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Journal articles on the topic 'Intestinal mucosal immune system'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Igietseme, Joseph U., John L. Portis, and Linda L. Perry. "Inflammation and Clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis in Enteric and Nonenteric Mucosae." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 3 (2001): 1832–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.3.1832-1840.2001.

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ABSTRACT Immunization(s) fostering the induction of genital mucosa-targeted immune effectors is the goal of vaccines against sexually transmitted diseases. However, it is uncertain whether vaccine administration should be based on the current assumptions about the common mucosal immune system. We investigated the relationship between mucosal sites of infection, infection-induced inflammation, and immune-mediated bacterial clearance in mice using the epitheliotropic pathogenChlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydial infection of the conjunctival, pulmonary, or genital mucosae stimulated significant chan

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Wang, Li, Limeng Zhu, and Song Qin. "Gut Microbiota Modulation on Intestinal Mucosal Adaptive Immunity." Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (October 3, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4735040.

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The mammalian intestine harbors a remarkable number of microbes and their components and metabolites, which are fundamental for the instigation and development of the host immune system. The intestinal innate and adaptive immunity coordinate and interact with the symbionts contributing to the intestinal homeostasis through establishment of a mutually beneficial relationship by tolerating to symbiotic microbiota and retaining the ability to exert proinflammatory response towards invasive pathogens. Imbalance between the intestinal immune system and commensal organisms disrupts the intestinal mi

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Li, Tianming, Mei Liu, Siyu Sun, Xuying Liu, and Dongyan Liu. "Epithelial Cells Orchestrate the Functions of Dendritic Cells in Intestinal Homeostasis." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 1, no. 7 (2020): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1165.

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The gastrointestinal tract represents the largest mucosal membrane surface and is the one of the most complex human organs. The intestinal barrier dysfunction contributes to systemic immune activation. The mucosal immune system has extremely arduous tasks to resist invaders and promote tolerance of food antigens and the microbiota. The intestinal mucosal immune system fulfills these tasks through complex interactions between immune cells and the local microenvironment in intestine. Intestinal Epithelial Cells (IECs) play important roles in these complex interactions. IECs not only constitute t

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Schuppler, Markus, and Martin J. Loessner. "The Opportunistic PathogenListeria monocytogenes: Pathogenicity and Interaction with the Mucosal Immune System." International Journal of Inflammation 2010 (2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/704321.

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Listeria monocytogenesis an opportunistic foodborne pathogen causing listeriosis, an often fatal infection leading to meningitis, sepsis, or infection of the fetus and abortion in susceptible individuals. It was recently found that the bacterium can also cause acute, self-limiting febrile gastroenteritis in healthy individuals. In the intestinal tract,L. monocytogenespenetrates the mucosa directly via enterocytes, or indirectly via invasion of Peyer’s patches. Animal models forL. monocytogenesinfection have provided many insights into the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the development of new

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Astafieva, N. G., I. V. Gamova, E. N. Udovitchenko, I. A. Perfilova, D. Y. Kobzev, and І. Ae Michailova. "Mucosal immune system: the regulatory action of probiotics." Russian Journal of Allergy 12, no. 5 (2015): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja423.

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The evidence of the beneficial effects of dairy products on the intestinal microflora was given for the first time in 1908 by I.I. Mechnikov in the famous article «A few words about the sour milk». Since that time probiotics - the living microorganisms for regulation of intestinal microbiota are the case of interest. Interactions between the probiotics and macroorganism are very complex and include a network of genes receptors, signaling molecules and a variety of other factors that determine the natural course of the disease.

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Yoo, Ji, Maureen Groer, Samia Dutra, Anujit Sarkar, and Daniel McSkimming. "Gut Microbiota and Immune System Interactions." Microorganisms 8, no. 10 (2020): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101587.

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Dynamic interactions between gut microbiota and a host’s innate and adaptive immune systems are essential in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and inhibiting inflammation. Gut microbiota metabolizes proteins and complex carbohydrates, synthesizes vitamins, and produces an enormous number of metabolic products that can mediate cross-talk between gut epithelium and immune cells. As a defense mechanism, gut epithelial cells produce a mucosal barrier to segregate microbiota from host immune cells and reduce intestinal permeability. An impaired interaction between gut bacteria and the mucosal immu

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Fiocchi, Claudio. "Intestinal inflammation: a complex interplay of immune and nonimmune cell interactions." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 273, no. 4 (1997): G769—G775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.4.g769.

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Intestinal inflammation has traditionally been viewed as a process in which effector immune cells cause the destruction of other mucosal cells that behave as passive bystander targets. Progress in understanding the process of intestinal inflammation has led to a much broader and more integrated picture of the various mucosal components, a picture in which cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and the process of apoptosis act as functional mediators. Essentially all cellular and acellular components can exert immunelike activities, modifying the classical concept of selected immune cel

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Sun, Ruicong, Chunjin Xu, Baisui Feng, Xiang Gao, and Zhanju Liu. "Critical roles of bile acids in regulating intestinal mucosal immune responses." Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 14 (January 2021): 175628482110180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562848211018098.

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Bile acids are a class of cholesterol derivatives that have been known for a long time for their critical roles in facilitating the digestion and absorption of lipid from the daily diet. The transformation of primary bile acids produced by the liver to secondary bile acids appears under the action of microbiota in the intestine, greatly expanding the molecular diversity of the intestinal environment. With the discovery of several new receptors of bile acids and signaling pathways, bile acids are considered as a family of important metabolites that play pleiotropic roles in regulating many aspe

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9

Heyman, M. "How dietary antigens access the mucosal immune system." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 60, no. 4 (2001): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2001117.

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The intestinal epithelium is a selective barrier where incompletely-digested food antigens are transmitted to the immune system. Food antigens are often the starting point of intestinal diseases such as food allergy or coeliac disease. The intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) take up and process food antigens mainly by fluid-phase transcytosis involving two functional pathways, one minor direct pathway without degradation and another major lysosomal degradative pathway. Among the peptidic metabolites generated during transepithelial transport of luminal antigens, some have a molecular mass compat

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Yue, Bei, Xiaoping Luo, Zhilun Yu, Sridhar Mani, Zhengtao Wang, and Wei Dou. "Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Potential Result from the Collusion between Gut Microbiota and Mucosal Immune System." Microorganisms 7, no. 10 (2019): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7100440.

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Host health depends on the intestinal homeostasis between the innate/adaptive immune system and the microbiome. Numerous studies suggest that gut microbiota are constantly monitored by the host mucosal immune system, and any slight disturbance in the microbial communities may contribute to intestinal immune disruption and increased susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis between microbiota composition and the mucosal immune system is an effective approach t

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Cario, Elke. "Toll-like receptors and intestinal defence: molecular basis and therapeutic implications." Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 5, no. 19 (2003): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1462399403006501.

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a principle role in distinct pathogen recognition and in the initiation of innate immune responses of the intestinal mucosa. Activated innate immunity interconnects downstream with adaptive immunity in complex feedback regulatory loops. Intestinal disease might result from inappropriate activation of the mucosal immune system driven by TLRs in response to normal luminal flora.

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Prykhod'ko, Olena, Olexandr Fed'kiv, Ann Linderoth, Stefan G. Pierzynowski, and Björn R. Weström. "Precocious gut maturation and immune cell expansion by single dose feeding the lectin phytohaemagglutinin to suckling rats." British Journal of Nutrition 101, no. 5 (2008): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508035940.

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The dietary lectin phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induces gut growth and precocious maturation in suckling rats after mucosal binding. The present study investigated the dose range in which PHA provokes gut maturation and if it coincided with immune activation. Suckling rats, aged 14 d, were orogastrically fed a single increasing dose of PHA: 0 (control), 2, 10, 50 or 250 μg/g body weight (BW) in saline. The effect on gut, lymphoid organs and appearance of CD3+ (T-lymphocyte) and CD19+ (B-lymphocyte) cells in the small-intestinal mucosa was studied at 12 h (acute) and 3 d (late phase) after treatme

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Vinderola, C. G., J. Duarte, D. Thangavel, G. Perdigon, E. Farnworth, and C. Matar. "Distal Mucosal Site Stimulation by Kefir and Duration of the Immune Response." European Journal of Inflammation 3, no. 2 (2005): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1721727x0500300203.

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Kefir is a fermented milk (drink) produced by the action of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and acetic acid bacteria. We recently reported a comparative study on the effect of kefir containing viable or non-viable bacteria by studying their modulatory activity on the intestinal immune response. A functional dose was established in a murine model and the pattern of regulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines induced was also studied. The existence of a common mucosal immune system implies that the immune cells stimulated in one mucosal tissue can spread and relocate through various mucosal sites. Th

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Sanderson, Ian R. "Nutritional factors and immune functions of gut epithelium." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 60, no. 4 (2001): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2001122.

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The intestinal epithelium acts as a barrier to the external environment contained within the lumen of the gut. It also transports solutes for nutrition and for immunological surveillance. The present review develops the hypothesis that changes in diet, through the composition of the lumen environment, alter the expression of genes in the epithelium. These genes include those that encode for proteins that signal to the mucosal immune system. Directly changing the expression of signalling molecules in the intestinal epithelium using transgenic techniques alters immune function. For example, up r

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Reinecker, Hans-Christian. "Integration of Intestinal Epithelial Cells into the Mucosal Immune System." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 3, no. 2 (1997): 160–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00054725-199706000-00028.

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Husin, Syarif, Ardesy Melizah, Syifa Alkaff, and Rachmat Hidayat. "The Probiotic Bacterium Isolated from Bekasam (Traditional Fermented Food), Lactobacillus Sp. Induces Activation of Gut Mucosal Immune System in Rat." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 21 (2019): 3530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.790.

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BACKGROUND: Bekasam is one of the traditional foods in South Sumatra, Indonesia, a mixture of fermented fish containing Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus sp. Non-commensal bacteria and probiotics can induce intestinal mucosal immune responses. AIM: This pilot study aimed to see the efficacy of Lactobacillus sp. to the immune response of the intestinal mucosa by assessing the levels of IgA in the intestinal fluid and markers of T cell populations, such as CD4 and CD8 in the intestinal mucosa. METHODS: This study was an in vivo experimental study. As many as 30 rats were grou

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Wyatt, Carol R. "Cryptosporidium parvumand mucosal immunity in neonatal cattle." Animal Health Research Reviews 1, no. 1 (2000): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252300000037.

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AbstractCryptosporidium parvumis an important zoonotic protozoan pathogen that causes acute infection and self-limiting gastrointestinal disease in neonatal calves. There are currently no consistently effective antimicrobials available to control cryptosporidiosis. Therefore, immunotherapeutic and vaccination protocols offer the greatest potential for long-term control of the disease. In order to devise effective control measures, it is important to better define mucosal immunity toC. parvumin young calves. This review summarizes the information that has accumulated over the last decade which

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Maldonado Galdeano, Carolina, Silvia Inés Cazorla, José María Lemme Dumit, Eva Vélez, and Gabriela Perdigón. "Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 74, no. 2 (2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496426.

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Background: The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most microbiologically active ecosystems that plays a crucial role in the working of the mucosal immune system (MIS). In this ecosystem, the consumed probiotics stimulate the immune system and induce a network of signals mediated by the whole bacteria or their cell wall structure. This review is aimed at describing the immunological mechanisms of probiotics and their beneficial effects on the host. Summary: Once administered, oral probiotic bacteria interact with the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) or immune cells associated with the lami

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Fujita, Saki, Yasunori Baba, Yukari Nakashima, et al. "Administration of Enterococcus faecium HS-08 increases intestinal acetate and induces immunoglobulin A secretion in mice." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 66, no. 10 (2020): 576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2020-0020.

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A probiotic is considered a live microbial feed supplement that has beneficial effects on the host. In this study, the probiotic property by which Enterococcus faecium HS-08 strengthens the immune system was investigated. Using a murine model, we evaluated the abilities of this strain to increase intestinal short-chain fatty acid contents and to induce the production of mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA), which are crucial for mucosal immune systems. Various amounts (0%, 0.0038%, 0.038%, or 0.38%) of strain HS-08 cells were administered to BALB/cAJcl mice, which resulted in a dose-dependent increa

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Galdeano, Carolina Maldonado, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Esteban Carmuega, Ricardo Weill, and Gabriela Perdigón. "Mechanisms involved in the immunostimulation by probiotic fermented milk." Journal of Dairy Research 76, no. 4 (2009): 446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029909990021.

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The intestinal ecosystem contains a normal microbiota, non-immune cells and immune cells associated with the intestinal mucosa. The mechanisms involved in the modulation of the gut immune system by probiotics are not yet completely understood. The present work studies the effect of a fermented milk containing probiotic bacteriumLactobacillus(Lb.)caseiDN114001 on different parameters of the gut immune system involved with the nonspecific, innate and adaptive response. BALB/c mice received the probiotic bacteriumLb. caseiDN114001 or the probiotic fermented milk (PFM). The interaction of the prob

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Bailey, M., K. Haverson, C. Inman, et al. "The development of the mucosal immune system pre- and post-weaning: balancing regulatory and effector function." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, no. 4 (2005): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2005452.

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The mucosal immune system fulfils the primary function of defence against potential pathogens that may enter across vulnerable surface epithelia. However, a secondary function of the intestinal immune system is to discriminate between pathogen-associated and ‘harmless’ antigens, expressing active responses against the former and tolerance to the latter. Control of immune responses appears to be an active process, involving local generation of IgA and of regulatory and/or regulated T lymphocytes. Two important periods of maximum exposure to novel antigens occur in the young animal, immediately

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Brisbin, Jennifer T., Joshua Gong, and Shayan Sharif. "Interactions between commensal bacteria and the gut-associated immune system of the chicken." Animal Health Research Reviews 9, no. 1 (2008): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146625230800145x.

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AbstractThe chicken gut-associated lymphoid tissue is made up of a number of tissues and cells that are responsible for generating mucosal immune responses and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. The normal chicken microbiota also contributes to this via the ability to activate both innate defense mechanisms and adaptive immune responses. If left uncontrolled, immune activation in response to the normal microbiota would pose a risk of excessive inflammation and intestinal damage. Therefore, it is important that immune responses to the normal microbiota be under strict regulatory control. Throu

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Lin, Jian, Lulu Huang, Yuchen Li, Penghao Zhang, Qinghua Yu, and Qian Yang. "Bacillus subtilis Spore-Trained Dendritic Cells Enhance the Generation of Memory T Cells via ICAM1." Cells 10, no. 9 (2021): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092267.

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Immunological memory is a cardinal feature of the immune system. The intestinal mucosa is the primary exposure and entry site of infectious organisms. For an effective and long-lasting safeguard, a robust immune memory system is required, especially by the mucosal immunity. It is well known that tissue-resident memory T cells (Trms) provide a first response against infections reencountered at mucosal tissues surfaces, where they accelerate pathogen clearance. However, their function in intestinal immunization remains to be investigated. Here, we report enhanced local mucosal and systemic immun

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Laroux, F. Stephen, Kevin P. Pavlick, Robert E. Wolf, and Matthew B. Grisham. "Dysregulation of Intestinal Mucosal Immunity: Implications in Inflammatory Bowel Disease." Physiology 16, no. 6 (2001): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.6.272.

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The mucosal interstitia of the intestine and colon are continuously exposed to large amounts of dietary and microbial antigens. Fortunately, the mucosal immune system has evolved efficient mechanisms to distinguish potentially pathogenic from nonpathological antigens. There are, however, situations in which this immune regulation fails, resulting in chronic gut inflammation.

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De Koning, B. AE, D. J. Lindenbergh-Kortleve, J. M. Van Dieren, et al. "CONTRIBUTION OF THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE SYSTEM TO METHOTREXATE INDUCED INTESTINAL DAMAGE." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 40, no. 5 (2005): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200505000-00096.

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de Koning, B., D. Lindenbergh-Kortleve, J. van Dieren, et al. "Contribution of the mucosal immune system to methotrexate induced intestinal damage." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 18, no. 1 (2006): A26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-200601000-00098.

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OHTSUKA, YOSHIKAZU. "Intestinal epithelial cells are actively involved in a mucosal immune system." Juntendo Medical Journal 48, no. 1 (2002): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14789/pjmj.48.2.

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Shrestha, Umid Kumar. "Immunology of the gut and oral tolerance." Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine 4, no. 1 (2015): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaim.v4i1.14176.

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The pathogens and harmless antigens from the bacterial flora and food constantly expose the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract. The mucosal epithelial cells act not only as a physical barrier, but also as a local immune system, which plays a vital role in defense and self-tolerance. The gut mucosal immune system comprises several compartments: Peyer’s patches and lymphoid follicles in the colonic mucosa, and lymphocytes in the lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Peyer’s patches mediate antigen uptake via specialized epithelial cells (M cells) and are rich in B cells for

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Bailey, M., F. J. Plunkett, H. J. Rothkötter, M. A. Vega-Lopez, K. Haverson, and C. R. Stokes. "Regulation of mucosal immune responses in effector sites." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 60, no. 4 (2001): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2001118.

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In human disease and rodent models, immune responses in the intestinal mucosa can be damaging. Damage is characterised by villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and reduced ability to digest and absorb nutrients. In normal individuals active responses to harmless environmental antigens associated with food and commensal bacteria are controlled by the development of immunological tolerance. Similar pathological changes occur in piglets weaned early from their mothers. Active immune responses to food antigens are observed in these piglets, and we and others have hypothesised that the changes occur as

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Lillehoj, H. S., and J. M. Trout. "Avian gut-associated lymphoid tissues and intestinal immune responses to Eimeria parasites." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 9, no. 3 (1996): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.9.3.349.

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Coccidiosis, an intestinal infection caused by intracellular protozoan parasites belonging to several different species of Eimeria, seriously impairs the growth and feed utilization of livestock and poultry. Host immune responses to coccidial infection are complex. Animals infected with Eimeria spp. produce parasite-specific antibodies in both the circulation and mucosal secretions. However, it appears that antibody-mediated responses play a minor role in protection against coccidiosis. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in resistance to in

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DEBBABI, HAJER, MICHEL DUBARRY, MICHÈLE RAUTUREAU, and DANIEL TOMÉ. "Bovine lactoferrin induces both mucosal and systemic immune response in mice." Journal of Dairy Research 65, no. 2 (1998): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029997002732.

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Lactoferrin (Lf) is a milk iron-binding glycoprotein that plays a role in iron transport and acts as both a bacteriostatic and a growth modulating agent. The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of immune responses induced by repeated oral administration of bovine milk Lf in mice. Groups of ten female BALB/c mice were fed daily for 4 weeks with two doses of protein antigen: a low (0·05 mg/g body weight per d) or high (1 mg/g body weight per d) dose of Lf, or water as a control. A fourth group was immunized intramuscularly with 0·01 mg Lf in complete Freund's adjuvant. Anti-Lf IgA an

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Cromwell, Mandy A., Ronald S. Veazey, John D. Altman, et al. "Induction of Mucosal Homing Virus-Specific CD8+ T Lymphocytes by Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus." Journal of Virology 74, no. 18 (2000): 8762–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.18.8762-8766.2000.

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ABSTRACT Induction of virus-specific T-cell responses in mucosal as well as systemic compartments of the immune system is likely to be a critical feature of an effective AIDS vaccine. We investigated whether virus-specific CD8+ lymphocytes induced in rhesus macaques by immunization with attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), an approach that is highly effective in eliciting protection against mucosal challenge, express the mucosa-homing receptor α4β7 and traffic to the intestinal mucosa. SIV-specific CD8+ T cells expressing α4β7 were detected in peripheral blood and intestine of macaq

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Mehta, Minesh, Shifat Ahmed, and Gerald Dryden. "Immunopathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease: how genetics link barrier dysfunction and innate immunity to inflammation." Innate Immunity 23, no. 6 (2017): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425917722206.

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise a distinct set of clinical symptoms resulting from chronic or relapsing immune activation and corresponding inflammation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Diverse genetic mutations, encoding important aspects of innate immunity and mucosal homeostasis, combine with environmental triggers to create inappropriate, sustained inflammatory responses. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding the interplay of the intestinal epithelium, mucosal immune system, and commensal bacteria as a foundation of the pathogenesis of inflammator

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Li, Zhiyuan, Cai Zhang, Zhixia Zhou, Jianhua Zhang, Jian Zhang та Zhigang Tian. "Small Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes Expressing CD8 and T Cell Receptor γδ Are Involved in Bacterial Clearance during Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection". Infection and Immunity 80, № 2 (2011): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05078-11.

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ABSTRACTThe intestinal immune system is crucial for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis and has evolved under the dual pressure of protecting the host from pathogenic infection and coexisting with the dense and diverse commensal organisms in the lumen. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) are the first element of the host T cell compartment available to respond to oral infection by pathogens. This study demonstrated that oral infection bySalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium promoted the expansion of iIELs, particularly CD8+TCRγδ+IELs, enhanced expression of NKG2D on iIELs, incre

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George, Michael D., Elizabeth Reay, Sumathi Sankaran, and Satya Dandekar. "Early Antiretroviral Therapy for Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Leads to Mucosal CD4+ T-Cell Restoration and Enhanced Gene Expression Regulating Mucosal Repair and Regeneration." Journal of Virology 79, no. 5 (2005): 2709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.5.2709-2719.2005.

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ABSTRACT Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections lead to rapid depletion of CD4+ T cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Although the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been shown to increase CD4+ T-cell levels in the peripheral blood in both SIV and HIV infections, its efficacy in restoring intestinal mucosal CD4+ T cells has not been well investigated. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of virally induced disruptions in the mucosal immune system, we have evaluated longitudinal changes in viral burden, T-cel

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de Medina, Fermín Sánchez, Mercedes Ortega-González, Raquel González-Pérez, Fermín Capitán-Cañadas, and Olga Martínez-Augustin. "Host–microbe interactions: the difficult yet peaceful coexistence of the microbiota and the intestinal mucosa." British Journal of Nutrition 109, S2 (2013): S12—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512004035.

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The immune system has evolved to live in a collaborative relationship with the microbiota, while still serving its seminal function to fight off invasive pathogenic bacteria. The mechanisms that rule the interactions between the intestinal microbiota and the intestinal immune system are the focus of intense research. Here, we describe how the innate immunity is, to a great extent, in charge of the control of the microbiota in the intestine and relies on non-specific receptors called pathogen-recognition receptors. While the microbiota has a well-defined effect on the host immune homoeostasis,

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Calleja-Conde, Javier, Victor Echeverry-Alzate, Kora-Mareen Bühler, et al. "The Immune System through the Lens of Alcohol Intake and Gut Microbiota." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (2021): 7485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147485.

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The human gut is the largest organ with immune function in our body, responsible for regulating the homeostasis of the intestinal barrier. A diverse, complex and dynamic population of microorganisms, called microbiota, which exert a significant impact on the host during homeostasis and disease, supports this role. In fact, intestinal bacteria maintain immune and metabolic homeostasis, protecting our organism against pathogens. The development of numerous inflammatory disorders and infections has been linked to altered gut bacterial composition or dysbiosis. Multiple factors contribute to the e

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Janeckova, Lucie, Klara Kostovcikova, Jiri Svec, et al. "Unique Gene Expression Signatures in the Intestinal Mucosa and Organoids Derived from Germ-Free and Monoassociated Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (2019): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071581.

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Commensal microbiota contribute to gut homeostasis by inducing transcription of mucosal genes. Analysis of the impact of various microbiota on intestinal tissue provides an important insight into the function of this organ. We used cDNA microarrays to determine the gene expression signature of mucosa isolated from the small intestine and colon of germ-free (GF) mice and animals monoassociated with two E. coli strains. The results were compared to the expression data obtained in conventionally reared (CR) mice. In addition, we analyzed gene expression in colon organoids derived from CR, GF, and

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Forchielli, Maria Luisa, and W. Allan Walker. "The role of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and mucosal defence." British Journal of Nutrition 93, S1 (2005): S41—S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041356.

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The newborn infant leaves a germ-free intrauterine environment to enter a contaminated extrauterine world and must have adequate intestinal defences to prevent the expression of clinical gastrointestinal disease states. Although the intestinal mucosal immune system is fully developed after a full-term birth, the actual protective function of the gut requires the microbial stimulation of initial bacterial colonization. Breast milk contains prebiotic oligosaccharides, like inulin-type fructans, which are not digested in the small intestine but enter the colon as intact large carbohydrates that a

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Weidinger, Carl, Ahmed Nabil Hegazy, Rainer Glauben, and Britta Siegmund. "COVID-19—from mucosal immunology to IBD patients." Mucosal Immunology 14, no. 3 (2021): 566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41385-021-00384-9.

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AbstractViral infections with SARS-CoV-2 can cause a multi-facetted disease, which is not only characterized by pneumonia and overwhelming systemic inflammatory immune responses, but which can also directly affect the digestive system and infect intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we review the current understanding of intestinal tropism of SARS-CoV-2 infection, its impact on mucosal function and immunology and summarize the effect of immune-suppression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on disease outcome of COVID-19 and discuss IBD-relevant implications for the clinical managem

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Meijerink, M., and J. Wells. "Probiotic modulation of dendritic cells and T cell responses in the intestine." Beneficial Microbes 1, no. 4 (2010): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2010.0029.

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Over the past decade it has become clear that probiotic and commensal interactions with mucosal dendritic cells in the lamina propria or epithelial cells lining the mucosa can modulate specific functions of the mucosal immune system. Innate pattern-recognition receptors such as TLRs, NLRs and CLRs play a crucial role in the host recognition of probiotics and other microorganism. Signalling via these receptors directly influences the chemokine and cytokine response of dendritic cells as well as the crosstalk between the epithelium and the immune cells in the lamina propria. This can influence t

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Du, Lijun, John J. Kim, Jinhua Shen, and Ning Dai. "Crosstalk between Inflammation and ROCK/MLCK Signaling Pathways in Gastrointestinal Disorders with Intestinal Hyperpermeability." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7374197.

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The barrier function of the intestine is essential for maintaining the normal homeostasis of the gut and mucosal immune system. Abnormalities in intestinal barrier function expressed by increased intestinal permeability have long been observed in various gastrointestinal disorders such as Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), celiac disease, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Imbalance of metabolizing junction proteins and mucosal inflammation contributes to intestinal hyperpermeability. Emerging studies exploringin vitroandin vivomodel system demonstrate that Rho-associated coiled-c

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Arató, András. "Milestones in understanding of the pathogenesis of immunmediated intestinal disorders. Development of their diagnosis and therapy." Orvosi Hetilap 154, no. 38 (2013): 1512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.29710.

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In the last decades our knowledge has been enormously broadened about the structure and function of the gut associated lymphoid system. It was recognized how intricate and finely tuned connection exists between the gut bacterial flora and the intestinal mucosa. This subtle balance ensures mucosal homeostasis, which has a key role in organ defence against pathogens. However, at the same time this system makes possible the development of oral tolerance toward the commensals and the food antigens. In case of any disturbances in this finely tuned process, immunmediated intestinal disorders may eas

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Klaasen, H. L., P. J. Van der Heijden, W. Stok, et al. "Apathogenic, intestinal, segmented, filamentous bacteria stimulate the mucosal immune system of mice." Infection and Immunity 61, no. 1 (1993): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.61.1.303-306.1993.

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Villena, Julio, Chang Li, Maria Guadalupe Vizoso-Pinto, Jacinto Sacur, Linzhu Ren, and Haruki Kitazawa. "Lactiplantibacillus plantarum as a Potential Adjuvant and Delivery System for the Development of SARS-CoV-2 Oral Vaccines." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (2021): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040683.

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The most important characteristics regarding the mucosal infection and immune responses against the Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as well as the current vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in development or use are revised to emphasize the opportunity for lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-based vaccines to offer a valid alternative in the fight against this disease. In addition, this article revises the knowledge on: (a) the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the improvement of mucosal antiviral defenses by beneficial Lactiplantibacillus plantarum s

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Tani, Haruka, Bo Li, Takashi Kusu, et al. "The ATP-hydrolyzing ectoenzyme E-NTPD8 attenuates colitis through modulation of P2X4 receptor–dependent metabolism in myeloid cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 39 (2021): e2100594118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100594118.

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Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released by mucosal immune cells and by microbiota in the intestinal lumen elicits diverse immune responses that mediate the intestinal homeostasis via P2 purinergic receptors, while overactivation of ATP signaling leads to mucosal immune system disruption, which leads to pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. In the small intestine, hydrolysis of luminal ATP by ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPD)7 in epithelial cells is essential for control of the number of T helper 17 (Th17) cells. However, the molecular mechanism by which mic

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Pagliari, D., A. Saviano, E. E. Newton, et al. "Gut Microbiota-Immune System Crosstalk and Pancreatic Disorders." Mediators of Inflammation 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7946431.

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Gut microbiota is key to the development and modulation of the mucosal immune system. It plays a central role in several physiological functions, in the modulation of inflammatory signaling and in the protection against infections. In healthy states, there is a perfect balance between commensal and pathogens, and microbiota and the immune system interact to maintain gut homeostasis. The alteration of such balance, called dysbiosis, determines an intestinal bacterial overgrowth which leads to the disruption of the intestinal barrier with systemic translocation of pathogens. The pancreas does no

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Kang, Sung, Seok Hong, Yong-Kyu Lee, and Sungpil Cho. "Oral Vaccine Delivery for Intestinal Immunity—Biological Basis, Barriers, Delivery System, and M Cell Targeting." Polymers 10, no. 9 (2018): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10090948.

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Most currently available commercial vaccines are delivered by systemic injection. However, needle-free oral vaccine delivery is currently of great interest for several reasons, including the ability to elicit mucosal immune responses, ease of administration, and the relatively improved safety. This review summarizes the biological basis, various physiological and immunological barriers, current delivery systems with delivery criteria, and suggestions for strategies to enhance the delivery of oral vaccines. In oral vaccine delivery, basic requirements are the protection of antigens from the GI

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Pagliari, Danilo, Giovanni Gambassi, Ciriaco A. Piccirillo, and Rossella Cianci. "The Intricate Link among Gut “Immunological Niche,” Microbiota, and Xenobiotics in Intestinal Pathology." Mediators of Inflammation 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8390595.

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are diseases characterized by various degrees of inflammation involving the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are characterized by a dysregulated immune response leading to structural gut alterations in genetically predisposed individuals. Diverticular disease is characterized by abnormal immune response to normal gut microbiota. IBDs are linked to a lack of physiological tolerance of the mucosal immune system to resident gut microbiota and pathogens. The disruption of immune tolerance involves inflammatory pathways characterized

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Bykov, A. S., A. V. Karaulov, D. A. Tsomartova, et al. "M CELLS ARE THE IMPORTANT POST IN THE INITIATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE IN INTESTINE." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 8, no. 3 (2018): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-2018-3-263-272.

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Microfold cells (M cells) are specialized intestinal epithelial cells that initiate mucosal immune responses. These unique phagocytic epithelial cells are specialized for the transfer of a broad range of particulate antigens and microorganisms across the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) into the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) by a process termed transcytosis. The molecular basis of antigen uptake by M cells has been gradually identified in the last decade. Active sampling of intestinal antigen initiates regulated immune responses that ensure intestinal homeostasis. The delivery of l

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