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Journal articles on the topic 'Interstitial gap'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Igumbor, Emmanuel, Ezekiel Omotoso, and Walter Ernst Meyer. "Ab Initio Study of MgTe Self-Interstitial (Mg_i and Te_i): A Wide Band Gap Semiconductor." Nano Hybrids and Composites 16 (June 2017): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.16.47.

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We present results of defect formation energies and charge state thermodynamic transition levels of Mg and Te interstitials in MgTe wurzite structure. We use the generalized gradient approximation and local density approximation functionals in the framework of density functional theory for all calculations. The formation energies of the Mg and Te interstitials in MgTe for both the tetrahedral and hexagonal configurations were obtained. The Mg and Te interstitials in MgTe depending on the functional, introduced transition state levels that are either donor or acceptor within the band gap of the MgTe. The Te interstitial exhibit charge states controlled metastability, negative-U and DX centre properties. The Mg interstitial acts as deep or shallow donor and there is no evidence of acceptor levels found for the Mg interstitial.

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2

Gao, Fei, Eric J. Bylaska, and William J. Weber. "Defect Properties in GaN: Ab Initio and Empirical Potential Calculations." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 3087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3087.

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The defect properties and atomic configurations in GaN have been comparatively investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics method with two representative potentials. The DFT calculations show that the relaxation of vacancies is generally small, but the relaxation around antisite defects is large. The N interstitials, starting from any possible configurations, eventually relax into a N+-N< 0 2 11 > split interstitial. In the case of Ga interstitials, the most stable configuration is a Ga octahedral interstitial, but the Ga+-Ga< 0 2 11 > split interstitial can bridge the gap between non-bounded Ga atoms. The formation energies of vacancies and antisite defects obtained using the Stillinger-Weber potential (SW) are in reasonable agreement with those obtained by DFT calculations, whereas the Tersoff-Brenner (TB) potential better describes the behavior of N interstitials.

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3

Xu, Yan, Junda Hu, Duygu Elif Yilmaz, and Sebastian Bachmann. "Connexin43 is differentially distributed within renal vasculature and mediates profibrotic differentiation in medullary fibroblasts." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 320, no. 1 (2021): F17—F30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00453.2020.

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Connexins (Cxs) form gap junctions for intercellular exchange of inorganic ions and messenger molecules. In the kidney, Cxs play essential roles within its compartments, but data on the precise cellular localization and cell type-related function of their isoforms are scarce. We tested whether Cx43 distribution is restricted to vascular and interstitial cells and whether medullary fibroblasts express Cx43 to coordinate profibrotic signaling. Confocal immunofluorescence techniques, ultrastructural labeling, and functional experiments in cell culture were performed. Cx43 was chiefly expressed in the vasculature but was absent from tubular epithelia. All arterial, arteriolar, and lymphatic endothelia showed continuous Cx43 signal along their borders. In the inner medulla, only the interstitium showed Cx43 signals, which were assigned to fibroblasts and their processes. Cultured Cx43-expressing medullary fibroblasts served to study the role of gap junctions in a profibrotic context. In a dye spreading assay, Cx43-sensitive diffusion of Lucifer yellow was dependent on gap junctional passage. The addition of transforming growth factor-β1 (5 ng/mL for 48 h) activated Cx43 biosynthesis and caused Cx43-sensitive transformation of the fibroblasts into a myofibroblast phenotype. This suggested that Cx43 gap junctional channels enable the coordination of profibrotic signaling between cells of the medullary interstitium. In summary, we demonstrate the presence of Cx43-expressing gap junctions within the two major renal compartments, the vasculature and interstitium. Endothelial Cx43 likely provides functions of an earlier-defined “electrical syncytium” within the vascular wall. Additionally, Cx43 facilitates profibrotic signaling between medullary interstitial fibroblasts.

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4

Clerjaud, B., D. Côte, W. ‐S Hahn, D. Wasik, and W. Ulrici. "Donor level of interstitial hydrogen in GaP." Applied Physics Letters 60, no. 19 (1992): 2374–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107030.

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5

Daniel, E. E., V. Posey-Daniel, L. P. Jager, I. Berezin, and J. Jury. "Structural effects of exposure of smooth muscle in sucrose gap apparatus." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 252, no. 1 (1987): C77—C87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1987.252.1.c77.

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Structural changes were studied over time of a smooth muscle tissue (opossum esophagus circular muscle) exposed in various compartments of a functioning single sucrose gap. The tissues in the Krebs-perfused compartment were qualitatively normal, possessing nerve profiles with little damage, normal appearing smooth muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal as well as gap junctions between muscle cells and interstitial cells. However, in the sucrose compartment tissues had serious damage to smooth muscle, interstitial cells and nerves, and normal gap junctions disappeared. There was also damage to all these structures in tissues exposed to KCl, but most striking was the disappearance of most interstitial cells. These studies raise serious questions about the assumptions underlying the basis for functioning of multicellular tissues in the sucrose gap.

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6

Morich, Michael, and Labros Petropoulos. "5585724 Magnetic resonance gradient coils with interstitial gap." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 15, no. 4 (1997): XXV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0730-725x(97)89094-7.

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7

Flessner, Michael F. "The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Transperitoneal Transport of Water and Solutes." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 21, no. 3_suppl (2001): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080102103s04.

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♦ Objective To define the extracellular matrix (ECM), to discuss the physical properties of its components and their impact on transport, and to review data in humans and in animals on the importance of hyaluronan to peritoneal dialysis. ♦ Methods Literature survey. ♦ Results The ECM fills the interstitium between parenchymal cells and blood vessels in the subperitoneal interstitium. It is responsible for the interstitial resistance to solute and water transfer through the peritoneal barrier. Major components are collagen and hyaluronan, which are synthesized locally in the peritoneal tissue. Synthesis and deposition of these components increase with inflammation, and concentrations of the components influence the mechanical properties of the tissue and the interstitial Starling forces as well as transport. Removal of hyaluronan appears to increase the rates of water and large-solute transport. Addition of hyaluronan to dialysate appears to enhance fluid recovery and to reduce protein loss. ♦ Conclusion Many of the physicochemical properties of ECM components are well described, but a large knowledge gap remains concerning the in vivo consequences of specific alterations in the interstitial components. More research is needed.

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8

Liao, Ting, and Guido Roma. "Stability of Neutral Silicon Interstitials in 3C- and 4H-SiC: A First-Principles Study." Defect and Diffusion Forum 283-286 (March 2009): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.283-286.74.

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The structural stability and properties of single silicon interstitials in their neutral state are investigated via ab initio methods in 3C- and 4H-SiC. By carefully checking the convergence with Brillouin Zone (BZ) sampling and supercell size we show that the split interstitial along <110> direction and tetrahedrally coordinated structure have similar formation energies in the cubic polytype. We discuss possible artifacts coming from the well known Density Functional Theory (DFT) underestimation of the band gap, which is particularly relevant for 3C-SiC. For 4H-SiC, the most energetically favorable silicon interstitial is found to be the split interstitial configuration ISisp<110> but situated in the hexagonal layer. The defect formation energies in 4H-SiC are in general larger than those in 3C-SiC, implying that the insertion of silicon interstitial introduces a large lattice distortion to the local coordination environments and affect even the second- or third-nearest neighbors. We also present an extensive comparison between well converged plane waves calculations and SIESTA [1,2] calculations based on localised orbitals basis sets.

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9

Ulrici, W., B. Clerjaud, and D. Côte. "Local-vibrational-mode absorption of interstitial oxygen in GaP." Physica B: Condensed Matter 273-274 (December 1999): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(99)00509-8.

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10

Larico, R., J. F. Justo, W. V. M. Machado, and L. V. C. Assali. "Band gap states of interstitial nickel-complexes in diamond." Physica B: Condensed Matter 376-377 (April 2006): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005.12.075.

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11

Veeraraghavan, Rengasayee, Mohamed E. Salama, and Steven Poelzing. "Interstitial volume modulates the conduction velocity-gap junction relationship." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 302, no. 1 (2012): H278—H286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00868.2011.

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Cardiac conduction through gap junctions is an important determinant of arrhythmia susceptibility. Yet, the relationship between degrees of Gj uncoupling and conduction velocity (θ) remains controversial. Conflicting results in similar experiments are normally attributed to experimental differences. We hypothesized that interstitial volume modulates conduction velocity and its dependence on Gj. Interstitial volume (VIS) was quantified histologically from guinea pig right ventricle. Optical mapping was used to quantify conduction velocity and anisotropy (ARθ). Albumin (4 g/l) decreased histologically assessed VIS, increased transverse θ by 71 ± 10%, and lowered ARθ. Furthermore, albumin did not change isolated cell size. Conversely, mannitol increased VIS, decreased transverse θ by 24 ± 4%, and increased ARθ. Mannitol also decreased cell width by 12%. Furthermore, mannitol was associated with spontaneous ventricular tachycardias in three of eight animals relative to zero of 15 during control. The θ-Gj relationship was assessed using the Gj uncoupler carbenoxolone (CBX). Whereas 13 μM CBX did not significantly affect θ during control, it slowed transverse θ by 38 ± 9% during mannitol (edema). These data suggest changes in VIS modulate θ, ARθ, and the θ-Gj relationship and thereby alter arrhythmia susceptibility. Therefore, VIS may underlie arrhythmia susceptibility, particularly in diseases associated with gap junction remodeling.

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12

Sanders, Kenton M., Yoshihiko Kito, Sung Jin Hwang, and Sean M. Ward. "Regulation of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Function by Interstitial Cells." Physiology 31, no. 5 (2016): 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00006.2016.

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Interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin form gap junctions with smooth muscle cells in visceral smooth muscles and provide important regulatory functions. In gastrointestinal (GI) muscles, there are two distinct classes of interstitial cells, c-Kit+interstitial cells of Cajal and PDGFRα+cells, that regulate motility patterns. Loss of these cells may contribute to symptoms in GI motility disorders.

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13

Traila, Daniel, Cristian Oancea, Emanuela Tudorache, Ovidiu Fira Mladinescu, Bogdan Timar, and Voicu Tudorache. "Clinical profile of unclassifiable interstitial lung disease: Comparison with chronic fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonias." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 1 (2017): 448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060517719767.

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Objective Unclassifiable interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common problem in clinical practice. These patients pose a distinct challenge with regard to appropriate evaluation and management. We investigated the clinical features and prognosis of unclassifiable ILD and compared its clinical profile with that of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). Methods Patients with IPF (n = 40), NSIP (n = 14), and unclassifiable ILD (n = 27) were selected from an ongoing database. Baseline clinical features, pulmonary function, and the extent of fibrosis on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were evaluated. Mortality was estimated based on the ILD–Gender, Age, Physiology (ILD-GAP) index and composite physiologic index (CPI). Results IPF was associated with the worst survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.361 compared with NSIP), followed by unclassifiable cases (HR = 1.251 compared with NSIP). Increasing mortality was significantly impacted by age (HR = 1.04 per 1-year increase), lower carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung (HR = 0.97), HRCT interstitial score (HR = 1.119 per 1-point increase), ILD-GAP score (HR = 1.570 per 1-point increase), and CPI (HR = 1.039 per 1-point increase). Conclusions Patients with unclassifiable ILD had an intermediate prognosis between that of IPF and NSIP. Patients at high risk of mortality can be identified using baseline clinical, physiological, and radiological features.

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14

Sentosa, Deny, Xiao Hong Tang, Soo Jin Chua, and Zong You Yin. "Nitrogen Interstitial Defects in GaNAs Films Grown by MOCVD." Advanced Materials Research 31 (November 2007): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.31.77.

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Photoluminescence (PL) measurement shows an additional peak with stronger and broader emission at lower photon energy besides the energy band gap transition emission from GaNAs epilayer grown by MOCVD. This emission is assigned as nitrogen-nitrogen interstitial defect related emission. Effect of V/III ratio during the MOCVD growth on this defect related emission peak has been investigated. The combination of optimum V/III ratio during the MOCVD growth and post-growth rapid thermal anneal (RTA) can eliminate this defect emission peak and at the same time the GaNAs’ band gap emission has been greatly improved. The PL spectra contain a single, narrow, and high intensity GaNAs’ band gap transition emission after the RTA annealing. The optimum V/III ratio for growing the GaNAs films with N content < 3.5% is around 20.

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15

Callaert, Carolien, Marnik Bercx, Dirk Lamoen, and Joke Hadermann. "Interstitial defects in the van der Waals gap of Bi2Se3." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 75, no. 4 (2019): 717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520619008357.

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Bi2Se3 is a thermoelectric material and a topological insulator. It is slightly conducting in its bulk due to the presence of defects and by controlling the defects different physical properties can be fine tuned. However, studies of the defects in this material are often contradicting or inconclusive. Here, the defect structure of Bi2Se3 is studied with a combination of techniques: high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR-STEM), high-resolution energy-dispersive X-ray (HR-EDX) spectroscopy, precession electron diffraction tomography (PEDT), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and first-principles calculations using density functional theory (DFT). Based on these results, not only the observed defects are discussed, but also the discrepancies in results or possibilities across the techniques. STEM and EDX revealed interstitial defects with mainly Bi character in an octahedral coordination in the van der Waals gap, independent of the applied sample preparation method (focused ion beam milling or cryo-crushing). The inherent character of these defects is supported by their observation in the structure refinement of the EDT data. Moreover, the occupancy probability of the defects determined by EDT is inversely proportional to their corresponding DFT calculated formation energies. STEM also showed the migration of some atoms across and along the van der Waals gap. The kinetic barriers calculated using DFT suggest that some paths are possible at room temperature, while others are most probably beam induced.

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16

Sui, G. P., S. Rothery, E. Dupont, C. H. Fry, and N. J. Severs. "Gap junctions and connexin expression in human suburothelial interstitial cells." BJU International 90, no. 1 (2002): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02834.x.

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17

van Gisbergen, S. J. C. H. M., M. Godlewski, T. Gregorkiewicz, and C. A. J. Ammerlaan. "Magnetic-resonance studies of interstitial Mn in GaP and GaAs." Physical Review B 44, no. 7 (1991): 3012–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.44.3012.

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18

Daniel, E. E., I. Berezin, H. D. Allescher, H. Manaka, and V. Posey-Daniel. "Morphology of the canine pyloric sphincter in relation to function." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, no. 12 (1989): 1560–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-251.

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The ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry of the canine distal pyloric muscle loop, the pyloric sphincter, were studied. Cells in this muscle were connected by gap junctions, fewer than in the antrum or corpus. The sphincter had a dense innervation and a sparse population of interstitial cells of Cajal. Most such cells were of the circular muscle type but a few were of the type in the myenteric plexus. Nerves were sometimes associated with interstitial cell profiles, but most nerves were neither close to nor associated with interstitial cells nor close to smooth muscle cells. Nerve profiles were characterized by an unusually high proportion of varicosities with a majority or a high proportion of large granular vesicles. Many of these were shown to contain material immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and some had substance P (SP) immunoreactive material. All were presumed to be peptidergic. VIP was present in a higher concentration in this muscle than in adjacent antral or duodenal circular muscle. Interstitial cells of Cajal made gap junctions to smooth muscle and to one another and might provide myogenic pacemaking activity for this muscle, but there was no evidence of a close or special relationship between nerves with VIP or SP and these cells. The absence of close relationships between nerves and either interstitial cells or smooth muscle cells leaves unanswered questions about the structural basis for previous observations of discrete excitatory responses or pyloric sphincter to single stimuli or nerves up to one per second. In conclusion, the structural observations suggest that this muscle has special neural and myogenic control systems and that interstitial cells may function to control myogenic activity of this muscle but not to mediate neural signals.Key words: vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, interstitial cells of Cajal, neuropeptides, gap junctions, substance P.

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19

HUANG, WEN-FEI, PIN-JIUN WU, WEI-CHIH HSU, CHIH-WEI WU, K. S. LIANG, and M. C. LIN. "CARBON-DOPEDTiO2NANOTUBES: EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 12, no. 03 (2013): 1350007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633613500077.

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C-doped TiO2nanotubes (NTs) with anatase structure, prepared by anodizing the polished Ti foils, were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and synchrotron-based X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). XPS results show electron losses in C atoms, no electron change in Ti atoms, and two doping energy levels appeared in band gaps. Structural geometries, DOSs, PDOSs, and Bader charge analyses of C -doped TiO2anatase are predicted by periodic DFT calculations. Eight doping positions were taken into consideration: two substitutional cases (in oxygen and titanium sites) and six interstitial cases. We found that the interstitial carbon doping type is the most stable one, whereas the substitutional cases are rather unstable. Band-gap modifications can also be found in oxygen substitution, but not in titanium substitution. Both band-gap modification and non-band-gap modification are found in the interstitial carbon doping. In these eight C -doping systems, only the C atom in the oxygen substitution case gains electrons, 1.14 e, and others present electron losses within 0.5–4.00 e. The results of XPS measurements, DOSs calculations, and Bader charge analyses show that carbon interstitial is the most likely doping type for the C -doped TiO2NTs.

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Van Gisbergen, S. J. C. H. M., A. A. Ezhevskii, M. Godlewski, T. Gregorkiewicz, and C. A. J. Ammerlaan. "Interstitial and Substitutional Mn in GaAs and GaP: Magnetic Resonance Studies." Materials Science Forum 83-87 (January 1992): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.83-87.701.

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21

Zhang, Zhao-Chun, Lu-Jun Zou, and De-Liang Cui. "ESR detection of Ga self-interstitial defects in GaP nano-solids." Materials Science and Engineering: B 111, no. 1 (2004): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2003.11.016.

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22

Daniel, Edwin E., and Yu-Fang Wang. "Gap junctions in intestinal smooth muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal." Microscopy Research and Technique 47, no. 5 (1999): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19991201)47:5<309::aid-jemt2>3.0.co;2-k.

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23

Das, A. K., and S. S. Sadhal. "Analytical solution for constriction resistance with interstitial fluid in the gap." Heat and Mass Transfer 34, no. 2-3 (1998): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002310050238.

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24

Zhang, Lamei, Jimin Shang, and Genwang Cai. "Indium passivation impact on HfO2/GaAs interface: A first-principles study." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 18 (2017): 1750203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917502037.

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The interface quality between III–V semiconductor and high-k material is critical for improving the performance of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors. Utilizing first-principles calculations, we explore the electronic properties of the GaAs/HfO2 interface when indium interfacial atom defects are introduced. The stability of the interfaces will increase with the increasing of the number of indium interfacial atoms. Meanwhile, the band offsets also depend on the number of indium atom substitutions and interstitials. Furthermore, the substitutions suppress the interfacial gap states near the VBM and have the partially passivation, but the effect of interstitial passivation on the interfacial states are limited.

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Daniel, E. E., Ahmed El Yazbi, Marco Mannarino, et al. "Do gap junctions play a role in nerve transmissions as well as pacing in mouse intestine?" American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 292, no. 3 (2007): G734—G745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00428.2006.

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Varicosities of nitrergic and other nerves end on deep muscular plexus interstitial cells of Cajal or on CD34-positive, c- kit-negative fibroblast-like cells. Both cell types connect to outer circular muscle by gap junctions, which may transmit nerve messages to muscle. We tested the hypotheses that gap junctions transmit pacing messages from interstitial cells of Cajal of the myenteric plexus. Effects of inhibitors of gap junction conductance were studied on paced contractions and nerve transmissions in small segments of circular muscle of mouse intestine. Using electrical field stimulation parameters (50 V/cm, 5 pps, and 0.5 ms) which evoke near maximal responses to nitrergic, cholinergic, and apamin-sensitive nerve stimulation, we isolated inhibitory responses to nitrergic nerves, inhibitory responses to apamin-sensitive nerves and excitatory responses to cholinergic nerves. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (10, 30, and 100 μM), octanol (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mM) and gap peptides (300 μM of40Gap27,43Gap26,37,43Gap27) all failed to abolish neurotransmission. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited frequencies of paced contractions, likely owing to inhibition of l-type Ca2+channels in smooth muscle, but octanol or gap peptides did not. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid and octanol, but not gap peptides, reduced the amplitudes of spontaneous and nerve-induced contractions. These reductions paralleled reductions in contractions to exogenous carbachol. Additional experiments with gap peptides in both longitudinal and circular muscle segments after NG-nitro-l-arginine and TTX revealed no effects on pacing frequencies. We conclude that gap junction coupling may not be necessary for pacing or nerve transmission to the circular muscle of the mouse intestine.

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Stevens Kalceff, M. A. "Detection of Interstitial Molecules in Wide Band Gap Materials Using Cathodoluminescence Microanalysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (1999): 732–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600016986.

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Cathodoluminescence (CL) microanalysis (spectroscopy and microscopy) enables both pre-existing and irradiation induced defects in the bulk and surface defect structure of wide band gap materials (i.e. semiconductors and insulators) to be monitored and characterized with high spatial resolution and sensitivity. The local micro-volume of specimen may be selected for investigation by varying the electron beam parameters. CL micro analytical techniques allow the in situ monitoring of electron irradiation induced defects and the investigation of irradiation induced electromigration of mobile charged defect species. Irradiation can result in the formation of defects and /or the transformation of existing defect precursors. CL emissions from a material are usually associated with native and impurity defects of the host lattice, however in special cases CL microanalysis can provide direct or indirect evidence for the presence of interstitial molecular species in a material. Atomic displacements from the normal bonding (i.e. defect free) sites induced by an electron beam can result from either knock-on, or radiolytic processes, depending on the incident electron beam energy.

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Chen, W. M., and B. Monemar. "Gaiself-interstitial-related defect in GaP studied by optically detected magnetic resonance." Physical Review B 40, no. 2 (1989): 1365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.40.1365.

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Jinlong, Yang, Zhang Manhong, and Wang Kelin. "Site occupation and electronic structure of an interstitial Mn2+impurity in GaP." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 7, no. 17 (1995): 3271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/7/17/009.

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Wells, Athol U., and Katerina M. Antoniou. "The Prognostic Value of the GAP Model In Chronic Interstitial Lung Disease." Chest 145, no. 4 (2014): 672–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.13-2908.

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Ulrici, W., and M. Jurisch. "Vibrational Absorption of Hydrogen Bonded to Interstitial Oxygen in GaAs and GaP." physica status solidi (b) 233, no. 2 (2002): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(200209)233:2<263::aid-pssb263>3.0.co;2-m.

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Filippatos, Petros-Panagis, Nikolaos Kelaidis, Maria Vasilopoulou, Dimitris Davazoglou, and Alexander Chroneos. "Defect Processes in Halogen Doped SnO2." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (2021): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020551.

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In the present study, we performed density functional theory calculations (DFT) to investigate structural changes and their impact on the electronic properties in halogen (F, Cl, Br, and I) doped tin oxide (SnO2). We performed calculations for atoms intercalated either at interstitial or substitutional positions and then calculated the electronic structure and the optical properties of the doped SnO2. In all cases, a reduction in the bandgap value was evident, while gap states were also formed. Furthermore, when we insert these dopants in interstitial and substitutional positions, they all constitute a single acceptor and donor, respectively. This can also be seen in the density of states through the formation of gap states just above the valence band or below the conduction band, respectively. These gap states may contribute to significant changes in the optical and electronic properties of SnO2, thus affecting the metal oxide’s suitability for photovoltaics and photocatalytic devices. In particular, we found that iodine (I) doping of SnO2 induces a high dielectric constant while also reducing the oxide’s bandgap, making it more efficient for light-harvesting applications.

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Filippatos, Petros-Panagis, Nikolaos Kelaidis, Maria Vasilopoulou, Dimitris Davazoglou, and Alexander Chroneos. "Defect Processes in Halogen Doped SnO2." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (2021): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020551.

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In the present study, we performed density functional theory calculations (DFT) to investigate structural changes and their impact on the electronic properties in halogen (F, Cl, Br, and I) doped tin oxide (SnO2). We performed calculations for atoms intercalated either at interstitial or substitutional positions and then calculated the electronic structure and the optical properties of the doped SnO2. In all cases, a reduction in the bandgap value was evident, while gap states were also formed. Furthermore, when we insert these dopants in interstitial and substitutional positions, they all constitute a single acceptor and donor, respectively. This can also be seen in the density of states through the formation of gap states just above the valence band or below the conduction band, respectively. These gap states may contribute to significant changes in the optical and electronic properties of SnO2, thus affecting the metal oxide’s suitability for photovoltaics and photocatalytic devices. In particular, we found that iodine (I) doping of SnO2 induces a high dielectric constant while also reducing the oxide’s bandgap, making it more efficient for light-harvesting applications.

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33

Mehandru, S. P., and Alfred B. Anderson. "The migration of interstitial H in diamond and its pairing with substitutional B and N: Molecular orbital theory." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 2 (1994): 383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.0383.

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We present results of atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital (ASED-MO) calculations of interactions of interstitial H with substitutional B and N in diamond. Nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor C atoms were relaxed in geometry depending on the cluster size, XC34H36 or XC70H60, respectively, where X = B or N and the H atoms saturate the surface dangling radical orbitals of the models. A small Jahn-Teller distortion occurs for interstitial B, a shallow acceptor which, in the B− state, sits in a tetrahedral lattice site. For interstitial N distortions are large, with a long C-N distance which stabilizes a ŝ∗ orbital that would otherwise be in the conduction band. This orbital has one electron in it and has its greatest amplitude on C; the bonding counterpart has its greatest amplitude on N and is similar to the N lone-pair orbital in amines. The calculations indicate that N is a deep donor and N+ relaxes to the tetrahedral lattice site. Interstitial H is a mid-band-gap donor and is possibly also an acceptor with a high 1.9 eV calculated activation energy barrier to migration. Interstitial H+ is expected to be very mobile, with a migration barrier of 0.1 eV. H− is predicted to be relatively immobile with an activation barrier for migration of 2.5 eV. The mobility of bond-inserted H around B in BH pairs should be high, with a calculated activation energy of 0.13 eV, but for N the comparable process has an activation energy of 2.50 eV. In NH pairs the interstitial H has formed a bond with the radical orbital on the C, so donation would be from the lone-pair orbital on N, which lies deep in the band gap; hence, the donor property is passivated.

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Pollard, Andrew E., William M. Smith, and Roger C. Barr. "Feasibility of cardiac microimpedance measurement using multisite interstitial stimulation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 287, no. 6 (2004): H2402—H2411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00289.2004.

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This study was designed to test the hypothesis that analyses of central interstitial potential differences recorded during multisite stimulation with a set of interstitial electrodes provide sufficient data for accurate measurement of cardiac microimpedances. On theoretical grounds, interstitial current injected and removed using electrodes in close proximity does not cross the membrane, whereas equilibration of intracellular and interstitial potentials occurs distant from electrodes widely separated. Multisite interstitial stimulation should therefore give rise to interstitial potential differences recorded centrally that depend on intracellular and interstitial microimpedances, allowing independent measurement. Simulations of multisite stimulation with fine (25 μm) and wide (400 μm) spacing in one-dimensional models that included Luo-Rudy dynamic membrane equations were performed. Constant interstitial and intracellular microimpedances were prescribed for initial analyses. Discrete myoplasmic and gap-junctional components were prescribed intracellularly in later simulations. With constant microimpedances, multisite stimulation using 29 total electrode combinations allowed interstitial and intracellular microimpedance measurements at errors of 0.30% and 0.34%, respectively, with errors of 0.05% and 0.40% achieved using 6 combinations and 10 total electrodes. With discrete myoplasmic and junctional components, comparable accuracy was maintained following adjustments to the junctions to reflect uncoupling. This allowed uncoupling to be quantified as relative increases in total junctional resistance. Our findings suggest development of microfabricated devices to implement the procedure would facilitate routine measurement as a component of cardiac electrophysiological study.

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35

Alonzo, Luis F., Monica L. Moya, Venktesh S. Shirure, and Steven C. George. "Microfluidic device to control interstitial flow-mediated homotypic and heterotypic cellular communication." Lab on a Chip 15, no. 17 (2015): 3521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5lc00507h.

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To address the gap between in vivo microenvironments and in vitro systems, we have developed a novel microfluidic device that precisely controls the spatial and temporal interactions between adjacent three-dimensional cellular environments.

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36

Zhang, Degang. "In-gap bound states induced by interstitial Fe impurities in iron-based superconductors." Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications 519 (December 2015): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2015.08.009.

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37

van Gisbergen, S. J. C. H. M., M. Godlewski, T. Gregorkiewicz, and C. A. J. Ammerlaan. "Interstitial Mn as a new donor in GaP and GaAs: an EPR study." Applied Surface Science 50, no. 1-4 (1991): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(91)90180-r.

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38

Lukjanitsa, V. V. "Energy levels of vacancies and interstitial atoms in the band gap of silicon." Semiconductors 37, no. 4 (2003): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1568459.

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39

Hirai, Daniel M., Trenton D. Colburn, Jesse C. Craig, et al. "Skeletal muscle interstitial O2 pressures: bridging the gap between the capillary and myocyte." Microcirculation 26, no. 5 (2018): e12497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/micc.12497.

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40

Barua, Debanjan, Serge E. Parent, and Rudolf Winklbauer. "Mechanics of Fluid-Filled Interstitial Gaps. II. Gap Characteristics in Xenopus Embryonic Ectoderm." Biophysical Journal 113, no. 4 (2017): 923–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.063.

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41

Yarykin, Nikolai, and Jörg Weber. "Interstitial Carbon in p-Type Copper-Doped Silicon." Solid State Phenomena 242 (October 2015): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.242.302.

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The spectrum of defects produced by 5 MeV electron irradiation at room temperature in the oxygen-lean p-type silicon strongly contaminated with interstitial copper (Cui) is studied using the deep-level transient spectroscopy. It is observed that the interstitial carbon defects (Ci), which are abundant in irradiated copper-free samples, are not detected directly after irradiation. The phenomenon is attributed to the formation of a {Cui, Ci} complexes which exhibit no deep levels in the lower half of the band gap. The complexes are shown to dissociate under anneals at 300-340 K resulting in the appearance of the Ci species.

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42

Mehandru, S. P., Alfred B. Anderson, and John C. Angus. "Hydrogen binding and diffusion in diamond." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 3 (1992): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.0689.

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We have investigated the binding and diffusion pathways for atomic hydrogen in diamond using the semiempirical atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital (ASED-MO) theory. The bond-centered site has been found to be more stable than the tetrahedral and hexagonal interstitial sites due to the formation of a low-lying band-gap orbital which takes the promoted electron. A second hydrogen binds even more stably to the nearby antibonding site with additional stabilization of the now doubly occupied band gap orbital. The bond-centered hydrogen is predicted to migrate along the high-density (110) planes in the diamond lattice with an activation barrier of 1.9 eV. A carbon atom vacancy is found to attract interstitial H which bind to dangling orbitals on the surrounding C atoms. These bond strengths decrease as up to a maximum of four H atoms enters the vacancy. A hydrogen atom in a vacancy is found to increase the activation energy for vacancy migration.

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43

Wu, Hsuan-Chung, Yu-Siang Lin, and Syuan-Wei Lin. "Mechanisms of Visible Light Photocatalysis in N-Doped Anatase TiO2with Oxygen Vacancies from GGA+U Calculations." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/289328.

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We have systematically studied the photocatalytic mechanisms of nitrogen doping in anatase TiO2using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, employing HubbardU(8.47 eV) on-site correction. The impurity formation energy, charge density, and electronic structure properties of TiO2supercells containing substitutional nitrogen, interstitial nitrogen, or oxygen vacancies were evaluated to clarify the mechanisms under visible light. According to the formation energy, a substitutional N atom is better formed than an interstitial N atom, and the formation of an oxygen vacancy in N-doped TiO2is easier than that in pure TiO2. The calculated results have shown that a significant band gap narrowing may only occur in heavy nitrogen doping. With light nitrogen doping, the photocatalysis under visible light relies on N-isolated impurity states. Oxygen vacancies existence in N-doped TiO2can improve the photocatalysis in visible light because of a band gap narrowing and n-type donor states. These findings provide a reasonable explanation of the mechanisms of visible light photocatalysis in N-doped TiO2.

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44

CHEN, QI LI, GUANG ZHENG, KAI HUA HE, and BO LI. "FIRST-PRINCIPLES CALCULATIONS ON ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF TiO2 ANATASE (101) SURFACES WITH N IMPURITIES." Modern Physics Letters B 25, no. 02 (2011): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984911025535.

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The electronic structures of nitrogen ( N )-doped TiO 2 anatase (101) surfaces have been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) plane-wave pseudopotential method with general gradient approximation (GGA) + U (Hubbard coefficient) method being adopted to describe the exchange-correlation effects. Both substitutional and interstitial N doping have been considered in this paper as well as the case of surface N adsorption. The results demonstrated that there is no obvious band gap narrowing observed by introducing N impurities except several N 2p states lying in the gap, whereas the introduction of oxygen vacancy was confirmed playing an important role on band gap narrowing. The results accord well with some experimental results.

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45

Berezin, I., J. D. Huizinga, and E. E. Daniel. "Structural characterization of interstitial cells of Cajal in myenteric plexus and muscle layers of canine colon." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 11 (1990): 1419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-216.

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We have carried out a detailed ultrastructural study of the interstitial cells near the myenteric plexus of the canine colon and defined the structural characteristics which distinguish them from other resident non-neural cells. We have also examined the interconnections of these interstitial cells with nerves, the longitudinal muscle, and the circular muscle. In addition, we sought connections between interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus and those described earlier at the inner border of the circular muscle in proximal and distal colon. The interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus were structurally distinctive, and made gap junctions with one another and occasionally with smooth muscle. There seemed to be two subsets of these interstitial cells, one associated with the longitudinal muscle and the other with the circular muscle. Cells of both subsets were often close (≤20 nm) to nerve profiles. The interstitial cells near the longitudinal muscle layer penetrated slightly into the muscle layer, but those near the circular muscle did not and neither set contacted the other. Moveover, interstitial cells of Cajal located near the myenteric plexus were never observed to contact those at the inner border of circular muscle. The interstitial cells of Cajal at the canine colon myenteric plexus are structurally organized to provide independent pacemaking activities for the longitudinal and adjacent circular muscle. Their dense innervation suggests that they mediate neural modulation of intestinal pacemaker activities. Moreover, they lack direct contacts with the interstitial cell network at the inner border of circular muscle, which is essential for the primary pacemaking activity of circular muscle. The structural organization of interstitial cells in canine colon is consistent with their proposed role in pacemaking activity of the two muscle layers.Key words: pacemakers, neuromodulation, interstitial cells of Cajal.

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46

Song, S., M. M. Yovanovich, and F. O. Goodman. "Thermal Gap Conductance of Conforming Surfaces in Contact." Journal of Heat Transfer 115, no. 3 (1993): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910719.

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Heat transfer through gas layers of contact interfaces formed by two microscopically rough surfaces is studied. Rarefied gas conduction between smooth parallel plates is examined with data obtained from the literature. Two important dimensionless parameters are introduced; one representing the ratio of the rarefied gas resistance to the continuum gas resistance, and the other representing gas rarefaction effects. Effects of gas rarefaction and surface roughness are studied in relation to the parallel plates case. It is proposed that the effective gap thickness at light loads may be estimate by a roughness parameter, the maximum peak height Rp. Experiments were performed to measure gap conductance for a number of Stainless Steel 304 pairs and Nickel 200 pairs over a range of roughnesses and gas pressures. Three different types of gases, helium, argon, and nitrogen, were employed as the interstitial gas. The comparison between the theory and the measured values of gap conductance shows excellent agreement.

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47

Brusca, Rebeccah M., Iago Pinal-Fernandez, Kevin Psoter, et al. "The ILD-GAP risk prediction model performs poorly in myositis-associated interstitial lung disease." Respiratory Medicine 150 (April 2019): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2019.02.015.

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48

Petropoulos, L. S., and M. A. Morich. "Novel gradient coil set with an interstitial gap for interventional nuclear magnetic resonance applications." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 33, no. 5 (1997): 4107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.619678.

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49

Farrand, Erica, Kevin J. Anstrom, Gordon Bernard, et al. "Closing the Evidence Gap in Interstitial Lung Disease. The Promise of Real-World Data." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 199, no. 9 (2019): 1061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201807-1209pp.

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50

Zhu, Linggang, Hao Wang, Qing-Miao Hu, Graeme J. Ackland, and Rui Yang. "Trapping of interstitial defects: filling the gap between the experimental measurements and DFT calculations." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 25, no. 43 (2013): 435402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/25/43/435402.

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