Academic literature on the topic 'Interviewing in law enforcement Australia Technique'

Psychological research has been pivotal in influencing the way police forces globally approach and undertake criminal investigations. Increasing psychological research in recent years has led to the development of best-practice guidelines for conducting police investigations, across a number of key areas of criminal investigation. For example, procedures for creating and conducting lineups as recommended by the American Psychology-Law Society, and the UK-developed PEACE model for investigative interviewing, have both been of influence in Australia. However, the extent to which these evidence-based recommendations have been incorporated into policing practice within Australia is unclear. In this article, we conducted an exploratory review of publicly available policing documents within Australian states and territories, to determine the extent to which best practice lineup identification and investigative interviewing procedures have been adopted into police practice. The review revealed that for lineup identification procedures, many of the basic recommendations for conducting lineups were not incorporated into publicly available policing manuals. For investigative interviewing, it appeared on the surface that elements of the PEACE model were implemented within most Australian jurisdictions, albeit this was often not explicitly stated within policing documents. A key issue identified was a lack of (understandable) public transparency of policing procedure, as a number of Australian jurisdictions failed to have publicly available policing manuals or handbooks against which to evaluate their procedures. Therefore, we argue that there is a need for better collaboration between researchers and law enforcement in order to achieve evidence-based, transparent policing within Australia.

Since the 1960s, the United States developed ‘Reid interrogation technique’, and its variations have been widely used around the world. Due to its interrogative and confession-driven nature – and thus the increased risk of false confessions – many countries (including Australia) have since moved away from this model towards the UK-developed PEACE-approach. This article will utilise case studies and forensic psychological research to explain how coercive techniques used during police interviews increase the risk of false confessions. It will then describe the implementation of investigative interviewing in Australia by presenting an analysis of those state and territory police manuals which are publicly available.

The synthesis of facial sketches is an important technique in digital entertainment and law enforcement agencies. Recent advancements in deep learning have shown its possibility in generating images/sketches using attribute guided features. Facial features are important attributes because they determine human faces' detailed description and appearance during sketch generation. Traditionally, the forensic or composite artist has to sketch by interviewing witnesses manually. To automate this process of face sketch generation, a deep learning-based generative adversarial network incorporated with multiple activation functions is proposed for its efficiency improvement. The proposed model is extensively tested using different evaluation metrics such as RMSE, PSNR, SSIM, SRE, SAM, UIQ & BRISQUE.

Modern interrogation is a study in human nature with great level of psychological manipulation which is used by police officer. The main characteristic of a police interrogation is that the suspect is under strong psychological pressure from the interrogator in order to speak the truth and to give the confession. The main purpose of a police Interrogation is to obtain a confession and to come to the objective truth, or other critical information about the crime, from an interviewed suspect, who is subject of interrogation. Interrogation (also called questioning or interpellation) is interviewing as commonly employed by officers of the police or other law enforcement agencies with the goal of extracting a confession or incriminating statements. Subjects of interrogation are often suspects involved in crimes. Information from victims and witnesses is usually obtained through interviews. Interrogation may involve a diverse array of techniques, ranging from developing a rapport with the subject to outright torture.The main object of this paper is police interrogation, which is theoretically and descriptively analyzed through its various methods and techniques that are part of the process of extracting the truth and getting a confession from the suspects. For that aim, particular attention is paid to criminal operational aspects of contemporary Reid technique, and also presented examples of its application in the police interrogation. The Reid technique is a method of questioning subjects and assessing their credibility. The technique consists of a non-accusatory interview combining both investigative and behavior-provoking questions. If the investigative information indicates that the subject committed the crime in question, the Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation are utilized to persuade the subject to tell the truth about what they did. The Reid technique is a trademarked interrogation technique widely used by law enforcement agencies in North America. The technique (which requires interrogators to watch the body language of suspects to detect deceit) has been criticized for being difficult to apply across cultures and eliciting false confessions from innocent people.The purpose of this paper is through scientific explanation to raise the importance and quality of police interrogation as one of the methods for getting to the truth, especially in criminal cases where there is a lack of other evidence.

The article presents the first scientific research in Ukraine on modern investigative interview models and is devoted to this procedural institute as a mechanism of collecting and recording accurate, credible and reliable information during criminal investigations in order to accomplish the objectives of criminal proceedings and to establish the facts of a particular case. This research aimed to analyze main components of such specific investigative interview models as PEACE, PRICE, the RCMP phased interview and KREATIV. Second, it was intended to assess how useful for countries that implemented interviewing in their law systems consider those interview techniques of different types of participants in criminal proceedings (witnesses, victims, suspects). Based on the analysis of the rules of criminal procedural law of individual countries, the scientific positions of scientists, international experience and achievements in the practical application of the interview the authors determine the most used investigative interview models, their advantages and disadvantages of the practical use and the contribution to law enforcement activities. The results indicated at least three major benefits of investigative interview. First, it does not make use of coercive or manipulative strategies which in perspective reduces the chance that a statement will be deemed inadmissible. The second, assuming that obtaining a confession is the desired outcome, before and after the implementation of investigative interview, roughly 50% of interviewees confessed to their crimes; furthermore, the confession rate seems to hover around 50% in countries that continue to use interrogation techniques. And the third, the use of principles well-established scientific knowledge about how memory works (cognitive interview) and the conversation management approach is an effective memory enhancement technique for cooperative interviewees. The authors accent that political, legal, and – most importantly – organizational steps will appear to be that is needed to make the necessary changes for investigative interview to achieve desired results. Summarizing the above, a number of comprehensive recommendations have been made in light of exceptional and discovered circumstances.

Although the USA, Canada, UK, and Australia currently retain territorial copyright laws, with commensurate restrictions on parallel, importation of books, advances in digital technology, and the advent of e-books have caused an involuntary migration of the book across these defined borders. This changing publishing sphere has impacted authors' copyright protection, with authors struggling to come to grips with breaches of copyright outside the protection of their own borders. Additionally, the extra-territorial publication of books are often in breach of authors' copyright but difficult to address locally. This article deals with the copyright issues faced by authors once their books enter the digital sphere, as well as the difficulties associated with overseas publications of their books, from a territorial perspective. It examines—especially in view of recent case law in the United States—whether territorial copyright borders still afford book authors effective copyright protection in the digital economy, and further, whether the culture of the book is being eroded through the prevalence of extra-territorial publications. In addressing these issues, the article references recent qualitative and quantitative research conducted through interviewing and surveying published Australian authors nationally. The findings of the qualitative and quantitative research showed that, whilst publication in the digital sphere poses significant challenges for book authors, their responses to copyright challenges are varied and inconsistent, depending on their viewpoints. Relevantly, this article examines the recent US Supreme Court decision of Kirtsaeng v Wiley and Sons, Inc.—which dealt with the application of the “first sale doctrine” in the cross-border sale of text books on eBay—and considers its likely future impact on the enforcement of territorial copyright by authors and publishers. Finally, the article concludes that territorial copyright borders have become blurred, difficult to enforce in view of recent precedent, and are ineffective in preserving authors' copyright and the cultural dimensions of their books. In conclusion, it suggests that new copyright solutions are required, demanding that authors embrace digital technology, improve their knowledge of online publishing, and apply creative publishing models to their advantage.

On July 1, 2017, the mandatory use of identification (ID) scanners as a prerequisite to licenced venue entry came into effect in all 15 major night-time entertainment districts (NEDs) across Queensland (Australia). This relatively contemporary situational crime prevention technique functions to (1) supplement traditional door-staff enforced control access and (2) increase personal accountability by reducing perceived anonymity inside licenced venues. The current study examined the association between the ID scanner legislation and violent crime rates in the Fortitude Valley NED (Brisbane, Queensland), a leading hotspot for street violence. Police crime data was examined one year before ID scanner enforcement, and one year after, with each year matched quarterly to test Pearson’s chi-square contingencies by time of year. Violent summary offences (less serious violent offences) increased substantially in the first three months following the ID scanner legislative change, while general summary offences (i.e., public nuisance) and indictable offences (e.g., assaults) remained statistically unchanged. The introduction of ID scanners was the only legislative change that occurred in the Fortitude Valley NED during data collection, suggesting a highly probable link to the observed spike in violent offences. Potential determinants of this upsurge in violence are discussed, including inefficient queue management and increased provocations for violence in queues to nightclubs resulting from the prolonged ID scanning process.

This study aims to find out how Advocacy journalism relates to the framing of reporting on corruption cases in the online Tribune and Minds of the People online media in handling corruption cases in West Bandung Regency. Framing analysis uses Pann and Konsicki framing in which there are four structures analyzed, namely syntax, script, theme and rhetoric. In this research, the researcher uses constructivism paradigm with qualitative method. The subjects in this study were the online Tribune media and the online Pikiran Rakyat. Data collection techniques were carried out by interviewing and studying literature. Then the data analysis technique used Pan and Kosicki framing analysis, and tested the validity of the data by data triangulation. This study resulted in three conclusions, namely; (1) The three news articles published in the Online Tribune put forward accurate and actual facts and data. Based on the framing analysis, the syntactic, script, and thematic structures were fulfilled well, while the rhetorical structure was not used too much; (2) The three news articles published in the Pikiran Rakyat Online, on the syntactic structure, lack of attention to leads, on the thematic structure of the use of detail, and lack of coherence, and on the rhetorical element of the repeated use of idioms and photos that do not match the content of the news; (3) The Tribune Advocacy Journalism Model is more of a distributor of information and law enforcement. The Pikiran Rakyat, whose advocacy model puts more pressure on the accused. Here the role of the Pikiran Rakyat provides sanctions in the form of community sanctions. Keywords: Advocacy Journalism, KBB Corruption Cases, Online Tribune, Pikiran Rakyathts Online, Framing Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana jurnalisme Advokasi terhadap framing pemberitaan kasus korupsi di media Tribun online dan Pikiran Rakyat online pada penanganan kasus korupsi di Kabupaten Bandung Barat. Analisis framing menggunakan framing Pann dan Konsicki yang mana ada empat struktur yang dianalisis, yaitu sintaksis,skrip,tematik dan retoris. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan paradigma konstruktivisme dengan metode kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah media Tribun online dan Pikiran Rakyat online Teknik pengumpulan data dengan wawancara dan studi pustaka. Kemudian teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis framing Pan dan Kosicki, dan uji keabsahan data dengan triangulasi data.Penelitian ini menghasilkan tiga kesimpulan yaitu; (1) Tiga berita yang dimuat di Tribun Online mengedepankan fakta dan data yang akurat dan actual. Berdasarkan analisis framing, struktur sintaksis, skrip, dan tematik terpenuhi dengan baik, sedangkan struktur retoris tidak terlalu banyak digunakan; (2) Tiga berita yang dimuat di Pikiran Rakyat Online, pada struktur sintaksis, kurang memperhatikan lead, pada struktur tematik penggunakan detail, dan koherensi yang kurang, dan pada unsur retoris penggunaan idiom yang berulang kemudian foto yang tidak sesuai dengan isi berita; (3) Model Jurnalisme Advokasi Tribun lebih kepada penyalur informasi dan penegakkan hukum. Pikiran Rakyat, yang model advokasinya lebih menekan terdakwa. Disini peran Pikiran Rakyat memberikan sanksi berupa sanksi masyarakat. Kata Kunci:Jurnalisme Advokasi, Kasus Korupsi KBB, Tribun Online, Pikiran Rakyat Online, Framing

This research paper has examined the validity of the Forensic Assessment Interview Technique (FAINT). FAINT is a specific interview process - accepted and in current use - integrating the works of this researcher with the works of John Reid, Richard Arther, and Avinoam Sapir. The FAINT technique involves the evaluation of nonverbal behavior, projective analysis of unwitting verbal cues, and statement analysis. The fundamental hypothesis of FAINT is that truthful and deceptive criminal suspects differ demonstrably in their nonverbal, verbal and written communication, when asked to respond to a structured format of interview questions. FAINT maintains that these differences are observable and can be quantified to allow forensic interviewers to make accurate determinations of a suspect's involvement in a crime. This research has examined the validity of the technique as measured by a traditional, unweighted 3 point scale and a weighted scoring system (an issue being researched in this paper) comparatively used for determining truth or deception. This dissertation reports the results of both scoring systems, as well as a comparison between them and the historically used Behavioral Analysis Interview (BAI) that was developed by John E. Reid.
Criminology
MA (Criminology)

With this study, the researcher wants to establish whether investigators are able to effectively interpret, report on, or pay cognisance to body language during interviews, and whether they are sufficiently trained therein. Knowledge of body language can provide the interviewer with vital clues during the interview process. Regardless of the availability of numerous literatures on nonverbal behaviour in interviewing, the application of this knowledge is lacking among investigators. An empirical research design and a qualitative research approach were used for this research. National and international literature sources were consulted, and the researcher conducted interviews with two experts, knowledgeable investigators and semi-structured interviews with detectives from the East London South African Police Service (SAPS) and forensic investigators from the Special Investigating Unit (SIU) in East London. The importance of the skill of interpreting body language during forensic interviewing was established. Evidently, many investigators do not apply their knowledge and skill to enhance the outcomes of a forensic interview.
Criminology and Security Science
M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Although the USA, Canada, UK, and Australia currently retain territorial copyright laws, with commensurate restrictions on parallel, importation of books, advances in digital technology, and the advent of e-books have caused an involuntary migration of the book across these defined borders. This changing publishing sphere has impacted authors' copyright protection, with authors struggling to come to grips with breaches of copyright outside the protection of their own borders. Additionally, the extra-territorial publication of books are often in breach of authors' copyright but difficult to address locally. This article deals with the copyright issues faced by authors once their books enter the digital sphere, as well as the difficulties associated with overseas publications of their books, from a territorial perspective. It examines—especially in view of recent case law in the United States—whether territorial copyright borders still afford book authors effective copyright protection in the digital economy, and further, whether the culture of the book is being eroded through the prevalence of extra-territorial publications. In addressing these issues, the article references recent qualitative and quantitative research conducted through interviewing and surveying published Australian authors nationally. The findings of the qualitative and quantitative research showed that, whilst publication in the digital sphere poses significant challenges for book authors, their responses to copyright challenges are varied and inconsistent, depending on their viewpoints. Relevantly, this article examines the recent US Supreme Court decision of Kirtsaeng v Wiley and Sons, Inc.—which dealt with the application of the “first sale doctrine” in the cross-border sale of text books on eBay—and considers its likely future impact on the enforcement of territorial copyright by authors and publishers. Finally, the article concludes that territorial copyright borders have become blurred, difficult to enforce in view of recent precedent, and are ineffective in preserving authors' copyright and the cultural dimensions of their books. In conclusion, it suggests that new copyright solutions are required, demanding that authors embrace digital technology, improve their knowledge of online publishing, and apply creative publishing models to their advantage.