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1
Zamudio Tiburcio, Alvaro, Héctor Bermudez Ruiz, Silverio Alonso Lopez, and Pedro Antonio Reyes Lopez. "Breast Cancer and Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation." Journal of Clinical Research and Clinical Trials 2, no. 3 (November 7, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.59657/2837-7184.brs.23.018.
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Breast cancer has been studied relating it to the intestinal microbiota and its own microbiota. Giving a primary role to the dysbiosis that occurs in both the mammary gland and the intestine. Likewise, metabolic processes and immunological eventualities have been considered as determining factors; By the way, many of them are determined by the intestinal microbiota itself, which is given the deserved name of endocrine gland, because it acts at a distance, and it is not only the super-organ or the new organ, but the multiple studies have generated this honorable new consideration. We break down breast cancer, in order to determine the usefulness of the Intestinal Microbiota Transplant and we observe the importance of Resilience in the Intestinal Microbiota. The clinical significance of Dysbiosis, both breast and intestinal, in the genesis of the condition is emphasized and the importance, which it has, is given to Apoptosis. Generally, the pattern of the breast microbiota, in descending order, is: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The breast microbiota can be used as a potential biomarker. The importance of the different axes that influence the process are analyzed, such as the Gut-microbiota-brain Axis, the breast-brain axis, the cancer-microbiome-gut axis and the cancer-microbiota-immunity axis. It is pointed out how chemo and radiotherapy affect the intestinal microbiota and breast cancer, as well as antibiotics. Finally, the effect of biotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplant are determined.
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Góralczyk-Bińkowska, Aleksandra, Dagmara Szmajda-Krygier, and Elżbieta Kozłowska. "The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 11245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911245.
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Modulating the gut microbiome and its influence on human health is the subject of intense research. The gut microbiota could be associated not only with gastroenterological diseases but also with psychiatric disorders. The importance of factors such as stress, mode of delivery, the role of probiotics, circadian clock system, diet, and occupational and environmental exposure in the relationship between the gut microbiota and brain function through bidirectional communication, described as “the microbiome–gut–brain axis”, is especially underlined. In this review, we discuss the link between the intestinal microbiome and the brain and host response involving different pathways between the intestinal microbiota and the nervous system (e.g., neurotransmitters, endocrine system, immunological mechanisms, or bacterial metabolites). We review the microbiota alterations and their results in the development of psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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Kohl, Hannah M., Andrea R. Castillo, and Javier Ochoa-Repáraz. "The Microbiome as a Therapeutic Target for Multiple Sclerosis: Can Genetically Engineered Probiotics Treat the Disease?" Diseases 8, no. 3 (August 30, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases8030033.
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There is an increasing interest in the intestinal microbiota as a critical regulator of the development and function of the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. Experimental work in animal models has provided the foundation for clinical studies to investigate associations between microbiota composition and function and human disease, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Initial work done using an animal model of brain inflammation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggests the existence of a microbiota–gut–brain axis connection in the context of MS, and microbiome sequence analyses reveal increases and decreases of microbial taxa in MS intestines. In this review, we discuss the impact of the intestinal microbiota on the immune system and the role of the microbiome–gut–brain axis in the neuroinflammatory disease MS. We also discuss experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that modulating the intestinal microbiota through genetically modified probiotics may provide immunomodulatory and protective effects as a novel therapeutic approach to treat this devastating disease.
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Blagonravova, A. S., E. A. Galova, I. Yu Shirokova, and D. A. Galova. "The gut-brain axis — clinical study results." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 6 (July 25, 2023): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-214-6-5-13.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the intestinal microbiome in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The study was observational, cohort, comparative. All the patients included in it were divided into 2 groups. The first (comparison group main) group (n=43) consisted of children preschool aged of 1 and 2 health groups; the second (n=38, main group) children with an established diagnosis of ASD. It was stated that children with ASD are characterized by the most frequent (p=0.001) detection of intestinal dysbiosis; the detection of significant disorders in the form of intestinal dysbiosis of 3-4 degrees (p=0.001); a significant decrease in the total bacterial mass of the intestinal microbiota (γ=0.29, p=0.006); a decrease in the representation of the main representatives of the philometabolic nucleus of the microbiota: Lactobacillus (p<0.05); Bifidobacterium (p<0.05); Bacteroides (p<0.05) and a number of individual producers of polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.001<p≤0.050). A negative relationship was found between the integral indicator of autism severity and the representation of typical E.coli (R=0.57; F=4.17; p<0.045). In that way Autism spectrum disorders in preschool children are associated with changes in intestinal biocenosis. The structure of microbiome differed significantly from that typical for healthy children. There is a relationship between the severity of dysbiotic disorders and the severity of cognitive disorders in absent-minded.
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Obrenovich, Mark, and V. Prakash Reddy. "Special Issue: Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020309.
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Derovs, Aleksejs, Sniedze Laivacuma, and Angelika Krumina. "Targeting Microbiota: What Do We Know about It at Present?" Medicina 55, no. 8 (August 10, 2019): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080459.
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The human microbiota is a variety of different microorganisms. The composition of microbiota varies from host to host, and it changes during the lifetime. It is known that microbiome may be changed because of a diet, bacteriophages and different processes for example, such as inflammation. Like all other areas of medicine, there is a continuous growth in the area of microbiology. Different microbes can reside in all sites of a human body, even in locations that were previously considered as sterile; for example, liver, pancreas, brain and adipose tissue. Presently one of the etiological factors for liver disease is considered to be pro-inflammatory changes in a host’s organism. There are lot of supporting data about intestinal dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability and its effect on development of liver disease pointing to the gut–liver axis. The gut–liver axis affects pathogenesis of many liver diseases, such as chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut microbiota has been implicated in the regulation of brain health, emphasizing the gut–brain axis. Also, experiments with mice showed that microorganisms have significant effects on the blood–brain barrier integrity. Microbiota can modulate a variety of mechanisms through the gut–liver axis and gut–brain axis. Normal intestinal flora impacts the health of a host in many positive ways, but there is now significant evidence that intestinal microbiota, especially altered, have the ability to impact the pathologies of many diseases through different inflammatory mechanisms. At this point, many of the pathophysiological reactions in case of microbial disbyosis are still unclear.
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Mohamadkhani, Ashraf. "Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolome Perturbation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases 10, no. 4 (July 21, 2018): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/mejdd.2018.112.
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The brain-intestinal axis concept describes the communication between the intestinal microbiota as an ecosystem of a number of dynamic microorganisms and the brain. The composition of the microbial community of the human gut is important for human health by influencing the total metabolomic profile. In children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the composition of the fecal microbiota and their metabolic products has a different configuration of the healthy child. An imbalance in the metabolite derived from the microbiota in children with ASD affect brain development and social behavior. In this article, we review recent discoveries about intestinal metabolites derived from microbiota based on high-yield molecular studies in children with ASD as part of the "intestinal brain axis".
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Kharchenko, Yu V., H. I. Titov, D. H. Kryzhanovskyi, M. P. Fedchenko, H. P. Chernenko, V. V. Filipenko, and V. A. Miakushko. "Stress and the Gut-Brain Axis." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 7, no. 4 (August 30, 2022): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs07.04.137.
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The purpose of the review was to study the effects of stress on the gut microbiota. Results and discussion. The gut microbiota forms a complex microbial community that has a significant impact on human health. The composition of the microbiota varies from person to person, and it changes throughout life. It is known that the microbiome can be altered due to diet, various processes, such as inflammation and/or stress. Like all other areas of medicine, microbiology is constantly growing. The gut microbiota lives in a symbiotic relationship with the human host. It is now believed to interact with almost all human organs, including the central nervous system, in the so-called «gut-brain-microbiome axis». Recently, a growing level of research is showing that microbes play a much bigger role in our lives than previously thought, and can have a myriad of effects on how we behave and think, and even on our mental health. The relationship between the brain and the microbiota is bidirectional and includes endocrine, neuronal, immune, and metabolic pathways. The microbiota interacts with the brain through various mechanisms and mediators, including cytokines, short-chain fatty acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters. According to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis imbalance theory, hormonal imbalances are closely related to psychiatric illness, anxiety, and stress disorders. Therefore, the gut microbiome is closely related to the development and functioning of this axis. The microbiota can influence neurotransmitter levels in a variety of ways, including the secretion of gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, and can even regulate serotonin synthesis. These neurotransmitters can influence the hormonal status of the body, and the hormones themselves can influence the formation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiota. Accordingly, a change in the composition of the intestinal microbiota may be responsible for modifying the hormonal levels of the human body. The endocrine environment in the gut can also be modulated through the neuro-enteroendocrine system. Conclusion. Today, it is known that microbiota changes can be associated with several disorders of the nervous system, such as neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory processes. Research in recent decades has shown that disorders of the nervous system and mood disorders are associated with changes in the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain. Therefore, understanding the role of microbiota in the development and functioning of the brain is of great importance
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GIURGIU, Gheorghe, and Manole COJOCARU. "Natural Neuroimunomodulation in Coronavirus Infection." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Biological Sciences 9, no. 2 (2020): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscibio.2020.2.80.
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Dysbiosis of the nasopharyngeal microbiome attracts dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome and activation of the intestinal microbiome-brain axis. If the first sign of the disease is quickly intervened with the modulation of the activity of the microbiome, implicitly of the immune system (neuroimmunomodulation), the appearance of the disease is eliminated. There is the microbiome: buccal, nasal, intestinal, cardiac, cutaneous and even the microbiome in the brain with which Covid-19 interacts. When the evolution is complicated, it is necessary to intervene with drug treatment to support the affected organs. Although there is also renal impairment, no coronaviruses or traces were found in the patients' urine. Knowing that the infection also causes digestive symptoms, coronaviruses have been shown in faeces. It is said that in 1-2% of cases Covid-19 reaches the bloodstream. The microbiome is essential for promoting immune function to prevent and combat disease. Specifically, with regard to viral infections, there must be an adequate immune response to protect the body. The intestinal microbiota with low diversity will consequently lead to a deficient immune function. The microbiota, the intestine and the brain communicate through the microbiota-intestine-brain axis in a bidirectional way. We assume that the Covid-19 virus creates a dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome. A healthy gut microbiome is crucial in creating an adequate response to coronavirus. A diverse microbiome is a healthy microbiome, which contains many different species that each play a role in immunity and health. The motivation of the project is the study of the influence of the intestinal microbiota in terms of health and the appearance of symptoms in Covid-19 infection. With the help of Deniplant brand natural remedies, the authors have developed several products for autoimmune, metabolic and neurological diseases that act as immunomodulators of the human microbiome.
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Bogdanova, Natalia M., and Kira A. Kravtsova. "INTESTINAL MICROBIOME. EPILEPSY AND THE POSSIBILITY OF EXPANDING ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES." Medical Scientific Bulletin of Central Chernozemye (Naučno-medicinskij vestnik Centralʹnogo Černozemʹâ) 24, no. 3 (November 11, 2023): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/1990-472x-2023-24-3-107-121.
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The development of sequencing technology indicates a key regulatory role for the gut microbiota in several neurological disorders, including epilepsy. The microbiota-gut-brain axis refers to the bi-directional communication between the gut and the brain and regulates gut and central nervous system homeostasis through neural networks, neuroendocrine, immune and inflammatory pathways. The present review discusses the relationship between the gut microbiota and epilepsy, possible pathogenic mechanisms of epilepsy in terms of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and alternative therapies targeting the gut microbiota. A better understanding of the role of the microbiota in the gutbrain axis will help investigate the mechanism, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of intractable epilepsy.
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Smith, Carli J., Jacob R. Emge, Katrina Berzins, Lydia Lung, Rebecca Khamishon, Paarth Shah, David M. Rodrigues, et al. "Probiotics normalize the gut-brain-microbiota axis in immunodeficient mice." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 307, no. 8 (October 15, 2014): G793—G802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00238.2014.
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The gut-brain-microbiota axis is increasingly recognized as an important regulator of intestinal physiology. Exposure to psychological stress causes activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and causes altered intestinal barrier function, intestinal dysbiosis, and behavioral changes. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the effects of psychological stress on intestinal physiology and behavior, including anxiety and memory, are mediated by the adaptive immune system. Furthermore, we wanted to determine whether treatment with probiotics would normalize these effects. Here we demonstrate that B and T cell-deficient Rag1 −/− mice displayed altered baseline behaviors, including memory and anxiety, accompanied by an overactive HPA axis, increased intestinal secretory state, dysbiosis, and decreased hippocampal c-Fos expression. Both local (intestinal physiology and microbiota) and central (behavioral and hippocampal c-Fos) changes were normalized by pretreatment with probiotics, indicating an overall benefit on health conferred by changes in the microbiota, independent of lymphocytes. Taken together, these findings indicate a role for adaptive immune cells in maintaining normal intestinal and brain health in mice and show that probiotics can overcome this immune-mediated deficit in the gut-brain-microbiota axis.
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Zhu, Fangyuan, Huaijun Tu, and Tingtao Chen. "The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Depression: The Potential Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Microbiota Combined Antidepression Effect." Nutrients 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14102081.
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Depression is a kind of worldwide mental illness with the highest morbidity and disability rate, which is often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. Experiments have demonstrated that the disorder of the intestinal microbial system structure plays a crucial role in depression. The gut–brain axis manifests a potential linkage between the digestion system and the central nervous system (CNS). Nowadays, it has become an emerging trend to treat diseases by targeting intestinal microorganisms (e.g., probiotics) and combining the gut–brain axis mechanism. Combined with the research, we found that the incidence of depression is closely linked to the gut microbiota. Moreover, the transformation of the gut microbiota system structure is considered to have both positive and negative regulatory effects on the development of depression. This article reviewed the mechanism of bidirectional interaction in the gut–brain axis and existing symptom-relieving measures and antidepression treatments related to the gut microbiome.
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Pluta, Ryszard, Sławomir Januszewski, and Stanisław J. Czuczwar. "The Role of Gut Microbiota in an Ischemic Stroke." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020915.
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The intestinal microbiome, the largest reservoir of microorganisms in the human body, plays an important role in neurological development and aging as well as in brain disorders such as an ischemic stroke. Increasing knowledge about mediators and triggered pathways has contributed to a better understanding of the interaction between the gut-brain axis and the brain-gut axis. Intestinal bacteria produce neuroactive compounds and can modulate neuronal function, which affects behavior after an ischemic stroke. In addition, intestinal microorganisms affect host metabolism and immune status, which in turn affects the neuronal network in the ischemic brain. Here we discuss the latest results of animal and human research on two-way communication along the gut-brain axis in an ischemic stroke. Moreover, several reports have revealed the impact of an ischemic stroke on gut dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis, highlighting the delicate play between the brain, intestines and microbiome after this acute brain injury. Despite our growing knowledge of intestinal microflora in shaping brain health, host metabolism, the immune system and disease progression, its therapeutic options in an ischemic stroke have not yet been fully utilized. This review shows the role of the gut microflora-brain axis in an ischemic stroke and assesses the potential role of intestinal microflora in the onset, progression and recovery post-stroke.
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He, Qinghui, Congcong Si, Zhenjiao Sun, Yuhui Chen, and Xin Zhang. "The Intervention of Prebiotics on Depression via the Gut–Brain Axis." Molecules 27, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 3671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123671.
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The imbalance of intestinal microbiota can cause the accumulation of endotoxin in the main circulation system of the human body, which has a great impact on human health. Increased work and life pressure have led to a rise in the number of people falling into depression, which has also reduced their quality of life. The gut–brain axis (GBA) is closely related to the pathological basis of depression, and intestinal microbiota can improve depressive symptoms through GBA. Previous studies have proven that prebiotics can modulate intestinal microbiota and thus participate in human health regulation. We reviewed the regulatory mechanism of intestinal microbiota on depression through GBA, and discussed the effects of prebiotics, including plant polysaccharides and polyphenols on the regulation of intestinal microbiota, providing new clues for the prevention and treatment of depression.
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Marano, Giuseppe, Marianna Mazza, Francesco Maria Lisci, Michele Ciliberto, Gianandrea Traversi, Georgios Demetrios Kotzalidis, Domenico De Berardis, et al. "The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Psychoneuroimmunological Insights." Nutrients 15, no. 6 (March 20, 2023): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15061496.
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There is growing interest in the role that the intestinal microbiota and the related autoimmune processes may have in the genesis and presentation of some psychiatric diseases. An alteration in the communication of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which constitutes a communicative model between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastro-enteric tract, has been identified as one of the possible causes of some psychiatric diseases. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe evidence supporting a role of the gut microbiota in psychiatric diseases and the impact of diet on microbiota and mental health. Change in the composition of the gut microbiota could determine an increase in the permeability of the intestinal barrier, leading to a cytokine storm. This could trigger a systemic inflammatory activation and immune response: this series of events could have repercussions on the release of some neurotransmitters, altering the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and reducing the presence of trophic brain factors. Although gut microbiota and psychiatric disorders seem to be connected, more effort is needed to understand the potential causative mechanisms underlying the interactions between these systems.
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Singh, Samradhi, Poonam Sharma, Namrata Pal, Manoj Kumawat, Swasti Shubham, Devojit Kumar Sarma, Rajnarayan R. Tiwari, Manoj Kumar, and Ravinder Nagpal. "Impact of Environmental Pollutants on Gut Microbiome and Mental Health via the Gut–Brain Axis." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071457.
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Over the last few years, the microbiome has emerged as a high-priority research area to discover missing links between brain health and gut dysbiosis. Emerging evidence suggests that the commensal gut microbiome is an important regulator of the gut–brain axis and plays a critical role in brain physiology. Engaging microbiome-generated metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, the immune system, the enteric nervous system, the endocrine system (including the HPA axis), tryptophan metabolism or the vagus nerve plays a crucial role in communication between the gut microbes and the brain. Humans are exposed to a wide range of pollutants in everyday life that impact our intestinal microbiota and manipulate the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, resulting in predisposition to psychiatric or neurological disorders. However, the interaction between xenobiotics, microbiota and neurotoxicity has yet to be completely investigated. Although research into the precise processes of the microbiota–gut–brain axis is growing rapidly, comprehending the implications of environmental contaminants remains challenging. In these milieus, we herein discuss how various environmental pollutants such as phthalates, heavy metals, Bisphenol A and particulate matter may alter the intricate microbiota–gut–brain axis thereby impacting our neurological and overall mental health.
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Nikolovska-Trpčevska, Emilija. "The role of the connection between intestinal microbiota and brain in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders." Galenika Medical Journal 2, no. 5 (2023): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/galmed2305075n.
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The relation between the intestinal microbiota and the brain is an important field of research in the pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). This group of diseases includes more than 40% of the population and is one of the most common reasons for the need of consulting a gastroenterologist. The interaction between the gut microbiota and the brain is a new terminology for defining functional gastrointestinal disorders, based on certain diagnostic criteria. The ROMA IV classification of diagnostic criteria divides functional gastrointestinal diseases into five anatomical regions including the esophagus, gastroduodenal tract, intestine, biliary tract, and anorectal region. Symptoms are usually based on gastrointestinal dysfunction such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), functional dysphagia, functional dyspepsia, gastroparesis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional constipation, diarrhea, and fecal incontinence. In this study, we observe at the mechanisms of interaction between gut microbes and brain function. Enteric microbiota (nonpathological microorganisms) has numerous synergistic actions with the human body. The microbiota can change and is different in each individual, as each individual has their own specific microbiome. From digesting food to protecting against pathogens, the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in maintaining immunity and homeostasis. Recently, studies have shown that one of the main impeler of the interaction between the gut and the brain is precisely the microbiome, and so the new term was created "axis of intestinal microbiota-brain". In the future, the general approach to the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders tends to be personalized, not only based on symptoms, but also on the underlying pathophysiology and psychology. Various mechanisms, including metabolic pathways, immune system, neural pathways, are involved in the relationship between the gut microbiota axis and the brain. We also discuss some future challenges in modifying the intestinal microbiota with probiotics, prebiotics and nutrition, precisely through this new relationship. Awareness of the relationship between intestinal bacteria and their hosts is crucial in the development of modern therapeutic strategies based on good microorganisms (pre/probiotics) for functional gastrointestinal disorders.
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Muhammad, Fahim, Bufang Fan, Ruoxi Wang, Jiayan Ren, Shuhui Jia, Liping Wang, Zuxin Chen, and Xin-An Liu. "The Molecular Gut-Brain Axis in Early Brain Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 15389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315389.
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Millions of nerves, immune factors, and hormones in the circulatory system connect the gut and the brain. In bidirectional communication, the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the gut-brain axis (GBA), wherein microbial metabolites of the gut microbiota regulate intestinal homeostasis, thereby influencing brain activity. Dynamic changes are observed in gut microbiota as well as during brain development. Altering the gut microbiota could serve as a therapeutic target for treating abnormalities associated with brain development. Neurophysiological development and immune regulatory disorders are affected by changes that occur in gut microbiota composition and function. The molecular aspects relevant to the GBA could help develop targeted therapies for neurodevelopmental diseases. Herein, we review the findings of recent studies on the role of the GBA in its underlying molecular mechanisms in the early stages of brain development. Furthermore, we discuss the bidirectional regulation of gut microbiota from mother to infant and the potential signaling pathways and roles of posttranscriptional modifications in brain functions. Our review summarizes the role of molecular GBA in early brain development and related disorders, providing cues for novel therapeutic targets.
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Skowron, Krzysztof, Anna Budzyńska, Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, Karolina Chomacka, Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda, Monika Wilk, Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska, Małgorzata Andrzejewska, and Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska. "The Role of Psychobiotics in Supporting the Treatment of Disturbances in the Functioning of the Nervous System—A Systematic Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 7820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147820.
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Stress and anxiety are common phenomena that contribute to many nervous system dysfunctions. More and more research has been focusing on the importance of the gut–brain axis in the course and treatment of many diseases, including nervous system disorders. This review aims to present current knowledge on the influence of psychobiotics on the gut–brain axis based on selected diseases, i.e., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Analyses of the available research results have shown that selected probiotic bacteria affect the gut–brain axis in healthy people and people with selected diseases. Furthermore, supplementation with probiotic bacteria can decrease depressive symptoms. There is no doubt that proper supplementation improves the well-being of patients. Therefore, it can be concluded that the intestinal microbiota play a relevant role in disorders of the nervous system. The microbiota–gut–brain axis may represent a new target in the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, this topic needs more research. Such research could help find effective treatments via the modulation of the intestinal microbiome.
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Jach, Monika Elżbieta, Anna Serefko, Aleksandra Szopa, Ewa Sajnaga, Hieronim Golczyk, Leandro Soares Santos, Kinga Borowicz-Reutt, and Elwira Sieniawska. "The Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Depression." Molecules 28, no. 7 (April 4, 2023): 3213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073213.
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Depression is a common and complex mental and emotional disorder that causes disability, morbidity, and quite often mortality around the world. Depression is closely related to several physical and metabolic conditions causing metabolic depression. Studies have indicated that there is a relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, known as the gut–brain axis. While this microbiota–gut–brain connection is disturbed, dysfunctions of the brain, immune system, endocrine system, and gastrointestinal tract occur. Numerous studies show that intestinal dysbiosis characterized by abnormal microbiota and dysfunction of the microbiota–gut–brain axis could be a direct cause of mental and emotional disorders. Traditional treatment of depression includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, and it mainly targets the brain. However, restoration of the intestinal microbiota and functions of the gut–brain axis via using probiotics, their metabolites, prebiotics, and healthy diet may alleviate depressive symptoms. Administration of probiotics labeled as psychobiotics and their metabolites as metabiotics, especially as an adjuvant to antidepressants, improves mental disorders. It is a new approach to the prevention, management, and treatment of mental and emotional illnesses, particularly major depressive disorder and metabolic depression. For the effectiveness of antidepressant therapy, psychobiotics should be administered at a dose higher than 1 billion CFU/day for at least 8 weeks.
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Del Negro, Ilaria, Sara Pez, Salvatore Versace, Alessandro Marziali, Gian Luigi Gigli, Yan Tereshko, and Mariarosaria Valente. "Impact of Disease-Modifying Therapies on Gut–Brain Axis in Multiple Sclerosis." Medicina 60, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010006.
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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, autoimmune-mediated, demyelinating disease whose pathogenesis remains to be defined. In past years, in consideration of a constantly growing number of patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, the impacts of different environmental factors in the pathogenesis of the disease have been largely studied. Alterations in gut microbiome composition and intestinal barrier permeability have been suggested to play an essential role in the regulation of autoimmunity. Thus, increased efforts are being conducted to demonstrate the complex interplay between gut homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Numerous results confirm that disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) used for the treatment of MS, in addition to their immunomodulatory effect, could exert an impact on the intestinal microbiota, contributing to the modulation of the immune response itself. However, to date, the direct influence of these treatments on the microbiota is still unclear. This review intends to underline the impact of DMTs on the complex system of the microbiota–gut–brain axis in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Zhong, Hao, Jie Xu, Mengyu Yang, Muhammad Hussain, Xiaofeng Liu, Fengqin Feng, and Rongfa Guan. "Protective Effect of Anthocyanins against Neurodegenerative Diseases through the Microbial-Intestinal-Brain Axis: A Critical Review." Nutrients 15, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030496.
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With the increase in human mean age, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) also rises. This negatively affects mental and physiological health. In recent years, evidence has revealed that anthocyanins could regulate the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) through the microbiome-gut-brain axis, which provides a new perspective for treating NDs. In this review, the protective effects and mechanisms of anthocyanins against NDs are summarized, especially the interaction between anthocyanins and the intestinal microbiota, and the microbial-intestinal-brain axis system is comprehensively discussed. Moreover, anthocyanins achieve the therapeutic purpose of NDs by regulating intestinal microflora and certain metabolites (protocateic acid, vanillic acid, etc.). In particular, the inhibitory effect of tryptophan metabolism on some neurotransmitters and the induction of blood-brain barrier permeability by butyrate production has a preventive effect on NDs. Overall, it is suggested that microbial-intestinal-brain axis may be a novel mechanism for the protective effect of anthocyanins against NDs.
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Cerdó, Tomás, Estefanía Diéguez, and Cristina Campoy. "Early nutrition and gut microbiome: interrelationship between bacterial metabolism, immune system, brain structure, and neurodevelopment." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 317, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): E617—E630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00188.2019.
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Disturbances of diet during pregnancy and early postnatal life may impact colonization of gut microbiota during early life, which could influence infant health, leading to potential long-lasting consequences later in life. This is a nonsystematic review that explores the recent scientific literature to provide a general perspective of this broad topic. Several studies have shown that gut microbiota composition is related to changes in metabolism, energy balance, and immune system disturbances through interaction between microbiota metabolites and host receptors by the gut-brain axis. Moreover, recent clinical studies suggest that an intestinal dysbiosis in gut microbiota may result in cognitive disorders and behavioral problems. Furthermore, recent research in the field of brain imaging focused on the study of the relationship between gut microbial ecology and large-scale brain networks, which will help to decipher the influence of the microbiome on brain function and potentially will serve to identify multiple mediators of the gut-brain axis. Thus, knowledge about optimal nutrition by modulating gut microbiota-brain axis activity will allow a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the crosstalk between gut microbiota and the developing brain during critical windows. In addition, this knowledge will open new avenues for developing novel microbiota-modulating based diet interventions during pregnancy and early life to prevent metabolic disorders, as well as neurodevelopmental deficits and brain functional disorders.
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Kulchavenya, Ekaterina V. "Minerals contributing to human health and well-being." Clinical review for general practice 2, no. 1 (February 20, 2021): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47407/kr2021.2.1.00033.
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The gut microbiome is vital for normal human body functioning. The etiological and pathogenetic significance of increased intestinal permeability in disorders of various organs and systems seems to be certain. The term “microbiota-gut-brain axis” has been defined; the crucial role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurological disorders has been confirmed. Gut microbiome not only contributes to digestion, metabolism and immunity, but also mediates sleep and mental health of the host via microbiota-gut-brain axis. Such elements as zinc and selenium are essential to maintain the microbial balance in the gut. Zinc contributes to gut homeostasis and Paneth cell function. Zinc has a direct impact on gut microbiota composition (for example, on some species of Staphylococcus), modulates gut microbiota reducing the fatal entry of bacteria into the bloodstream and lymphatic vessels. Thus, zinc alters microbiome due to direct cytotoxic / cytostatic effect on certain bacteria, such as staphylococci. Zinc possesses therapeutic effect in gastrointestinal infections and diarrhea. Bacterial translocation may be also reduced with Rebamipide possessing cytoprotective and antioxidant activity. Selenium in the form of selenoproteins has a number of functions in normal health and metabolism. Selenium contributes to immune system functioning and to progression of HIV to AIDS. Selenium deficiency results in cardiovascular diseases, infertility, myodegenerative disorders, and cognitive decline.
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Mishima, Yoshiyuki, and Shunji Ishihara. "Enteric Microbiota-Mediated Serotonergic Signaling in Pathogenesis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 10235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910235.
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional disorder that affects the gastrointestinal tract. Details regarding the pathogenesis of IBS remain largely unknown, though the dysfunction of the brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) axis is a major etiological factor, in which neurotransmitters serve as a key communication tool between enteric microbiota and the brain. One of the most important neurotransmitters in the pathology of IBS is serotonin (5-HT), as it influences gastrointestinal motility, pain sensation, mucosal inflammation, immune responses, and brain activity, all of which shape IBS features. Genome-wide association studies discovered susceptible genes for IBS in serotonergic signaling pathways. In clinical practice, treatment strategies targeting 5-HT were effective for a certain portion of IBS cases. The synthesis of 5-HT in intestinal enterochromaffin cells and host serotonergic signaling is regulated by enteric resident microbiota. Dysbiosis can trigger IBS development, potentially through aberrant 5-HT signaling in the BGM axis; thus, the manipulation of the gut microbiota may be an alternative treatment strategy. However, precise information regarding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-mediated intestinal serotonergic pathway related to the pathogenesis of IBS remains unclear. The present review summarizes current knowledge and recent progress in understanding microbiome–serotonin interaction in IBS cases.
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Bercik, P. "The microbiota-gut-brain axis: learning from intestinal bacteria?" Gut 60, no. 3 (February 4, 2011): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2010.226779.
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Zhang, Zhicheng, Yuting Zhang, Junmin Li, Chengxin Fu, and Xin Zhang. "The Neuroprotective Effect of Tea Polyphenols on the Regulation of Intestinal Flora." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 3692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123692.
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Tea polyphenols (TPs) are the general compounds of natural polyhydroxyphenols extracted in tea. Although a large number of studies have shown that TPs have obvious neuroprotective and neuro repair effects, they are limited due to the low bioavailability in vivo. However, TPs can act indirectly on the central nervous system by affecting the “microflora–gut–brain axis”, in which the microbiota and its composition represent a factor that determines brain health. Bidirectional communication between the intestinal microflora and the brain (microbe–gut–brain axis) occurs through a variety of pathways, including the vagus nerve, immune system, neuroendocrine pathways, and bacteria-derived metabolites. This axis has been shown to influence neurotransmission and behavior, which is usually associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss that TPs and their metabolites may provide benefits by restoring the imbalance of intestinal microbiota and that TPs are metabolized by intestinal flora, to provide a new idea for TPs to play a neuroprotective role by regulating intestinal flora.
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Wang, Shumeng, Junyi Luo, Hailong Wang, Ting Chen, Jiajie Sun, Qianyun Xi, and Yongliang Zhang. "Extracellular Vesicles: A Crucial Player in the Intestinal Microenvironment and Beyond." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 6 (March 20, 2024): 3478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063478.
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The intestinal ecological environment plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption and overall well-being. In recent years, research has focused on the effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in both physiological and pathological conditions of the intestine. The intestine does not only consume EVs from exogenous foods, but also those from other endogenous tissues and cells, and even from the gut microbiota. The alteration of conditions in the intestine and the intestinal microbiota subsequently gives rise to changes in other organs and systems, including the central nervous system (CNS), namely the microbiome–gut–brain axis, which also exhibits a significant involvement of EVs. This review first gives an overview of the generation and isolation techniques of EVs, and then mainly focuses on elucidating the functions of EVs derived from various origins on the intestine and the intestinal microenvironment, as well as the impacts of an altered intestinal microenvironment on other physiological systems. Lastly, we discuss the role of microbial and cellular EVs in the microbiome–gut–brain axis. This review enhances the understanding of the specific roles of EVs in the gut microenvironment and the central nervous system, thereby promoting more effective treatment strategies for certain associated diseases.
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Zhang, Li, Zhenying Zhang, Lei Xu, and Xin Zhang. "Maintaining the Balance of Intestinal Flora through the Diet: Effective Prevention of Illness." Foods 10, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 2312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10102312.
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The human body is home to a complex community of dynamic equilibrium microbiota, including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. It is known that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, intestinal peristalsis, intestinal barrier homeostasis, nutrient uptake, and fat distribution. The complex relationship between the host and microbiome suggests that when this relationship is out of balance, the microbiome may contribute to disease development. The brain–gut–microbial axis is composed of many signal molecules, gastrointestinal mucosal cells, the vagus nerve, and blood–brain barrier, which plays an essential role in developing many diseases. The microbiome can influence the central nervous system function through the brain–gut axis; the central nervous system can also affect the composition and partial functions of the gut microbiome in the same way. Different dietary patterns, specific dietary components, and functional dietary factors can significantly affect intestinal flora’s structure, composition, and function, thereby affecting human health. Based on the above, this paper reviewed the relationship between diet, intestinal flora, and human health, and the strategies to prevent mental illness through the dietary modification of intestinal microorganisms.
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Shaikh, Sofia D., Natalie Sun, Andrew Canakis, William Y. Park, and Horst Christian Weber. "Irritable Bowel Syndrome and the Gut Microbiome: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 7 (March 28, 2023): 2558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12072558.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. It has a prevalence of 10 to 25% in the United States and has a high disease burden, as evidenced by reduced quality of life, decreased work productivity and increased healthcare utilization and costs. IBS has been associated with several intra-intestinal and extra-intestinal conditions, including psychiatric comorbidities. Although the pathophysiology of IBS has not been fully elucidated, it involves dysregulation of communication between the brain and gut (brain–gut axis) which is associated with alterations in intestinal motility, gut permeability, visceral hypersensitivity and gut microbiota composition. The purpose of this article is to review the role the gut microbiota plays in the pathophysiology of IBS, understand factors that affect the gut microbiome and explore the microbiome as a target of treatment.
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Dziedzic, Angela, Karina Maciak, Katarzyna Bliźniewska-Kowalska, Małgorzata Gałecka, Weronika Kobierecka, and Joanna Saluk. "The Power of Psychobiotics in Depression: A Modern Approach through the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: A literature Review." Nutrients 16, no. 7 (April 4, 2024): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16071054.
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The microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis is a complex communication network linking the gut, microbiota, and brain, influencing various aspects of health and disease. Dysbiosis, a disturbance in the gut microbiome equilibrium, can significantly impact the MGB axis, leading to alterations in microbial composition and function. Emerging evidence highlights the connection between microbiota alterations and neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression. This review explores the potential of psychobiotics in managing depressive disorders, emphasizing their role in restoring microbial balance and influencing the MGB axis. Psychobiotics exhibit positive effects on the intestinal barrier, immune response, cortisol levels, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Studies suggest that probiotics may serve as an adjunct therapy for depression, especially in treatment-resistant cases. This review discusses key findings from studies on psychobiotics interventions, emphasizing their impact on the gut–brain axis and mental health. The increasing acceptance of the expanded concept of the MGB axis underscores the importance of microorganisms in mental well-being. As our understanding of the microbiome’s role in health and disease grows, probiotics emerge as promising agents for addressing mental health issues, providing new avenues for therapeutic interventions in depressive disorders.
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Sabit, Hussein, Areej Kassab, Donia Alaa, Shaza Mohamed, Shaimaa Abdel-Ghany, Mohamed Mansy, Osama A. Said, Mona A. Khalifa, Halah Hafiz, and Asmaa M. Abushady. "The Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on the Gut–Brain Axis in Psychiatric Patients." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 45, no. 5 (May 6, 2023): 4080–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb45050260.
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The pathophysiology of several psychiatric diseases may entail disturbances in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and metabolic pathways. Variations in how these effects present themselves may be connected to individual variances in clinical symptoms and treatment responses, such as the observation that a significant fraction of participants do not respond to current antipsychotic drugs. A bidirectional signaling pathway between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract is known as the microbiota–gut–brain axis. The large and small intestines contain more than 100 trillion microbial cells, contributing to the intestinal ecosystem’s incredible complexity. Interactions between the microbiota and intestinal epithelium can alter brain physiology and affect mood and behavior. There has recently been a focus on how these relationships impact mental health. According to evidence, intestinal microbiota may play a role in neurological and mental illnesses. Intestinal metabolites of microbial origin, such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and bacterial components that might stimulate the host’s immune system, are mentioned in this review. We aim to shed some on the growing role of gut microbiota in inducing/manipulating several psychiatric disorders, which may pave the way for novel microbiota-based therapies.
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Chen, Keyin, Yuchen Wei, and Tianhao Xing. "The Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis as a Trigger of Inflammation-Driving Pathogensis of Alzheimer’s Disease." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 8 (August 17, 2022): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v8i.1169.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system, and its pathogenesis is very complex. Gut microbiota is an immense and complicated microbial community that is regarded as the “second brain “by scientists. These microorganisms exist in the ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract which is in the human body and form a relatively stable environment within the gastrointestinal tract. As a large number of microorganisms that can survive and coexist harmoniously in the human body, intestinal flora is a very important environmental factor and plays a very important role in the mutual transformation of people's health and diseases. On this basis, the cerebral intestinal axis is a two-way information regulation system that connects the brain and gastrointestinal functions. This means that intestinal microorganisms can participate in the brain-intestinal axis. Recent studies have shown that disturbances (compositional changes and translocations) of the gut microbiota are associated with neurological disorders (AD), where the gastrointestinal tract communicates with the central nervous system via the gut-brain axis, including direct effects on nerves, endocrine pathways, and immune regulation. Animal models, fecal microbiota transplantation, and probiotic interventions provide evidence for the association of gut microbiota with AD. The leaked bacterial metabolites may directly damage neuronal function, and may also induce neuroinflammation and promote the pathogenesis of AD. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to summarize, study and discuss the nowadays research and results of intestinal microbiota in Alzheimer-related mechanisms and to understand the relevance, function, and impact between the mechanism and Alzheimer’s disease.
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Doroszkiewicz, Julia, Magdalena Groblewska, and Barbara Mroczko. "The Role of Gut Microbiota and Gut–Brain Interplay in Selected Diseases of the Central Nervous System." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 10028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810028.
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The gut microbiome has attracted increasing attention from researchers in recent years. The microbiota can have a specific and complex cross-talk with the host, particularly with the central nervous system (CNS), creating the so-called “gut–brain axis”. Communication between the gut, intestinal microbiota, and the brain involves the secretion of various metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), structural components of bacteria, and signaling molecules. Moreover, an imbalance in the gut microbiota composition modulates the immune system and function of tissue barriers such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, the aim of this literature review is to describe how the gut–brain interplay may contribute to the development of various neurological disorders, combining the fields of gastroenterology and neuroscience. We present recent findings concerning the effect of the altered microbiota on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, as well as multiple sclerosis. Moreover, the impact of the pathological shift in the microbiome on selected neuropsychological disorders, i.e., major depressive disorders (MDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is also discussed. Future research on the effect of balanced gut microbiota composition on the gut–brain axis would help to identify new potential opportunities for therapeutic interventions in the presented diseases.
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Zhou, Yingyu, Wanyi Qiu, Yimei Wang, Rong Wang, Tomohiro Takano, Xuyang Li, Zhangliang Zhu, et al. "β-Elemene Suppresses Obesity-Induced Imbalance in the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis." Biomedicines 9, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9070704.
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As a kind of metabolically triggered inflammation, obesity influences the interplay between the central nervous system and the enteral environment. The present study showed that β-elemene, which is contained in various plant substances, had effects on recovering the changes in metabolites occurring in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6 male mice brains, especially in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP). β-elemene also partially reversed HFD-induced changes in the composition and contents of mouse gut bacteria. Furthermore, we evaluated the interaction between cerebral metabolites and intestinal microbiota via Pearson correlations. The prediction results suggested that Firmicutes were possibly controlled by neuron integrity, cerebral inflammation, and neurotransmitters, and Bacteroidetes in mouse intestines might be related to cerebral aerobic respiration and the glucose cycle. Such results also implied that Actinobacteria probably affected cerebral energy metabolism. These findings suggested that β-elemene has regulatory effects on the imbalanced microbiota-gut-brain axis caused by obesity and, therefore, would contribute to the future study in on the interplay between cerebral metabolites from different brain regions and the intestinal microbiota of mice.
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Wang, Shu-Zhi, Yi-Jing Yu, and Khosrow Adeli. "Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis." Microorganisms 8, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8040527.
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Gut microbiota play an important role in maintaining intestinal health and are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. Recent studies have shown that the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) can interact with gut microbiota to regulate nutrient metabolism. The vagal nerve system communicates between the CNS and ENS to control gastrointestinal tract functions and feeding behavior. Vagal afferent neurons also express receptors for gut peptides that are secreted from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, leptin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin). Gut microbiota can regulate levels of these gut peptides to influence the vagal afferent pathway and thus regulate intestinal metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In addition, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) can also exert metabolic control through the microbiota-gut-liver axis. This review is mainly focused on the role of gut microbiota in neuroendocrine regulation of nutrient metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain-liver axis.
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Xu, Fenghua, Yi Cheng, Guangcong Ruan, Liqin Fan, Yuting Tian, Zhifeng Xiao, Dongfeng Chen, and Yanling Wei. "New pathway ameliorating ulcerative colitis: focus on Roseburia intestinalis and the gut–brain axis." Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 14 (January 2021): 175628482110044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562848211004469.
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Background: The community of gut microbes is a key factor controlling the intestinal barrier that communicates with the nervous system through the gut–brain axis. Based on our clinical data showing that populations of Roseburia intestinalis are dramatically decreased in the gut of patients with ulcerative colitis, we studied the efficacy of a strain belonging to this species in the context of colitis and stress using animal models. Methods: Dextran sulfate sodium was used to induce colitis in rats, which then underwent an enema with R. intestinalis as a treatment. The disease activity index, fecal changes and body weight of rats were recorded to evaluate colitis, while histological and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out to examine colon function, and 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to evaluate the gut microbiota change. Behavioral assays and immunohistochemical staining of brain were performed to assess the effect of R. intestinalis on the gut–brain axis. Results: Colitis-related symptoms in rats were significantly relieved after R. intestinalis enema, and the stool traits and colon length of rats were significantly recovered after treatment. The gut epithelial integrity and intestinal barrier were restored in treated rats, as evidenced by the higher expression of Zo-1 in colon tissues, accompanied by the restoration of gut microbiota. Meanwhile, depressive-like behaviors of rats were reduced after treatment, and laboratory experiments on neuronal cells also showed that IL-6, IL-7 and 5-HT were downregulated by R. intestinalis treatment in both serum and brain tissue, while Iba-1 expression was reduced in treated rats. Conclusions: The administration of R. intestinalis contributes to restoration of the gut microbiota, promoting colon repair and the recovery of gastrointestinal function. These alterations are accompanied by the relief of depressive-like behaviors through a process modulated by the neuronal network and the regulation of inflammation by the gut–brain axis.
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Zhong, Si-Ran, Qi Kuang, Fan Zhang, Ben Chen, and Zhen-Guo Zhong. "Functional roles of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in Alzheimer’s disease: Implications of gut microbiota-targeted therapy." Translational Neuroscience 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 581–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2020-0206.
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Abstract Increasing scientific evidence demonstrates that the gut microbiota influences normal physiological homeostasis and contributes to pathogenesis, ranging from obesity to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Gut microbiota can interact with the central nervous system (CNS) through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The interaction is mediated by microbial secretions, metabolic interventions, and neural stimulation. Here, we review and summarize the regulatory pathways (immune, neural, neuroendocrine, or metabolic systems) in the microbiota-gut-brain axis in AD pathogenesis. Besides, we highlight the significant roles of the intestinal epithelial barrier and blood–brain barrier (BBB) in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. During the progression of AD, there is a gradual shift in the gut microbiota and host co-metabolic relationship, leading to gut dysbiosis, and the imbalance of microbial secretions and metabolites, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These products may affect the CNS metabolic state and immune balance through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Further, we summarize the potential microbiota-gut-brain axis-targeted therapy including carbohydrates, probiotics, dietary measures, and propose new strategies toward the development of anti-AD drugs. Taken together, the data in this review suggest that remodeling the gut microbiota may present a tractable strategy in the management and development of new therapeutics against AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Matsumura, Yoko, Masahiro Kitabatake, Shin-ichi Kayano, and Toshihiro Ito. "Dietary Phenolic Compounds: Their Health Benefits and Association with the Gut Microbiota." Antioxidants 12, no. 4 (April 4, 2023): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040880.
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Oxidative stress causes various diseases, such as type II diabetes and dyslipidemia, while antioxidants in foods may prevent a number of diseases and delay aging by exerting their effects in vivo. Phenolic compounds are phytochemicals such as flavonoids which consist of flavonols, flavones, flavanonols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, lignans, stilbenoids, curcuminoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. They have phenolic hydroxyl groups in their molecular structures. These compounds are present in most plants, are abundant in nature, and contribute to the bitterness and color of various foods. Dietary phenolic compounds, such as quercetin in onions and sesamin in sesame, exhibit antioxidant activity and help prevent cell aging and diseases. In addition, other kinds of compounds, such as tannins, have larger molecular weights, and many unexplained aspects still exist. The antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds may be beneficial for human health. On the other hand, metabolism by intestinal bacteria changes the structures of these compounds with antioxidant properties, and the resulting metabolites exert their effects in vivo. In recent years, it has become possible to analyze the composition of the intestinal microbiota. The augmentation of the intestinal microbiota by the intake of phenolic compounds has been implicated in disease prevention and symptom recovery. Furthermore, the “brain–gut axis”, which is a communication system between the gut microbiome and brain, is attracting increasing attention, and research has revealed that the gut microbiota and dietary phenolic compounds affect brain homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the usefulness of dietary phenolic compounds with antioxidant activities against some diseases, their biotransformation by the gut microbiota, the augmentation of the intestinal microflora, and their effects on the brain–gut axis.
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Lewandowska-Pietruszka, Zuzanna, Magdalena Figlerowicz, and Katarzyna Mazur-Melewska. "The History of the Intestinal Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis." Pathogens 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121540.
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The gut-brain axis and the intestinal microbiota have been an area of an intensive research in the last few years. However, it is not a completely novel area of interest for physicians and scientists. From the earliest centuries, both professionals and patients turned their attention to the gastrointestinal system in order to find the root of physical and mental disturbances. The approach to the gut-brain axis and the therapeutic methods have changed alongside the development of different medical approaches to health and illness. They often reflected the social changes. The authors of this article aim to provide a brief history of the gut-brain axis and the intestinal microbiota in order to demonstrate how important the study of these systems is for both scientists and medical professionals, as well as for the general public. We analysed the publications accessible through PubMed regarding the microbiota and gut-brain axis history. If available, we accessed the original historical sources. We conclude that although the history of this science might be long, there are still many areas that need to be researched, analysed, and understood in future projects. The interest in the subject is not diminishing, but rather it has increased throughout the years.
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Taniguchi, Kurumi, Yuka Ikeda, Nozomi Nagase, Ai Tsuji, Yasuko Kitagishi, and Satoru Matsuda. "Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders." AIMS Bioengineering 8, no. 4 (2021): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/bioeng.2021021.
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<abstract> <p>Psychiatric disorders may extremely impair the quality of life with patients and are important reasons of social disability. Several data have shown that psychiatric disorders are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota. Dietary intake could determine the microbiota, which contribute to produce various metabolites of fermentation such as short chain fatty acids. Some of the metabolites could result in epigenetic alterations leading to the disease susceptibility. Epigenetic dysfunction is in fact implicated in various psychiatric and neurologic disorders. For example, it has been shown that neuroepigenetic dysregulation occurs in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Several studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiome may influence the function of central nervous system. Furthermore, it has been proved that the alterations in the gut microbiota-composition might affect in the bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Similarly, evidences demonstrating the association between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota have come from preclinical studies. It is clear that an intricate symbiotic relationship might exist between host and microbe, although the practical significance of the gut microbiota has not yet to be determined. In this review, we have summarized the function of gut microbiota in main psychiatric disorders with respect to the mental health. In addition, we would like to discuss the potential mechanisms of the disorders for the practical diagnosis and future treatment by using bioengineering of microbiota and their metabolites.</p> </abstract>
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Andreeva, Irina V., A. V. Tolpygo, V. A. Andreev, Ilya Sulejmanovich Azyzov, I. A. Golman, N. N. Osipova, Vladislav V. Privolnev, Olga U. Stetsiouk, and V. V. Sokolovskaya. "Psychobiotics: a new way in psychopharmacology, or How do bacteria manage our brain?" Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 24, no. 2 (2022): 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2022.2.108-133.
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Psychobiotics are a special class of probiotics that have a beneficial effect on human mental health. During the last decade, convincing evidence has emerged that the gut microbiome influences mental health, cognitive abilities (learning and memory), and behavioral processes through neurological, metabolic, hormonal, and immunological signaling pathways. This review provides available information on the mechanisms of regulation of neuroimmune axes by the microbiota, describes the schemes of interaction of the microbiota with the intestinal nervous system and the brain-gut axis, the effect on behavior, cognitive functions and emotions, and discusses the evidence base and current views on the use of psychobiotics as a safe and effective therapeutic alternative to classic psychotropic drugs in depressive and anxiety disorders, stress, autism spectrum disorders, Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions.
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Marginean, Cristina Maria, Mihaela Popescu, Andrei Ioan Drocas, Sergiu Marian Cazacu, Radu Mitrut, Iulia Cristina Marginean, George Alexandru Iacob, Marian Sorin Popescu, Anca Oana Docea, and Paul Mitrut. "Gut–Brain Axis, Microbiota and Probiotics—Current Knowledge on Their Role in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Review." Gastrointestinal Disorders 5, no. 4 (November 24, 2023): 517–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gidisord5040043.
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common digestive disorder with a significant impact on both individuals and society in terms of quality of life and healthcare costs. A growing body of research has identified various communication pathways between the microbiota and the brain in relation to motility disorders, with the gut–brain axis being key to the pathogenesis of IBS. Multiple factors contribute to the pathogenetic pathways in IBS, including immune mechanisms, psychosocial factors, increased oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine release, as well as genetic and hormonal factors. Increased permeability of the normal intestinal barrier allows bacterial products to access the lamina propria, providing a mechanism for perpetuating chronic inflammation and characteristic symptoms. The microbiota influences inflammatory processes in IBS by altering the balance between pro-inflammatory factors and host defence. Probiotics modulate the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in IBS by influencing the composition of the microbiota and improving intestinal motility disorders, visceral hypersensitivity, immune function of the intestinal epithelium, metabolic processes in the intestinal lumen, dysfunction of the microbiota-GBA, and are recognised as effective and safe in IBS therapy. Our study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between the gut–brain axis, microbiota, and IBS, based on current information.
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Murciano-Brea, Julia, Martin Garcia-Montes, Stefano Geuna, and Celia Herrera-Rincon. "Gut Microbiota and Neuroplasticity." Cells 10, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10082084.
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The accumulating evidence linking bacteria in the gut and neurons in the brain (the microbiota–gut–brain axis) has led to a paradigm shift in the neurosciences. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms supporting the relevance of actions mediated by the gut microbiota for brain physiology and neuronal functioning is a key research area. In this review, we discuss the literature showing how the microbiota is emerging as a key regulator of the brain’s function and behavior, as increasing amounts of evidence on the importance of the bidirectional communication between the intestinal bacteria and the brain have accumulated. Based on recent discoveries, we suggest that the interaction between diet and the gut microbiota, which might ultimately affect the brain, represents an unprecedented stimulus for conducting new research that links food and mood. We also review the limited work in the clinical arena to date, and we propose novel approaches for deciphering the gut microbiota–brain axis and, eventually, for manipulating this relationship to boost mental wellness.
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Zhang, Yuan, Wanpeng Yu, Lei Zhang, Man Wang, and Wenguang Chang. "The Interaction of Polyphenols and the Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases." Nutrients 14, no. 24 (December 17, 2022): 5373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14245373.
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Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants and play a potential role in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NND) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) due to their unique physiological functions such as acting as antioxidants, being anti-inflammatory, being neuroprotective, and promoting intestinal health. Since dietary polyphenols exist in plant foods in the form of glycosylation or esterification or are combined with polymers, they need to undergo extensive metabolism through phase I and phase II biotransformations by various intestinal enzymes, as well as metabolism by the intestinal microbiota before they can be fully absorbed. Polyphenols improve intestinal microbiota disorders by influencing the structure and function of intestinal microbiota, inducing beneficial bacteria to produce a variety of metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), promoting the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters, and playing an important role in the prevention and treatment of NND by affecting the microbe–gut–brain axis. We review the ways in which some polyphenols can change the composition of the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites in AD or PD animal models to exert the role of slowing down the progression of NND, aiming to provide evidence for the role of polyphenols in slowing the progression of NND via the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis.
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FAULIN, Tanize do Espirito Santo, and Debora ESTADELLA. "ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 60, no. 1 (January 2023): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.202301000-17.
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ABSTRACT Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Several pathways enable bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS), the intestine and its microbiota, constituting the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Objective: Review the pathophysiology of AD, relate it to the microbiota-gut-brain axis and discuss the possibility of using probiotics in the treatment and/or prevention of this disease. Methods: Search of articles from the PubMed database published in the last 5 years (2017 to 2022) structure the narrative review. Results: The composition of the gut microbiota influences the CNS, resulting in changes in host behavior and may be related to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Some metabolites produced by the intestinal microbiota, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, while other compounds produced by the microbiota during the fermentation of food in the intestine, such as D-glutamate and fatty acids short chain, are beneficial in cognitive function. The consumption of live microorganisms beneficial to health, known as probiotics, has been tested in laboratory animals and humans to evaluate the effect on AD. Conclusion: Although there are few clinical trials evaluating the effect of probiotic consumption in humans with AD, the results to date indicate a beneficial contribution of the use of probiotics in this disease.
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Vermehren, Cláudia Almeida Alves, and Tayna Ofelia Freitas Suarez. "Symbiosis in the microbiome of people with asd and its effects on the brain-intestine linkage." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 17 (December 20, 2022): e49111736735. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i17.36735.
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Researches show that individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), present an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota, by the study carried out, there is a possibility of mitigating the characteristic symptoms of Autistic Spectrum Disorder, through the symbiosis in the intestinal microbiome. The objective of this bibliographic review is to analyze the influence of symbiosis on the microbiome in the intestine-brain axis in individuals with ASD and to verify the nutritional needs of this individual, in order to support nutritional strategies. Analyzing the gut-brain axis of children with ASD, verifying the effects of symbiosis on the microbiome and the nutritional needs of autistic people. The approach of this research was qualitative, with a basic purpose, of an observational nature, being cross-sectional bibliographic research. Studies were used to investigate the effectiveness of vitamin and mineral supplementation in the diet of children with autism spectrum disorder. The present study concludes that autistic children are more deficient in the intake of vitamins and minerals, and those who are supplemented with vitamin D had reduced or absent symptoms of ASD. Thus, it will be necessary to offer a greater variety of fruits and vegetables to obtain adequate dosages of micronutrients through food intake, helping with homeostasis in the microbiota in order to achieve a symbiosis in the intestinal microbiome of the child with ASD.
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Tunesi, Marta, Luca Izzo, Ilaria Raimondi, Diego Albani, and Carmen Giordano. "A miniaturized hydrogel-based in vitro model for dynamic culturing of human cells overexpressing beta-amyloid precursor protein." Journal of Tissue Engineering 11 (January 2020): 204173142094563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731420945633.
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Recent findings have highlighted an interconnection between intestinal microbiota and the brain, referred to as microbiota–gut–brain axis, and suggested that alterations in microbiota composition might affect brain functioning, also in Alzheimer’s disease. To investigate microbiota–gut–brain axis biochemical pathways, in this work we developed an innovative device to be used as modular unit in an engineered multi-organ-on-a-chip platform recapitulating in vitro the main players of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, and an innovative three-dimensional model of brain cells based on collagen/hyaluronic acid or collagen/poly(ethylene glycol) semi-interpenetrating polymer networks and β-amyloid precursor protein-Swedish mutant-expressing H4 cells, to simulate the pathological scenario of Alzheimer’s disease. We set up the culturing conditions, assessed cell response, scaled down the three-dimensional models to be hosted in the organ-on-a-chip device, and cultured them both in static and in dynamic conditions. The results suggest that the device and three-dimensional models are exploitable for advanced engineered models representing brain features also in Alzheimer’s disease scenario.
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OPREA, Georgiana, Madalina GHIDERSA, Ioana-Miruna BALMUS, Iuliana Simona LUCA, Alin CIOBICA, Samson GUENNE, and Mirela CIMPEANU. "Methodological Aspects Regarding the Interactions Between Microflora and Neuropsychiatric/Metabolic Disorders." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Biological Sciences 12, no. 1 (2023): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscibio.2023.1.82.
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"Considering that intestinal microbiota a key factor in regulating the brain- intestinal axis and is also involved in the development and proper functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, numerous studies have turned their attention to the composition of digestive microflora in most of the neuropschiatric disorders. Same goes for the metabolic deficits, which could be correlated with some microbiome dysfucntions, as well as with most of the existent neuropschiatric deficiences. In this context, considering also our group recent experience in this area of research, we are describing here some methodological aspects regarding the interactions between microflora and neuropsychiatric/metabolic disorders."
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Carter, Jasmine, Jeffery Bettag, Sylvia Morfin, Chandrashekhara Manithody, Aakash Nagarapu, Aditya Jain, Hala Nazzal, et al. "Gut Microbiota Modulation of Short Bowel Syndrome and the Gut–Brain Axis." Nutrients 15, no. 11 (May 31, 2023): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15112581.
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Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a condition that results from a reduction in the length of the intestine or its functional capacity. SBS patients can have significant side effects and complications, the etiology of which remains ill-defined. Thus, facilitating intestinal adaptation in SBS remains a major research focus. Emerging data supports the role of the gut microbiome in modulating disease progression. There has been ongoing debate on defining a “healthy” gut microbiome, which has led to many studies analyzing the bacterial composition and shifts that occur in gastrointestinal disease states such as SBS and the resulting systemic effects. In SBS, it has also been found that microbial shifts are highly variable and dependent on many factors, including the anatomical location of bowel resection, length, and structure of the remnant bowel, as well as associated small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Recent data also notes a bidirectional communication that occurs between enteric and central nervous systems called the gut–brain axis (GBA), which is regulated by the gut microbes. Ultimately, the role of the microbiome in disease states such as SBS have many clinical implications and warrant further investigation. The focus of this review is to characterize the role of the gut microbiota in short bowel syndrome and its impact on the GBA, as well as the therapeutic potential of altering the microbiome.