Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Intraoperative Care'

Anesthesia patient handoffs are a vulnerable time for patient care and handoffs occur frequently during anesthesia care. Communication failures contribute to patient harm during anesthesia patient handoffs. The Joint Commission has recognized the potential for communication failure during patient handoffs and has recommended processes to improve handoff safety. Handoffs are made more difficult by latent conditions such as time constraints, pressure and distractions, which often result in incomplete or inaccurate handoff reports. This nonexperimental, correlation study identified the latent conditions that occur during the handoff process and their relationship to the quality of the handoff. This research shows an inverse relationship between latent conditions and anesthesia patient handoff scores. The number of latent conditions and the types of latent conditions affected handoff scores. Handoffs that were not interactive or handoffs with unsafe timing predictably resulted in poor handoff communication. Clinicians must acknowledge that handoffs are a high-risk event that can result in patient harm. Clear and effective communication is key to safe, quality care and this includes being aware of and minimizing the impact of latent conditions during the anesthesia patient handoff.

Introduktion: Hälften av alla vårdskador uppkommer i samband med operation. Operationsteamet är ett multidisciplinärt samarbete där många människor från flera yrkeskategorier arbetar tillsammans i olika konstellationer med patientsäkerheten som en av de viktigaste delarna. Operationssjuksköterskan och anestesisjuksköterskan ansvarar för patientens omvårdnad före, under och efter operationen. Syfte: Att beskriva hur omvårdnadsteamet arbetar intraoperativt beträffande patientsäkerheten. Metod: En integrerad systematisk litteraturstudie där artiklar söktes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Elva artiklar med kvantitativ, kvalitativ och mixed method valdes ut och analyserades. Resultat: Materialet resulterade i tre kategorier: Att vara förberedd, att utbyta information med varandra och att vara förtrogen med varandras färdigheter. Konklusion: En stor del av resultatet visade på att förberedelser där hela omvårdnadsteamet involveras, kontinuerligt utbyter information med varandra och är förtrogna med varandras yrkesprofessionella färdigheter stärker patientsäkerheten. Resultatet av denna litteraturstudie kan leda till en ökad förståelse för operationsteamets betydelse för patientsäkerheten intraoperativt.
Introduction: Half of all health care-associated injuries occur in conjunction with surgery. The patient care team is a multidisciplinary collaboration where many people from different professions work together in different configurations with patient safety as one of the most important aspects. The operating theatre nurse and the nurse anesthetist are responsible for the patients nursing care before, during and after the surgery. Aim: To describe how the patient care team works intraoperatively regarding the patient safety. Method: An integrated systematic literature study were articles searches where made using the databases Cinahl and PubMed. Eleven articles with quantitative, qualitative and mixed method analysis has been reviewed. Result: The material resulted in three categories: To be prepared, to exchange information with each other and to be familiar with each other’s skills. Conclusion: A large part of the result showed that preparations where the whole patient care team was involved, continuously exchanging information with each other and were familiar with each other’s professional skills enhances the patient safety. The result of this literature study might lead to an increased understanding of the importance of the patient care team for patient safety intraoperatively.

Bakgrund: Aktuell forskning visar hur användning av intraoperativ kommunikation kan medföra positiva effekter för både patienter och operationssjuksköterskor. Dock saknas forskning om hur användningen ser ut i praxis. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att med stöd i yrkets kompetensbeskrivning observera hur operationssjuksköterskor använder sig av intraoperativ kommunikation med patienter i det kliniska arbetet samt orsaker till att kommunikation eventuellt inte används. Metod: Studien utfördes som en kvalitativ, etnografisk observationsstudie. 20 observationer av operationssjuksköterskor på ett sjukhus i norra Sverige genomfördes och materialet analyserades genom innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen av materialet utmynnande i tre kategorier: Att kommunicera, Att ge personcentrerad vård samt Att påverkas av arbetsmiljön, och åtta underkategorier: Att ge information, Att föra en intraoperativ dialog, Att bygga en tillfällig relation, Att identifiera omvårdnadsbehov, Att vara engagerad, Att vara frånvarande, Att ha andra arbetsuppgifter och Att påverkas av tid. Slutsats: Resultatet av denna studie tyder på att intraoperativ kommunikation knappt används i klinisk verksamhet idag och att operationssjuksköterskor av olika anledningar oftast backar undan och låter andra teammedlemmar ansvara för det nära omvårdnadsarbetet.
Background: Current research shows how the use of intraoperative communication can lead to positive effects for both patients and operating theatre nurses. However, research is missing regarding the use in practice. Aim: The aim of this study was to observe, with the support of the competence description of the profession, how operating theatre nurses use intraoperative communication with patients in their clinical work, and reasons why communication possibly is not used. Method: The study was performed as a qualitative, ethnographic, observational study. 20 observations of operating theatre nurses at a hospital in northern Sweden were made, and the material was analyzed through content analysis. Findings: The analysis of the material led to three categories: To communicate, To perform person-centered care and To be influenced by the working environment, and eight sub-categories: To provide information, To conduct an intraoperative dialogue, To build a temporary relationship, To identify caring needs, To be committed, To be absent, To have other duties and To be affected by time Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that intraoperative communication is rarely used in clinical work today, and that operating theatre nurses, for different reasons, usually take a step back and let the other team members take responsibility for the intraoperative nursing.

Bakgrund: I en operationssal arbetar ett multiprofessionellt team. För att effektivt kunna bedöma och utvärdera kvaliteten på det intraoperativa teamarbetet, samt stärka patientsäkerheten, är det av stor betydelse att få en djupare förståelse för operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser kring begreppet teamarbete. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa operationssjuksköterskors uppfattningar om det intraoperativa teamarbetet. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med 14 operationssjuksköterskor från två sjukhus i mellersta Norrland. Insamlad data analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Utifrån analysen framkom tre kategorier och tio underkategorier. De tre kategorierna var: Operationssjuksköterskans upplevelser av sin roll i teamet, Interaktionen mellan de olika yrkeskategorierna i teamet och Betydelsen av att utveckla och förbättra teamet. Att planera arbetet och ligga steget före beskrevs som att ha kontroll över situationen. Ett väl fungerande teamarbete präglades av tydlig kommunikation och att bekräfta varandra stärkte teamkänslan. Slutsats: Studien belyser en rad faktorer kring operationssjuksköterskornas uppfattningar om vad som kan bidra till ett väl fungerande intraoperativt teamarbete. Mer forskning av kvalitativ ansats behövs för att tydliggöra och få en större förståelse av operationssjuksköterskans upplevelser i samband med detta.
Background: The operating room is a place where multidisciplinary teamwork is carried out. In order to effectively assess and evaluate the quality of intraoperative teamwork, and enhance patient safety, it is of great importance to gain a deeper understanding of operating room nurses’ perceptions around the concept of teamwork. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe operating room nurses’ perceptions of the intraoperative teamwork. Method: Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 14 operating room nurses at two hospitals in north central Sweden. Collected data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Result: Three categories and ten sub-categories emerged from the analysis. The three categories were: Operating room nurses’ perceptions of their professional role in the team, Interaction between professionals in the team and, The importance of building and improving the team. To plan work and stay ahead were described as achieving control of the situation. Effective teamwork was characterized by clear communication and, team spirit was strengthened by acknowledging each other. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a number of factors surrounding the operating room nurses’ perceptions of what may contribute to a high functioning intraoperative teamwork. Further research with a qualitative approach is needed to clarify and gain a greater understanding of operating room nurses’ perceptions in the context of teamwork.

Bakgrund: I dagsläget föreligger det en bristande empirisk kunskap om patienters upplevelser av att opereras i regional anestesi. Operationssjuksköterskan ansvarar för patientens vård och välmående under den intraoperativa perioden. Därav behöver det finnas en kunskap hos operationssjuksköterskan om hur patienter upplever att opereras i vaket tillstånd för att kunna ge en personcentrerad och evidensbaserad omvårdnad. Syfte: Att undersöka patienters erfarenheter av att vara vakna under ett kirurgiskt ingrepp. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie innehållande 11 stycken vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Analysen har utförts genom metasyntes. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två huvudteman med underteman av patienternas erfarenheter. 1) Erfarenheter av regional anestesi med underteman: erfaranheter av att medverka, erfarenheter av att hantera situationen, erfaranheter skapade genom sinnen, erfaranheter från omgivningen samt erfaranheter av smärta. 2) Vårdpersonalens betydelse med underteman: betydelsen av vårdpersonalens närvaro, betydelsen av en god kommunikation samt betydelsen av att erhålla information. Resultatet visar att opereras i regional anestesi ger patienter en känsla av deltagande och kontroll, samtidigt förekommer det att patienter upplever ångest och smärta under sitt kirurgiska ingrepp. Patienter erfar vårdmiljön genom sina sinnen och använder sig av olika sätt att hantera upplevelsen av att opereras i vaket tillstånd. För att känna trygghet är det av betydelse att få kontinuerligt med information och att känna en närhet till vårdpersonalen. Slutsats: För att operationssjuksköterskan ska kunna ge en god omvårdnad till patienter som opereras i regional anestesi behöver det finnas en kunskap om hur patienter erfar den intraoperativa perioden samt en förmåga att kunna se och bemöta varje patient utifrån sin unika livsvärld.
Background: In the current situation there is a lack of empirical knowledge of patients' experiences of being operated in regional anesthesia. The operating theatre nurse is responsible for patient care and well-being during the intraoperative period. Therefore the operating theatre nurse needs knowledge about patients' experience of being awake during surgery, to provide person-centered and evidence based nursing. Aim: To investigate patients' experiences of being awake during a surgical procedure. Methods: A systematic literature study containing 11 articles with a qualitative approach. The analysis has been performed with metasynthesis. Results: The result emerged two main themes with subthemes about patients' experiences. 1) Experiences of regional anesthesia, with subthemes: experiences of participation, experience of handling the situation, experiences created by the senses, experiences from the environment and experiences of pain. 2) Importance of the carers, with subthemes: The importance of presence by the carers, the importance of a good communication and the importance of receive information. The findings show that being operated in regional anesthesia gives patients a sense of participation and control, while at the same time it appears that patients experience anxiety and pain during their surgical procedures. Patients experience the environment through their minds and use different ways to handle the experience of being operated in a wakeful state. To feel safe it is important to receive continuous information and to feel presence to the carers. Conclusions: To provide good care for patients operating in regional anesthesia, the operating theatre nurse must have knowledge about patients experience in the intraoperative period as well as the ability to see and respond to each patient based on their unique lifeworld.

Introduktion Operationssjuksköterskor handhar dagligen vassa instrument och har ett nära samarbete med operatören. Det finns risk för stick- och skärskador, varför flera utarbetade preventiva metoder finns att tillgå. Instrumenteringen av vassa instrument ska vara effektiv och säker. Handhavandet kräver kunskap och ställer krav på operationssjuksköterskan. Syfte Syftet med studien var att beskriva operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser av det intraoperativa handhavandet av vassa instrument. Metod Kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats och individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer. Data analyserades genom manifest och latent innehållsanalys. Resultat Sju underkategorier, tre huvudkategorier samt ett övergripande tema framkom. Operationssjuksköterskorna var trygga i sin roll och arbetade med lugnt och fokuserat förhållningssätt utifrån personligt utformade arbetssätt för att bevara kontrollen. Säkert handhavande hos operatören upplevdes respektfullt och operationssjuksköterskorna anpassade sig och sade ifrån när riskfyllt handhavande observerades. Vid stick- och skärskada var professionellt handlande med bevarad aseptik angeläget. En viss rädsla för blodburen smitta fanns, men de såg samtidigt stick- och skärskador som en del av vardagen i deras arbetsmiljö. Slutsats Operationssjuksköterskorna var trygga i handhavandet av vassa instrument vilket gav dem förmåga till att anpassa sig. Konsekvent användande av personligt utformade arbetssätt upplevdes säkert och bidrog till kontroll. Stick- och skärskadepreventiva metoder användes i synnerhet vid känd blodburen smitta då rädsla förelåg att drabbas av smitta.
Introduction Theatre nurses manages sharp instruments and works closely with the surgeon. There is a risk of sharps injury and several developed preventative methods are avaliable. Instrumentation of sharp instruments must be effective and safe. The management requires knowledge and puts demands on the theatre nurse. Aim To describe the theatre nurses’ experiences of the intraoperative management of sharp instruments. Method Qualitative method with an inductive approach and individual semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed with manifest and latent content analysis. Results Seven subcategories, three main categories and one covering theme. Theatre nurses were confident in their role and worked with a calm and focused approach with own personal designed work routines to maintain control. Safe management by the surgeon led to feelings of respect towards the theatre nurses and they adapted and reprimanded the surgeon when hazardous management was observed. In case of sharps injury, professional managing with remained asepsis was important. There was some level of fear towards bloodborne pathogen, but at the same time they saw sharp injuries as a common occurrence in their work environment. Conclusion Theatre nurses were confident in the management of sharp instruments which gave them the ability to adapt. Consistent use of personal designed work routines was percieved as safe and contributed to control. Preventative methods against sharps injury were especially used in care of patients with known bloodbourne pathogene as there was a fear of being infected.

Introduktion: Vården som operationssjuksköterskan bedriver ska ske i enlighet med etiska riktlinjer och lagar. Kognitiv funktionsnedsättning innebär intellektuell nedsättning där bristande kommunikationsförmåga och förståelse kan föreligga. Studier har visat att etiska dilemman kan uppstå vid omvårdnad av kognitivt funktionsnedsatt patient. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva operationssjuksköterskors erfarenheter och upplevelser av etiska dilemman vid pre- och intraoperativ vård av patienter med kognitiv funktionsnedsättning. Metod: Konventionell, kvalitativ innehållsanalys (Hsieh & Shannon, 2005) med induktiv ansats och semistrukturerade intervjuer (n=10) användes. Strategiskt- och bekvämlighetsurval användes. Resultat: Resultatet gav tre kategorier med totalt sju subkategorier. Operationssjuksköterskorna upplevde svårigheter med att definiera etiska dilemman. Det definierades som situationer där en vårdhandling önskas utföras men patienten inte vill deltaga på grund av begränsad förståelse. Etiska dilemman kunde vara vård under tvång eller avgöra huruvida anhöriga bör närvara. Konklusion: Etiska dilemman var svårt att definiera för operationssjuksköterskor. De upplevde att rädsla hos patienten kan leda till att etiska dilemman uppstår. Operationssjuksköterskorna beskrev åtgärder och arbetssätt för att motverka etiska dilemman, vilket kan användas till förbättringsarbete och vidare forskning. Det är av vikt att ta sig tid och arbeta för att främja autonomin och personcentrera vården och undvika rädsla, därmed motverka etiska dilemman.
Introduction: As a theatre nurse, nursing care should be performed in relation to ethical guidelines and laws. Cognitive impairment implies intellectual impairment where difficulties in communication and understanding may be present. Studies have shown that ethical dilemmas can arise when nursing patients with cognitive impairment. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the theatre nurses’ experiences of ethical dilemmas in pre- and intraoperative nursing of patients with cognitive impairment. Method: A conventional, qualitative content analysis (Hsieh & Shannon, 2005) with an inductive approach and semi-structured interviews (n=10) was used. Purposive and convenience sampling methods were used. Results: The results showed three categories with a total of seven subcategories. The theatre nurses experienced difficulties in defining ethical dilemmas. It was defined as situations in which a caring intervention wishes to be conducted, yet the patient refuses to participate due to limited understanding. Forced care or determine whether a patient’s relative should participate could be ethical dilemmas. Conclusion: Ethical dilemmas were difficult for the theatre nurses to define. They experienced that patients’ fear may result in ethical dilemmas. The theatre nurses described working methods to avoid ethical dilemmas, which might be used for improvements within the clinic as well as in further research. It is important to dedicate time to work towards person-centered care and to avoid fear, and accordingly counteract ethical dilemmas.

O enfermeiro perioperatório é responsável pelo planejamento e implementação de intervenções de enfermagem que minimizam ou possibilitam a prevenção de complicações aos pacientes decorrentes do procedimento anestésico-cirúrgico. O posicionamento cirúrgico tem como principal finalidade promover o acesso ao local a ser operado e deve ser realizado de forma correta para garantir a segurança e o conforto do paciente e prevenir complicações pós-operatórias. A Prática Baseada em Evidências é uma abordagem que integra as evidências disponíveis, a competência clínica do profissional e as preferências do paciente para a tomada de decisão sobre o cuidado a saúde, sendo selecionada como referencial teórico. O presente estudo teve como objetivo buscar e avaliar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre os cuidados de enfermagem relacionados ao posicionamento cirúrgico do paciente adulto no período intra-operatório. O método de pesquisa adotado foi a revisão integrativa da literatura. Para a seleção dos artigos utilizamos as bases de dados PUBMED, CINAHL e LILACS. A amostra constitui-se de 20 artigos. Em relação ao nível de evidência, dos 20 estudos analisados apenas um apresentou nível de evidência forte (nível II), um estudo é considerado com nível de evidência moderada (nível III) e oito com evidências fracas (nível VI e VII). Atrelado a essa situação os outros 10 estudos (revisão narrativa de literatura) não têm classificação de acordo com o sistema hierárquico adotado. Na síntese das evidências disponíveis dos estudos incluídos na revisão, constatamos que estes enfocaram três tópicos principais, a saber: os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de complicações; as complicações decorrentes do posicionamento cirúrgico e os cuidados de enfermagem relacionados ao posicionamento cirúrgico do paciente. A presente revisão integrativa fornece ao leitor informações detalhadas sobre os tópicos mencionados, além de disponibilizar a tradução de um modelo de protocolo direcionado ao posicionamento, movimentação, elevação e transporte do paciente no ambiente perioperatório, o qual foi elaborado pela Association of periOperative Registered Nurses. Esperamos que os resultados evidenciados neste estudo contribuam para a melhoria da qualidade da assistência prestada ao paciente cirúrgico, pois a sua condução teve como propósitos facilitar o acesso às evidências disponíveis sobre os cuidados de enfermagem no posicionamento cirúrgico, esclarecer dúvidas relacionadas a esta prática e incentivar o desenvolvimento de protocolos de cuidados voltados ao posicionamento a serem disponibilizados para todos os profissionais envolvidos no atendimento do paciente no período perioperatório.
The perioperative nurse is responsible for planning and implementation of nursing interventions to minimize or prevent possible complications to patients from arising during anesthetic and surgical procedures. The main purpose of surgical positioning is to promote access to the surgical site and must be done correctly to ensure safety and comfort of the patient and prevent postoperative complications. Evidence-based practice is an approach that integrates the available evidence, the clinical expertise and the patient\'s preferences for decision making on health care, this was selected as a theoretical reference. The aim of this study is to find and evaluate the available evidence related to nursing care of adult patients during surgical positioning. The research method adopted was the integrative review of literature. PUBMED, CINAHL and LILACS databases were used for the selection of the articles. The sample consisted of 20 articles. On the level of evidence, of the 20 studies analyzed, only one showed a strong level of evidence (level II), one study is considered to have a moderate level of evidence (level III) and eight with weak evidence (level VI and VII). Coupled to this situation, the other 10 studies (narrative review of the literature) are not classified under the hierarchical system adopted. In the synthesis of the available evidence on the studies included in this review, we focused on three main topics: the risk factors for developing complications, complications of surgical positioning and nursing care related to surgical positioning of the patient. This integrative review provides the reader detailed information on the topics listed, and provides a translation of a protocol of procedures in positioning, handling, lifting and transporting the patient in the perioperative environment, which was prepared by the Association of PeriOperative Registered Nurses. We hope that the results contribute to improving the quality of care provided to surgical patients, because first of all the purpose was to facilitate access to the available evidence about nursing care in surgical positioning, answer questions related to this practice and encourage the development of protocols of care to be available to all perioperative personnel.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o valor diagnóstico e o impacto na modificação da conduta terapêutica do ultra-som intra-operatório (UIO) na cirurgia por neoplasia de fígado, vias biliares e pâncreas, comparando-se achados da avaliação pré-operatória de rotina com métodos de imagem convencionais (tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética) com achados obtidos por meio da exploração cirúrgica (inspeção e palpação). Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, exames realizados em 49 pacientes, sendo 15 portadores de neoplasia hepática secundária; 14, de neoplasia hepática primária; 14, de tumor neuroendócrino pancreático e seis de neoplasia cística pancreática. No grupo de pacientes com neoplasia hepática e de vias biliares, a TC identificou 65% dos tumores; a exploração cirúrgica, 69,5% e o UIO, 95,2%. Houve mudança da conduta, em decorrência dos achados do UIO, em 34,4% dos pacientes. No grupo de tumores neuroendócrinos pancreáticos, a TC identificou corretamente 44,4% dos tumores; a RM, 60,9%; a exploração cirúrgica com palpação, 72,7% e o UIO, 100%. Houve mudança de conduta em 42,9% dos pacientes. No grupo de neoplasia cística, o UIO não acrescentou informação adicional relevante em relação à TC e à RM, exceto no paciente com neoplasia papilífera intraductal. Apesar do grande avanço nos métodos de avaliação por imagem pré-operatórios e mesmo com toda a expertise do cirurgião, os resultados mostram que o UIO modifica positivamente o planejamento cirúrgico em um número significativo de pacientes, devendo, portanto fazer parte integrante da avaliação intra-operatória dos pacientes candidatos à ressecção hepática por neoplasia primária ou secundária e da cirurgia de neoplasia endócrina pancreática
Intraoperative sonography (IOU) is an imaging modality that has been showing rapid growth in the last decade that can has a variety of applications in different surgical specialities, particularly in abdominal surgery. The purpose of this study was to analyze the use o IOU in the setting of surgery for liver, biliary and pancreatic malignancies. To achieve that, the findings of routine preoperative state-of the-art imaging modalities (CT and MRI) and the findings of surgical exploration (inspection and palpation) were compared to those of IOU. The impact of IOU on preoperative plans based on CT and MRI and on management after surgical exploration were studied as well 49 patients were retrospectively studied. Of those 15 had metastatic liver disease and 14 primary liver cancer; 14 had pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours and 6 had cystic pancreatic neoplasms. In the group of hepatic and biliary malignancies CT identified 65% of the tumours, surgical exploration identified 69.5% and IOU 95.2% (including 3 false positives). IOU determined a change in management in 34.4% of the patients. In the group of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours the rates of identification were 27.3% for CT, 60.9% for MRI, 72.7% for surgical exploration and 100% for IOU, with an alteration in surgical plans in 42.9% of patients after IOU. In the case of patients with cystic pancreatic neoplasia, IOUS did not add any relevant additional information in relation to CT or MRI, with exception to one patient that had a papiliferous intraductal neoplasia. In spite of the great advances on preoperatory imaging modalities and of the possibility of direct surgical exploration, IOU has shown that it positively modifies surgical planning. For that reason, it should be included as an essential adjunct in the intraoperatory evaluation of patients with pancreatic endocrine neoplasia and of candidates for hepatic resection in cases of primary and secondary malignancies

Oavsiktlig hypotermi är ett ämne som hamnat i skymundan i den hektiska intraoperativa fasen för anestesisjuksköterskan. Patientens nedkylning påbörjas redan vid de preoperativa förberedelserna. En salstemperatur under 22˚C är den vanligaste orsaken till hypotermi hos patienterna och deras kroppstemperatur bör inte understiga 36,5˚C. Förebyggande åtgärder som att använda värmefiltar, salstemperatur på 22˚C-23˚C, varma infusioner i blodvärmare, inte exponera mer hud än nödvändigt samt postoperativt använda sig av värmetak. Kroppstemperaturen bör övervakas vid operationer längre än 30 minuter. Genom ökat fokus på kroppstemperaturen i den intraoperativa fasen kan postoperativa komplikationer minskas samt förkorta vårdtiden. Kan påverkbara faktorer under den intraoperativa fasen påverka och minska risken för oavsiktlig hypotermi? Fokus ligger på utvärdering av metod och mätinstrument. Syftet med den randomiserade pilotstudien är att undersöka patienter som drabbas av oavsiktlig hypotermi som genomgår hysterektomi med generell anestesi. Metoden är en kvantitativ pilotstudie med randomiserat urval samt en litteraturgranskning för förbättring av instrumentutveckling. Antalet deltagare i studien var 15 stycken, inga generella slutsatser kan dras. Mild hypotermi har 60 % av deltagarna redan innan operationsstart. Tio av 15 patienter uppnår ej 37°C under de första 30 minuterna oavsett bair hugger eller ej. Temperaturtagning 30 minuter efter ankomst till postoperativaavdelningen är mellan 35,4°C-37,2˚C. För att få ett heltäckande formulär om den perioperativa vården utförs en instrumentutveckling inför kommande primärstudie. Anestesisjuksköterskan är ansvarig för att förebygga och åtgärda hypotermi i enlighet med vad som är bäst för patienten. Vårdtagaren ska alltid stå i centrum och hypotermi är något som lätt kan åtgärdas bara medvetandet inom kunskapsområdet ökar.
Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot anestesisjukvård

Posição cirúrgica é a movimentação do corpo humano de forma a deixá-lo apoiado na mesa cirúrgica num ângulo que propicie ao cirurgião boa visão da área operatória, mas que garanta ao paciente conforto, segurança e respeito aos seus limites anatômicos e fisiológicos. A relevância deste estudo baseia-se no fato de se ter poucos profissionais na área de enfermagem, e em âmbito nacional, que estudem o tema com mais profundidade. O enfermeiro deve utilizar a Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem Perioperatória para direcioná-lo neste cuidado: prevendo e provendo recursos de proteção adequados e recursos humanos qualificados. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a assistência, incluindo as necessidades e dificuldades, da equipe de enfermagem frente ao posicionamento cirúrgico. Trata-se de um estudo de campo exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada no 8° Congresso Brasileiro de Enfermagem em Centro Cirúrgico, Recuperação Anestésica e Centro de Material e Esterilização, organizado pela SOBECC em Julho de 2007. O estudo contou com a participação de 235 profissionais de enfermagem. Três categorias profissionais foram representadas, com 200 enfermeiros (entre coordenadores, assistenciais e docentes universitários), 28 técnicos e 7 auxiliares de enfermagem (entre circulantes de sala e instrumentadores cirúrgicos). O estudo foi feito com um p significativo ( 0,05) frente aos testes estatísticos não-paramétricos. O profissional que executa o posicionamento possui idade mediana de 39 anos (p = 0,021) e tempo de trabalho em centro cirúrgico mediano de 10 anos (p = 0,004). O profissional que não executa o posicionamento possui idade de 33 anos e tempo de trabalho no setor de 5 anos. Protocolos e treinamentos sobre posicionamento vigoram, respectivamente, em 34,3% e 32,4% das instituições hospitalares segundo os pesquisados. O enfermeiro executa o posicionamento em 24,8% das vezes. Porém, quando ele participa ocorre uma diminuição significativa da participação dos técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem (p = 0,047). O registro da posição cirúrgica à qual ficou submetido o paciente é feito em 69,4% das vezes e dos recursos de proteção em 45,9% no relatório intra-operatório. Dados significantes (p = 0,007) apontam que os profissionais que mais posicionam o paciente possuem mais adaptações para fazer tal ação. As dificuldades levantadas pela equipe de enfermagem na realização do posicionamento são: falta de recursos materiais (39,5%), pouca cooperação entre a equipe multidisciplinar (27,5%), esforço físico (15,6%), déficit de recursos humanos (10,9%), despreparo assistencial ao paciente (10,4%), falta de treinamento (9,8%) e de informações técnico-científicas (7,8). A falta de cooperação entre a equipe de enfermagem e cirúrgica reduz, de forma significativa (p = 0,013), a participação do corpo de enfermagem na execução do posicionamento. Materiais e equipamentos adequados, protocolos, estratégias para a cooperação multidisciplinar e treinamento são os recursos que os profissionais mais gostariam de possuir para melhorar a assistência ao posicionamento do paciente. As informações levantadas neste trabalho poderão subsidiar propostas, como um protocolo futuro, que, de fato, norteiem a assistência de enfermagem no posicionamento, trazendo mais segurança e qualidade de cuidado ao paciente e maior preparo aos atuais e aos novos profissionais de enfermagem
Surgical positioning is the movement of the human body on the surgical table in such a way as to provide the best angle of vision to the surgeon, while at the same time guaranteeing the comfort and security of the patient with respect to his anatomical and physiological limits. The relevance of this study is based on the fact that there are few nursing professionals, nationally, who have studied this theme in depth. The nurse should make use of the Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem Perioperatória [Systemization of Perioperative Nursing Assistance] for guidelines, resources, and human resource qualifications. The goal of this study was to characterize the positioning task of the nursing team, including its requirements and difficulties. It is an exploratory, descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The data were collected at the 8th Brazilian Congress of Surgical Center Nursing, Anesthetic Recovery and Hospital Sterilization Units organized by SOBECC in July of 2007. 235 nursing professionals participated in the study in three categories: 200 Registered Nurses (as coordinators, practicing nurses, and university professors), 28 Licensed Practical Nurses [LPNs] and seven Certified Nursing Assistants [CNAs] (including operating room assistants and surgical instrument handlers). Significance was set at (p 0.05) for non-parametric statistical tests. Professionals who executed the positioning had a median age of 39 (p= 0.021) with a median surgical center experience of 10 years (p= 0.004). Professionals who did not execute the positioning had a median age of 33 and median work experience in the sector of five years. Protocols and training about patient positioning were in force in 34.3% and 32.4% of the represented institutions according to the respondents. The nurse executed the positioning in 24.8% of the surgeries. However, when the RN participated, there was a significant reduction in participation by the LPNs and CNAs (p = 0.047). Registry of the patients surgical position was made in 69.4% of the cases and registry of protection resources in 45.9% in the intra-operational reports. Significant data (p =0.007) point to the fact that the professionals who most frequently position the patient have the most experience and skill for that task. The most common difficulties confronting the nursing team with respect to positioning are: lack of material resources (39.5%), poor cooperation among the interdisciplinary team (27.5%), physical effort (15.6%), lack of human resources (10.9%), unpreparedness (10.4%), lack of training (9.8%), lack of technical/scientific information (7.8%). The lack of cooperation between the nursing and surgical teams significantly reduced (p = 0.013) participation by the nurses in the execution of positioning. Adequate materials and equipment, protocols, strategies for multidisciplinary cooperation and training are resources that the nursing professionals would most like to have in order to better serve patients. The information collected in this study could be foundational to proposals, such as a future protocol, which could direct nurses regarding positioning and thereby lead to greater security and quality of patient care as well as greater preparedness of current and future nursing professionals

Bakgrund: Operationssalens kommunikation är komplex och kommunikationsproblem är den mest rapporterade orsaken för operativa misstag. Ljudnivå och munskydd är faktorer som försvårar kommunikationen. Teamarbete i operationssalen är nödvändigt för att vården ska vara patientsäker. Operationsteamet utgörs av olika professioner som har ansvaret för patientens säkerhet intraoperativt. Kravet från samhället är att operationssjuksköterskan ska besitta kompetensen att skydda patienter från vårdskador. World Health Organization har utformat en checklista för att förbättra patientsäkerheten på operation. Syfte: Att undersöka operationssjuksköterskans upplevelse av intraoperativ kommunikation. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor utfördes på två sjukhus i södra Sverige. Sju intervjuer hölls med operationssjuksköterskor som spelades in och transkriberades. Datan analyserades enligt Graneheim och Lundmans (2004) latenta innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras under fyra teman. Temat Vikten av att kommunicera belyser att kommunikationen måste fortlöpa under operationen för att inte riskera patientsäkerheten. Temat Intraoperativa Teamgrupperingar beskriver att operationsteamet arbetar i separata team tills den peroperativa fasen där de är ett gemensamt operationsteam. Professionerna är kopplade till varandra vilket ger stort ansvar i kommunikationen. I temat Ledarens Inverkan på Teamkommunikation framkommer att auktoritära ledare kan medföra en nervös stämning och upplevd minskad patientsäkerhet. Operatören har betydelse för användningen av WHO:s checklista och följsamheten till den. I temat olika uttryck för Intraoperativ Kommunikation framträder olika typer av kommunikation ha påverkan intraoperativt. Slutsats: Operationsteamet sammanhålls av respekt och gemensamt ansvar. Kvaliteten av den intraoperativa kommunikationen är beroende av ett ansvarstagande från varje teammedlem och kräver en långsiktig plan för utveckling från verksamhetens ledning.
Background: Communication in the operating room (OR) is complex. Communication failures is the most reported cause of operative misstakes. Sound levels and operating masks are some factors that complicates the communication. Teamwork in the OR is necessary for patient safe care. The operating team consists of various professionals who are responsible for patient safety intraoperatively. The society’s requirement is that the operating room nurse must possess competence to protect patients from medical harm. The World Health Organization designed a checklist to improve patient safety in the OR. Aim: To investigate the operating room nurse's experience of intraoperative communication. Method: A qualitative interview study with semi-structured questions was conducted at two hospitals in southern Sweden. Seven interviews were held with surgical nurses which were recorded and transcribed. The data were analyzed according to Graneheim and Lundman's (2004) latent content analysis. Results: The result is presented under four themes. The theme The Importance of Communicating highlights that communication must continue throughout the surgery in order not to risk patient safety. The theme of Intraoperative Team Groupings describes that the operating team works in separate teams until the peroperative phase where they are a joint operation team. The professions are linked to each other, which gives great responsibility in communication. The theme The Leader’s Impact on Team Communication reveals that hierarchical leaders can cause a nervous mood and cause reduced patient safety. The surgeon is important for the use of WHO's checklist and its compliance. In the theme Different Expressions for Intraoperative Communication, different types of communication have an impact intraoperatively. Conclusion: The operating team is united by respect and shared responsibility. The quality of intraoperative communication depends on the responsibility of each team member and requires a long term plan for development from the management.

Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to describe the experiences of awake patients during surgery under regional anesthesia. In addition, the aim was to develop a model for intraoperative care that can support and enhance patients’ well-being during the intraoperative period.   Methods: Study I was a patient interview study guided by a reflective lifeworld approach. In study II a philosophical reflection of the findings from study I was carried out. In study III a hermeneutic approach inspired by Ricoeur and Gadamer was used in order to interpret video recorded material. In study IV a hermeneutic approach inspired by Gadamer was used to synthesize the findings in studies I-III transformed into an intraoperative caring model.  Overall main findings: The analysis shows that being awake during surgery can be compared with walking a tightrope because of ambiguous feelings. The proximity and presence of the nurse anesthetist (NA) anchors the patient in the present and strengthens the patient’s feeling of trust. The temporary disruption in the relationship between the body and the world due to regional anesthesia means that the patient’s being in the world is exposed to revolutionary experiences. Gaps between the patient’s experiences and the situation can be bridged over when the NA acts as the patient’s bodily extension and links the patient as a subject to the world in the intraoperative situation. From the patient’s perspective this calls for the NA’s proximity and genuine presence in the ‘intraoperative caring space’. When the NA’s performance of his/her professional duties clashes with the patient’s existential being in the intraoperative situation the need of present presence from the NA is crucial. Conclusions: The findings contribute to knowledge development about intraoperative care and raise awareness that care for the awake patient cannot be performed on formal routines that might disregard the uniqueness of each patient’s situation. The model can be used as a tool to encounter awake patients’ existential needs in the intraoperative situation and to further enlighten NAs about the possible impact of their proximity, interaction and communication behavior in the delivery of intraoperative nursing care.

A manutenção da integridade cutânea é um cuidado a ser prestado individualmente a cada paciente de forma integralizada com outros cuidados do intra-operatório, aplicando o conhecimento técnico e científico. Os cuidados de enfermagem promovidos ao paciente no período intra-operatório refletirão no pós-operatório3. Muitas lesões de pele têm seu início na sala de operação e segue se agravando no pós-operatório cirúrgico22. Esta pesquisa justifica-se pela escassez de estudos referentes às lesões de pele de pacientes desenvolvidas e observadas no período intra-operatório. Neste estudo exploratório, descritivo e de coorte o objetivo principal é verificar a incidência de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca que desenvolveram lesões de pele no período intra-operatório, caracterizar as lesões e identificar os fatores de risco. A coleta de dados foi realizada no Centro Cirúrgico (CC) de um hospital público de ensino, de atenção terciária à saúde, predominantemente cirúrgico, especializado em cardiologia no município de São Paulo, a amostra do estudo foi de 182 pacientes. O estudo foi feito com um p significativo ( 0,05) frente aos testes estatísticos não-paramétricos. A maioria dos pacientes estudados foi do sexo feminino (67%), com idade mediana de 63 (53 70) anos. A raça branca foi predominante (63,2%). Os pacientes obtiveram a mediana do IMC de 26,15 (23,3 29) e os dias de internação apresentaram mediana de 6 (2 11). Quanto ao perfil clínico dos pacientes 49,5% apresentavam insuficiência coronariana, 18,7% insuficiência da valava mitral; 83,5% dos pacientes apresentavam hipertensão arterial, 22,5% tinham diabete insulino não dependente e 9,3% diabete insulino dependente; 20,9 faziam uso de álcool e 13,2 faziam uso de tabaco. Com relação à avaliação clínica da pele houve predominância da pele de coloração rósea claro com 76,4%, textura normal 56%, turgor normal 67% e 61,5% dos pacientes tinham umidade normal. Quanto à incidência de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca que desenvolveram lesões de pele em decorrência do período intra-operatório obteve-se incidência de 20,9% (38). Tivemos que 35 (19,2%) lesões apresentaram-se como UP no estágio I, 02 (1,1%) lesões caracterizaram-se como abrasão, 02 (1,1%) feridas incisas, 01 (0,5%) laceração, 01(0,5%) queimadura elétrica superficial e 01(0,5%) UP no estágio II. Quanto aos fatores de risco para lesão de pele no período intra-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, na análise estatística, considerando p< 0,05 apresentou-se com estatisticamente significante: a idade elevada (63 anos) p= 0,053; pele pálida apresentou p= 0,015; umidade normal da pele revelou p= 0,042; o tempo total de procedimento anestésico cirúrgico apresentou p= 0,035. Os pacientes que utilizaram o equipamento Eco Trans Esofágico teve significância estatística com p= 0,031 e para os que utilizaram o equipamento Desfibrilador Externo p= 0,01. Muito se tem estudado sobre a integridade da pele, relacionando a prevenção de UPs, porem ainda são escassos os trabalhos referentes sobre lesões de pele. O paciente cirúrgico traz consigo fatores de risco que colaboram com o desenvolvimento de lesões, portanto a enfermagem perioperatória deve estar atenta a todos os riscos para realizar um planejamento de assistência e cuidado individualizado para os pacientes
The maintenance of skin integrity is an individual care given to each patient that is integrated to other intraoperative cares, applying both technical and scientific knowledge. Nursing care provided to the patient in the intraoperative stage will reflect in the post-operative one3. Many skin lesions start in the operating room and worsen in the post-operative stage22. This research is justified by the scarceness of studies referring to skin lesions on patients that developed and were observed during the intraoperative stage. In this exploratory, descriptive and cohort study, the main objective was to verify the incidence of patients that underwent heart surgery who developed skin lesion in the intraoperative stage, to characterize lesions and to identify risk factors. The collection of data occurred in an Operating Room (OR) of a public teaching hospital, with tertiary health care, predominantly surgical, and specialized in cardiology in the Municipality of São Paulo, and the study sample was taken from 182 patients. The study was performed with a significant p ( 0,05) compared to the non-parametric statistics tests. Most of the patients studied were females (67%), with an average age of 63 year (53 70). Caucasians were predominant (63,2%). Patients had a BMI medium of 26,15 (23,3 29) and the average of hospitalization days was 6 (2 11). As for the patients clinical profile 49,5% presented heart failure, 18,7% mitral valve failure; 83,5% of the patients presented high blood pressure, 22,5% had non-insulin dependent diabetes and 9,3% had insulin dependent diabetes; 20,9 used alcoholic beverages and 13,2 were smokers. Concerning the clinical skin evaluation, we found a predominance of light pink skin coloration in 76,4%, 56% normal texture, 67% normal turgor, and 61,5% of the patients had normal skin moister. As for the incidence of patients that underwent heart surgery, which developed skin lesions due to the intraoperative stage, an incidence of 20,9% was obtained.(38). We found that 35 (19,2%) lesions presented Stage I PU, 02 (1,1%), lesions were characterized as abrasions, 02 (1,1%) incise wounds, 01 (0,5%) laceration, 01(0,5%) superficial electric burn and 01(0,5%) Stage II PU. As for risk factors for skin lesions in the intraoperative stage of heart surgery, during the statistics analysis, considering p< 0,05, showed as statistically significant: the increased age (63 years) p= 0,053; the presentation of pale skin p= 0,015; normal skin moister of p= 0,042; the total time of the anesthesia procedure with p= 0,035. Patients that used Esophagic Trans Echo equipment had statistical significance with p= 0,031, e the ones that used the External Defibrillator equipment p= 0,01. The integrity of the skin referring to PUs prevention has been well studied however there are still few works about skin lesions. The surgery patient is followed by risk factors that co-operate with the development of lesions; hence perioperative nursing must be aware of all risks to elaborate an individual care and assistance plan for patients

I NTRODUÇÃO: Apesar da importância do tabagismo no processo de doença cardiovascular da sociedade moderna, os estudos de avaliação de risco cardíaco pré-operatório não têm demonstrado a associação entre o hábito de fumar (como variável independente) e os eventos cardíacos pós-operatórios. Nestas pesquisas, as variáveis independentes continuam sendo infarto do miocárdio prévio, insuficiência renal crônica, diabetes, angina, idade, dentre outras. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel do tabagismo nas complicações cardíacas pós-operatórias de operações não cardíacas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva de um Hospital Geral, onde foram incluídos 1072 pacientes. Estes foram estratificados em Tabagistas Atuais (n=265), Ex- Tabagistas (n=335) e Não Tabagistas (n=472). Os três grupos foram analisados para os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório (infarto, edema pulmonar, arritmia com instabilidade hemodinâmica, angina instável; morte cardíaca) e mortalidade em 30 dias. Foram usados o teste quiquadrado e Regressão logística, considerando-se p<0,05 como significante. RESULTADOS: Os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório e a mortalidade em 30 dias foram 71 (6,6%) e 34 (3,2%), respectivamente. Os Tabagistas Atuais e Pregressos apresentaram 53 (8,8%) eventos cardíacos combinados enquanto que os Não Tabagistas 18 (3,8%), p=0,002. Em relação à mortalidade, Tabagistas Atuais e Pregressos apresentaram 26 (4,3%) enquanto que os Não Tabagistas 8 (1,7%), p=0,024. Na análise multivariada, faixa etária, cirurgia de emergência, insuficiência cardíaca, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, revascularização do miocárdio e extra-sístole ventricular associaram-se independentemente aos eventos cardiovasculares perioperatórios enquanto que faixa etária, cirurgia de emergência, insuficiência cardíaca, alterações laboratoriais, história de hepatopatia, operações por neoplasia e tabagismo se associaram a mortalidade em 30 dias após a operação de alto risco. CONCLUSÃO: Os Tabagistas atuais e pregressos apresentaram mais eventos cardíacos e mortalidade do que os Não tabagistas. Entre as variáveis independentes associadas a eventos cardíacos e mortalidade em 30 dias, o tabagismo Atual foi á única variável modificável detectada.
I NTRODUCTION: Despite the importance of smoking in the process cardiovascular disease in modern society, the assessments of cardiac risk preoperative haven´t demonstrated an association between smoking (as independent variable) and postoperative cardiac events. Generally, in the researches, indicate as independent variables : myocardial infarction, chronic renal failure, diabetes, angina, age, etc. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of smoking in postoperative cardiac complications of non-cardiac surgery. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study designed at General Hospital with 1072 patients. The patients were divided into Current Smokers (n = 265), Past Smokers (n = 335) and Nonsmokers (n = 462). The three groups were analyzed for combined cardiovascular outcomes in postoperative (infarction, pulmonary edema; arrhythmia with hemodynamic instability, unstable angina, cardiac death) and 30-days mortality. The chi-square test and logistic regression were used, considering p<0.05 as significant. RESULTS: The combined cardiovascular outcomes in postoperative and 30-days mortality were 71 (6.6%) and 34 (3.2%), respectively. The Current and Past Smokers presented 53 (8.8%) combined cardiac events than Nonsmokers which showed 18 (3.8%), p = 0002. The 30-days mortality, Current and Past Smokers presented 26 (4.3%) while Nonsmokers 8 (1.7%), p= 0024. At multivariate analysis, age, emergency operation, cardiac failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary-artery revascularization and ventricular premature contractions were independent variables associated with postoperative cardiac events. Another hand, age, emergency operation, cardiac failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, operation of cancer, liver failure, and abnormality laboratories tests were independent variables associated with 30-days mortality after surgery. CONCLUSION: There are more cardiac events and high mortality with Current and Past smokers when compared to nonsmokers. Many independent variables were associated with cardiac postoperative cardiac events and 30-days mortality. However, Current Smoking was unique modifiable variable find out.

O posicionamento cirúrgico é um procedimento que deve ser realizado com todo cuidado pela equipe cirúrgica e de enfermagem, pois implica em riscos para o paciente cirúrgico. Para sua execução é necessário o conhecimento das alterações anatômicas e fisiológicas decorrentes deste procedimento no organismo do paciente, dos equipamentos e dispositivos adequados para a implementação de intervenções efetivas para a prevenção de complicações que podem ocorrer devido à permanência prolongada do paciente em posição cirúrgica. Com o propósito de nortear a prática clínica do enfermeiro perioperatório, auxiliando na tomada de decisão sobre o cuidado do paciente durante o posicionamento cirúrgico, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral a construção e validação da Escala de Avaliação de Risco para o Desenvolvimento de Lesões Decorrentes do Posicionamento Cirúrgico (ELPO) em pacientes adultos. Trata-se de pesquisa metodológica. A construção da ELPO foi fundamentada em evidências recentes sobre as implicações fisiológicas e possíveis complicações pós-operatórias relacionadas ao posicionamento cirúrgico do paciente no período intraoperatório. A escala tem sete itens (tipo de posição cirúrgica, tempo de cirurgia, tipo de anestesia, superfície de suporte, posição dos membros, comorbidades e idade do paciente) e cada item apresenta cinco subitens. O instrumento de medida foi submetido à validação de face e de conteúdo por 30 juízes provenientes de diferentes locais do Brasil. O Índice de Validação de Conteúdo da Escala foi igual a 0,88, assim pode-se inferir que houve consenso entre o comitê de juízes em relação ao que a ELPO se propõe a medir, demonstrando que aparenta ter cobertura da área de conteúdo que está sendo medida. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em hospital geral, de médio porte, com amostra de 115 pacientes adultos, em contextos cirúrgicos heterogêneos. Por meio da aplicação do teste t de Student constatou-se validade de critério concorrente entre os escores da Escala de Braden e da ELPO. Para avaliar a validade de critério preditiva testou-se a associação da presença de dor e o desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão com o escore da ELPO, sendo que os resultados do tratamento estatístico de regressão logística evidenciaram diferença estatisticamente significante. A confiabilidade interobservadores foi verificada por meio do Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse, cujo valor foi de 0,994, considerado excelente. A ELPO é um instrumento válido e confiável para a avaliação de risco para o desenvolvimento de lesões decorrentes do posicionamento cirúrgico em pacientes adultos. É um instrumento de fácil aplicação e pode ser útil na prática clínica. A avaliação da sua utilização depende da condução de novos estudos em diferentes contextos hospitalares. Espera-se que o presente estudo possa contribuir para a tomada de decisão do enfermeiro perioperatório, pois a sua condução teve como finalidade principal fornecer subsídios para a melhoria da assistência de enfermagem, bem como incentivar o desenvolvimento de protocolos de cuidados direcionados para o posicionamento cirúrgico do paciente
The surgical positioning is a procedure that must be carried out carefully by the surgical and nursing team, as it implies risks for surgical patients. For its execution, knowledge of the anatomical and physiological changes resulting from the procedure in patient\'s body, appropriate equipment and devices for the implementation of effective interventions for the prevention of complications that may occur due to patient\'s prolonged stay in surgical position, is necessary. This methodological research aimed to develop and validate the Risk Assessment Scale for the Development of Injuries due to Surgical Positioning (ELPO) in adult patients, with the purpose of guiding the clinical practice of perioperative nurses, helping on the decision making about patient care during surgical positioning. The construction of ELPO was based on recent evidences about the physiological implications and possible postoperative complications related to the surgical patient positioning during intraoperative period. It is a seven-item scale (surgical position, time of surgery, anesthesia, support surface, limb position, comorbidities and patient age) with five sub items for each item. The measuring instrument was submitted to face and content validation by 30 judges from different regions of Brazil. Scale\'s Content Validation Index was 0.88, which evidence that there was consensus among the committee of judges in relation to what ELPO proposes to measure, demonstrating it has coverage of the content area. The field research was performed in a midsized general hospital, with a sample of 115 adult patients in heterogeneous surgical settings. Concurrent validity between the Braden Scale and ELPO scores was evidenced through the use of Student t test. To evaluate predictive validity, association between the presence of pain and pressure ulcers development with ELPO scores was tested, and results of logistic regression evidenced a statistically significance difference. Inter-rater reliability was verified by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, whose value, 0.994, was considered excellent. ELPO is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the risk of developing injury resulting from surgical positioning in adult patients. It is an instrument easy to apply and can be useful in clinical practice. The assessment of its use in clinical practice depends on conducting new studies in different hospital settings. It is expected that this study can contribute to decision making of perioperative nurses, as its accomplishment had as main purpose to provide subsidies to improve nursing care, as well as to encourage the development of protocols of care directed to surgical patient positioning

Dagens sjukvård förändras och utvecklas i snabb takt. Vårdtiderna kortas och allt fler ingrepp, mer och mer avancerade, övergår till att utföras under lokalanestesi med vakna patienter. En vaken patient får en upplevelse kring omvårdnaden under ett ingrepp. I vården är tid en bristvara, det kan finnas risk för att mötet mellan patient och sjuksköterska går väldigt fort. För patienten är det av stor betydelse att omhändertagandet blir bra för att upplevelsen under hela ingreppet ska bli så bra som möjligt. Omvårdnad är sjuksköterskans specifika kompetens. En viktig uppgift är att kontinuerligt arbeta med utvärdering och utveckling av olika arbetsmetoder. Att beforska patienters upplevelser inom vården är viktigt, det kan ge en indikation på om det finns behov av förbättring. Alla förändringar bör följas upp och utvärderas. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur vakna patienter under en kardiologisk intervention upplever omvårdnaden. Metoden som användes var en kvantitativ enkätstudie. Instrumentet som användes var Kvalitet ur Patientens Perspektiv (KUPP). Resultatet visar på att respondenterna överlag upplever de faktiska förhållandena som mycket bra. Drygt 70% av respondenterna svarade på frågan om vad de var särskilt nöjda med och det handlade till största del om positivt bemötande. I enkäten påvisades ingen brist som kräver åtgärd men i förbättringsförslag framkom önskemål om varma filtar vilket åtgärdats. Slutsatsen är att vakna patienter som genomgår en kardiologisk intervention är nöjda med omvårdnaden och omhändertagande under hela ingreppet. Studiens resultat är begränsat till den utvalda patientgruppen av polikliniska stabila svensktalande kardiologiska patienter. För att kunna dra mer generella slutsatser krävs ett större underlag med studier av andra patientgrupper.
The health care of today is rapidly changing and developing. An increasing number of interventions, more and more advanced, are performed during local, instead of general anaesthesia, whereby inpatient times are reduced. The patients are awake and aware of the surrounding activities, including nursing. With time in short supply, the meeting between patient and nurse may go very quickly, which might be hazardous. In order to maintain a good patient experience during the procedure, it is important that the nursing care is not set aside. Nursing is the specific competence of the registered nurses, who must work continuously with development and evaluation of the quality of different working methods. Investigating patient experiences in health care is important, in order to high-light needs for improvement. Any changes should be followed-up and evaluated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the experience of nursing during a cardiological intervention in awake patients. The method used was a quantitative survey study. The instrument was Quality from the Patient's Perspective, (KUPP). The results show that patients generally experience the investigated conditions as very good. The free-text question asking for particularly positive experiences was answered by 70% of the patients, mainly high-lighting good care-giving conduct. The questionnaire did not reveal any significant shortcomings requiring to be acted upon, although a free-text answer proposing warm blankets has been addressed. The conclusion of the study is that awake patients undergoing a cardiological intervention are satisfied with the nursing and the care throughout the procedure. This result is limited to the current study group comprising of cardiologically relatively stable Swedish-speaking out-patients. An expanded survey group including other patient categories is necessary in order to draw more general conclusions.

Bakgrund: Föräldrar vars barn ska genomgå anestesi och operation önskar stödja barnet på bästa sätt inför detta. Samtidigt är de själva ofta oroliga. Oro hos föräldrar och oro hos barn tycks hänga samman, likväl som en lugn förälder tycks kunna vara till hjälp för ett oroligt barn. Syfte: Att belysa vad anestesisjuksköterskan kan bidra med för att svara an till föräldrars önskan att vara till stöd för sitt barn under den pre- och intraoperativa perioden, och därmed främja hälsa och välbefinnande hos dem båda. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras under två huvudteman med fyra underteman vardera. Huvudtemat Att vara belyser anestesisjuksköterskans sätt att vara emot föräldrarna, medan Att göra belyser dennes konkreta handlingar. Slutsats: Anestesisjuksköterskan kan genom god omvårdnad öka föräldrarnas möjlighet att stödja sitt barn pre- och intraoperativt.
Background: Parents whose child is going to be anesthetized and operated wish to support the child for the upcoming events in the best way possible. At the same time they often experience anxiety. The parents and the childs anxiety seems to be related, as well as a calm parent can be helpful to a worried child. Aim: To highlight in what way the nurse anaesthetist can contribute to respond to the parents desire to support their child in the pre- and intraoperative period, and thereby promote health and wellbeing for them both. Method: Literature review with a qualitative approach. Findings: The findings are presented in two main themes with four subthemes each. To be illuminates the nurse anaesthetists way to behave towards the parents, and To do highlights her or his practical actings. Conclusion: The nurse anaesthetist can improve the parents ability to support their child pre- and intraoperative by providing good nursing care.

Histopathology is the clinical standard for tissue diagnosis. However, histopathology has several limitations including that it requires tissue processing, which can take 30 minutes or more, and requires a highly trained pathologist to diagnose the tissue. Additionally, the diagnosis is qualitative, and the lack of quantitation leads to possible observer-specific diagnosis. Taken together, it is difficult to diagnose tissue at the point of care using histopathology.

Several clinical situations could benefit from more rapid and automated histological processing, which could reduce the time and the number of steps required between obtaining a fresh tissue specimen and rendering a diagnosis. For example, there is need for rapid detection of residual cancer on the surface of tumor resection specimens during excisional surgeries, which is known as intraoperative tumor margin assessment. Additionally, rapid assessment of biopsy specimens at the point-of-care could enable clinicians to confirm that a suspicious lesion is successfully sampled, thus preventing an unnecessary repeat biopsy procedure. Rapid and low cost histological processing could also be potentially useful in settings lacking the human resources and equipment necessary to perform standard histologic assessment. Lastly, automated interpretation of tissue samples could potentially reduce inter-observer error, particularly in the diagnosis of borderline lesions.

To address these needs, high quality microscopic images of the tissue must be obtained in rapid timeframes, in order for a pathologic assessment to be useful for guiding the intervention. Optical microscopy is a powerful technique to obtain high-resolution images of tissue morphology in real-time at the point of care, without the need for tissue processing. In particular, a number of groups have combined fluorescence microscopy with vital fluorescent stains to visualize micro-anatomical features of thick (i.e. unsectioned or unprocessed) tissue. However, robust methods for segmentation and quantitative analysis of heterogeneous images are essential to enable automated diagnosis. Thus, the goal of this work was to obtain high resolution imaging of tissue morphology through employing fluorescence microscopy and vital fluorescent stains and to develop a quantitative strategy to segment and quantify tissue features in heterogeneous images, such as nuclei and the surrounding stroma, which will enable automated diagnosis of thick tissues.

To achieve these goals, three specific aims were proposed. The first aim was to develop an image processing method that can differentiate nuclei from background tissue heterogeneity and enable automated diagnosis of thick tissue at the point of care. A computational technique called sparse component analysis (SCA) was adapted to isolate features of interest, such as nuclei, from the background. SCA has been used previously in the image processing community for image compression, enhancement, and restoration, but has never been applied to separate distinct tissue types in a heterogeneous image. In combination with a high resolution fluorescence microendoscope (HRME) and a contrast agent acriflavine, the utility of this technique was demonstrated through imaging preclinical sarcoma tumor margins. Acriflavine localizes to the nuclei of cells where it reversibly associates with RNA and DNA. Additionally, acriflavine shows some affinity for collagen and muscle. SCA was adapted to isolate acriflavine positive features or APFs (which correspond to RNA and DNA) from background tissue heterogeneity. The circle transform (CT) was applied to the SCA output to quantify the size and density of overlapping APFs. The sensitivity of the SCA+CT approach to variations in APF size, density and background heterogeneity was demonstrated through simulations. Specifically, SCA+CT achieved the lowest errors for higher contrast ratios and larger APF sizes. When applied to tissue images of excised sarcoma margins, SCA+CT correctly isolated APFs and showed consistently increased density in tumor and tumor + muscle images compared to images containing muscle. Next, variables were quantified from images of resected primary sarcomas and used to optimize a multivariate model. The sensitivity and specificity for differentiating positive from negative ex vivo resected tumor margins was 82% and 75%. The utility of this approach was further tested by imaging the in vivo tumor cavities from 34 mice after resection of a sarcoma with local recurrence as a bench mark. When applied prospectively to images from the tumor cavity, the sensitivity and specificity for differentiating local recurrence was 78% and 82%. The results indicate that SCA+CT can accurately delineate APFs in heterogeneous tissue, which is essential to enable automated and rapid surveillance of tissue pathology.

Two primary challenges were identified in the work in aim 1. First, while SCA can be used to isolate features, such as APFs, from heterogeneous images, its performance is limited by the contrast between APFs and the background. Second, while it is feasible to create mosaics by scanning a sarcoma tumor bed in a mouse, which is on the order of 3-7 mm in any one dimension, it is not feasible to evaluate an entire human surgical margin. Thus, improvements to the microscopic imaging system were made to (1) improve image contrast through rejecting out-of-focus background fluorescence and to (2) increase the field of view (FOV) while maintaining the sub-cellular resolution needed for delineation of nuclei. To address these challenges, a technique called structured illumination microscopy (SIM) was employed in which the entire FOV is illuminated with a defined spatial pattern rather than scanning a focal spot, such as in confocal microscopy.

Thus, the second aim was to improve image contrast and increase the FOV through employing wide-field, non-contact structured illumination microscopy and optimize the segmentation algorithm for new imaging modality. Both image contrast and FOV were increased through the development of a wide-field fluorescence SIM system. Clear improvement in image contrast was seen in structured illumination images compared to uniform illumination images. Additionally, the FOV is over 13X larger than the fluorescence microendoscope used in aim 1. Initial segmentation results of SIM images revealed that SCA is unable to segment large numbers of APFs in the tumor images. Because the FOV of the SIM system is over 13X larger than the FOV of the fluorescence microendoscope, dense collections of APFs commonly seen in tumor images could no longer be sparsely represented, and the fundamental sparsity assumption associated with SCA was no longer met. Thus, an algorithm called maximally stable extremal regions (MSER) was investigated as an alternative approach for APF segmentation in SIM images. MSER was able to accurately segment large numbers of APFs in SIM images of tumor tissue. In addition to optimizing MSER for SIM image segmentation, an optimal frequency of the illumination pattern used in SIM was carefully selected because the image signal to noise ratio (SNR) is dependent on the grid frequency. A grid frequency of 31.7 mm-1 led to the highest SNR and lowest percent error associated with MSER segmentation.

Once MSER was optimized for SIM image segmentation and the optimal grid frequency was selected, a quantitative model was developed to diagnose mouse sarcoma tumor margins that were imaged ex vivo with SIM. Tumor margins were stained with acridine orange (AO) in aim 2 because AO was found to stain the sarcoma tissue more brightly than acriflavine. Both acriflavine and AO are intravital dyes, which have been shown to stain nuclei, skeletal muscle, and collagenous stroma. A tissue-type classification model was developed to differentiate localized regions (75x75 µm) of tumor from skeletal muscle and adipose tissue based on the MSER segmentation output. Specifically, a logistic regression model was used to classify each localized region. The logistic regression model yielded an output in terms of probability (0-100%) that tumor was located within each 75x75 µm region. The model performance was tested using a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis that revealed 77% sensitivity and 81% specificity. For margin classification, the whole margin image was divided into localized regions and this tissue-type classification model was applied. In a subset of 6 margins (3 negative, 3 positive), it was shown that with a tumor probability threshold of 50%, 8% of all regions from negative margins exceeded this threshold, while over 17% of all regions exceeded the threshold in the positive margins. Thus, 8% of regions in negative margins were considered false positives. These false positive regions are likely due to the high density of APFs present in normal tissues, which clearly demonstrates a challenge in implementing this automatic algorithm based on AO staining alone.

Thus, the third aim was to improve the specificity of the diagnostic model through leveraging other sources of contrast. Modifications were made to the SIM system to enable fluorescence imaging at a variety of wavelengths. Specifically, the SIM system was modified to enabling imaging of red fluorescent protein (RFP) expressing sarcomas, which were used to delineate the location of tumor cells within each image. Initial analysis of AO stained panels confirmed that there was room for improvement in tumor detection, particularly in regards to false positive regions that were negative for RFP. One approach for improving the specificity of the diagnostic model was to investigate using a fluorophore that was more specific to staining tumor. Specifically, tetracycline was selected because it appeared to specifically stain freshly excised tumor tissue in a matter of minutes, and was non-toxic and stable in solution. Results indicated that tetracycline staining has promise for increasing the specificity of tumor detection in SIM images of a preclinical sarcoma model and further investigation is warranted.

In conclusion, this work presents the development of a combination of tools that is capable of automated segmentation and quantification of micro-anatomical images of thick tissue. When compared to the fluorescence microendoscope, wide-field multispectral fluorescence SIM imaging provided improved image contrast, a larger FOV with comparable resolution, and the ability to image a variety of fluorophores. MSER was an appropriate and rapid approach to segment dense collections of APFs from wide-field SIM images. Variables that reflect the morphology of the tissue, such as the density, size, and shape of nuclei and nucleoli, can be used to automatically diagnose SIM images. The clinical utility of SIM imaging and MSER segmentation to detect microscopic residual disease has been demonstrated by imaging excised preclinical sarcoma margins. Ultimately, this work demonstrates that fluorescence imaging of tissue micro-anatomy combined with a specialized algorithm for delineation and quantification of features is a means for rapid, non-destructive and automated detection of microscopic disease, which could improve cancer management in a variety of clinical scenarios.

Dissertation

The topic of the thesis Nursing Care of Newborns in the Process of Perioperative Care deals with specific and distinct features of such care from the viewpoint of nursing. The main objective was to specify all tasks of nurses in the process of perioperative care and the procedures they use. Last but not least, we focused on how the nursing care differs with regard to the age of newborns. The selected research method was qualitative research using semi-structured interviews with nurses from perinatology centers. The research covered 10 respondents with various levels of education and lengths of practical experience. Nurses most frequently understand the term of perioperative care as the care provided before, during and after a surgery. Most of them actually perform preparation of the child before the surgery and then they provide postoperative care. Only 2 out of the 10 respondents are directly involved in the surgery procedure and thus accompany the newborns throughout the entire process of perioperative care. The care provided before the surgery most often includes identification of the child, checking of its vital functions, involvement in blood collection, including intravenous cannulation, administration of prescribed medication, preparation of the surgical site and communication with the parents. Children are most frequently accompanied by their mothers and nurses need to communicate with them. Nurses transport the child to the operating room, hand the child over and subsequently take it back after the surgery. They also record all those activities in the medical files and in some cases they check signed informed consents. Intraoperative care consists mainly of monitoring of the newborn, assisting to the physician in airway management - intubation and during the entire surgery procedure. The most common surgical procedures performed in children are hernia, bowel and heart surgeries. The nurses also generally mentioned surgeries of developmental disorders. After the surgery nurses usually move the child to the neonatology intensive care unit which is equipped with a ventilator, incubator and all types of medication. They regularly check and record child´s vital functions, monitor the surgical wound and its proximity, intake and excretion, they provide nutrition etc. Nurses also assess the pain, most frequently using the NIPS scale, and they educate the parents. Post-surgery complications occur only sporadically and they include infections, bleeding or abstinence syndrome after administration of opiates. The collected data have shown only one difference relating to the age of newborns who underwent a surgery. Specifically, certain surgeries, e.g. of necrotic enterocolitis, are performed more frequently on less mature newborns. In general, most of the surgeries are performed on prematurely born neonates and extremely immature neonates. When asked what they would like to change or improve in the perioperative care from the nursing point of view the nurses primarily mentioned more contacts between the mother and child and consistent compliance with aseptic procedures. The responding nurses were mostly content, they praised the highly specialized care and the good cooperation between the nursing team and the medical team which consists of pediatricians and specialists. Results of those teams thus contribute to continually decreasing mortality rate of high-risk and pathological newborns and to better quality of life of those children after the surgery.

Preoperative safety procedure is a departmental safety goal laid down by the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic. The providers of health care directly controlled by the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic are obliged to putpreoperative safety procedure and its documentation into practice, other health care organizations are recommended this implementation. However, the Ministry does not specify the formof this procedure nor its process in the operating room, there is no uniform documentation prescribed and last but not least, it is not clearly laid down which person of the operational team is responsible for the correct implementation of this procedure. The goal of the research is to map the preoperative safety procedure in the operating theatres in selected hospitals, to compare the process of the preoperative safety procedures in the operating theatres among the addressed hospitals, to describe the competencies of perioperative nurses during the preoperative safety procedures in the operating theatres in the selected hospitals and to find out the attitude of the perioperative nurses to the preoperative safety procedure. In the selected hospitals the safety procedure is introduced and implemented in different ways. The preoperative safety procedure in the operating theatres is introduced as an administrative act, but not as a practical tool to improve patient safety. The competences of perioperative nurses in preoperative safety procedures are not clearly specified in all of the respondent hospitals. The perioperative nurses adopt entirely positive approach to that, in most cases they believe it is important for ensuring the safety of the patient.