Journal articles: 'Intestinal Health and Immunity'

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Liu, Yanhong. "Nutritional intervention for the intestinal development and health of weaned pigs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.056.

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Abstract Weaning imposes simultaneous stress, resulting in reduced feed intake and growth rate and increased morbidity and mortality of weaned pigs. Weaning impairs the intestinal integrity, disturbs digestive and absorptive capacity, and increases the intestinal oxidative stress and susceptibility of diseases in piglets. The improvement of intestinal development and health is critically important for enhancing nutrient digestibility capacity and disease resistance of weaned pigs, therefore, increasing their survival rate at this most vulnerable stage and overall productive performance during later stages. A healthy gut may include but not limited several important features: a healthy proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, an integrated gut barrier function, a preferable or balanced gut microbiota, and a well-developed intestinal mucosa immunity. Burgeoning evidence suggested nutritional intervention are one of promising measures to enhance intestinal health of weaned pigs, although the exact protective mechanisms may vary and are still not completely understood. Previous research indicated that functional amino acids, such as arginine, cysteine, glutamine, or glutamate, may enhance intestinal mucosa immunity (i.e. increased sIgA secretion), reduce oxidative damage, stimulate proliferation of enterocytes, and enhance gut barrier function (i.e. enhanced expression of tight junction protein) of weaned pigs. A number of feed additives are marketed to assist in boosting intestinal immunity and regulating gut microbiota, therefore, reducing the negative impacts of weaning and other environmental challenges on piglets. The promising results have been demonstrated in antimicrobial peptides, clays, direct-fed microbials, micro-minerals, milk components, oligosaccharides, organic acids, phytochemicals, and many other feed additives. This review summarizes our current understanding of nutritional intervention on intestinal health and development of weaned pigs and the importance of mechanistic studies focusing on this research area.

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Pakhomovskaya, N. L., and М. M. Venediktova. "Healthy intestinal colonization in children: strong immunity." Medical Council, no. 17 (October 22, 2018): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2018-17-199-205.

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The article presents actual data on the composition and functions of the intestinal microbiota, and examines the mechanisms of the microbiota effect on the macroorganism’s health state. The necessity and possibility of correction of microbiota are shown by the analysis of the composition and evaluation of the functions of the intestinal microbiota, and the mechanisms of the symbiotic relationship «microflora macroorganism» and the causes leading to the development of intestinal dysbiosis. The main groups of preparations (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics) used for correction of intestinal microbiocenosis are presented by taking into account the modern guidelines.

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Zhang, Ruitong, and Zhuo Lyu. "Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health Through Intestinal Microbiota." Theoretical and Natural Science 4, no. 1 (April 28, 2023): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/4/20220582.

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Unsaturated fatty acids act a necessary part in the intestinal health of the host microbiota environment and immune ability by being transformed by intestinal microorganisms. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are very important to the host body, also they influence many physiological activities of the body. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesized by the human body cannot meet the daily needs of the human body, and it is necessary to obtain some essential fatty acids (EFA) from food. At the same time, some intestinal microorganisms can also synthesize and convert polyunsaturated fatty acids, which contribute to the regulation and control of host immunity. In addition, PUFAs are also beneficial to humans. They are critical in sustaining a healthy and stable gut microbiota environment and regulating and controlling host immunity. This paper summarized the conversion mechanism and effect of intestinal microbiota on polyunsaturated fatty acids, discussed whether polyunsaturated fatty acids can regulate human diseases and microbiota as health products, and determined the regulatory mechanism of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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Bi, Kefan, Xujun Zhang, Wenbiao Chen, and Hongyan Diao. "MicroRNAs Regulate Intestinal Immunity and Gut Microbiota for Gastrointestinal Health: A Comprehensive Review." Genes 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11091075.

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MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The regulation of microRNA expression in the gut intestine is gradually recognized as one of the crucial contributors of intestinal homeostasis and overall health. Recent studies indicated that both the microRNAs endogenous in the gut intestine and exogenous from diets could play influential roles in modulating microbial colonization and intestinal immunity. In this review, we discuss the biological functions of microRNAs in regulating intestinal homeostasis by modulating intestinal immune responses and gut microbiota. We particularly focus on addressing the microRNA-dependent communication and interactions among microRNA, gut microbiota, and intestinal immune system. Besides, we also summarize the roles of diet-derived microRNAs in host-microbiome homeostasis and their benefits on intestinal health. A better understanding of the relationships among intestinal disorders, microRNAs, and other factors influencing intestinal health can facilitate the application of microRNA-based therapeutics for gastrointestinal diseases.

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Genova, Jansller, Antonio Melo, Paulo Rupolo, Silvana Carvalho, Leandro Costa, and Paulo Carvalho. "A summary of feed additives, intestinal health and intestinal alkaline phosphatase in piglet nutrition." Czech Journal of Animal Science 65, No. 8 (August 30, 2020): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/70/2020-cjas.

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Weaning is considered the “critical window” in the piglet’s life because it is associated with several stress factors, such as loss of contact with the mother and original litter, solid diet, environmental and structural changes, and the establishment of a new hierarchy. During this abrupt period, several events such as reduced feed intake, high morbidity, susceptibility to enteric infections and post-weaning diarrhoea are observed. The nutritional landscape of the piglet gut is modified, which can compromise the maturity of the gastrointestinal system, the stable intestinal microbiome and the active immunity developed as an indicator of intestinal health. However, with increased awareness of feed safety issues and the development of drug-resistant bacteria, the interest in producing pigs without the use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) is increasing, since long-term use and therapeutic doses of AGP can contribute to the reduction of bacterial diversity and increase of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus, the most widely researched alternatives include the use of feed additives, feeding strategies, nutraceuticals/functional foods and available handling that can reduce the risk of IBD beyond basic nutritional functions. Studies have reported intestinal alkaline phosphatase as a new nutritional therapy associated with intestinal health which may be a “key additive” in the AGP replacement. In this review article, the purpose is to show some current aspects of feed additive research, addressing a concept of the “intestinal health” from different points of view and properties of alkaline phosphatase.

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Vaarala, Outi. "Intestinal Immunity and Type 1 Diabetes." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 39, Supplement 3 (June 2004): S732—S733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200406003-00008.

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Zhang, Lin, Hui Zhan, Wenye Xu, Shuai Yan, and Siew C. Ng. "The role of gut mycobiome in health and diseases." Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 14 (January 2021): 175628482110471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562848211047130.

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The gut microbiome comprised of microbes from multiple kingdoms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Emerging evidence suggests that the intestinal fungi (the gut “mycobiome”) play an important role in host immunity and inflammation. Advances in next generation sequencing methods to study the fungi in fecal samples and mucosa tissues have expanded our understanding of gut fungi in intestinal homeostasis and systemic immunity in health and their contribution to different human diseases. In this review, the current status of gut mycobiome in health, early life, and different diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and metabolic diseases were summarized.

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Adolph, Timon E., Lisa Mayr, Felix Grabherr, and Herbert Tilg. "Paneth Cells and their Antimicrobials in Intestinal Immunity." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 10 (May 28, 2018): 1121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180327161947.

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Since the initial description of granular-rich small-intestinal crypt-based epithelial cells in 1872, today referred to as Paneth cells, a plethora of recent studies underlined their function in intestinal homeostasis. Paneth cells are evolutionary conserved highly secretory cells that produce antimicrobials to control gut microbial communities. Moreover, Paneth cells emerged as stem cell regulators that translate environmental cues into intestinal epithelial responses. Paneth cell disturbances may instigate intestinal inflammation and provide susceptibility to infection. Altered Paneth cell functions have been associated with a variety of inflammatory disease models and were linked to human intestinal disease processes including inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis. This review summarizes our current understanding of Paneth cells and their antimicrobials in health and disease.

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Chandrasekaran, Preethi, Sabine Weiskirchen, and Ralf Weiskirchen. "Effects of Probiotics on Gut Microbiota: An Overview." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 11 (May 30, 2024): 6022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116022.

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The role of probiotics in regulating intestinal flora to enhance host immunity has recently received widespread attention. Altering the human gut microbiota may increase the predisposition to several disease phenotypes such as gut inflammation and metabolic disorders. The intestinal microbiota converts dietary nutrients into metabolites that serve as biologically active molecules in modulating regulatory functions in the host. Probiotics, which are active microorganisms, play a versatile role in restoring the composition of the gut microbiota, helping to improve host immunity and prevent intestinal disease phenotypes. This comprehensive review provides firsthand information on the gut microbiota and their influence on human health, the dietary effects of diet on the gut microbiota, and how probiotics alter the composition and function of the human gut microbiota, along with their corresponding effects on host immunity in building a healthy intestine. We also discuss the implications of probiotics in some of the most important human diseases. In summary, probiotics play a significant role in regulating the gut microbiota, boosting overall immunity, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and helping ameliorate the symptoms of multiple diseases.

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Xia, Junliang, Yuling Cui, Yan Guo, Yuwen Liu, Baichuan Deng, and Sufang Han. "The Function of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Canine Intestinal Health and Their Evaluation Criteria." Microorganisms 12, no. 6 (June 20, 2024): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061248.

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Maintaining homeostasis within the intestinal microbiota is imperative for assessing the health status of hosts, and dysbiosis within the intestinal microbiota is closely associated with canine intestinal diseases. In recent decades, the modulation of canine intestinal health through probiotics and prebiotics has emerged as a prominent area of investigation. Evidence indicates that probiotics and prebiotics play pivotal roles in regulating intestinal health by modulating the intestinal microbiota, fortifying the epithelial barrier, and enhancing intestinal immunity. This review consolidates literature on using probiotics and prebiotics for regulating microbiota homeostasis in canines, thereby furnishing references for prospective studies and formulating evaluation criteria.

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SELVAKUMAR, R., and T. JACOBJOHN. "Intestinal immunity induced by inactivated poliovirus vaccine." Vaccine 5, no. 2 (June 1987): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410x(87)90062-4.

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Hodges, Mary, Kathleen Kingstone, W. Gordon Brydon, J. Sallam, and Anne Ferguson. "Use of Whole‐Gut Lavage to Measure Intestinal Immunity in Healthy Sierra Leonean Children." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 19, no. 1 (July 1994): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1994.tb11242.x.

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SummaryIn view of the potential roles of intestinal immunodeficiency and hypersensitivity in the infection/diarrhea/malnutrition cycle, we need a safe and ethical method to study intestinal immunity of children in the developing world. Work in adults has shown that the fluid obtained by whole‐gut lavage (WGLF), essentially a gut perfusate, can be used to assess intestinal immunity, inflammation, and gut losses of protein and blood. Gut lavage was successfully performed in 24 of 25 “normal” children aged 6–9 years, from Freetown, Sierra Leone, with parental informed consent. WGLF was treated with protease inhibitors, stored at −20°C, and transferred to Edinburgh for laboratory studies. These showed that no child had occult blood loss but four had evidence of protein‐losing enteropathy. Compared with values for Scottish adults, WGLF from the Sierra Leonean children had significantly higher concentrations of IgA and IgM and of IgA and IgM antibodies to dietary antigens and to Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide. In three children, very low levels of IgA and IgA antibody were present: Two of these were the only cases with detectable sIL2R in lavage fluid, indirect evidence of intestinal T cell activation; tumor necrosis factor was not detectable. Substantial information on childrens' intestinal immunity can be obtained by the method described.

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Yuan, Qian, and W. Allan Walker. "Innate Immunity of the Gut: Mucosal Defense in Health and Disease." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 38, no. 5 (May 2004): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2004.tb12203.x.

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ABSTRACTThe intestine is an important immune organ consisting of a complex cellular network, secreted peptides and proteins and other host defenses. Innate immunity plays a central role in intestinal immune defense against invading pathogens. It also serves as a bridge to the activation of the adaptive immune system. Pattern recognition molecules of microorganisms are an essential component for identifying invading pathogens. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), CARD15/NOD2 and scavenger receptors all serve as the pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune defense system. Secreted bactericidal peptides or defensins produced by the intestinal epithelia represent another crucial element of innate mucosal immune defense. Mutations in pattern recognition receptors and dysfunction of secretory bactericidal peptides may impair host immune defenses leading to an invasion of pathogens resulting in chronic inflammation of the gut. This review updates our current understanding of innate immunity of the gastrointestinal tract.

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Zilbauer, M., N. Dorrell, P. Boughan, B. Wren, N. Klein, and M. Bajaj-Elliott. "CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE AND INTESTINAL INNATE IMMUNITY." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 40, no. 5 (May 2005): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200505000-00119.

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Corkins, Mark R. "Prebiotics: Do they really change infant intestinal immunity?" Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 40, no. 3 (March 2005): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000153275.14109.aa.

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Zilbauer, M., N. Dorrell, P. Boughan, B. Wren, N. Klein, and M. Bajaj‐Elliott. "CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE AND INTESTINAL INNATE IMMUNITY." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 40, no. 5 (May 2005): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2005.tb01216.x.

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Liu, Yanhong. "46 Feeding the weaned pig gut and beyond with non-nutritional additives." Journal of Animal Science 102, Supplement_3 (September 1, 2024): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.305.

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Abstract Weaning imposes simultaneous stress, resulting in reduced growth performance, increased susceptibility to diseases, and increased morbidity and mortality in weaned pigs. Weaning stress can induce negative changes in the intestine, including damaged intestinal integrity, disturbed digestive and absorptive capacity, increased intestinal oxidative stress, and microbial dysbiosis. Improving intestinal development and health is critically important for enhancing disease resistance and overall health of weaned pigs. This, in turn, can increase their survival rate during this vulnerable stage and improve their productive performance in later stages. A healthy gut may include, but is not limited to, several important features: a healthy proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, an integrated gut barrier function, a preferable or balanced gut microbiota, and well-developed intestinal mucosa immunity. Burgeoning evidence suggests that many non-nutritional additives can enhance overall intestinal health and beyond by targeting one or several functions of the gut. However, the exact protective mechanisms may vary and are still not completely understood. For example, direct-fed microbials may confer health benefits on the host by producing antimicrobial products, regulating gut microbial profile or immunity, and/or enhancing gut barrier function. Non-digestible carbohydrates and prebiotics exhibit striking impacts on reshaping the composition of gut microbiota in the host by boosting the production of health-promoting bacteria. Phytochemicals, a large variety of secondary plant metabolites, have been known for their broad and promising biological properties, including anti-microbial, antioxidant, and immune-modulating activities. Several short chain fatty acids derivatives aim to target the upper gastrointestinal tract, where the major nutrients are digested and absorbed, to promote intestinal health of pigs. Moreover, butyrate and valerate glycerides exhibit strong in vitro antimicrobial effects against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18, one of the dominant pathogens causing post-weaning diarrhea globally. There are more candidates in the list that have been used in weaned pigs and shown promising results on growth and health promotion. Therefore, increasing our current understanding of non-nutritional additives and their influences on intestinal function during weaning will facilitate the development of more dietary strategies that increase stress resilience of weaned pigs.

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Li, Ying, Xin Zhang, Chao Zhang, Jiajie Yang, Houyu Chi, Aili Li, and Chun Li. "Comparative study on the immunomodulatory function of extracellular vesicles from different dairy products." Food & Function 13, no. 5 (2022): 2504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1fo02394b.

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Lan, Junhong, Kangli Wang, Guangyong Chen, Guangtian Cao, and Caimei Yang. "Effects of inulin and isomalto-oligosaccharide on diphenoxylate-induced constipation, gastrointestinal motility-related hormones, short-chain fatty acids, and the intestinal flora in rats." Food & Function 11, no. 10 (2020): 9216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0fo00865f.

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Nie, Kaidi, Tingting Deng, Jie Wang, Luming Qi, Nannan Liu, Zhixuan Chen, and Lina Xia. "Bibliometric and visual analysis of intestinal flora and immunity." Medicine 103, no. 4 (January 26, 2024): e36575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000036575.

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Background: The gut microbiota and its stability have important relationships with immunity. However, bibliometric analysis in this field is underdeveloped. This study aims to visualize publications related to the gut microbiota and immunity to identify research frontiers and hotspots, providing references and guidance for further research. Methods: Gut microbiota and immunity data were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database, and Microsoft Excel, Scimago Graphica and VOSviewer software were used to analyze publication output trends, the most productive countries/regions, journals, authors, co-cited references, and keywords. Results: This study analyzed 16,611 publications, including 10,865 articles and 5746 reviews, and found a continuous increase in publications related to gut microbiota and immunity since 2013. We identified 62,872 authors contributing to this field from 2144 journals and 9965 organizations/institutions in 145 countries/regions. The top publisher with the highest output is University of California System with 525 papers. Among these journals, the top 3 most prolific journals are Frontiers in Immunology, Frontiers in Microbiology, and PLOS ONE. The literature with the highest citation frequency is published in Science and has been cited 3006 times by Patrick M. Smith and others. Gut microbiota research hotspots include gut microbiota inflammation, immune response, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and microbiota tumors. The gut microbiota and its microbial homeostasis play critical roles in immune reactions, inflammation, and even tumors and IBDs. Current research on gut microbiota and immunity is a popular field. Previous studies have shown that the gut microbiota and its microbial species have important effects on maintaining human health, immune function, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and IBDs. Understanding the roles of microbial communities and specific bacterial species as well as their interactions with humans has led to numerous discoveries that provide unique opportunities for exploring human health and future research. Conclusion: This study used bibliometric and visualization analysis to identify the development trends and hotspots of publications related to the gut microbiota and immunity. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the emerging trends and future directions in this field.

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Zaurito, Antonio Enrico, and Markus Tschurtschenthaler. "Microenvironmental Metabolites in the Intestine: Messengers between Health and Disease." Metabolites 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010046.

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The intestinal mucosa is a highly absorptive organ and simultaneously constitutes the physical barrier between the host and a complex outer ecosystem. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) represent a special node that receives signals from the host and the environment and translates them into corresponding responses. Specific molecular communication systems such as metabolites are known to transmit information across the intestinal boundary. The gut microbiota or food-derived metabolites are extrinsic factors that influence the homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium, while mitochondrial and host-derived cellular metabolites determine the identity, fitness, and regenerative capacity of IECs. Little is known, however, about the role of intrinsic and extrinsic metabolites of IECs in the initiation and progression of pathological processes such as inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer as well as about their impact on intestinal immunity. In this review, we will highlight the most recent contributions on the modulatory effects of intestinal metabolites in gut pathophysiology, with a particular focus on metabolites in promoting intestinal inflammation or colorectal tumorigenesis. In addition, we will provide a perspective on the role of newly identified oncometabolites from the commensal and opportunistic microbiota in shaping response and resistance to antitumor therapy.

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Chiang, Chi-Fu. "Probiotics, Prebiotics and Fruit and Vegetable Fiber Improved the Gastrointestinal Tract and Increased Immunity: A Randomized, Single- Blind, Placebo-Controlled Parallel Trial." Food Science & Nutrition Technology 7, no. 1 (2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000282.

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The intestinal tract is the largest immune organ in the human body. A healthy gut will block bacteria, viruses, molds, parasites, and other attacks. Studies have shown that probiotics can stabilize the intestinal barrier and improve immunity, while prebiotics can help probiotics multiply and grow effectively in the human gut. Dietary fibers increase the frequency of gastrointestinal motility. This study used the combination formula of probiotics, prebiotics, and fruit and vegetable fiber to explore its effects on gastrointestinal health and improving immunity. The study recruited 50 subjects and randomly assigned two groups, the placebo group and the probiotic fruit and vegetable fiber powder group (PF formula). Subjects were measured in body position measurement, blood and stool collection, dietary questionnaire, and somatosensory questionnaire at weeks 0, and 12. The PF formula increased IgG, IgM, and IL-10 and decreased IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-⍺ compared to baseline (week 0). The PF formula increased the frequency of bowel movements, improved flatulence, stomach pain, hard stools, constipation, and diarrhea. It also reduced headache, muscle pain, and dizziness compared to baseline. Finally, the PF formula increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria Porphyromonadaceae and Parabacteroides and decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria Clostridiaceae . The PF formula had the effect of gastrointestinal health care and enhanced immunity.

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Befus, Dean. "Immunity in intestinal helminth infections: present concepts, future directions." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, no. 5 (January 1986): 735–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(86)90372-x.

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Glotfelty, Lila G., Andrea C. Wong, and Maayan Levy. "Small molecules, big effects: microbial metabolites in intestinal immunity." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 318, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): G907—G911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00263.2019.

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The mammalian intestine is host to a vast number of microbial organisms. The immune system must balance tolerance with innate and adaptive defense mechanisms to maintain homeostasis with the microbial community. Interestingly, microbial metabolites have been shown to play a role in shaping the host immune response, thus assisting with adaptations that have significant implications for human health and disease. New investigations have uncovered roles for metabolites in modulating almost every aspect of the immune system. In this minireview, we survey these recent findings, which taken together reveal nuanced interactions that we are just beginning to understand.

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Pistol, Gina Cecilia, Ana-Maria Pertea, and Ionelia Taranu. "The Use of Fruit and Vegetable by-Products as Enhancers of Health Status of Piglets after Weaning: The Role of Bioactive Compounds from Apple and Carrot Industrial Wastes." Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11010015.

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At weaning, piglets are exposed to a large variety of stressors, from environmental/behavioral factors to nutritional stress. Weaning transition affects the gastrointestinal tract especially, resulting in specific disturbances at the level of intestinal morphology, barrier function and integrity, mucosal immunity and gut microbiota. All these alterations are associated with intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress and perturbation of intracellular signaling pathways. The nutritional management of the weaning period aims to achieve the reinforcement of intestinal integrity and functioning to positively modulate the intestinal immunity and that of the gut microbiota and to enhance the health status of piglets. That is why the current research is focused on the raw materials rich in phytochemicals which could positively modulate animal health. The composition analysis of fruit, vegetable and their by-products showed that identified phytochemicals could act as bioactive compounds, which can be used as modulators of weaning-induced disturbances in piglets. This review describes nutritional studies which investigated the effects of bioactive compounds derived from fruit (apple) and vegetables (carrot) or their by-products on the intestinal architecture and function, inflammatory processes and oxidative stress at the intestinal level. Data on the associated signaling pathways and on the microbiota modulation by bioactive compounds from these by-products are also presented.

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Duan, Yafei, Guowei Zhong, Yuxiu Nan, Yukai Yang, Meng Xiao, and Hua Li. "Effects of Nitrite Stress on the Antioxidant, Immunity, Energy Metabolism, and Microbial Community Status in the Intestine of Litopenaeus vannamei." Antioxidants 13, no. 11 (October 29, 2024): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox13111318.

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Nitrite is the main environmental pollutant that endangers shrimp culture. Intestinal health is essential for the disease resistance of shrimp. In this study, Litopenaeus vannamei shrimps were separately exposed to 1 and 5 mg/L of nitrite stress for 48 h, and then the variations in intestinal health were investigated from the aspects of histology, antioxidant, immunity, energy metabolism, and microbial community status. The results showed that nitrite stress damaged intestinal mucosa, and 5 mg/L of nitrite induced more obvious physiological changes than 1 mg/L. Specifically, the relative expression levels of antioxidant (ROMO1, Nrf2, SOD, GPx, and HSP70), ER stress (Bip and XBP1), immunity (proPO, Crus, ALF, and Lys), inflammation (JNK and TNF-α), and apoptosis (Casp-3 and Casp-9) genes were increased. Additionally, intestinal energy metabolism was activated by inducing glucose metabolism (HK, PK, PDH, and LDH), lipid metabolism (AMPK and FAS), tricarboxylic acid cycle (MDH, CS, IDH, SDH, and FH), and electron transfer chain (NDH, CytC, COI, CCO, and AtpH) gene transcription. Further, the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota composition was also disturbed, especially the abundance of some beneficial genera (Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Faecalibacterium, Romboutsia, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010). These results reveal that nitrite stress could damage the intestinal health of L. vannamei by destroying mucosal integrity, inducing oxidation and ER stress, interfering with physiological homeostasis and energy metabolism, and disrupting the microbial community.

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Noble, Alistair, Lydia Durant, Lesley Hoyles, Anne L. Mccartney, Ripple Man, Jonathan Segal, Samuel P. Costello, et al. "Deficient Resident Memory T Cell and CD8 T Cell Response to Commensals in Inflammatory Bowel Disease." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, no. 4 (October 26, 2019): 525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz175.

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Abstract Background and Aims The intestinal microbiota is closely associated with resident memory lymphocytes in mucosal tissue. We sought to understand how acquired cellular and humoral immunity to the microbiota differ in health versus inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. Methods Resident memory T cells [Trm] in colonic biopsies and local antibody responses to intraepithelial microbes were analysed. Systemic antigen-specific immune T and B cell memory to a panel of commensal microbes was assessed. Results Systemically, healthy blood showed CD4 and occasional CD8 memory T cell responses to selected intestinal bacteria, but few memory B cell responses. In IBD, CD8 memory T cell responses decreased although B cell responses and circulating plasmablasts increased. Possibly secondary to loss of systemic CD8 T cell responses in IBD, dramatically reduced numbers of mucosal CD8+ Trm and γδ T cells were observed. IgA responses to intraepithelial bacteria were increased. Colonic Trm expressed CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases, characteristic of regulatory T cells. Cytokines/factors required for Trm differentiation were identified, and in vitro-generated Trm expressed regulatory T cell function via CD39. Cognate interaction between T cells and dendritic cells induced T-bet expression in dendritic cells, a key mechanism in regulating cell-mediated mucosal responses. Conclusions A previously unrecognised imbalance exists between cellular and humoral immunity to the microbiota in IBD, with loss of mucosal T cell-mediated barrier immunity and uncontrolled antibody responses. Regulatory function of Trm may explain their association with intestinal health. Promoting Trm and their interaction with dendritic cells, rather than immunosuppression, may reinforce tissue immunity, improve barrier function, and prevent B cell dysfunction in microbiota-associated disease and IBD aetiology.

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Yadav, Sudhir Kumar, Kouichi Ito, and Suhayl Dhib-Jalbut. "Interaction of the Gut Microbiome and Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis: Impact of Diet and Immune Therapy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 19 (September 29, 2023): 14756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914756.

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The bidirectional communication between the gut and central nervous system (CNS) through microbiota is known as the microbiota–gut–brain axis. The brain, through the enteric neural innervation and the vagus nerve, influences the gut physiological activities (motility, mucin, and peptide secretion), as well as the development of the mucosal immune system. Conversely, the gut can influence the CNS via intestinal microbiota, its metabolites, and gut-homing immune cells. Growing evidence suggests that gut immunity is critically involved in gut–brain communication during health and diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The gut microbiota can influence the development and function of gut immunity, and conversely, the innate and adaptive mucosal immunity can influence microbiota composition. Gut and systemic immunity, along with gut microbiota, are perturbed in MS. Diet and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) can affect the composition of the gut microbial community, leading to changes in gut and peripheral immunity, which ultimately affects MS. A high-fat diet is highly associated with gut dysbiosis-mediated inflammation and intestinal permeability, while a high-fiber diet/short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can promote the development of Foxp3 Tregs and improvement in intestinal barrier function, which subsequently suppress CNS autoimmunity in the animal model of MS (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis or EAE). This review will address the role of gut immunity and its modulation by diet and DMTs via gut microbiota during MS pathophysiology.

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OOMURA, K., K. XIN, M. TAKAKURA, K. SHINODA, N. JOUNAI, and K. OKUDA. "Oral administration of the adenovirus vector induces systemic immunity rather than intestinal mucosal immunity." Vaccine 24, no. 8 (February 20, 2006): 1045–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.09.003.

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Kilua, Aldrine, Kyu-Ho Han, and Michihiro Fukushima. "Effect of polyphenols isolated from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas cv. Ayamurasaki) on the microbiota and the biomarker of colonic fermentation in rats fed with cellulose or inulin." Food & Function 11, no. 11 (2020): 10182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0fo02111c.

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Ojezele, Matthew Obaineh, Simon Irikefe Ovuakporaye, and Emmanuel Adesola Adedapo. "Microbiome in Health: Establishment, Metabolism, Immunity and Neuronal Pathway." Nepalese Medical Journal 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmj.v3i2.30925.

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The studies on microbiome encountered a blast, lately, as scientists become mindful of the role of microbiota in the advancement of specifi c kinds of maladies. The human microbiome is described as a community of microorganisms of different taxa colonizing the human body; this includes the metagenomics and metabolomics of these organisms. Humans have customized microbiome in terms of distribution and composition which are partly determined by host genotype as well as the initial colonization which takes place after delivery. The human gut microbiome has a vital infl uence on immunity and how it responds to body signals, which is very important for the lymphoid tissue growth, maintenance, and regulation of intestinal immunity. This review aimed at providing an overview of the role of the human microbiome in health spanning the development of the microbiome in utero to postnatal period.

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Suda, Yoshihito, Nana Sasaki, Kyoma Kagawa, Mariano Elean, Binghui Zhou, Mikado Tomokiyo, Md Aminul Islam, et al. "Immunobiotic Feed Developed with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii TUA4408L and the Soymilk By-Product Okara Improves Health and Growth Performance in Pigs." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (April 25, 2021): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050921.

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Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii TUA4408L is able to differentially modulate the innate immune response of porcine intestinal epithelial cells triggered by TLR4 activation. This strain also has a remarkable ability to grow on plant substrates. These two immunological and biotechnological characteristics prompted us to evaluate whether the soymilk by-product okara fermented with the TUA4408L strain can serve as an immunobiotic feed with the ability to beneficially modulate the intestinal immunity of piglets after weaning to improve their productivity. Our in vivo studies demonstrated that the administration of immunobiotic TUA4408L-fermented okara feed significantly increased piglet growth performance and meat quality. These positive effects were associated with the ability of the TUA4408L-fermented okara feed to beneficially modulate both intestinal microbiota and immunity in pigs. The immunobiotic feed improved the abundance of the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Lactococcus in the gut of pigs, reduced blood markers of inflammation, and differentially regulated the expression of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in the intestinal mucosa. These findings indicate that the immunobiotic TUA4408L-fermented okara feed could be an economical and environmentally friendly option to improve the growth performance and immune health of pigs.

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Fu, Yawei, Yadong Wang, Hu Gao, DongHua Li, RuiRui Jiang, Lingrui Ge, Chao Tong, and Kang Xu. "Associations among Dietary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, the Gut Microbiota, and Intestinal Immunity." Mediators of Inflammation 2021 (January 2, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8879227.

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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs), which are essential fatty acids that humans should obtain from diet, have potential benefits for human health. In addition to altering the structure and function of cell membranes, omega-3 PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)) exert different effects on intestinal immune tolerance and gut microbiota maintenance. Firstly, we review the effect of omega-3 PUFAs on gut microbiota. And the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on intestinal immunity and inflammation were described. Furthermore, the important roles of omega-3 PUFAs in maintaining the balance between gut immunity and the gut microbiota were discussed. Additional factors, such as obesity and diseases (NAFLD, gastrointestinal malignancies or cancer, bacterial and viral infections), which are associated with variability in omega-3 PUFA metabolism, can influence omega-3 PUFAs–microbiome–immune system interactions in the intestinal tract and also play roles in regulating gut immunity. This review identifies several pathways by which the microbiota modulates the gut immune system through omega-3 PUFAs. Omega-3 supplementation can be targeted to specific pathways to prevent and alleviate intestinal diseases, which may help researchers identify innovative diagnostic methods.

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Zimmermann, Christian, and Anika E. Wagner. "Impact of Food-Derived Bioactive Compounds on Intestinal Immunity." Biomolecules 11, no. 12 (December 18, 2021): 1901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11121901.

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The gastrointestinal system is responsible for the digestion and the absorption of nutrients. At the same time, it is essentially involved in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. The strongest antigen contact in an organism takes place in the digestive system showing the importance of a host to develop mechanisms allowing to discriminate between harmful and harmless antigens. An efficient intestinal barrier and the presence of a large and complex part of the immune system in the gut support the host to implement this task. The continuous ingestion of harmless antigens via the diet requires an efficient immune response to reliably identify them as safe. However, in some cases the immune system accidentally identifies harmless antigens as dangerous leading to various diseases such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases and allergies. It has been shown that the intestinal immune function can be affected by bioactive compounds derived from the diet. The present review provides an overview on the mucosal immune reactions in the gut and how bioactive food ingredients including secondary plant metabolites and probiotics mediate its health promoting effects with regard to the intestinal immune homeostasis.

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Zhang, Jian, Yanzou Dong, Kai Song, Ling Wang, Xueshan Li, Beiping Tan, Kangle Lu, and Chunxiao Zhang. "Effects of the Replacement of Dietary Fish Meal with Defatted Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) on Juvenile Large Yellow Croakers (Larimichthys crocea) Growth and Gut Health." Animals 12, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 2659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192659.

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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Tenebrio molitor meal (TM) replacement for fish meal (FM) on growth performance, humoral immunity, and intestinal health of juvenile large yellow croakers (Larimichthys crocea). Four experimental diets were formulated by replacing FM with TM at different levels—0% (TM0), 15% (TM15), 30% (TM30), and 45% (TM45). Triplicate groups of juveniles (initial weight = 11.80 ± 0.02 g) were fed the test diets to apparent satiation two times daily for eight weeks. There was no significant difference in final body weight (FBW) and weight gain rate (WG) among TM0, TM15, and TM30, while TM45 feeding significantly reduced the FBW and WG. Compared with TM0, AKP activity in serum was significantly decreased in TM45, while the TM15 group remarkably increased LZM activity. TM30 showed significantly higher serum C3 levels compared to the TM0 group, while the TM addition groups decreased the C4 levels significantly in the serum. In terms of intestinal histology, the addition of TM increased the height and thickness of the intestinal villus and also increased the thickness of the intestinal muscles significantly. The addition of TM significantly reduced the serum DAO and D-lactate concentrations. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the addition of TM significantly enhanced the relative abundance of Bacilli and Lactobacillus and contributed to the decrease in the relative abundance of Plesiomonas. In addition, the TM30 and TM45 groups significantly reduced the abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae. Overall, our results indicated that TM could be a viable alternative protein source, 6.7% TM supplantation (replacing 15% FM) in large yellow croaker feed improved humoral immunity and intestinal health with no adverse effects on growth. Furthermore, the replacement of FM with 30% and 45% TM adversely affects growth and humoral immunity.

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Wang, Haixiu, Zifu Zhong, Yu Luo, Eric Cox, and Bert Devriendt. "Heat-Stable Enterotoxins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Their Impact on Host Immunity." Toxins 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010024.

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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are an important diarrhea-causing pathogen and are regarded as a global threat for humans and farm animals. ETEC possess several virulence factors to infect its host, including colonization factors and enterotoxins. Production of heat-stable enterotoxins (STs) by most ETEC plays an essential role in triggering diarrhea and ETEC pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the heat-stable enterotoxins of ETEC strains from different species as well as the molecular mechanisms used by these heat-stable enterotoxins to trigger diarrhea. As recently described, intestinal epithelial cells are important modulators of the intestinal immune system. Thus, we also discuss the impact of the heat-stable enterotoxins on this role of the intestinal epithelium and how these enterotoxins might affect intestinal immune cells. Finally, the latest developments in vaccination strategies to protect against infections with ST secreting ETEC strains are discussed. This review might inform and guide future research on heat-stable enterotoxins to further unravel their molecular pathogenesis, as well as to accelerate vaccine design.

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Benedé, Sara, Leticia Pérez-Rodríguez, Mónica Martínez-Blanco, Elena Molina, and Rosina López-Fandiño. "Oral Exposure to House Dust Mite Activates Intestinal Innate Immunity." Foods 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030561.

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Scope: House dust mite (HDM) induces Th2 responses in lungs and skin, but its effects in the intestine are poorly known. We aimed to study the involvement of HDM in the initial events that would promote sensitization through the oral route and eventually lead to allergy development. Methods and results: BALB/c mice were exposed intragastrically to proteolytically active and inactive HDM, as such, or in combination with egg white (EW), and inflammatory and type 2 responses were evaluated. Oral administration of HDM, by virtue of its proteolytic activity, promoted the expression, in the small intestine, of genes encoding tight junction proteins, proinflammatory and Th2-biasing cytokines, and it caused expansion of group 2 innate immune cells, upregulation of Th2 cytokines, and dendritic cell migration and activation. In lymphoid tissues, its proteolytically inactivated counterpart also exerted an influence on the expression of surface DC molecules involved in interactions with T cells and in Th2 cell differentiation, which was confirmed in in vitro experiments. However, in our experimental setting we did not find evidence for the promotion of sensitization to coadministered EW. Conclusion: Orally administered HDM upregulates tissue damage factors and also acts as an activator of innate immune cells behaving similarly to potent oral Th2 adjuvants.

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Gao, Ruijuan, Chunjie Wang, Aricha Han, Yanping Tian, Shunan Ren, Wenting Lv, Aorigele Chen, and Jian Zhang. "Emodin Improves Intestinal Health and Immunity through Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Mice Infected by Pathogenic Escherichia coli O1." Animals 11, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 3314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113314.

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The effect of emodin on the intestinal mucosal barrier of a mouse E. coli O1-induced diarrhea model was observed. Following successful establishment of a diarrhea model, the mice were treated with drugs for seven days. Intestinal lesions and the shape and the number of goblet cells were assessed via hematoxylin-eosin and periodic-acid-Schiff staining, while changes in inflammatory factors, ultrastructure of the small intestine, expression of MUC-2, and changes in the intestinal microbiota were analyzed via RT-PCR, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Examination showed that emodin ameliorated pathological damage to the intestines of diarrheic mice. RT-PCR indicated that emodin reduced TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, MPO, and COX-2 mRNA levels in duodenal tissues and increased the levels of sIgA and MUC-2 and the number of goblet cells. Microbiome analysis revealed that Escherichia coli O1 reduced bacterial richness and altered the distribution pattern of bacterial communities at the phylum and order levels in cecum contents. Notably, pathogenic Clostridiales and Enterobacteriales were significantly increased in diarrheic mice. However, emodin reversed the trend. Thus, emodin protected against intestinal damage induced by E. coli O1 and improved intestinal mucosal barrier function in mice by increasing the abundance of beneficial intestinal microbiota and inhibiting the abundance of harmful bacteria, thereby alleviating diarrhea.

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Habib, Muhammad Atif, Sajid Bashir Soofi, Imtiaz Hussain, Imran Ahmed, Zamir Hussain, Rehman Tahir, Saeed Anwar, Simon Cousens, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta. "Does IPV Boost Intestinal Immunity among Children under Five Years of Age? An Experience from Pakistan." Vaccines 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091444.

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The oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has been the mainstay of polio eradication, especially in low-income countries, and its use has eliminated wild poliovirus type 2. However, the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is safer than OPV, as IPV protects against paralytic poliomyelitis without producing adverse reactions. The present study compared mucosal and humoral responses to poliovirus vaccines administered to previously OPV-immunized children to assess the immunity gap in children in areas of high poliovirus transmission. A cluster-randomized trial was implemented in three high-risk districts of Pakistan—Karachi, Kashmore, and Bajaur—from June 2013 to May 2014. This trial was community-oriented and included three arms, focusing on healthy children below five years of age. The study involved the randomization of 387 clusters, of which 360 were included in the final analysis. The control arm (A) received the routine polio program bivalent poliovirus vaccine (bOPV). The second arm (B) received additional interventions, including health camps providing routine vaccinations and preventive maternal and child health services. In addition to the interventions in arm B, the third arm (C) was also provided with IPV. Blood and stool samples were gathered from children to evaluate humoral and intestinal immunity. The highest levels of poliovirus type 1 serum antibodies were observed in Group C (IPV + OPV). The titers for poliovirus type 2 (P2) and poliovirus type 3 (P3) were noticeably higher in those who had received a routine OPV dose than in those who had not across all study groups and visits. Providing an IPV booster after at least two OPV doses could potentially fill immunity gaps in regions where OPV does not show high efficacy. However, IPV only marginally enhances humoral immunity and fails to offer intestinal immunity, which is critical to stop the infection and spread of live poliovirus in populations that have not been exposed before.

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Ng, Theros T., Mohamad Mortada, Gabriel Akerele, Jarred H. Oxford, Alexandra Blanchard, and Ramesh K. Selvaraj. "Effects of zinc glycinate on growth, immunity, and intestinal health in broiler chickens." Animal Feed Science and Technology 285 (March 2022): 115207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115207.

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Verso, Luca Lo, Philippe Tanguay, Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy, and Frederic Guay. "PSXV-17 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Spray Dried Plasma, Dried Intestinal Hydrolysates or Bovine Colostrum on the Growth and Intestinal Health of Weanling Pigs." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 338–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.618.

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Abstract In this study, we evaluated the potential of supplementing weaning diets with spray dried porcine plasma, dried porcine intestinal hydrolysates or bovine colostrum to modulate piglet growth, intestinal morphology, antioxidant status, and immunity. At weaning, 96 piglets were housed three piglets per pen in 32 pens. Each pen was assigned to one of the following dietary treatments: 1) basal diet (CTRL); 2) basal diet containing spray dried porcine plasma at 50 g/kg feed (PP); 3) basal diet containing dried porcine intestinal hydrolysates at 50 g/kg feed (PIH); 4) basal diet containing bovine colostrum at 50 g/kg feed (BC). At d 0 and 14, piglets were weighed and feed intake was daily recorded. Eight pigs per treatment (one per pen) were euthanized at d 14 and intestinal samples were collected to evaluate the antioxidant status, intestinal morphology and concentration of TNFα, interleukin (IL) 4, IL17, occludin, caspase 3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Our results showed that PP and BC supplementation increased the final weight and G:F ratio compared with the other dietary treatments, whereas the ADG was greater in the BC group compared with PIH animals (P< 0.05). Furthermore, feeding pigs with the PP diet partially affected the intestinal antioxidant status, as evidenced by the increased concentration of glutathione peroxidase compared with the BC group (P< 0.05). BC supplementation also increased intestinal villus height compared with CTRL and PIH animals, as well as villus to crypt ratio compared with the CTRL group (P< 0.05). No other dietary effect on immunity or intestinal morphology was recorded. This study highlights the potential of dietary supplementation, such as plasma proteins and bovine colostrum, to act as a valid alternative to in-feed antibiotics, to reduce effect of weaning stress and maintain gut health and performance in in the post-weaning period.

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Jia, Manyi, Yucheng Zhang, Yuqi Gao, and Xi Ma. "Effects of Medium Chain Fatty Acids on Intestinal Health of Monogastric Animals." Current Protein & Peptide Science 21, no. 8 (November 9, 2020): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203721666191231145901.

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Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are the main form of Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) utilized by monogastric animals. MCFAs can be directly absorbed and supply rapid energy to promote the renewal and repair of intestinal epithelial cells, maintain the integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier function, and reduce inflammation and stress. In our review, we pay more attention to the role of MCFAs on intestinal microbiota and mucosa immunity to explore MCFA's positive effect. It was found that MCFAs and their esterified forms can decrease pathogens while increasing probiotics. In addition, being recognized via specific receptors, MCFAs are capable of alleviating inflammation to a certain extent by regulating inflammation and immune-related pathways. MCFAs may also have a certain value to relieve intestinal allergy and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Unknown mechanism of various MCFA characteristics still causes dilemmas in the application, thus MCFAs are used generally in limited dosages and combined with short-chain organic acids (SOAs) to attain ideal results. We hope that further studies will provide guidance for the practical use of MCFAs in animal feed.

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Wang, Xinzhou, Peng Zhang, and Xin Zhang. "Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity." Molecules 26, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 6076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26196076.

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Probiotics are beneficial active microorganisms that colonize the human intestines and change the composition of the flora in particular parts of the host. Recently, the use of probiotics to regulate intestinal flora to improve host immunity has received widespread attention. Recent evidence has shown that probiotics play significant roles in gut microbiota composition, which can inhibit the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine, help the host build a healthy intestinal mucosa protective layer, and enhance the host immune system. Based on the close relationship between the gut microbiota and human immunity, it has become an extremely effective way to improve human immunity by regulating the gut microbiome with probiotics. In this review, we discussed the influence of probiotics on the gut microbiota and human immunity, and the relationship between immunity, probiotics, gut microbiota, and life quality. We further emphasized the regulation of gut microflora through probiotics, thereby enhancing human immunity and improving people’s lives.

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Zhang, Jian, Yanzou Dong, Kai Song, Ling Wang, Xueshan Li, Kangle Lu, Beiping Tan, and Chunxiao Zhang. "Substituting Fish Meal with a Bacteria Protein (Clostridium autoethanogenum Protein) Derived from Industrial-Scale Gas Fermentation: Effects on Growth and Gut Health of Juvenile Large Yellow Croakers (Larimichthys crocea)." Fishes 7, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050228.

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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Clostridiumautoethanogenum protein (CAP) replacement for fish meal (FM) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, humoral immunity and liver and intestinal health in large yellow croakers (Larimichthys crocea). Four experimental diets were formulated by replacing FM with CAP at different levels—0% (CAP0), 15% (CAP15), 30% (CAP30) and 45% (CAP45). Triplicate groups of juveniles (initial weight = 11.86 ± 0.13 g) were fed the test diets to apparent satiation two times daily for eight weeks. There was no significant difference in final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) between CAP0 and CAP15. However, compared to the CAP0, CAP30 and CAP45 significantly reduced FBW, WG and LDR (p < 0.05), while CAP45 significantly reduced FE and PDR (p < 0.05). The whole-body moisture was significantly increased by CAP replacement of FM while crude lipid content was decreased (p < 0.05). No significant difference in crude protein, ash and liver crude lipid was observed among all groups (p > 0.05). Compared to CAP0, CAP30 and CAP45 significantly reduced serum C4 concentration (p < 0.05), and CAP45 significantly reduced serum AKP activity (p < 0.05) but significantly increased LZM activity (p < 0.05). Serum C3 concentration was significantly increased by CAP15 (p < 0.05). In terms of intestinal histology, CAP addition significantly increased the thickness of intestinal villus (p < 0.05), and CAP15 and CAP45 significantly increased the thickness of intestinal muscular (p < 0.05). The addition of CAP significantly reduced serum DAO and D-lactate concentrations (p < 0.05), indicating the intestinal physical barrier was improved. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the intestinal microorganisms of large yellow croakers are dominated by organisms from Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The addition of CAP reduced the relative abundance of Ralstonia and Christensenellaceae and increased the relative abundance of Paenibacillus. Overall, the optimum level of CAP replacement FM in large yellow croakers feed is 15%, which helps to improve humoral immunity and intestinal health with no adverse effects on growth. However, the 30% and 45% substitution levels adversely affect the growth and humoral immunity of large yellow croakers.

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Kassai, Sonia, and Paul de Vos. "Gastrointestinal barrier function, immunity, and neurocognition: The role of human milk oligosaccharide (hMO) supplementation in infant formula." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 23, no. 1 (December 13, 2023): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.13271.

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AbstractBreastmilk is seen as the gold standard for infant nutrition as it provides nutrients and compounds that stimulate gut barrier, immune, and brain development to the infant. However, there are many instances where it is not possible for an infant to be fed with breastmilk, especially for the full 6 months recommended by the World Health Organization. In such instances, infant formula is seen as the next best approach. However, infant formulas do not contain human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs), which are uniquely present in human milk as the third most abundant solid component. hMOs have been linked to many health benefits, such as the development of the gut microbiome, the immune system, the intestinal barrier, and a healthy brain. This paper reviews the effects of specific hMOs applied in infant formula on the intestinal barrier, including the not‐often‐recognized intestinal alkaline phosphatase system that prevents inflammation. Additionally, impact on immunity and the current proof for effects in neurocognitive function and the corresponding mechanisms are discussed. Recent studies suggest that hMOs can alter gut microbiota, modulate intestinal immune barrier function, and promote neurocognitive function. The hMOs 2′‐fucosyllactose and lacto‐N‐neotetraose have been found to have positive effects on the development of infants and have been deemed safe for use in formula. However, their use has been limited due to their cost and complexity of synthesis. Thus, although many benefits have been described, complex hMOs and combinations of hMOs with other oligosaccharides are the best approach to stimulate gut barrier, immune, and brain development and for the prevention of disease.

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Bai, Jing, Yiling Zhou, Xinlei Xia, Zhihua Wu, Xin Li, Ping Tong, Anshu Yang, and Hongbing Chen. "Transglutaminase-Cross-Linked Tofu Suppressed Soybean-Induced Allergic Reactions by Enhancing Intestinal Mucosa Immune Tolerance." Foods 13, no. 8 (April 16, 2024): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13081206.

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Currently, food allergies are closely related to intestinal health, and ensuring the integrity and health of intestinal mucosa could reduce the incidence of food allergies. In this study, a soybean-allergic mouse model was used to explore the mechanism of intestinal mucosa immune response induced by enzyme-cross-linked tofu. The effects of enzyme-cross-linked tofu on intestinal mucosal immunity in mice were determined by hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining and flow cytometry. Our results reveled that the MTG-cross-linked tofu reduced the reactivity of the intestinal mucosal immune system, which mainly manifested as a decrease in the dendritic cell (DC) levels of mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), increasing the Th1 cells and Tregs in Peyer’s patch (PP) nodes and MLNs, and inhibiting the Th2 cells. Compared with soy protein, enzyme-cross-linked tofu had less damage to the small intestinal tract of mice. Therefore, the above-mentioned results fully revealed that the enzyme-cross-linked tofu promoted the transformation of intestinal mucosal immune cells, shifted the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1, and reduced its sensitization effect.

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Zeng, Bin, Hailong Wang, Junyi Luo, Meiying Xie, Zhengjiang Zhao, Xingping Chen, Dongyang Wang, et al. "Porcine Milk-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote Intestinal Immunoglobulin Production through pIgR." Animals 11, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061522.

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Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) plays an important role in gut acquired immunity and mucosal homeostasis. Breast milk is the irreplaceable nutritional source for mammals after birth. Current studies have shown the potential functional role of milk-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and their RNAs cargo in intestinal health and immune regulation. However, there is a lack of studies to demonstrate how milk-derived sEVs affect intestinal immunity in recipient. In this study, through in vivo experiments, we found that porcine milk small extracellular vesicles (PM-sEVs) promoted intestinal SIgA levels, and increased the expression levels of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) both in mice and piglet. We examined the mechanism of how PM-sEVs increased the expression level of pIgR in vitro by using a porcine small intestine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Through bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assays, and overexpression or knockdown of the corresponding non-coding RNAs, we identified circ-XPO4 in PM-sEVs as a crucial circRNA, which leads to the expression of pIgR via the suppression of miR-221-5p in intestinal cells. Importantly, we also observed that oral administration of PM-sEVs increased the level of circ-XPO4 and decreased the level of miR-221-5p in small intestine of piglets, indicating that circRNAs in milk-derived sEVs act as sponge for miRNAs in recipients. This study, for the first time, reveals that PM-sEVs have a capacity to stimulate intestinal SIgA production by delivering circRNAs to receptors and sponging the recipient’s original miRNAs, and also provides valuable data for insight into the role and mechanism of animal milk sEVs in intestinal immunity.

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Hu, L., L. Che, G. Su, Y. Xuan, G. Luo, HanF, Y. Wu, et al. "Inclusion of yeast-derived protein in weanling diet improves growth performance, intestinal health, and anti-oxidative capability of piglets ." Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 7 (July 18, 2014): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7531-cjas.

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The effects of yeast-derived protein (YP) on growth performance, intestinal health, and oxidative status of weanling piglets were investigated. A total of 80 weaned piglets (PIC 327 × 1050, 26 ± 2 days old, 6.20 ± 0.10 kg) were randomly allocated into 2 groups, 5 pens per each group and 8 piglets per each pen, receiving control diet and diet with inclusion of 4% YP at the expenses of fish meal (YP diet) for a period of 28 days. The diets were formulated to contain similar nutrient levels. Compared with control, piglets fed YP diet had markedly higher overall average daily growth (+14%, P < 0.05) and lower final feed conversion ratio (−8%, P < 0.01). Concentrations of serum serine, cystathionine, histidine, hydroxyproline, and urea were decreased in piglets fed YP diet (P < 0.05), whereas alanine and aspartate were increased (P < 0.01). Moreover, serum antioxidant enzyme activity (glutathione peroxidase) was markedly increased (+19%, P < 0.01) in piglets fed YP diet relative to piglets fed control diet. In addition, feeding YP diet considerably (P < 0.05) increased the copy numbers of lactobacilli and total bacteria in the colon of piglets at the end of the experiment. Furthermore, the mRNA abundance of innate immunity-related genes (TLR4, NF-κB1, and IL-6) was increased (P < 0.06) in the ileum of piglets fed YP diet. Collectively, results of this study indicated that diet with the inclusion of YP improved growth performance and partially enhanced anti-oxidative capability as well as intestinal innate immunity of weaning piglets.

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Liu, Qinghua, Yeqiu Zhang, Jie Zhang, Zhijian Du, Bixian He, Juanqing Qin, Liping Zhang, and Jing Zhang. "Organic Iodine Improves the Growth Performance and Gut Health of Fujian Yellow Rabbits." Animals 14, no. 13 (June 29, 2024): 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14131935.

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Organic iodine is a new trace element additive that is highly efficient in regulating cell growth, function, and metabolism. This study demonstrated that organic iodine improves the growth performance and gut health of Fujian yellow rabbits. A total of 160 healthy rabbits of similar weight were randomly divided into four groups, which were treated with organic iodine (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg) for 60 days. Our results indicated that organic iodine improved the growth performance, including significantly increased BW, ADG, and ADFI, and decreased F/G notably. Organic iodine improved the content of T3, T4, IgM, IgA, and IgM in serum, and intestinal mucosal immunity (IL-1α, IL-2, and sIgA). Organic iodine supplementation ameliorated gut morphometry and morphology, such as higher villus height and lower crypt depth. Organic iodine increased the amount of goblet cells significantly. The 0.5 mg/kg organic iodine most increased the activities of amylase, cellulase, and trypsin in caecum. Organic iodine induced more active caecum fermentation, higher NH3-N, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, while lowering PH. In conclusion, organic iodine improved the growth performance and gut morphometry and morphology, and increased caecum enzyme activities, active caecum fermentation, and intestinal immunity of Fujian yellow rabbits.

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Yang, Ying, Meina Liang, Dan Ouyang, Haibin Tong, Mingjiang Wu, and Laijin Su. "Research Progress on the Protective Effect of Brown Algae-Derived Polysaccharides on Metabolic Diseases and Intestinal Barrier Injury." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 10784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810784.

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Abstract:

In the human body, the intestine is the largest digestive and immune organ, where nutrients are digested and absorbed, and this organ plays a key role in host immunity. In recent years, intestinal health issues have gained attention and many studies have shown that oxidative stress, inflammation, intestinal barrier damage, and an imbalance of intestinal microbiota may cause a range of intestinal diseases, as well as other problems. Brown algae polysaccharides, mainly including alginate, fucoidan, and laminaran, are food-derived natural products that have received wide attention from scholars owing to their good biological activity and low toxic side effects. It has been found that brown algae polysaccharides can repair intestinal physical, chemical, immune and biological barrier damage. Principally, this review describes the protective effects and mechanisms of brown algae-derived polysaccharides on intestinal health, as indicated by the ability of polysaccharides to maintain intestinal barrier integrity, inhibit lipid peroxidation-associated damage, and suppress inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, our review aims to provide new ideas on the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases and act as a reference for the development of fucoidan as a functional product for intestinal protection.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Intestinal Health and Immunity'

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