Journal articles on the topic 'Intra-household dynamics'
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Pilla, Loretta, and Jaya AR Dantas. "Intra-Household Nutritional Dynamics." Qualitative Health Research 26, no. 6 (February 9, 2016): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732316629111.
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MOLYNEUX, C. S., G. MURIRA, J. MASHA, and R. W. SNOW. "INTRA-HOUSEHOLD RELATIONS AND TREATMENT DECISION-MAKING FOR CHILDHOOD ILLNESS: A KENYAN CASE STUDY." Journal of Biosocial Science 34, no. 1 (January 2002): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932002001098.
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This study, conducted on the Kenyan coast, assesses the effect of intra-household relations on maternal treatment-seeking. Rural and urban Mijikenda mothers’ responses to childhood fevers in the last 2 weeks (n=317), and to childhood convulsions in the previous year (n=43), were documented through survey work. The intra-household relations and decision-making dynamics surrounding maternal responses were explored through in-depth individual and group interviews, primarily with women (n=223). Responses to convulsions were more likely than responses to fevers to include a healer consultation (p<0·0001), and less likely to include the purchase of over-the-counter medications (p<0·0001). Mothers received financial or advisory assistance from others in 71% (n=236) of actions taken outside the household in response to fevers. In-depth interviews suggested that general agreement on appropriate therapy results in relatively few intra-household conflicts over the treatment of fevers. Disputes over perceived cause and appropriate therapy of convulsions, however, highlighted the importance of age, gender and relationship to household head in intra-household relations and treatment decision-making. Although mothers’ treatment-seeking preferences are often circumscribed by these relations, a number of strategies can be drawn upon to circumvent ‘inappropriate’ decisions, sometimes with implications for future household responses to similar syndromes. The findings highlight the complexity of intra-household relations and treatment decision-making dynamics. Tentative implications for interventions aimed at improving the home management of malaria, and for further research, are presented.
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Hung, Li-San. "Gender, Intra-Household Dynamics, and Household Hurricane Preparedness: An Exploratory Study Employing a Dyadic Interview Approach." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 9, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-018-0158-9.
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Wachinger, Jonas, Mark Donald C. Reñosa, Vivienne Endoma, Mila F. Aligato, Jhoys Landicho-Guevarra, Jeniffer Landicho, Thea Andrea Bravo, and Shannon A. McMahon. "Bargaining and gendered authority: a framework to understand household decision-making about childhood vaccines in the Philippines." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 9 (September 2022): e009781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009781.
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IntroductionTargeted vaccination promotion efforts aimed at building vaccine confidence require an in-depth understanding of how and by whom decisions about vaccinating children are made. While several studies have highlighted how parents interact with other stakeholders when discussing childhood vaccination, less is known about the way in which vaccination uptake is negotiated within households.MethodsWe conducted 44 in-depth interviews with caregivers of children under five in the Philippines who had delayed or refused vaccination. Interviews were conducted between August 2020 and March 2021 and were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and translated into English. Notions of intra-household vaccination bargaining emerged early during systematic debriefings and were probed more pointedly throughout data collection.ResultsParents as well as paternal and maternal families proved to be dominant stakeholders in intra-household bargaining for childhood vaccination. Although bargaining among these stakeholders was based on engrained, gender-based power imbalances, disadvantaged stakeholders could draw on a range of interrelated sources of bargaining power to nevertheless shape decision-making. Sources of bargaining power included, in descending order of their relevance for vaccination, (1) physical presence at the household (at the time of vaccination decision-making), (2) interest in the topic of vaccination and conviction of one’s own position, (3) previous vaccination and caregiving experience, and (4) access to household resources (including finances). The degree to which each household member could draw on these sources of bargaining power varied considerably over time and across households.ConclusionOur findings highlight how bargaining due to intra-household disagreement coins decisions regarding childhood vaccination. Considering the risks for public health associated with vaccine hesitancy globally, we advocate for acknowledging intra-household dynamics in research and practice, such as by purposefully targeting household members with decision-making capacity in vaccination promotion efforts, aligning promotion efforts with available bargaining capacity or further empowering those convinced of vaccination.
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Booysen, Frederik, and Sevias Guvuriro. "Gender Differences in Intra-Household Financial Decision-Making: An Application of Coarsened Exact Matching." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14100469.
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Most studies that explore collective models of intra-household decision-making use economic outcomes such as human capital, earnings, assets, and relative income shares as proxies of the relative distribution of bargaining power. These studies, however, fail to incorporate important measures of control over and management of the economic resources within households. In the current study, a direct measure of financial decision-making power within the household is used to directly assess the distribution of bargaining power. Coarsened exact matching, an identification strategy not yet applied in studies of this nature, is applied to couple-level observational data from South Africa’s longitudinal National Income Dynamics Study. The influence of gender differences in intra-household decision-making on resource allocations to per capita household expenditure is assessed. In the case of greater financial decision-making power in couples being assigned to wives rather than husbands, per capita household expenditure on education increases significantly. The empowerment of women with financial decision-making power therefore holds the promise of realizing the benefits of investments in human capital.
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Elad, Renata L., and Jack E. Houston. "Seasonal labor constraints and intra-household dynamics in the female fields of southern Cameroon." Agricultural Economics 27, no. 1 (May 2002): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2002.tb00101.x.
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Wang, Jin, Tao Lin, Ling Feng, and Jie Huang. "A System Dynamics Approach for Local Settlement Morphology Planning Based on Household Consumption Carbon Footprint." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 2400–2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2400.
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Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission (GHG emission) from household consumption became increasingly important under the background of global urbanization. Taking Xiamen Island, a rapidly urbanizing area, as the case study area, this article categorized the settlement morphology of Xiamen Island into three types according to the key factors influencing the GHG emission of urban household consumption. The feedback loops intra- and inter-subsystems (settlement morphology, population, and carbon footprint) were induced by clarifying the causal relationship and feedback loops among variables. Then, the three subsystems were coupled based on feedback loops into the system dynamic model of carbon footprint of residential area in Xiamen Island and the validity of the model was verified. At last, the dynamic mechanism between the transition of settlement morphology and household consumption was characterized through the system dynamic simulation. The result proved that the model can dynamically characterized the effect of social and economic factors upon the household consumption carbon footprint, and is beneficial to the urban land planning of Xiamen Island and design and construction of residential settlement morphology.
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Galiè, Alessandra, Cathy Rozel Farnworth, Nelly Njiru, and Silvia Alonso. "Intra-Household Handling and Consumption Dynamics of Milk in Peri-Urban Informal Markets in Tanzania and Kenya: A Gender Lens." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 3449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063449.
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Milk, provided it is safe, provides important micronutrients that can combat hidden hunger (undernutrition). Many peri-urban poor people in Tanzania and Kenya use informal markets to purchase milk in order to provide nutritional benefits to their families. Household decision-making processes play an influential role in how much milk to buy and how it is treated. This exploratory qualitative study, conducted in peri-urban Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, examined how access to milk, control over milk handling and safety, and intra-household milk distribution are affected by gender dynamics and by changes in milk availability and price. Focus group discussions with 48 women and 45 men and key informant interviews with 8 men and 8 women, all of whom were parents or caretakers to young children, were conducted. The results indicate that gender roles in milk purchase and handling vary. Generally, providing enough milk is a man’s responsibility, whilst a woman is expected to ensure a nutritious diet. Yet women’s limited decision-making power regarding milk purchase can restrict their ability to provide sufficient milk. Interventions to promote safe milk consumption need to consider gender norms, strengthen intra-household collaborative decision-making, include men in nutrition programming, and increase women’s control over food expenditures.
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Button, Kirsty, and Thobani Ncapai. "Conflict and negotiation in intergenerational care: Older women’s experiences of caring with the Old Age Grant in South Africa." Critical Social Policy 39, no. 4 (August 16, 2019): 560–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018319867594.
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Social policy and welfare provision have converged with socio-economic conditions, cultural beliefs about kin support and intra-household dynamics to position older women as important financial providers in their families. This article draws on the findings of a qualitative study about intergenerational relationships of care in a large township near Cape Town. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fourteen female Old Age Grant recipients and some of their co-resident adult children. The article focuses on the grant recipients’ experiences of giving and receiving financial support (‘financial care’) in their intergenerational relationships. It also unpacks the intra-household dynamics involved in this caregiving. Although the grant better enabled the women in the study to meet the needs of their households, beliefs about the mutual and shared responsibility for financial caregiving in families informed their expectations of financial assistance from younger kin. When their co-resident younger relatives did earn an income, negotiations around the provision of financial care ensued; generating conflict and reflecting unequal power relations between relatives. These dynamics contributed to the women’s experiences of vulnerability and their high burden of care. In this context, the article examines the state’s role in the care process and how it has contributed to the gendered and generational distribution of care work in families.
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Shibata, Rieko, Sarah Cardey, and Peter Dorward. "Gendered Intra‐Household Decision‐Making Dynamics in Agricultural Innovation Processes: Assets, Norms and Bargaining Power." Journal of International Development 32, no. 7 (July 2020): 1101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3497.
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Thomas, Barbara P. "Household strategies for adaptation and change: participation in Kenyan rural women’s associations." Africa 58, no. 4 (October 1988): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160349.
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Opening ParagraphRecent literature on Third World households suggests that the household is a critical unit of analysis in decision-making and economic organisation for development (Smith, Wallerstein and Evers, 1984; Netting, Wilk and Arnould, 1984). Increasingly, this literature is addressing intra-household behaviour, the ways in which households relate to other institutions and the degree to which they are autonomous or embedded in more comprehensive social structures (Guyer and Peters, 1984; Folbre, 1985; Moock, 1986). Indeed, the household focus requires not only close examination of the household's internal dynamics, but also its external context. That context includes the physical setting, international as well as national political and economic structures, and the local political economic and social systems.
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Njuki, Jemimah, Susan Kaaria, Angeline Chamunorwa, and Wanjiku Chiuri. "Linking Smallholder Farmers to Markets, Gender and Intra-Household Dynamics: Does the Choice of Commodity Matter?" European Journal of Development Research 23, no. 3 (April 14, 2011): 426–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2011.8.
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Lise, Jeremy, and Ken Yamada. "Household Sharing and Commitment: Evidence from Panel Data on Individual Expenditures and Time Use." Review of Economic Studies 86, no. 5 (October 31, 2018): 2184–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy066.
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Abstract In this article, we analyse the dynamics of intra-household allocations using unique panel data on individual-specific consumption expenditures and time used for leisure, market production, and home production. Cross-sectional differences at the time of marriage in expected wage profiles between a husband and wife strongly affect the allocation of private consumption expenditures and time use by households in the cross section. There are substantial gender asymmetries in these allocations. Even for households where the husband and wife have identical wages, the private consumption expenditures for the wife are about half those for the husband. Within a given household over time, shocks to wages lead households to shift the relative weights in favour of the spouse receiving the favourable shock. Additionally, we find that households adjust the weights in response to large but not to small shocks; the adjustment to the weights is twice as large in the year leading up to a divorce; and adjustments are more frequent in dual- than in single-earner households. We interpret the data using a dynamic collective model of the household with potentially limited commitment.
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Lemke, S., HH Vorster, NS Jansen van Rensburg, and J. Ziche. "Empowered women, social networks and the contribution of qualitative research: broadening our understanding of underlying causes for food and nutrition insecurity." Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 8 (December 2003): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003491.
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AbstractObjective:To investigate underlying causes for food and nutrition insecurity in black South African households and to gain understanding of the factors contributing to better nutrition security, with emphasis on household organisation, gender and intra-household dynamics and social networks.Design, setting and subjects:Within a larger cross-sectional survey that investigated the impact of urbanisation on the health of black South Africans, 166 people, mostly women, were interviewed on household food security. Methods used were structured face-to-face interviews, in-depth interviews, observation, interviews with key informants and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Information was collected from 1998 to 2000 in 15 rural and urban areas of the North West Province, South Africa.Results:Three-quarters of households in this sample are chronically food-insecure. Families are disrupted, due to migrant work, poverty and increasing societal violence, and half of households are female-headed. Certain categories of female-headed households and households based on partnership relationships, despite more limited resources, achieve a better or an equal economic status and better nutrition security than those households led by men, with the latter often being considered an economic liability. The reliance on and fostering of social ties and networks appear to be of central significance.Conclusion:Gender and intra-household relations, as well as social networks and income from informal sector activities, are often not uncovered by conventional statistical methods. Qualitative research can reveal the unexpected and furthermore empowers people, as their voices are heard.
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Masamha, Blessing, Vusilizwe Thebe, and Veronica N. E. Uzokwe. "Mapping cassava food value chains in Tanzania's smallholder farming sector: The implications of intra-household gender dynamics." Journal of Rural Studies 58 (February 2018): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.011.
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Ogolla, Kennedy O., Judith K. Chemuliti, Mariah Ngutu, Winnie W. Kimani, Douglas N. Anyona, Isaac K. Nyamongo, and Salome A. Bukachi. "Women’s empowerment and intra-household gender dynamics and practices around sheep and goat production in South East Kenya." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): e0269243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269243.
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Small ruminant production facets like decision-making, ownership, labour allocation, access to- and control over assets are gendered. This study investigates intra-household gender dynamics and practices around sheep and goat production among smallholder farmers in South East region of Kenya. A quantitative study was conducted on 358 dual-headed (married) households to generate gender-disaggregated data on ownership, decision-making and labour allocation around small ruminant production. Qualitative data was collected through focused group discussions to bring out the community perspectives. From the findings, the average number of small ruminants owned by the households as reported by men was slightly higher than women. The average number of small ruminants solely owned by men was significantly higher than by women. Men reported a relatively higher number of jointly owned small ruminants compared to women. More women than men reported that they could give as a gift, sell-off and slaughter jointly owned small ruminants without consulting their spouses. Small ruminants were considered the most important livestock asset in supporting a household’s livelihood by relatively more women than men. Men had more decision-making autonomy over jointly owned small ruminants compared to women. Production tasks around small ruminants such as feeding, watering, selling milk and cleaning housing structures were mostly performed by the women. Qualitative data identified men as the de facto owners of small ruminants with a higher power position in making the important production decisions. The study offers three implications on the design of livestock interventions to empower women, the interventions should ensure that; 1) women are not just owners of livestock assets but also share power and decision-making rights in all aspects of production, 2) production labour is shared equitably between men and women and, 3) women access benefits from livestock production even when animals are owned by men.
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Patulny, Roger, and Melissa Wong. "Poor Mothers and Lonely Single Males: The ‘Essentially’ Excluded Women and Men of Australia." Social Policy and Society 12, no. 2 (September 21, 2012): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746412000449.
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It is unclear how much gendered social exclusion and disconnection reflects a problem or a preference. Women may prefer market-disengagement despite the risk of exclusion from ‘normal’ social activities through financial incapacity, and men may prefer market-engagement despite the risk of disconnection from informal social networks. This article examines these issues amongst Australian men and women. It finds women, particularly single and low-income mothers, are more socially excluded, and men, particularly single middle-aged men, are the most socially disconnected, after preferences. Future policy should be cognisant of contact preferences, intra-household support dynamics, long work hours and prevailing gender norms.
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Shafiq, Awaisra, Abid Hussain, Muhammad Asif, Jinsoo Hwang, Arif Jameel, and Shahida Kanwel. "The Effect of “Women’s Empowerment” on Child Nutritional Status in Pakistan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 4499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224499.
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Women’s empowerment in terms of both involvements in employment activities and with decision-making about household activities is the most evident factors that can affect the nutritional and health status of their children. This paper investigates the effect of women’s empowerment (WE) on children’s nutritional (CN) status in Pakistan. The Pakistan demographic health survey (PDHS 2012-13) cross-sectional data was used to analyze the impacts of WE on child malnutrition. The composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) was used as a dependent variable to measure the children’s nutritional status, and the wealth index household size. The number of children in a house and indicators of women empowerment, which included the mother’s education, employment status, and the household decision-making, were used as the independent variables. The method of binary logistic regression with marginal effects was used for the empirical analysis of the results. The results of the study showed the indicators of women’s empowerment, such as the education of the mother and employment status had a negative relationship with child malnutrition. Women’s decision-making about the visits to family, which is an indicator of WE, had an insignificant effect on CN. Similarly, socioeconomic status, which included the wealth index, also caused a reduction in child malnutrition. In addition, an increase in household size had a positive and significant relation to child malnutrition. Women are the primary caretakers of children in the household, and their intra-household dynamics affect the well-being of individuals. The empowerment of women acts as a means to enhance children’s nutritional status, which causes important developmental outcomes.
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Hasibuan, Abdul Muis, Daniel Gregg, and Randy Stringer. "Risk preferences, intra-household dynamics and spatial effects on chemical inputs use: Case of small-scale citrus farmers in Indonesia." Land Use Policy 122 (November 2022): 106323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106323.
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Permata Sari, Revinda Yonita, Lilis Yuliati, and Siti Komariyah. "Intra-Industry Trade in Indonesia: A Case of the Textile and Textile Product Industry." Journal of International Business, Economics and Entrepreneurship 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jibe.v4i1.14416.
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Trade is one of the instruments driving the economy that has a great dependence on global dynamics. Several trade policies in Indonesia have been carried out to encourage the performance of export imports through various collaborations with Indonesia's largest trading partner countries such as China. The trade intensity that occurs in both countries is certainly expected to have an impact on the economy. This study aims to see the intra-industry intensity of trade, especially in the textile goods sector between Indonesia and China. The result shows that Intra-textile textile trade intensity between Indonesia and China, from 2000-2013 based on the ISIC 321 category (textile industry) obtained by Indonesia and China intra-industry trade, because the overall intra-industry trade index is 53.9%. Suggestion to the The government is expected to be able to boost the performance of exports and consumption of the domestic community, because so far Indonesia's economic growth has been driven more by the performance of exports and household consumption which is still quite strong; Policies regarding investment licensing must be further simplified and there is a guarantee of the availability of energy supplies for the textile industry machinery. The government must also try to increase investment in the textile industry sector especially to modernize old or worn machines so that the textile industry can expand production.
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Bennett, Lynn. "The Role of Women in Income Production and Intra-household Allocation of Resources as a Determinant of Child Nutrition and Health." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 10, no. 3 (September 1988): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482658801000308.
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This article presents a theoretical framework for answering the question, Does women's income-producing work result in an improvement or a deterioration in the health and nutritional status of their children? The author maintains that the literature has not provided clear evidence that the children of working mothers have lower nutritional status than those of mothers who do not work outside the home. She notes that previous studies have not controlled either for the family's income level or for other important variables, such as the presence of an employed male and land tenure status. Bennett argues that one of the key steps in understanding women's role in the determination of child health and nutritional status “may be a careful investigation of the process of resource allocation within the household. “ She opposes the use of a single joint-utility function as an adequate representation of household decision-making dynamics. Her recommendations include conducting investigations from an interdisciplinary approach, including economics, health, nutrition, and anthropology, and she presents a framework for these investigations.
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Curry, John, Rebecca Huss-Ashmore, Brian Perry, and Adrian Mukhebi. "A framework for the analysis of gender, intra-household dynamics, and livestock disease control with examples from Uasin Gishu district, Kenya." Human Ecology 24, no. 2 (June 1996): 161–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02169125.
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BENNETT, FRAN, and SIRIN SUNG. "Dimensions of Financial Autonomy in Low-/Moderate-Income Couples from a Gender Perspective and Implications for Welfare Reform." Journal of Social Policy 42, no. 4 (July 11, 2013): 701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279413000330.
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AbstractThe ‘unitary household’ lives on in policymakers’ assumptions about couples sharing their finances. Yet financial autonomy is seen as a key issue in gender relations, particularly for women. This article draws on evidence from semi-structured individual interviews with men and women in thirty low-/moderate-income couples in Britain. The interviews explored whether financial autonomy had any meaning to these individuals; and, if so, to what extent this was gendered in the sense of there being differences in men's and women's understanding of it. We develop a framework for the investigation of financial autonomy, involving several dimensions: achieving economic independence, having privacy in one's financial affairs and exercising agency in relation to household and/or personal spending. We argue that financial autonomy is a relevant issue for low-/moderate-income couples, and that women are more conscious of tensions between financial togetherness and autonomy due to their greater responsibility for managing togetherness and lower likelihood of achieving financial independence. Policymakers should therefore not discount the aspirations of women in particular for financial autonomy, even in low-/moderate-income couples where there remain significant obstacles to achieving this. Yet plans for welfare reform that rely on means testing and ignore intra-household dynamics in relation to family finances threaten to exacerbate these obstacles and reinforce a unitary family model.
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Singh, Chandni, Mark Tebboth, Dian Spear, Prince Ansah, and Adelina Mensah. "Exploring methodological approaches to assess climate change vulnerability and adaptation: reflections from using life history approaches." Regional Environmental Change 19, no. 8 (November 26, 2019): 2667–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01562-z.
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AbstractPeople in developing countries face multiple risks, and their response decisions sit at the complex and often opaque interface of climatic stressors, constrained resource access, and changing livelihoods, social structures, and personal aspirations. Many risk management studies use a well-established toolkit of methodologies—household surveys, focus group discussions, and semi-structured interviews. We argue that such methodological conservatism tends to neglect the dynamic and differentiated nature of livelihood decisions. Since different methodologies privilege different portrayals of risk and response, we highlight how plural methodological approaches can capture a broader range of perspectives and problematisations. In this paper, we draw on life history (LH) interviews across four countries (Kenya, Namibia, Ghana, and India) to offer one way of expanding current methodological approaches on vulnerability and adaptation. We argue that LHs offer four key ‘value additions’. First, LHs give insights into the multiple and interacting nature of drivers of response behaviour. Second, they highlight intra-household dynamics to demonstrate how people with differential power shape risk management decisions. Third, LHs support explorations of past decisions, present situations, and future aspirations, thus producing temporally nuanced enquiries. Fourth, they provide a powerful analytical lens to capture the interplay of motivations, aspirations, and values on livelihood choices and adaptation outcomes. By adding value in these four ways, LHs challenge assumptions about how and why people respond to multiple risks and offer a nuanced understanding of adaptation processes.
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Kioutsioukis, Ioannis, and Nikolaos I. Stilianakis. "On the Transmission Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in a Temperate Climate." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041660.
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An epidemiological model, which describes the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 under specific consideration of the incubation period including the population with subclinical infections and being infective is presented. The COVID-19 epidemic in Greece was explored through a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis framework, and the optimal values for the parameters that determined the transmission dynamics could be obtained before, during, and after the interventions to control the epidemic. The dynamic change of the fraction of asymptomatic individuals was shown. The analysis of the modelling results at the intra-annual climatic scale allowed for in depth investigation of the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 and the significance and relative importance of the model parameters. Moreover, the analysis at this scale incorporated the exploration of the forecast horizon and its variability. Three discrete peaks were found in the transmission rates throughout the investigated period (15 February–15 December 2020). Two of them corresponded to the timing of the spring and autumn epidemic waves while the third one occurred in mid-summer, implying that relaxation of social distancing and increased mobility may have a strong effect on rekindling the epidemic dynamics offsetting positive effects from factors such as decreased household crowding and increased environmental ultraviolet radiation. In addition, the epidemiological state was found to constitute a significant indicator of the forecast reliability horizon, spanning from as low as few days to more than four weeks. Embedding the model in an ensemble framework may extend the predictability horizon. Therefore, it may contribute to the accuracy of health risk assessment and inform public health decision making of more efficient control measures.
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Doubleday, Kalli F., and Paul C. Adams. "Women’s risk and well-being at the intersection of dowry, patriarchy, and conservation: The gendering of human–wildlife conflict." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 4 (September 13, 2019): 976–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619875664.
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Drawing on work in feminist political ecologies and employing a grounded theory approach, this article examines the socio-spatial links between the patriarchal tradition of dowry, tigers, and women’s well-being. It shows how a landscape governed for conservation purposes can produce embodied and material harm for women living under a patriarchal system. Focus groups conducted in eastern Rajasthan, India, reveal how human–tiger interaction, even if primarily potential rather than actual, initiates a chain of social impacts that presents severe risks to women’s well-being, mental health, and life itself. Analysis connecting the pressures of dowry (financial, physical, and psychological) to tiger presence helps expose the presumptions of unfairness, intra-household power dynamics, and hidden costs of human–wildlife cohabitation while supporting calls for the inclusion of women’s perspectives in environmental theory and management.
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Chen, Cynthia, and Haiyun Lin. "How Far Do People Search for Housing? Analyzing the Roles of Housing Supply, Intra-household Dynamics, and the Use of Information Channels." Housing Studies 27, no. 7 (October 2012): 898–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2012.725827.
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Badstue, Lone, Anouka van Eerdewijk, Katrine Danielsen, Mahlet Hailemariam, and Elizabeth Mukewa. "How local gender norms and intra-household dynamics shape women’s demand for laborsaving technologies: insights from maize-based livelihoods in Ethiopia and Kenya." Gender, Technology and Development 24, no. 3 (October 26, 2020): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2020.1830339.
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Usuf, Effua, Helen Brotherton, Behzad Nadjm, Nuredin Mohammed, Abdou Gai, Fatoumata Sillah, Mary Grey Johnson, et al. "Prevention and treatment for COVID-19 associated severe pneumonia in the Gambia (PaTS-COVID-19), a single-blinded randomized clinical trial: study protocol." International Journal of Clinical Trials 10, no. 1 (January 23, 2023): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20230048.
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Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in an unprecedent global response for the development of COVID-19 vaccines. However, as viral mutations continue to occur, potentially decreasing the efficacy of currently available vaccines, and inequity of vaccine access continues, identifying safe and effective drugs to minimise severity of COVID-19 disease remains a priority. Methods: We designed an adaptive individually randomised single blinded non identical placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of repurposing licenced treatments for COVID-19 patients in an African setting. The trial has two cohorts: Cohort 1 recruits mild and moderate COVID-19 cases and their household contacts. Cases are actively followed up for 14 days, with a final visit at day 28. There are two co-primary endpoints: clinical progression to severe-pneumonia and persistence of the virus at day 14. The primary endpoint for household contacts is infection during a 14-day follow-up period. Cohort 2 recruits hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 associated pneumonia followed up actively until discharge or death, and passively until day 90, with a final visit. The primary endpoint is clinical progression or death. Conclusions: This randomised trial will contribute African-specific data to the global response to COVID-19. Besides the efficacy of drugs on clinical progression, the trial will provide information on the dynamics of intra-household transmission. Trial registration: This study is registered with Clinical Trials.gov with registration number NCT04703608 and with Pan African clinical trials registry with registration number PACTR202101544570971.
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Luintel, Youba Raj. "Livelihood Change and Household Strategies: Social Divergence of the Working Class in Dhading." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 8 (July 5, 2014): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v8i0.10721.
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How do households, in an agrarian setting under transition, reposition themselves amidst the increasing opportunities and constraints posed by expansive capitalist market? Do household responses exhibit any pattern that helps us understand long term social change? If so, what theoretical significance does such a pattern instigate in the wider political economic context of shifting class formations? This article mainly discusses recent dynamics in the organisation of production in Mahesh Khola, the research site in the South-East Dhading, from the perspective of intra-class divergence and social differentiation. It argues that the working class in Mahesh Khola is undergoing a process of internal differentiation that is reflected in two main, rather opposite, trends: on the one hand, part of the rural workforce is migrating to the capital city of Kathmandu in search of urban jobs, while on the other hand, and in contrary, an important segment of the same has intensified its engagement in agriculture. As a matter of fact, one can notice a weakening up of the working class in the rural setting.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v8i0.10721Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 8, 2014; 29-54
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Khoza, Sizwile, Dewald Van Niekerk, and Livhuwani David Nemakonde. "Understanding gender dimensions of climate-smart agriculture adoption in disaster-prone smallholder farming communities in Malawi and Zambia." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 28, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 530–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-10-2018-0347.
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Purpose Through the application of traditional and contemporary feminist theories in gender mainstreaming, the purpose of this paper is to contribute to emergent debate on gender dimensions in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) adoption by smallholder farmers in disaster-prone regions. This is important to ensure that CSA strategies are tailored to farmer-specific gender equality goals. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory-sequential mixed methods research design which is qualitatively biased was applied. Key informant interviews and farmer focus group discussions in two study sites formed initial qualitative phase whose findings were explored in a quantitative cross-sectional household survey. Findings Findings shared in this paper indicate the predominant application of traditional gender mainstreaming approaches in CSA focusing on parochial gender dichotomy. Qualitative findings highlight perceptions that western gender approaches are not fully applicable to local contexts and realities, with gender mainstreaming in CSA seemingly to fulfil donor requirements, and ignorant of the heterogeneous nature of social groups. Quantitative findings establish that married men are majority adopters and non-adopters of CSA, while dis-adopters are predominantly de jure female household heads. The latter are more likely to adopt CSA than married women whose main role in CSA is implementers of spouse’s decisions. Access to education, intra-household power relations, productive asset and land ownership are socio-cultural dynamics shaping farmer profiles. Originality/value By incorporating African feminisms and intersectionality in CSA, value of this study lies in recommending gender policy reforms incorporating local gender contexts within the African socio-cultural milieu. This paper accentuates potential benefits of innovative blend of both contemporary and classic gender mainstreaming approaches in CSA research, practice and technology development in disaster-prone regions.
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MASOOD KADIR, MUHAMMAD, FARIYAL F. FIKREE, AMANULLAH KHAN, and FATIMA SAJAN. "DO MOTHERS-IN-LAW MATTER? FAMILY DYNAMICS AND FERTILITY DECISION-MAKING IN URBAN SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN." Journal of Biosocial Science 35, no. 4 (October 2003): 545–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932003005984.
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The perspectives of mothers-in-law about intra-household decision-making, family size and family planning are investigated, and their views compared with those of their sons and daughters-in-law. Women (717 daughters-in-law), their husbands (717 sons) and their 522 mothers-in-law were interviewed in eight squatter settlements in Karachi, Pakistan. Decisions about the schooling and health care of children, and the purchase of jewellery, are perceived to lie within the nuclear family domain (i.e. husband and wife). There was a difference in mothers-in-law’s, daughters-in-law’s and sons’ desire to have more children. Twenty-eight per cent of mothers-in-law versus 58% of daughters-in-law did not want more grandsons/sons and 36% of mothers-in-law versus 66% of daughters-in-law did not want more granddaughters/daughters. The difference was markedly greater among the mother-in-law/daughter-in-law pairs than in the mother/son pairs. Overall, the mother-in-law’s role seems to be somewhat overshadowed by that of her son (family male member), except for limiting family size. It is suggested that mothers-in-law should be included in Information–Education–Communication (IEC) campaigns about family planning.
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Buchenrieder, Gertrud, and Roland Azibo Balgah. "Sustaining livelihoods around community forests. What is the potential contribution of wildlife domestication?" Journal of Modern African Studies 51, no. 1 (February 25, 2013): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x12000596.
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ABSTRACTCommunity forest management is often advanced as a remedy for failing top-down approaches to nature conservation. Contingent on the property rights theory, it assumes that local participation in natural resource management results in sustainable structures. There is, however, insufficient empirical evidence on the intra-community dynamics – especially when households have unequal access to the local institutions managing the natural resource. This paper looks at the socio-cultural, economic and institutional situation of households with and without access to management institutions in communities around the Kilum-Ijim Mountain Forest in Cameroon and analyses whether livelihood differences are associated with variations in management patterns. The analysis reveals differences by household type and a mixed picture of the evolution of species in the community forests over time, questioning the role of the community in natural resource conservation. Furthermore, the paper discusses the potentials of wildlife domestication for livelihoods and conservation in forest communities. The results are important in the light of ongoing conservation efforts in natural resource hot-spots in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Nkengla-Asi, Lilian, Aman Bonaventure Omondi, Vincent Che Simo, Elizabeth Assam, Sergine Ngatat, and Brenda Boonabaana. "Gender dynamics in banana seed systems and impact on banana bunchy top disease recovery in Cameroon." Outlook on Agriculture 49, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727020918333.
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Enhancing opportunities for women and men in banana production is vital for promoting gender equity in sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated the gendered differences in access to and decision-making over banana production resources and services in banana bunchy top disease affected areas in Cameroon. A mixed methods approach was used, comprising an intra-household survey ( n = 109 households). Six sex disaggregated focus group discussions and key informant interviews were organized to collect primary data in three communities in Ambam District in Southern Cameroon. These data were used to compare men and women in resource access and production within households and villages. Men had greater say in decision-making over productive resources and information services even when women were more involved in actual seed and site selection. Planting materials were mainly sourced from old fields although men were more likely to buy banana seeds than women farmers. In practical terms, access to and decision-making over production resources and services by women in the banana seed systems is vital for equitable outcomes. Disease pressure on banana production experienced in southern Cameroon may influence gendered access to resources upsetting resource access equity. In theoretical terms, the study reveals dimensions of gender linked differences in resource control even where participation was evident. Thus, it indicates the need for in-depth understanding of power and social relations within households and the communities. This study reveals the nexus of disease challenge and resource access in banana systems. The study will be of interest to development practitioners, researchers and extension agents.
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Tolhurst, Rachel, Yaa Peprah Amekudzi, Frank K. Nyonator, S. Bertel Squire, and Sally Theobald. "“He will ask why the child gets sick so often”: The gendered dynamics of intra-household bargaining over healthcare for children with fever in the Volta Region of Ghana." Social Science & Medicine 66, no. 5 (March 2008): 1106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.032.
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Reshetnikova, E. G. "Tools to Ensure the Affordability of Food in the Context of New Challenges." Economics and Management, no. 2 (April 11, 2020): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-2-128-136.
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The presented study examines the essence, specific features of calculation, and trends in the dynamics of food affordability, as well as the development of tools to increase real disposable household income as a crucial factor for the formation of domestic demand for food under modern conditions.Aim. The study aims to systematize theoretical approaches and analyze the institutional aspects of ensuring the affordability of food to substantiate promising directions for improving the national income and tax policy that would facilitate an increase in the aggregate demand for food.Tasks. The author examines the adjustment of the essence of the concept of “affordability” of food in the new edition of the Food Security Doctrine as a reflection of new global challenges and internal risks; assesses the current state of affordability of staple foods among the population in general and in the context of specific income groups, the dynamics of real disposable household income, and changes in the structure of effective demand; substantiates recommendations for the development of the institutional component of real income regulation and taxation of individuals.Methods. This study uses comparison, systems analysis, systematization of information, and the monographic method.Results. The ratio of actual consumption of staple foods, rational consumption rates for Russian households in general and in the context of specific income groups are analyzed. Food products that are currently not affordable are identified. Structural changes in the consumer demand of low-income groups are determined. The parameters of inter-industry, intra-industry, and regional wage differentiation that have a negative impact on the quality of life and affordability of food are analyzed. The conducted study shows that there is currently a high tax burden on individuals in Russia, composed of direct and indirect taxes.Conclusions. The author substantiates the advisability of including a decrease in real household income and the ensuing insufficiently high aggregate domestic demand for food in the list of economic risks provided by the Food Security Doctrine; shows that adhering to the monetarist model of economic development leads to a low inflation rate but does not create conditions for accelerated economic growth and exacerbates the problems of poverty and socio-economic differentiation; proves that under modern conditions it is advisable to improve the national income policy by increasing the real disposable income of the most deprived part of the population and developing small forms of agribusiness and food trade to expand the competitive environment of the food market. The author emphasizes the importance of improving the institutional aspects of regulating various types of wage differentiation and concludes that there are objective prerequisites for the transition to progressive taxation and introduction of a non-taxable part of income at a subsistence level for the most deprived segments of the population.
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Bobic, Mirjana. "Modern rural family and household in Yugoslavia." Stanovnistvo 37, no. 1-4 (1999): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv9904093b.
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The paper analyzes modern rural household in Yugoslavia, both by region and at the level of the country as a whole. The author begins by providing a statistical and sociological definition of basic terms, and proceeds with a combination of social and demographic analysis. The basic criterion used is the residential status of the population (permanent residence) based on the administrative distribution of settlements with the non-city ("other") population treated as part of rural population. The descriptive basis was formed on the basis of two types of sources: population census data and relevant studies, on the one hand, and comprehensive researches of rural family in the 1990s, on the other. The modernization theory has provided the basic framework for the analysis of the state and movement in rural households in Yugoslavia since the beginning of the 20th century, but the paper deals mainly with social and economic developments following the Second World War. The following components of the rural households are analyzed: dynamics and average size, as well as composition of households. With reference to the level of the social change they had undergone and some demographic special features, rural households are classified into four main types: 1) purely agricultural; 2) mixed (with income earned from agricultural and non-agricultural activities); 3) non-agricultural; and 4) households of elderly people. The appearance and growth of mixed households during the pest-war period, following adoption of the socialistic command economy, came as a result of objective contradictions in transformation of an individual agricultural household into a modern market-oriented holding, and its cooperation with the state-owned cooperative sector. Since early 1980s, however, with deterioration in its position, agricultural production is gradually given up or maintained at the subsistence level, while most family members earn their living from the non-agricultural sector. These tendencies were most rapidly observed in Vojvodina, which is the most fertile region of the country, and most slowly in central Serbia. As a result of the above social and economic transformation the village was also exposed to a strong demographic transformation, which was most readily observed in ageing and feminization of population and its labor force and narrowing down of family structure to conjugal family united through marriage, which is made up of aged parents without an heir. The rural household and/or family have undergone crucial changes in respect of three main segments: 1) size; 2) structure; and 3) position and role of family members. This last aspect has been the subject of numerous comprehensive studies into the way of life in villages. The analysis of family relations in a village was conducted in two segments: intra-generation (between spouses and between children, especially of different gender) and inter-generation (parent - children relations). Segregation of roles by gender is still characterized by male domination, husband - head of the family, and son - the heir. Housework, parenthood, and the homestead itself (due to the increased engagement of the husband in non-agricultural activities) are the main sources of self-realization of women. Marriage and bearing children (especially male children) represent the main social promotion channel for young girls in a village environment, while education and earning income from work outside the village do not ensure a significant role in making decisions on family life in general, children's future or even personal destiny. Incidence of conflict in marriage is rare. Satisfaction with a twofold role of the mother and housekeeper is very high as well as understanding for tl1e difficulties of the social position of a man - the "bread winner" in the current social crisis and disintegration. The author points to the lack of data on rural households in Kosovo and Metohia caused by the boycott of the latest census by the majority, ethnic Albanian population. An attempt was hence made to compensate for the lack of quantitative information by presenting results of representative investigation of Albanian zadrugas in Kosovo and Metohia.
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Ikram Badshah, Zakiya Rubab Mohsin, and Jan Alam. "Local Perception about Caesarian Section among Post Caesarian Section Women in Pakistan." sjesr 4, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol4-iss2-2021(299-308).
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Birthing is a critical moment in the life of a mother. The biomedical practice of the Caesarian Section (C-section) does not exist in a vacuum but is under the influence of the sociocultural environment. However, deciding between methods of birth and the perception about the C-section shows a gap and dearth in the present literature. This paper aims at understanding what social and cultural factors construct the perceptions and experiences of the Caesarian Section among post-C-section- women belonging to different socio-economic statuses. Moreover, it explores how these factors influence Pakistani women’s decision-making regarding childbirth methods. The paper uses a qualitative yet multi-sited locale approach, employing semi-structured interviews from 20 post-C-section women mainly from Islamabad and Rawalpindi region; 10 women belong to lower socio-economic status whereas, 10 to the upper one. Different themes from data were identified and obtained for analysis.
The perception and experience of the C-section fluctuate with social, economic, and cultural factors. The influence of biomedical and intra-household politics on the decision of C-section is much conspicuous and evident. Affluent families practice C-sections under dominant power dynamics without any reasoning. For those who can afford C-section, is perceived as a luxury and artificial motherhood in the eyes of ‘’the others’’ whereas, normal birthing was true and natural motherhood. The social construction of the C-section suggests that social and cultural forces play a decisive role. C-section is only acceptable if there is an emergency otherwise natural birth is the most suitable method of childbirth. Along with advocating C-sections in critical medical conditions, an awareness campaign against C-sections is also imperative for it has severe consequences.
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Fesiuk, Vasyl, Serhii Polianskyi, and Tetyana Kopytyuk. "METHODS AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING FOR MONITORING OF EUTROPHICATION OF RESERVOIR (ON THE EXAMPLE OF TURKISH LAKE)." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 52, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.22.1.20.
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The article considers theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of the study of eutrophication of water bodies using remote sensing. Factors influencing eutrophication of reservoirs, possibilities of their geoecological monitoring with the use of remote sensing are analyzed. Over a long period of time, slowly and evolutionarily, lakes naturally change their state from oligotrophic to eutrophic and even dystrophic. However, in the XX century accelerated anthropogenic eutrophication of many lakes, other bodies of water and watercourses around the world. The main reason for this was the increased use of nitrogen fertilizers and the discharge of municipal wastewater containing phosphates from household synthetic detergents. To estimate the intensity of eutrophication processes in Turske Lake, we used remote sensing data, in particular, the vegetation index NDVI. The method of estimating the intensity of eutrophication processes in Turske Lake on the basis of remote sensing is as follows: using the EO-browser resource sentinel-hub.com was selected satellite images Landsat-8-9 L2 for the period from 1.05 to 1.10.2017-2021. The images were then analyzed to establish relationships and relationships between NDVI index values, temperature, NDVI index dynamics during the warm season, year, 5-year period, and the influence of other factors on the eutrophication process. The following regularity of intra-annual dynamics of the NDVI index has been established: in May eutrophication is practically absent, in June NDVI indicators increase, some parts of the lake surface with positive NDVI values appear. In July, NDVI values continue to rise. NDVI peaks in August or early September. In some years, abnormally high NDVI values are recorded at this time. Starting from the second half of September, the values of the index decrease, the reservoir is released from algae, they die, settle to the bottom and form an organic component of sapropel. Although in some years, even in late September, there are still some islands of high eutrophication of the lake, especially near the northern and eastern shores. Analysis of the long-term dynamics (2017-21) of eutrophication of the lake did not reveal a clear tendency to increase over time. NDVI indicators were the lowest in 2019, and the maximum values were acquired in 2017 and 2021. The density of the relationship between weighted temperature values and NDVI was analyzed. The correlation coefficient is 0.88. This is a fairly high level of correlation. In addition to temperature, the intensity of eutrophication of the lake is also influenced by nitrogen-containing and phosphorus-containing compounds that enter the reservoir with runoff from agricultural lands, farms and residential areas. Global climate change is also having a negative impact. A set of measures to reduce eutrophication and improve the hydroelectric condition of Turske Lake is proposed, which includes the following measures: reducing the supply of nutrients to the reservoir, compliance with the use of water protection zones, mechanical removal of plants from the lake and reclamation canals, environmental awareness and awareness the state of the reclamation network, compliance with regulations for its use, adaptation to global climate change.
Key words: lake, eutrophication of the lake, research of eutrophication of reservoirs using methods of remote sensing, measures to reduce eutrophication and improve the current hydroecological condition of the Turske Lake.
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Behrman, Jere R. "Intra-family Distribution in Developing Countries." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 253–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i3pp.253-296.
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Intra-household allocations appear to be quite important in the determination of time use, human resource investments, and intra- and inter-generational transfers in developing countries. The nature of such allocations has important implications for the efficiency, equity, and efficacy of the micro and macro-economic policies. In the past decade and a half, there has been substantial progress in modelling intrahousehold allocations in ways that lead to testable propositions despite enormous data limitations regarding the nature of the allocation of unobserved variables and the impact of unobserved heterogeneous endowments. The parent -child exchange literature is a subset of these studies that advances in two dimensions by allowing children to have different preferences from their parents' and by incorporating a broader notion of interactions, including the attention provided by the children to their parents. Yet this literature has most of the problems that are indicated with regard to the unified household preference models. The exchange literature to date has assumed away het" erogeneity in endowments which plays such a critical role in the studies that assume the unified household preferences. It is also silent on how human resource investments enter into the relations between parents and children. The collective models of household behaviour emphasise that different household members. usually husband and wife. may have different preferences and a different command over resources. Interesting theoretical results have been derived concerning the conditions under which the income-sharing rules and the allocation of non-assignable goods can be derived. But there are many limitations in this literature. The literature on the collective models of household behaviours is static and gives little consideration to the dynamic processes and learning.
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Chen, Yang, Hongsheng Chen, and Jinhua Liu. "Household Split, Income, and Migrants’ Life Satisfaction: Social Problems Caused by Rapid Urbanization in China." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123415.
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Household split between rural and urban areas has become an important social issue in China’s urbanization process. This study analysed the influence of household split on migrants’ life satisfaction and the differences between inter- and intra-provincial migrants. Using the data of the 2014 China Migrants Dynamic Survey, we found that the life satisfaction of inter-provincial migrants was significantly lower than that of intra-provincial migrants. For inter-provincial migrants, the life satisfaction of those who moved to the city with underaged children was significantly lower than that of those who left their children in their hometown. Moreover, the life satisfaction of migrants who were concerned about childcare in the hometown was significantly lower than that of those who did not worry about it. Chinese migrants face a dilemma: bringing their family members to the city despite the lack of social welfare support or leaving them in the hometown worrying about family care. We also found that family income does not have a significant moderating effect on the decline in life satisfaction owing to concerns about childcare in the hometown. Future policy concerning China’s population should create external conditions for migrants to accomplish family reunion.
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Arestis, Philip, and Peter Phelps. "Inequality implications of European economic and monetary union membership: A reassessment." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, no. 7 (July 30, 2018): 1443–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18781082.
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A growing number of studies have concluded that the European economic and monetary union has exacerbated inequalities in income, wealth and society. Furthermore, the endogeneity of income inequality is now becoming recognised as an important part of the cost–benefit analysis of euro currency adoption. Yet the nature, significance and scale of different monetary (and market) integration channels in operation remain uncertain. In this contribution, we employ static and dynamic panel data methodologies to investigate the intra-national household inequality implications, both realised and expected over coming years. Our analysis reveals that the within-country inequality outcomes differ significantly for core and non-core country-groups in the European economic and monetary union, which have so far realised very different distributional costs and benefits from the integration process. These are crucial issues for policy-makers, not just for the European economic and monetary union member states, but for other countries as well, especially the European Union countries that are expected to adopt the euro currency in the future. This is so in terms of their attempts to look for, design and implement policies, which alleviate rather than exacerbate within-country inequality.
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Shrestha, Prativa. "Intra-Household Resource Dynamics and Food Security in Matatirtha VDC." Economic Journal of Nepal 28, no. 4 (January 28, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejon.v28i4.166.
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Beal Cohen, Allegra A., Rachata Muneepeerakul, and Gregory Kiker. "Intra-group decision-making in agent-based models." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (September 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96661-5.
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AbstractMany agent-based models (ABMs) try to explain large-scale phenomena by reducing them to behaviors at lower scales. At these scales in social systems are functional groups such as households, religious congregations, coops and local governments. The intra-group dynamics of functional groups often generate inefficient or unexpected behavior that cannot be predicted by modeling groups as basic units. We introduce a framework for modeling intra-group decision-making and its interaction with social norms, using the household as our focus. We select phenomena related to women’s empowerment in agriculture as examples influenced by both intra-household dynamics and gender norms. Our framework proves more capable of replicating these phenomena than two common types of ABMs. We conclude that it is not enough to build multi-scale models; explaining social behaviors entails modeling intra-scale dynamics.
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Gupta, Shriyam, Dhwani Yagnaraman, and Aditya Jagati. "An Endless Bargain: A Participatory Approach to Understanding Intra-household Finance." Journal of Emerging Market Finance, March 8, 2022, 097265272210806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09726527221080681.
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While factors influencing intra-household dynamics, preferences of individual members, and their impact on household financial decision-making have been studied, the actual process of bargaining, and decision-making process remain uncaptured. We take a qualitative approach to address this gap and do so in two distinct ways. We first conduct a photo elicitation session (n = 55) to understand gender differences in financial responsibility, dynamics in purchase and saving decisions, and conflict resolution. Then, using findings from the photo elicitation, we develop a gamified instrument to observe financial decision-making in real-time between couples (n = 32). We find that husbands and wives have separate spheres of responsibility within the household, which determine their financial decision-making ability. Further, we find that income, investment and children motivate “big” financial expenditures, while savings is understood as an act of cutting expenses. Finally, we discuss the opportunities to employ new qualitative methods to study and capture behavioral dynamics. JEL Codes: D130, G510, G59
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Zingwe, David Eddings, Laston Petro Manja, and Ephraim Wadonda Chirwa. "The effects of engendered intra-household power dynamics on household food security and nutrition in Malawi." Journal of Gender Studies, June 30, 2021, 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1940110.
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Kalsi, Jaslin K., Siobhan Austen, and Astghik Mavisakalyan. "Employment and the distribution of intra-household financial satisfaction." Economic and Labour Relations Review, November 30, 2021, 103530462110413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10353046211041394.
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This study applies a methodology used by De Henau and Himmelweit (2013) to study resource allocation in Australian mixed-sex couple households. Using 18 waves of data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey and by means of fixed effects estimations, the study identifies how men’s and women’s contributions via paid and unpaid work influences their satisfaction with the financial situation (SWFS) within households. Employment status is used to proxy each partner’s contribution to household resources. The results reveal that paid contributions through full-time employment have a strong role in determining SWFS. This is a source of gender difference because Australian men are much more likely to be engaged in full-time employment than women. Most often, for both men and women, unpaid contributions to household resources (proxied by less than full-time employment) has a detrimental effect on their own SWFS, but smaller effects on their partner’s SWFS. These results imply that gender asymmetry in paid and unpaid contributions to household resources contributes to the reproduction of gender inequalities within Australian households. The results add external validity to the relevance of De Henau and Himmelweit’s (2013) analysis of these issues. JEL codes: B54, I31, E24
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Wellington, Olubukola A. "Social norms or socioeconomic dynamics: determinants of gender-equal intra-household decision-making." SN Social Sciences 2, no. 11 (October 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43545-022-00547-w.
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KUMAR, ABHAY, R. K. P. SINGH, ANJANI KUMAR, UJJWAL KUMAR, A. K. JHA, and PANKAJ KUMAR. "Dynamics and determinants of farm household income in Bihar: evidence from panel data of selected villages." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 89, no. 11 (November 14, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v89i11.95336.
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The study is undertaken to analyze the farm household income, income sources, economic inequality, and determinants of income of farm households in Bihar which is based on five-year panel data (2010–11 and 2014–15). Findings of the study show that the income level of farm households in the selected villages of Bihar is low, but exhibited an impressive annual growth rate of 6% from 2010–11 to 2014–15. The income level showed a positive relation with the size of landholding. Further, the sources of household income are quite diverse, and cultivation contributes only one-fourth to the total income of farm households. The level of remittances showed signs of decline, while the share of transfer payments and non -farm activities increased from 2010–11 to 2014–15. Inter- and intra-class inequality in farm household income is also prominent but diminishing with time. Farm assets, diversification, and education level have turned out to be important drivers of farm household income. These findings have significant implications and call for holistic rural development strategies for enhancing farmers’ income.
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Yang, Liangbin, Eric Bradlow, and Peter Fader. "Inferring Individual Preferences and Intra-Household Dynamics with Aggregate Data: An Application to Targeted TV Advertising." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3864575.
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