New Delhi: Āvāhan--India AIDS Initiative, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2009.

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