Journal articles on the topic 'Intragroup contact'
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Maunder, Rachel D., Fiona A. White, and Stefano Verrelli. "Modern avenues for intergroup contact: Using E-contact and intergroup emotions to reduce stereotyping and social distancing against people with schizophrenia." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 22, no. 7 (September 19, 2018): 947–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430218794873.
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Intergroup contact is the leading strategy for reducing the stigma associated with mental illness. For the first time, the current study examines the effectiveness of a contemporary intergroup contact strategy, called electronic or E-contact, to reduce stigma against people diagnosed with schizophrenia. It also examines the mediating role of three target-relevant intergroup emotions, namely fear, anger, and pity. In total, 133 participants engaged in E-contact with a person diagnosed with schizophrenia (intergroup E-contact), E-contact with a person without a mental illness (intragroup E-contact), or no contact. Compared to the intragroup E-contact and no-contact conditions, intergroup E-contact reduced fear, anger, and stereotyping toward people with schizophrenia. Additionally, fear and anger, but not pity, were found to be significant affective mediators of the E-contact effect. The findings demonstrate the value of computer-mediated intergroup contact for stigma reduction, and emphasize the importance of intergroup emotions in this domain.
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Paajanen, Paula, Tuija Seppälä, Clifford Stevenson, and Eerika Finell. "Child’s presence shapes immigrant women’s experiences of everyday intergroup contact." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 10, no. 2 (August 26, 2022): 430–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.7477.
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Research on intergroup contact has considered how the occurrence and experience of contact is affected by ingroup members. Qualitative studies of contact in real-life settings have additionally highlighted how multiple actors can affect the manifestation of contact. This article shows how the presence of one’s child can shape immigrant mothers’ contact experiences in multi-ethnic neighbourhoods. Ten immigrant mothers living in Helsinki, Finland, were interviewed twice over a six-month period about their intergroup interactions in their locale. Using a thematic analysis, we identified three themes depicting immigrant mothers’ experiences of intergroup contacts in their child’s presence: i) feeling visible to others, ii) seeking harmonious contact, and iii) anticipating problems. The results illustrate how a child affords unique opportunities for an immigrant mother to engage in interethnic contact, but also brings distinctive threats. This suggests the need to further consider how different types of intragroup dynamics can shape intergroup contacts.
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Pearson, Adam R., Tessa V. West, John F. Dovidio, Stacie Renfro Powers, Ross Buck, and Robert Henning. "The Fragility of Intergroup Relations." Psychological Science 19, no. 12 (December 2008): 1272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02236.x.
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Intergroup interactions between racial or ethnic majority and minority groups are often stressful for members of both groups; however, the dynamic processes that promote or alleviate tension in intergroup interaction remain poorly understood. Here we identify a behavioral mechanism—response delay—that can uniquely contribute to anxiety and promote disengagement from intergroup contact. Minimally acquainted White, Black, and Latino participants engaged in intergroup or intragroup dyadic conversation either in real time or with a subtle temporal disruption (1-s delay) in audiovisual feedback. Whereas intergroup dyads reported greater anxiety and less interest in contact after engaging in delayed conversation than after engaging in real-time conversation, intragroup dyads reported less anxiety in the delay condition than they did after interacting in real time. These findings have theoretical and practical implications for understanding intergroup communication and social dynamics and for promoting positive intergroup contact.
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Kondratyev, M. D. "Problems of Psychological Support of Intellectually Successful Adolescents with Different Intragroup Status." Social Psychology and Society 10, no. 2 (2019): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2019100213.
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The article presents research data on the socio-psychological and personal characteristics of intellectually successful adolescents with different intragroup status and recommendations for their psychological support. Intellectually successful adolescents are adolescents who have shown high results in participating in intellectual competitions and contests. The integral status of an individual in a contact community (school class) used as an indicator of intragroup status. Characteristics such as temporal orientation (ZTPI, F. Zimbardo), temporal perspective of the future (J. Nutten) personality orientation (orientation questionnaire, B.Bass), social concepts of success (P. Verges) were investigated. Intellectually successful adolescents with different intragroup status differ in the specifics of socio-psychological and personal characteristics. The article provides recommendations for a wide range of professionals working with adolescents.
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Kochetkov, N. V., and E. N. Volozhaeva. "Relationship Between Enthusiasm for Online Gaming and Learning Motivation Among Students of Different Status." Психологическая наука и образование 26, no. 4 (2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/pse.2021260403.
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The article answers the question how learning motivation and enthusiasm for online gaming are related in students with low, medium and high social status. We present results of a study conducted in 2020 that involved 104 students of 9—11 grades of Moscow schools, 41% (n=43) males, 59% (n=61) females. The techniques used in the study included the academic motivation scale, the assessment tool for game addiction, sociometry, the reference measurement technique, and the technique for identifying informal intragroup power structure in a contact community. The results show that each structure of the integral intragroup status is characterized by its own relationship between learning motivation and willingness to engage intensively in online gaming. As it was revealed, in the attraction structure of intragroup status among high-status students the game addiction indicator is negatively correlated to learning motivation, whereas in the structure of informal power among low-status students this correlation is positive.
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Greijdanus, Hedy, Tom Postmes, Ernestine H. Gordijn, and Martijn van Zomeren. "Steeling Ourselves: Intragroup Communication while Anticipating Intergroup Contact Evokes Defensive Intergroup Perceptions." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 22, 2015): e0131049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131049.
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Yip, Tiffany, Sara Douglass, and J. Nicole Shelton. "Daily Intragroup Contact in Diverse Settings: Implications for Asian Adolescents' Ethnic Identity." Child Development 84, no. 4 (January 7, 2013): 1425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12038.
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Sachkova, Marianna E., and Galina K. Esina. "Structure of Social Representations of Higher Education in Students with Different Intragroup Status." RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics 16, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 582–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2019-16-4-582-599.
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The current article represents the results of the study of the students’ social representations of higher education analyzing their (social representations) structure and content. The total sample size is 358 Moscow secondary school and undergraduate students (average age ~ 18.3). The aim of the research is to identify the structure and content of the students’ social representations of higher education, taking into account their intragroup position in the study group. We used the method of free associations (by P. Verges) to reveal the structure of social representations and a complex of socio-psychological methods (methodological procedure for definition of informal intragroup power structure in the contact community, sociometry, referentometry) to determine the students’ integral intragroup status. The obtained associations were subjected to prototypic (rank-frequency) analysis. The results of the research show that the cores of the social representations of higher education of the students of different intragroup status categories differ according to the number of elements and their content characteristics. It was revealed that the social representations of the undergraduate students of different status categories seemed to be more consistent in comparison to secondary school students due to the smaller “distance” to higher education as an “object”. We also revealed the differences in the significance and emotional rating of representations core elements depending on the student status categories.
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Ferrari, Laura, Loris Vezzali, and Rosa Rosnati. "The role of adoptive parents’ intergroup contact in fostering the well-being of adoptees: The “extended intragroup contact effect”." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 59 (July 2017): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.04.014.
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Ilyin, V. A., and N. A. Krayushkina. "Coping Strategies of Members of Open and Closed Contact." Social Psychology and Society 11, no. 4 (2020): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2020110410.
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Objective. Identification of differences in copying behavior in members of closed and open groups, as well as identification of peculiarities of these differences. Background. One of the significant factors in the logic of considering the personality-group relationship, taking into account the degree of group closure, is the process of integration of the individual into the group and, above all, the mechanisms of adaptation into the community, in particular, copying behavior, due to his individual-personality characteristics. Study design. The study aims to identify differences in the preferred coping strategies of members of open and closed groups with different intragroup status. Intragroup status was detected using a standard package of socio-psychological methods. Preferred coping strategies — using the SACS methodology. Statistical analysis of the significance of differences was performed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Participants. 208 people participated in the study. 106 subjects working in production divisions of IT-companies, namely customer service managers of four departments of 20 to 30 people, the average age of subjects was 21.6 years, work experience from 1 to 3 years. 102 soldiers of army units of the “branch-platoon” level of 10 to 25 personnel, the average age of soldiers is 19.6 years. Measurements. Methods of research included: sociometry, referentometry, methodical acceptance of the definition of the informal inragroup structure of power in the contact community, algorithm of calculation of the integral status of the individual in the contact community M.J. Condratiev, method “Strategies for overcoming stress situations” (SACS) S. Hobfall in adaptation of N.E. Wateryanova and E.S. Starchenkova. Results. Based on the analysis of the obtained data, it is shown that in open-type organizations the achievement of a high-level position in the informal intra-group structure is facilitated by copying strategies with a high degree of activity and a pro-social orientation, while in closed-type organizations the achievement of a high-level position is facilitated by direct and asocial copying strategies. Conclusions. In open communities, conditionally constructive strategies are more preferred, while in closed conditionally destructive copying strategies.
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Douglass, Sara, Tiffany Yip, and J. Nicole Shelton. "Intragroup Contact and Anxiety Among Ethnic Minority Adolescents: Considering Ethnic Identity and School Diversity Transitions." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 43, no. 10 (June 21, 2014): 1628–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0144-5.
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Ramos, Miguel R., Clare Cassidy, Stephen Reicher, and S. Alexander Haslam. "Well-being in cross-cultural transitions: discrepancies between acculturation preferences and actual intergroup and intragroup contact." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 45, no. 1 (August 1, 2014): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12272.
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Tybur, Joshua M., Yoel Inbar, Lene Aarøe, Pat Barclay, Fiona Kate Barlow, Mícheál de Barra, D. Vaughn Becker, et al. "Parasite stress and pathogen avoidance relate to distinct dimensions of political ideology across 30 nations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 44 (October 17, 2016): 12408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607398113.
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People who are more avoidant of pathogens are more politically conservative, as are nations with greater parasite stress. In the current research, we test two prominent hypotheses that have been proposed as explanations for these relationships. The first, which is an intragroup account, holds that these relationships between pathogens and politics are based on motivations to adhere to local norms, which are sometimes shaped by cultural evolution to have pathogen-neutralizing properties. The second, which is an intergroup account, holds that these same relationships are based on motivations to avoid contact with outgroups, who might pose greater infectious disease threats than ingroup members. Results from a study surveying 11,501 participants across 30 nations are more consistent with the intragroup account than with the intergroup account. National parasite stress relates to traditionalism (an aspect of conservatism especially related to adherence to group norms) but not to social dominance orientation (SDO; an aspect of conservatism especially related to endorsements of intergroup barriers and negativity toward ethnic and racial outgroups). Further, individual differences in pathogen-avoidance motives (i.e., disgust sensitivity) relate more strongly to traditionalism than to SDO within the 30 nations.
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Kanyangara, Patrick, Bernard Rimé, Dario Paez, and Vincent Yzerbyt. "Trust, Individual Guilt, Collective Guilt and Dispositions Toward Reconciliation Among Rwandan Survivors and Prisoners Before and After Their Participation in Postgenocide Gacaca Courts in Rwanda." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 2, no. 1 (August 7, 2014): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v2i1.299.
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A field experiment compared the level of personal and collective guilt in survivors (N = 200) and accused perpetrators (N = 184) of the Rwandan genocide before and after participation in Gacaca community courts and in control groups of survivors (N = 195) and prisoners (N = 179) who did not participate in Gacaca. Participation in Gacaca led to a marked reduction in survivors’ personal and collective guilt and to an increase in prisoners' personal guilt. Prisoners’ collective guilt was unaffected by participation but collective guilt was higher for prisoners participating in Gacaca suggesting an effect of the mere anticipation of participation. Survivors who participated in Gacaca had greater doubts about Gacaca, trusted the prisoners' apologies less, were less inclined to forgive, were more revengeful, and opted more for intragroup contact and less for intergroup contact. In sum, participation in Gacaca failed to have direct effects upon dispositions to reconciliation but it produced important indirect effects in this direction by drastically reducing survivors' guilt feelings, which may have enhanced their empowerment.
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Stevenson, Clifford, and Thia Sagherian-Dickey. "Collectively coping with contact: The role of intragroup support in dealing with the challenges of intergroup mixing in residential contexts." British Journal of Social Psychology 55, no. 4 (July 3, 2016): 681–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12150.
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Gökçe, Gökçenur, Burçin Akan, and Ilknur Veli. "The role of impacted third molar angulation on the anterior crowding." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 11 (April 10, 2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/apos_158_2020.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the role of impacted third molar angulation on the severity of anterior crowding. Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiographs and three-dimensional (3D) digital models of 45 patients satisfying the following inclusion criteria were selected for this study. To calculate the irregularity index of Little, the sum of the contact point displacements from the anatomical contact point to the contact point among the lower canine teeth was measured on 3D digital models. Little’s irregularity index was used to classify patients as having mild, moderate, or severe crowding. For intragroup variance, comparisons T test was used. The Spearman single rank correlation coefficients were used to analyze any correlation among degree of crowding and (a) third molar inclination to base of mandible, (b) third molar inclination to occlusal plane, and (c) third molar inclination to second molar inclination respectively. Results: There were no statistical differences found in all tested parameters (i.e., third molar inclination to mandibular plane, inclination of the third molars to occlusal plane, and inclination of the third molars to second molars) among three groups (P > 0.005). Conclusion: It can be deduced that no relationship obtains among the third molar inclination to base of mandible, third molar inclination to occlusal plane, third molar inclination to second molar inclination, and the level of anterior crowding.
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Arnold, Bettina. "‘Drinking the Feast’: Alcohol and the Legitimation of Power in Celtic Europe." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 9, no. 1 (April 1999): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300015213.
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Drinking and feasting were an integral part of life in Iron Age Europe and the British Isles. The distribution of food and especially drink in prescribed fashion played a key role in establishing and maintaining social relationships. Alcoholic beverages were important consumable status items in prehistoric Europe, serving as a social lubricant as well as a social barrier. The metal, ceramic and wooden vessels required for the preparation, distribution and consumption of these beverages were a vehicle for inter- and intragroup competition, and underwent considerable change, both symbolic and material, through time. This article will attempt a cognitive analysis of the material culture of Iron Age drinking and feasting by integrating archaeological and documentary evidence. The impact of contact with the Mediterranean world, gender configurations, and the ideology of power and patronage will be discussed in relation to changing material culture assemblages.
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Sachkova, M. Ye. "Specifics of Teachers’ Attitude to Students with Different Status in School Class." Психологическая наука и образование 22, no. 5 (2017): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/pse.2017220504.
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The paper presents outcomes of an empirical research on general education teachers’ attitudes to students with different status in school class. The issue of teachers’ evaluation of middle status members of student groups was of special interest. The research involved a set of social psychological techniques: parametric sociometry, autosociometry, parametric reference measurement tool, autoreference measurement tool, a tool for measuring informal intragroup power structure in contact community, and G. Kelly’s Repertory Grid Technique (modification). The subjects were 126 teachers of 5—11 grades of Moscow schools, with work experience ranging from 3 to 38 years. As it was revealed, the teachers adequately perceive the status structure of the class; however, they tend to poorly differentiate the category of middle status students. The paper also discusses the features of the teachers’ emotional attitude to the students depending on the latter’s status in the student group.
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Ford, John K. B. "Acoustic behaviour of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Vancouver Island, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 727–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-105.
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Recordings of underwater vocalizations and behavioural observations were collected from 16 photographically identified resident pods of killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Vancouver Island, British Columbia, during 1978–1983. Vocalizations recorded during 43 days spent with three representative pods were analyzed for each of five activity states: foraging, travelling, group-resting, socializing, and beach-rubbing. The whales produced three types of sounds that were assumed to be social signals: discrete calls, variable calls, and aberrant calls. Discrete calls dominated vocalization in most contexts. An increase in production of variable and aberrant calls was observed during socializing and beach-rubbing activities. Each resident pod had a group-specific repertoire of 7–17 discrete call types (mean = 10.7) that was consistent over a number of years. The relative use of different calls varied with activity, but no call type was correlated exclusively with any behaviour or circumstance that could be identified. Discrete calls probably function as intragroup contact signals to maintain pod cohesion and coordinate activities. Structural modulations of standard call formats and variations in frequencies of call use appear to carry information on the emotional state of vocalizing individuals. Group-specific repertoires of calls may increase the effectiveness and reliability of this contact system and function as indicators of pod affiliation.
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Sari, Zafer, Tancan Uysal, Faruk Ayhan Başçiftçi, and Ozgur Inan. "Occlusal Contact Changes with Removable and Bonded Retainers in a 1-Year Retention Period." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/101608-536.1.
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Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the number of occlusal contacts in centric occlusion in patients treated with bonded and removable retention procedures and a control group during a 1-year retention period. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients received a removable Hawley retainer, and 25 patients received maxillary and mandibular bonded retainers. The retainer patients were compared with 20 control subjects with normal occlusions. Silicone-based impression bites were used to record occlusal contacts. Paired-sample t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey tests were used to evaluate intragroup and intergroup differences. Results: An increased number of occlusal contacts were recorded in total-arch and posterior combined (actual/near) teeth during the retention period as compared with the control group. In the Hawley group, actual and total contacts on the first and second molar and actual contacts on the premolar and canine showed statistically significant increases. In the bonded retainer group, near and total contacts on the first and second molars and premolars showed statistically significant increases. Slight occlusal changes were seen in the control sample during the observation period, presumably from growth and development. ANOVA comparisons of total contacts of anterior and posterior teeth indicated statistically significant differences in the three groups on posterior segments. Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. Both retention procedures allowed relative vertical movement of the posterior teeth, but the number of contacts on the posterior segment was increased more in the bonded retainer group than in the Hawley and control groups at the end of retention.
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Dowers, Eden, and Kalen Eshin. "Subjective Experiences of a Cisgender/Transgender Dichotomy: Implications for Occupation-Focused Research." OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 40, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1539449220909102.
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The subjectivity of researchers has received little attention in occupational research of trans and/or gender diverse (TGD) lives. Secondary thematic analysis of a peer ethnography was conducted to explore the meaning and epistemological significance of a cisgender/transgender dichotomy for TGD adults. The primary research comprised an occupational analysis of participation in a secret Facebook group (“Virtually Trans”) for TGD adults who were assigned female at birth and live in Melbourne, Australia. Three themes were developed from this secondary analysis of the experiences of 12 group members. First, an oppositional cisgender/transgender dichotomy was salient and significant to all participants. Second, belonging norms, while profoundly felt, also obscured intragroup differences and opportunity for outgroup contact. Finally, participants recognized the need for self-reflexive allies to document the varied occupational experiences and priorities of this cohort. A cisgender/transgender dichotomy is a significant ontological distinction that must be attended to in TGD occupation-focused research.
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Caluwaerts, Didier, and Kris Deschouwer. "Building bridges across political divides: experiments on deliberative democracy in deeply divided Belgium." European Political Science Review 6, no. 3 (November 1, 2013): 427–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773913000179.
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In recent years, deliberative democracy has moved from a philosophical ideal into an empirical theory with numerous experiments testing the theoretical assumptions. Despite the wealth of evidence on the potential for deliberation, scholars have remained hesitant to test the theoretical premises under rather more adverse circumstances. This article, in contrast, tries to push deliberative scholarship to its edge by focusing on the viability of citizen deliberation in deeply divided societies. Our research questions are whether contact between citizens of competing segments undermines the potential for deliberation, and under which institutional conditions this is so. Based on a deliberative experiment in Belgium, in which we varied the group composition and the decision-making rule, we argue that decision rules are strong predictors of deliberative quality, but more importantly that the confrontation between citizens from both sides of the divide does not undermine the quality of deliberation. On the contrary even, our results indicate that the quality of intergroup deliberation is higher than that of intragroup deliberation, no matter what the rule.
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Yablon, Yaacov Boaz. "Contact Intervention Programs for Peace Education and the Reality of Dynamic Conflicts." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 109, no. 4 (April 2007): 991–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810710900402.
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Background Great efforts are made to develop and implement contact activities for groups in conflict, yet studies of effects of planned contact interventions yielded mixed results. Previous attempts to explain why contact interventions do not fulfill their promise focused on the contact itself. However, the main focus of the present study was the underlying prevention strategy and the implementation of contact interventions. This was done in the context of planned face-to-face encounters between Jewish and Arab high school students in Israel. Purpose of Study The aim of this study was to examine whether there is a unique embodiment of a social conflict in different subgroups of one prototypical social group. It has been suggested that one of the reasons for the failure of contact intervention programs is that they are usually based on a primary prevention strategy, which does not consider intragroup differences or developments over time. Population The research sample consisted of 255 Israeli Jewish and Israeli Arab students who intended to participate in a peace education encounter program. Participants in the study were 17-year-old 11th-grade students from 12 classes—6 in Jewish high schools and 6 in Arab high schools. Research Design Quantitative analysis was used to measure differences within and between groups at the onset of a contact intervention program. Data were collected at three waves (three different points in time). Each wave was held for a few days, usually within a week, before the onset of the planned encounters. In each wave, two schools, one Jewish and one Arab, were sampled. The waves were 2 months apart, so that all questionnaires were collected within a 6-month period. Findings Results revealed significant differences within the subgroups in the perceptional and affective domains but not in variables indicating behavioral aspects of social relationships. Additional findings regarding differences between groups (majority and minority) suggested that the majority group was less negative toward the minority group than the minority group was toward the majority. Conclusions Results suggest that although mutual relationships between groups are negatively based, they are neither stable nor monolithic. Within a social group, different subgroups hold and present different attitudes, perceptions, and feelings toward their counterparts. Therefore, peace education programs, and especially face-to-face contact intervention, should be based on secondary intervention strategies and not, as is often the case, on primary prevention strategies.
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Ilyin, V. A., and E. V. Khrisanova. "On the Question of Methodological Support of Research on Relationships of Interpersonal Significance in Kindergarten Groups." Social Psychology and Society 7, no. 1 (2016): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2016070110.
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The paper focuses on the importance of in-depth research (in particular, employing an algorithm developed by M.Yu. Kondratyev for defining integral status of an individual) on child-child interpersonal relationship in kindergarten groups. Although relationships with significant adults are by all means essential for preschool children, interpersonal relation- ships on the child-child level to a great extent shape the content of the social situation of development in general. Still, when it comes to revealing status and role position of the child in the structure of interpersonal relationships within the kindergarten group, there’s the challenge of defining informal intragroup structure of power in contact community (due to the age specifics). The paper suggests how this challenge may be addressed and provides a version of the technique suitable for preschoolers that helps overcome age restrictions implied by the original technique. Also, the paper reports on the outcomes of approbation of this version which proved its heuristic nature. For instance, the outcomes show a high degree of correlation between the results of kindergarten group members ranking in accordance with their influence upon peers carried out by teachers working in these groups.
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Marya, Charu Mohan, Jiksha Mehlawat, Ruchi Nagpal, Sakshi Kataria, and Pratibha Taneja. "Comparative assessment of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) vs. topical application of amlexanox + lidocaine to treat recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAUs): A randomized controlled trial." Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 15, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/joddd.2021.003.
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Background. The present study aimed to assess and compare the pain perception and ulcer sizes before and after applying low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and Amlexanox + lidocaine. Methods. Twenty-six patients referring to the out-patient department of the institution and diagnosed with recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) were assigned to two groups to receive either LLLT or Amlexanox + lidocaine. In group 1, the patients were provided with amlexanox + lidocaine to apply topically four times daily. In group 2, the patients underwent LLLT with no tissue contact in inward circular motions for two cycles for 30 seconds. This study was registered in "the Clinical Trials Registry- India" (CTRI), with the registration number CTRI/2019/09/028222. The data were analyzed with SPSS 16. Results. The intergroup comparison was performed using Mann-Whitney U test, and intragroup comparisons were made using Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. The results showed that pain perception and ulcer size were significantly lower in group 2 subjects than group 1 subjects (P<0.05). Conclusion. LLLT was more effective than amlexanox + lidocaine in the management of RAU. It is a cost-effective therapy for treating RAU.
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Mendiguchia, Jurdan, Adrián Castaño-Zambudio, Pedro Jiménez-Reyes, Jean–Benoît Morin, Pascal Edouard, Filipe Conceição, Jonas Tawiah-Dodoo, and Steffi L. Colyer. "Can We Modify Maximal Speed Running Posture? Implications for Performance and Hamstring Injury Management." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0107.
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Purpose: Sprint kinematics have been linked to hamstring injury and performance. This study aimed to examine if a specific 6-week multimodal intervention, combining lumbopelvic control and unning technique exercises, induced changes in pelvis and lower-limb kinematics at maximal speed and improved sprint performance. Methods: Healthy amateur athletes were assigned to a control or intervention group (IG). A sprint test with 3-dimensional kinematic measurements was performed before (PRE) and after (POST) 6 weeks of training. The IG program included 3 weekly sessions integrating coaching, strength and conditioning, and physical therapy approaches (eg, manual therapy, mobility, lumbopelvic control, strength and sprint “front-side mechanics”-oriented drills). Results: Analyses of variance showed no between-group differences at PRE. At POST, intragroup analyses showed PRE–POST differences for the pelvic (sagittal and frontal planes) and thigh kinematics and improved sprint performance (split times) for the IG only. Specifically, IG showed (1) a lower anterior pelvic tilt during the late swing phase, (2) greater pelvic obliquity on the free-leg side during the early swing phase, (3) higher vertical position of the front-leg knee, (4) an increase in thigh angular velocity and thigh retraction velocity, (5) lower between-knees distance at initial contact, and (6) a shorter ground contact duration. The intergroup analysis revealed disparate effects (possibly to very likely) in the most relevant variables investigated. Conclusion: The 6-week multimodal training program induced clear pelvic and lower-limb kinematic changes during maximal speed sprinting. These alterations may collectively be associated with reduced risk of muscle strain and were concomitant with significant sprint performance improvement.
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Lee, Ha Min, Seunghue Oh, and Jung Won Kwon. "Effect of Plyometric versus Ankle Stability Exercises on Lower Limb Biomechanics in Taekwondo Demonstration Athletes with Functional Ankle Instability." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 3665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103665.
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Background: This study aimed to compare the effects of plyometric and ankle stability exercises on the dynamic balance and lower limb kinematic and kinetic parameters of Taekwondo demonstration athletes with functional ankle instability. Methods: Fourteen subjects participated in this study and were randomly divided into two groups: a plyometric exercise group (n = 7) and an ankle stability exercise group (n = 7). Exercises were performed twice a week for 8 weeks. A Y-balance test was used to measure dynamic balance, and a motion analysis system and force plate were used to collect kinematic and kinetic parameters during single-leg drop landing. A paired t-test was used for intragroup comparisons, and an independent t-test was used for intergroup comparisons. Results: In both groups, exercise increased dynamic balance and shock absorption and reduced postural sway on the anteroposterior displacement (p < 0.05). The plyometric exercise group decreased their ankle dorsiflexion and increased their knee and hip joint flexion at maximum knee flexion (p < 0.05). In contrast, the stability exercise increased their ankle plantar flexion at initial contact (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The plyometric exercise group altered their landing strategies using their knee and hip joints to control ankle instability at landing. This study suggests that the application of plyometric exercises in ankle rehabilitation would improve stability and shock absorption and help prevent injuries during Taekwondo demonstrations.
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Schoof, Valérie A. M., and Katharine M. Jack. "Male social bonds: strength and quality among co-resident white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus)." Behaviour 151, no. 7 (2014): 963–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003179.
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Social relationships among immigrant same-sex co-residents have received relatively little attention, particularly for species where males are the dispersing sex. White-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) are unusual in that immigrant males form cooperative alliances with co-resident males during intergroup encounters, and also have affiliative and tolerant intragroup relationships. We collected approx. 3341 h of focal animal data on 25 adult and subadult males in five groups of wild Cebus capucinus in the Santa Rosa Sector, Costa Rica, across three distinct field seasons. Using generalized linear mixed models, we examined the influence of number of co-resident males, group socionomic sex ratio, dominance status and age, and past parallel dispersal on social bond strength (i.e., proximity, contact rest, grooming, preferred grooming partners) and quality (i.e., grooming reciprocity) for 47 unique male–male dyads. Overall, dyads that included an alpha male had the weakest and least equitable bonds, while dyads composed of subordinate males had the strongest and most equitable bonds, with subordinate subadult peers being most likely to form preferred relationships. Several measures of bond strength and quality were highest among dyads in groups with few males and low socionomic sex (female-to-male) ratios. Dyad partners who had previously engaged in parallel dispersal had slightly better bonds than those that did not, suggesting that kinship and/or familiarity may be important. Our results indicate that within groups, male relationships are influenced by power asymmetry, partner availability, and dyad relationship history.
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M, M. "Food Competition and Foraging Party Size in the Black Spider Monkey (Ateles Paniscus Chamek)." Behaviour 105, no. 1-2 (1988): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853988x00476.
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AbstractIn Ateles, individuals forage for fruit in subgroups of unstable membership. The size and composition of these foraging parties are highly variable. Data from my long-term field study of a population of black spider monkeys in Peru show a strong positive correlation between the average size of these parties and the number and size of trees currently producing fruit in the environment. This correlation appears to be driven by intragroup feeding competition, since individuals in larger parties showed substantially lowered feeding efficiencies, as measured by increased daily ranges and decreased time spent feeding. Patch size and patch density, which jointly determine fruit abundance, interact to determine foraging party size, apparently by the following mechanism. The number of spider monkeys that can feed within a particular patch is limited by the size of that patch. When patches are close together (i. e. high patch density) individuals in excess of this limit are able to feed in nearby patches and thus maintain contact with the other members of their foraging party. When patch density is low, the increased travel costs associated with such a strategy become prohibitive and foraging parties are smaller than or equal to the number of individuals able to feed within a single patch. Females that are routinely excluded from the best feeding sites may have reduced reproductive success because of their low priority of access to resources. These data provide a quantitative link between two ecological variables (resource patch size and density) and fission-fusion social organization in the spider monkey.
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Li, Yu. "The interaction of age, second language, types of code-alternation and multilingualism in the Zauzou community." International Journal of Bilingualism 25, no. 4 (August 2021): 1040–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13670069211023138.
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Aims and objectives: This paper describes the multilingualism patterns practiced in the Zauzou community, a small ethnic group in Southwestern China. Zauzou is in contact with Lisu, Bai, Lama, and Mandarin Chinese. The present study aims to characterize the relationship between the social/linguistic factors including age, second language (L2), types of code-alternation, and the multilingualism patterns in this community. Design/methodology/approach: Self-reports and participant observation were used to discover any recurrent multilingualism patterns regulated by social/linguistic factors. Data and analysis: Self-reported data on Zauzou speakers’ language repertoire and language use were collected by means of demographic survey. Code-alternation between Zauzou and different L2s were collected from systematic linguistic fieldwork. Findings/conclusions: Zauzou is the dominant language in intragroup multilingualism, while intergroup multilingualism is dominated by Zauzou speakers’ L2s. Zauzou speakers exhibit a shift from the local multilingualism toward Mandarin-Zauzou bilingualism. The two patterns can be characterized by speakers’ age, L2, and the type of code-alternation. Zauzou-Mandarin bilingualism is realized as both code-mixing and code-switching, and is pervasive among the younger generation, while multilingualism is realized as code-switching and is dominant among older speakers. This shift is due to the new market economy and the language policy that promotes Mandarin in the whole area. Originality: This study presents naturalistic data on multilingualism practices in a small minority group in China, which is overlooked by most linguistic descriptions and sociolinguistic studies of lesser-studied languages in China. Significance/implications: This paper discovers three parameters to define two cross-linguistic multilingualism patterns in small indigenous societies: the local multilingualism and the national bilingualism, and the shift toward bilingualism that directly results from language policy and economy.
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Bailey, Pippa K., Yoav Ben-Shlomo, Fergus J. Caskey, Mohammed Al-Talib, Hannah Lyons, Adarsh Babu, Liise K. Kayler, and Lucy E. Selman. "Development of an intervention to improve access to living-donor kidney transplantation (the ASK study)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 25, 2021): e0253667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253667.
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A living-donor kidney transplant (LDKT) is one of the best treatments for kidney failure. The UK’s LDKT activity falls behind that of many other countries, and there is evidence of socioeconomic inequity in access. We aimed to develop a UK-specific multicomponent intervention to support eligible individuals to access a LDKT. The intervention was designed to support those who are socioeconomically-deprived and currently disadvantaged, by targeting mediators of inequity identified in earlier work. We identified three existing interventions in the literature which target these mediators: a) the Norway model (healthcare practitioners contact patients’ family with information about kidney donation), b) a home education model, and c) a Transplant candidate advocate model. We undertook intervention development using the Person-Based Approach (PBA). We performed in-depth qualitative interviews with people with advanced kidney disease (n = 13), their family members (n = 4), and renal and transplant healthcare practitioners (n = 15), analysed using thematic analysis. We investigated participant views on each proposed intervention component. We drafted intervention resources and revised these in light of comments from qualitative ‘think-aloud’ interviews. Four general themes were identified: i) Perceived cultural and societal norms; ii) Influence of family on decision-making; iii) Resource limitation, and iv) Evidence of effectiveness. For each intervention discussed, we identified three themes: for the Norway model: i) Overcoming communication barriers and assumptions; ii) Request from an official third party, and iii) Risk of coercion; for the home education model: i) Intragroup dynamics; ii) Avoidance of hospital, and iii) Burdens on participants; and for the transplant candidate advocates model: i) Vested interest of advocates; ii) Time commitment, and iii) Risk of misinformation. We used these results to develop a multicomponent intervention which comprises components from existing interventions that have been adapted to increase acceptability and engagement in a UK population. This will be evaluated in a future randomised controlled trial.
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Chiang, Chien-Yi, Meei-Ling Sheu, Fu-Chou Cheng, Chun-Jung Chen, Hong-Lin Su, Jason Sheehan, and Hung-Chuan Pan. "Comprehensive analysis of neurobehavior associated with histomorphological alterations in a chronic constrictive nerve injury model through use of the CatWalk XT system." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 1 (January 2014): 250–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.9.jns13353.
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Object Neuropathic pain is debilitating, and when chronic, it significantly affects the patient physically, psychologically, and socially. The neurobehavior of animals used as a model for chronic constriction injury seems analogous to the neurobehavior of humans with neuropathic pain. However, no data depicting the severity of histomorphological alterations of the nervous system associated with graded changes in neurobehavior are available. To determine the severity of histomorphological alteration related to neurobehavior, the authors created a model of chronic constrictive injury of varying intensity in rats and used the CatWalk XT system to evaluate neurobehavior. Methods A total of 60 Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250–300 g each, were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups that would receive sham surgery or 1, 2, 3, or 4 ligatures of 3-0 chromic gut loosely ligated around the left sciatic nerve. Neurobehavior was assessed by CatWalk XT, thermal hyperalgesia, and mechanic allodynia before injury and periodically after injury. The nerve tissue from skin to dorsal spinal cord was obtained for histomorphological analysis 1 week after injury, and brain evoked potentials were analyzed 4 weeks after injury. Results. Significant differences in expression of nerve growth factor existed in skin, and the differences were associated with the intensity of nerve injury. After injury, expression of cluster of differentiation 68 and tumor necrosis factor–α was increased, and expression of S100 protein in the middle of the injured nerve was decreased. Increased expression of synaptophysin in the dorsal root ganglion and dorsal spinal cord correlated with the intensity of injury. The amplitude of sensory evoked potential increased with greater severity of nerve damage. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia did not differ significantly among treatment groups at various time points. CatWalk XT gait analysis indicated significant differences for print areas, maximum contact maximum intensity, stand phase, swing phase, single stance, and regular index, with sham and/or intragroup comparisons. Conclusions. Histomorphological and electrophysiological alterations were associated with severity of nerve damage. Subtle neurobehavioral differences were detected by the CatWalk XT system but not by mechanical allodynia or thermal hyperalgesia. Thus, the CatWalk XT system should be a useful tool for monitoring changes in neuropathic pain, especially subtle alterations.
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Chiang, Yen-Sheng. "Indirect Reciprocity for Mitigating Intergroup Hostility: A Vignette Experiment and an Agent-based Model on Intergroup Relations between Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese." Journal of Conflict Resolution, September 28, 2020, 002200272096220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002720962209.
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Social scientists have proposed myriad solutions for mitigating intergroup conflicts. While the literature, such as studies on intergroup contact theory, focuses on intergroup relations, we argue that it is important not to ignore intragroup relations that may benefit or undermine the improvement of intergroup relations at the same time. In this paper, we investigate a typology of eight mechanisms for the behavior of intergroup and intragroup relations. Specifically, we focused on interactions in a triad consisting of an actor paired up with two alters—one ingroup and one outgroup. The triadic network enabled us to theorize and test how intergroup and intragroup relations coevolve. We conducted a vignette experiment to test the intergroup relationship between mainland Chinese and Taiwanese. We found strong evidence for one mechanism for improving intergroup hostility: indirect reciprocity—people rewarded the outgroup for behaving friendly to their ingroup peers. Using agent-based simulation, we predicted that the triadic effect found in the one-shot experiment can continuously improve and stabilize intergroup relations over time.
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Chaikla, Katika, Jittima Pumklin, and Thosapol Piyapattamin. "Comparison of Occlusal Parameters between Open Bite and Nonopen Bite Patients Using the T-Scan III System: A Pilot Study." European Journal of Dentistry, January 11, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739438.
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Abstract Objective To evaluate and compare the first tooth contact region, occlusion time, time to generate total force, and force distribution between open bite (OB) and non-OB (NOB) patients at the maximum intercuspation position using the T-Scan III system. Materials and Methods Sixteen patients were divided into the OB and NOB groups (n = 8 for each group). The T-Scan III system was used to evaluate the first tooth contact region, occlusion time, time to generate total force, and force distribution. Statistical Analysis The mean patient age, overjet, overbite, occlusion time, and time to generate total force were compared between the groups by independent samples t-test. Relative force distributions between groups and among regions were compared by the Mann–Whitney U- and Kruskal–Wallis H-tests, respectively. A probability value of less than 5% (p < 0.05) was considered significant. Results Differences in the first tooth contact region between groups were observed. The molar region was the first tooth contact region in the OB group, while first tooth contact was observed in all regions in the NOB group. Neither the occlusion time nor the time to generate total force was significantly different between the groups (p > 0.05). The highest force distributions were observed in the molar regions in both groups. Significant intragroup differences were found among all regions (p < 0.05), except between the anterior and premolar regions in the NOB group (p = 0.317). Intergroup differences in the force distributions in the anterior (p = 0.000), premolar (p = 0.038), and molar (p = 0.007) regions were significant. Conclusion Unlike in the NOB group, in which first tooth contact occurred in every region, in the OB group, first tooth contact occurred only in the molar region. Compared with those in the NOB group, the force distributions in the OB group were approximately 1.5 times higher in the molar region but were significantly lower in the anterior and premolar regions.
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Seppälä, Tuija, Reetta Riikonen, Clifford Stevenson, Paula Paajanen, Katja Repo, and Eerika Finell. "Intragroup contact with other mothers living in the same neighborhood benefits mothers' life satisfaction: The mediating role of group identification and social support." Journal of Community Psychology, November 3, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22960.
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Lampalzer, Ute, Safiye Tozdan, Fritjof von Franqué, and Peer Briken. "Acceptance of Sexual Interest in Minors in Self-Referred Individuals Under Treatment – An Exploratory Pilot Study." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (November 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.606797.
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Some therapists/scientists argue that “acceptance” of sexual interest in minors (SIM), i.e., the integration of the sexual preference into the individual self-concept, is a prerequisite for dealing with SIM in a responsible way. However, if one assumes that – even in some persons – SIM might change over time, “acceptance” could also run counter to therapeutic targets because the motivation to change as well as the specific self-efficacy for modifying SIM might be reduced. This exploratory pilot study analyzes the relationship between acceptance of SIM and (1) dynamic risk for contact sexual reoffending, (2) SIM and frequency of the use of child/adolescent (sexual abuse) imagery, (3) frequency of sexual desire/behavior toward children/adolescents, and (4) the change of the level of acceptance of SIM during the course of treatment. The majority of the participants (N = 79) was not exclusively interested in children (85%) and used child pornography but did not commit child sexual abuse (54%). Acceptance of SIM, frequency of the use of child/adolescent (sexual abuse) imagery and frequency of sexual desire/behavior toward children/adolescents are assessed via self-report questionnaires, dynamic risk for contact sexual reoffending is measured by STABLE-2007. Pretreatment data are analyzed via Spearman’s correlation (N = 79). Intragroup analysis compares acceptance of SIM from pre- and posttreatment (n = 35). There was no correlation between acceptance of SIM and dynamic risk for contact sexual reoffending. However, there was a medium, positive correlation between acceptance of SIM and the frequency of the use of legal imagery of children, a positive correlation between the item “My inclination is an integral part of my personality” and the frequency of the use of legal imagery of children, and a positive correlation between acceptance of SIM and the frequency of sexual activities with minors. Acceptance of SIM did not change during the course of treatment. The results suggest that “acceptance” of SIM has to be discussed in a differentiated way, i.e., as possibly being associated with positive and negative outcomes as well.
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Maier, Benjamin F., Marc Wiedermann, Angelique Burdinski, Pascal P. Klamser, Mirjam A. Jenny, Cornelia Betsch, and Dirk Brockmann. "Germany’s fourth COVID-19 wave was mainly driven by the unvaccinated." Communications Medicine 2, no. 1 (September 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43856-022-00176-7.
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Abstract Background While the majority of the German population was fully vaccinated at the time (about 65%), COVID-19 incidence started growing exponentially in October 2021 with about 41% of recorded new cases aged twelve or above being symptomatic breakthrough infections, presumably also contributing to the dynamics. So far, it remained elusive how significant this contribution was and whether targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) may have stopped the amplification of the crisis. Methods We develop and introduce a contribution matrix approach based on the next-generation matrix of a population-structured compartmental infectious disease model to derive contributions of respective inter- and intragroup infection pathways of unvaccinated and vaccinated subpopulations to the effective reproduction number and new infections, considering empirical data of vaccine efficacies against infection and transmission. Results Here we show that about 61%–76% of all new infections were caused by unvaccinated individuals and only 24%–39% were caused by the vaccinated. Furthermore, 32%–51% of new infections were likely caused by unvaccinated infecting other unvaccinated. Decreasing the transmissibility of the unvaccinated by, e. g. targeted NPIs, causes a steeper decrease in the effective reproduction number $${{{{{{{\mathcal{R}}}}}}}}$$ R than decreasing the transmissibility of vaccinated individuals, potentially leading to temporary epidemic control. Reducing contacts between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals serves to decrease $${{{{{{{\mathcal{R}}}}}}}}$$ R in a similar manner as increasing vaccine uptake. Conclusions A minority of the German population—the unvaccinated—is assumed to have caused the majority of new infections in the fall of 2021 in Germany. Our results highlight the importance of combined measures, such as vaccination campaigns and targeted contact reductions to achieve temporary epidemic control.
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Li, Gen, Bo Zhang, Maoting Zhang, Qi Liu, Jie Luo, Qi Liao, Mei Tan, et al. "A non-invasive real-time monitoring system for cytotoxic brain edema in postischemic stroke based on near-field coupling." Technology and Health Care, December 31, 2020, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/thc-202685.
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BACKGROUND: As a common secondary pathophysiological process in postischemic stroke (IS), cytotoxic brain edema (CBE) is an independent factor leading to poor prognosis of patients. Near-field coupling (NFC) technology has some advantages such as non-invasive, non-contact, and unimpeded penetration of the skull. In theory, it can reflect the difference between normal and edema tissues through the near-field coupling phase shift (NFCPS) in the electromagnetic wave transmission trait. METHODS: Combining NFC detection principle and computer programming, we established a high-performance real-time monitoring system with functions such as automatic setting of measurement parameters, data acquisition, real-time filtering and dynamic waveform display. To investigate the feasibility of this system to detect CBE, a saline simulation experiment and a 24-hour real-time monitoring experiment after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats were carried out. RESULTS: The results of the saline simulation experiment showed that the change of NFCPS was proportional to the increase of the simulated edema solution, and the variation range of NFCPS was more than 9∘ after 5 ml injection. In the 24-hour monitoring after MCAO, the NFCPS of the experimental group showed an overall downward trend over time an average change of -17.7868 ± 1.6325∘ and the change rate gradually decreased. The 24-hour NFCPS in the control group fluctuates slightly around the initial value, which has no obvious upward or downward trend. CONCLUSION: The intragroup and intergroup difference statistical analysis shows that NFCPS can effectively distinguish different intracranial pathophysiological states after IS. This work provides sufficient evidence and a technical basis for using NFCPS to monitor CBE in the future.
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Gunasekara, D. M. H., I. H. P. R. Indikatiya, B. A. K. S. Perera, and Sepani Senaratne. "Managing intragroup conflicts within project design teams during pre-contract stage that effect the project deliverables in Sri Lanka." Construction Innovation, February 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-05-2020-0078.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the management of intragroup conflicts occurring in project design teams during pre-contract stages that affect the project deliverables of construction projects implemented in Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach with a case study research strategy was used in the study. The required empirical data were collected by conducting expert interviews and reviewing the documents used in four selected projects implemented in Sri Lanka. All the projects used traditional separated procurement systems and had re-measurement contracts. Manual content analysis was used to analyze the collected data. Findings The study findings revealed the different types of intragroup conflicts that arise during the pre-contract stages of projects within project design teams of construction projects implemented in Sri Lanka and the causes and effects of those conflicts on project deliverables. The study recommends proactive strategies that can be adopted to manage those conflicts. Originality/value A dearth of literature on the association between the intragroup conflicts that arise during the design stages of construction projects and project deliverables exists. This study bridged this research gap. It is novel because it reveals the impact of intragroup conflicts that occur during the pre-contract stages of construction projects on project deliverables and identifies several proactive strategies that will assist in managing those intragroup conflicts.
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Florian, F., F. P. S. Guastaldi, M. A. Cominotte, L. C. Pires, A. C. Guastaldi, and J. A. Cirelli. "Behavior of rat bone marrow stem cells on titanium surfaces modified by laser-beam and deposition of calcium phosphate." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 32, no. 6 (May 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-021-06528-4.
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Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of rat bone marrow stem cells seeded on a Ti-15Mo alloy surface modified by laser-beam irradiation followed by calcium phosphate deposition. Materials and methods A total of four groups were evaluated: polished commercially pure titanium (cpTi): Ti-P; laser irradiation + calcium phosphate deposition on cpTi: Ti-LCP; polished Ti-15Mo alloy: Ti15Mo-P; and laser irradiation + calcium phosphate deposition on Ti-15Mo alloy: Ti15Mo-LCP. Before and after laser irradiation and calcium phosphate deposition on the surfaces, physicochemical and morphological analyses were performed: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX). The wettability of the samples was evaluated by contact angle measurement. In addition, the behavior of osteoblast-like cells to these surfaces was evaluated for cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation and viability, evaluation of alkaline phosphatase formation and gene expression of osteogenesis markers. Results Surfaces wet-abrade with grit paper (P) showed oriented groves, while the laser irradiation and calcium phosphate deposition (LCP) produced porosity on both cpTi and Ti15Mo alloy groups with deposits of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals (SEM). EDX showed no contamination after surface modification in both metal samples. A complete wetting was observed for both LCP groups, whereas P surfaces exhibited high degree of hydrophobicity. There was a statistical difference in the intragroup comparison of proliferation and viability (p < 0.05). The ALP activity showed higher values in the Ti15Mo alloy at 10 days of culture. The gene expression of bone related molecules did not present significant differences at 7 and 14 days among different metals and surface treatments. Conclusion Ti15-Mo seems to be an alternative alloy to cpTi for dental implants. Surface treatment by laser irradiation followed by phosphate deposition seems to positively interact with bone cells. Clinical relevance Ti-15Mo alloy surface modified by laser-beam irradiation followed by calcium phosphate deposition may improve and accelerate the osseointegration process of dental implants.
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Gözler, Serdar, and Sanaz Sadry. "Examination of chewing performance with extraction and non-extraction fixed orthodontic treatment – A prospective clinical 1-year study." APOS Trends in Orthodontics, June 9, 2022, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/apos_19_2022.
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Objectives: It shows that patients receiving orthodontic treatment may have a risk of developing temporomandibular disorder symptoms. The aim of this study is to examine the changes in the chewing system of occlusal contact parameters related to joint vibrations, chewing patterns, and measured excursive movements in fixed and non-extractive orthodontic treatments. Material and Methods: A total of 43 individuals with premolar extraction (n = 23) and without extraction (n = 20) who applied to the Department of Orthodontics, Dentistry Faculty of Istanbul Aydin University and needed orthodontic treatment were included in the study. In this study, 43 active fixed orthodontic treatment patients were conducted at the beginning (T0) and 6th month (T1) and 12th month (T2) on the parameter recorded during chewing. For occlusion analysis, T-Scan® computerized occlusion analysis recording and examination of the chewing pattern were used for JVA and JT temporomandibular joint parameters. Depending on whether the data showed normal distribution or not, differences between groups were evaluated using the Mann–Whitney or independent t-test, and intragroup differences were evaluated using the Wilcoxon sign test or paired t-test. Results: At the beginning, 6th month and 12th month of orthodontic treatment, it was observed that the opening, closing, and occlusion times and joint vibration frequencies in the chewing pattern in cases with and without tooth extraction, the integral value differences of total integral, and frequencies below 300 Hz and above 300 Hz were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In digital occlusion analysis values, the right-left differences were not found statistically significant in the measurements made in cases with and without extraction (P > 0.05), while there were statistically significant differences in disclusion values at the beginning, 6th and 12th months (P < 0.05). Conclusion: At the beginning of the orthodontic treatments with or without extraction, it was observed that the values at the joint level changed significantly in the 6th month. However, the changes in the joints during the treatment, when they return to their ideal values at the end of the 12th month, are more than the change in occlusion.
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Bobowik, Magdalena, Verónica Benet-Martínez, and Lydia Repke. "“United in diversity”: The interplay of social network characteristics and personality in predicting outgroup attitudes." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, April 27, 2021, 136843022110029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13684302211002918.
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Diversity in social relations is important for reducing prejudice. Yet, the question of when this occurs remains open. Using a social network approach, we test whether the link between outgroup attitudes and number of intra- and intergroup contacts is moderated by type of relationship (strong vs. weak ties) and personality (openness to experience) while also considering network structure (connections between contacts). In a culturally diverse sample of 122 immigrants residing in Barcelona, positive outgroup attitudes were predicted by several network characteristics: low proportion of intragroup contacts and high proportion of intergroup contacts among strong ties, high ethnic diversity among strong ties, low connectedness among contacts in the country of origin, and high connectedness between coethnic local and host national contacts. Openness to experience moderated these effects. These results affirm the intergroup benefits of having compositionally and structurally diverse networks, and the gain in examining intergroup dynamics at the meso level of analysis.
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Di Domenico, Rossella, Davide Cannata, and Tiziana Mancini. "The Cassandra Experience: A Mixed Methods Study on the Intragroup Cognitive Dissonance of Italian Expatriates During the First Wave of COVID-19." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (December 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.768346.
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In March 2020, Italy was the first European country to be hit severely by the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to put in place moderate-high containment measures. 594 Italian expatriates participated in a cross-sectional mixed-methods survey focusing on the period that goes from the beginning of March 2020 to the beginning of April 2020. The survey aimed to describe the experiences of participants when it comes to conflicting beliefs and behavior with the Italian or host country communities in relation to COVID-19, using the Intragroup Cognitive Dissonance (ICD) framework. We explored: (1) COVID-19 risk perception (assessed for themselves, the Italian community, and the host country community); (2) COVID-19 risk meta-perception (participants’ perception of the Italian and host country communities’ risk perception); (3) intensity of emotions (assessed for themselves); (4) national group identification (assessed for themselves in relation to the Italian and host country communities) before and after the first wave of COVID-19 in Italy. An inductive thematic analysis of three open-ended questions allowed an in-depth understanding of the experiences of Italian expatriates. Results describe the ICD of participants with the Italian or host country communities, expressed as a difference between COVID-19 risk-perception and risk meta-perception. ICD predicts that when a dissonance of beliefs and behavior is experienced within an individual’s group, a shift in identification with another more consonant group will happen, if identity enhancing strategies with the dissonant group are unsuccessful. Our findings showed that when the ICD was experienced with the host country community, this was solved through a disidentification strategy and mediated by negative emotions. Identity enhancing strategies with the host country community were unsuccessfully enacted as described by the qualitative answers of participants referring to episodes of racism, ridicule, and to a Cassandra experience: predicting a catastrophic future without being believed. Unexpectedly, participants experiencing the ICD with the Italian community did not enact a disidentification strategy. An increase in virtual contacts, enhanced sense of belonging, a stronger identification baseline, and different features of the two ICDs can be responsible for these results. This study sheds light on the relevance of ICD in natural settings and on international communities, during global crises.