Journal articles on the topic 'Interstate relationship'
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Park, Minho. "Relationship between Interstate Highway Accidents and Heterogeneous Geometrics by Random Parameter Negative Binomial Model - A case of Interstate Highway in Washington State, USA." Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 33, no. 6 (2013): 2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2013.33.6.2437.
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Venkataraman, Narayan S., Gudmundur F. Ulfarsson, Venky Shankar, Junseok Oh, and Minho Park. "Model of Relationship between Interstate Crash Occurrence and Geometrics." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2236, no. 1 (January 2011): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2236-05.
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Schultz, Kenneth A. "Mapping Interstate Territorial Conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 7 (December 27, 2015): 1565–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715620470.
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This article describes a new data set consisting of precise digital maps of regions that were the subject of interstate territorial disputes in the period 1947 to 2000. Each dispute identified by Huth and Allee is rendered as a polygon corresponding to the area subject to overlapping claims. After describing the data collection procedures and presenting some descriptive statistics, this article develops three novel results that demonstrate the potential of geospatial data to advance our understanding of the causes and consequences of territorial conflict. In particular, I use the data to (1) show how different measurements of the geographic extent of disputes can help unpack the mechanisms through which they dampen international trade, (2) cast doubt on the role of oil deposits in fueling territorial conflict by analyzing the relationship at a finer level of spatial resolution than previously possible, and (3) examine the harmful legacy of territorial conflict on local development in formerly contested regions along the El Salvador-Honduras border.
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Bell, Sam R. "Power, territory, and interstate conflict." Conflict Management and Peace Science 34, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894216650428.
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This paper examines how territorial claims between states condition the effect of power on interstate conflict. I argue that when the weaker state in a dyad controls a piece of contested territory, increases in power for the state that does not hold the territory lead to increases in the probability of conflict initiation. This has important implications for our understanding of the role that territorial claims play in conflict processes and attempts at conflict management, and provides support for the theoretical claim that the relationship between power and conflict is conditioned by the distribution of benefits.
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Abdurazakova, Kamolaxon. "THE CONCEPT OF "INTERSTATE RELATIONS" AND ITS MEANING." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 12, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2020-12-2.
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The article examines the relationship of international relations in the development of economic, political, legal, diplomatic, military, humanitarian and other spheres, the relationship between the political forces operating in the world. This aspect of the issue serves as additional material for works published on the international stage
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Muteen, Abdul, Muhammad Masood Anwar, and Ghulam Yahya Khan. "Conflicts, Political Distance and Import Volume of Pakistan, a Gravity Model Estimation." Sustainable Business and Society in Emerging Economies 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 451–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/sbsee.v4i2.2373.
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Purpose: This article, analyze causal relation of conflicts, political distance and Pakistan's import flows. The severity of interstate military conflicts is higher between Pakistan and India. While the animosity and chauvinism between Pakistan and India increase the intensity of both armed and verbal conflicts. Comparing interstate-armed conflicts and interstate military verbal conflicts, the former has more severity than later.
Methodology: The Gravity model is used to analyze the relationship between conflicts, political distance and Pakistan's import volume. The panel data consist on 171 countries and 1980 to 2013time period. Findings: Conflict between Pakistan and India, the interstate-armed conflicts are less impactful than interstate military verbal conflicts on import volume. The other important finding is the changing role of political distance. Political distance significantly reduces Pakistan's import volume when we regress interstate military conflicts and political distance between Pakistan and its importing partners. Interstate military conflicts between Pakistan and India and political distance between Pakistan and its importing partners show less intensity to reduce Pakistan's imports.
Implications: Pakistan replaced the United States of America with China as major partners that share a significant proportion of its import market due to close political preferences. At the same time, there was no significant trade between Pakistan and India because both countries indulge in military conflicts.
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Christopher Ihionkhan, Agbonifoh, and Gbandi Eleazer Chibuzor. "Comparative Study of Intercity Transport Companies In Benin City, Nigeria." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business 10, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17687/jeb.v10i1.867.
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This study examined comparative study of intercity transport companies in Benin City, Nigeria. The study sample consists of four hundred respondents drawn from across the four leading interstate transport companies in Benin City. A questionnaire instrument was used to gather the needed information and the analytical techniques employed include simple percentage, t-test and Analysis of variance (ANOVA). All tests were performed at the 0.05 level of statistical significance. The findings revealed that God is Good Motors was rated far higher than the other transport companies by passengers while Iyare Motors was rated the least. Furthermore, we found that there is no significant relationship between respondents’ gender and customer perception of service quality in interstate transport companies. However, educational qualification and age had a significant relationship with passengers’ perception of service quality. We recommend that interstate transport companies should concentrate more on issues such as safety, comfort on the road, respect for passengers and regular maintenance of vehicles as well as replacing unserviceable vehicles with new ones to avoid frequent vehicle breakdown on the high way
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Grumbach, Jacob M. "From Backwaters to Major Policymakers: Policy Polarization in the States, 1970–2014." Perspectives on Politics 16, no. 2 (May 16, 2018): 416–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153759271700425x.
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Political scientists often characterize state and local governments as marginal and highly constrained in policymaking. However, I suggest that in recent decades state governments have moved from the margins to the center of partisan battles over the direction of U.S. public policy. Across 16 issue areas, I investigate interstate policy variation, policy differences across states, and policy polarization, the changing relationship between party control of state government and policy outcomes. Since the 1970s, interstate variation has increased such that an individual’s tax burden, right to obtain an abortion, and other relationships to government are increasingly determined by her state of residence. Policy polarization increases dramatically after 2000 in 14 of the 16 areas. I show that party control increasingly predicts socioeconomic outcomes in the polarized area of health care, but not in the nonpolarized area of criminal justice.
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Fortin, Nicole M. "Higher-Education Policies and the College Wage Premium: Cross-State Evidence from the 1990s." American Economic Review 96, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 959–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.4.959.
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Exploiting differences across U.S. states, this paper demonstrates that there is a tight link between higher education policies, past enrollment rates, and recent changes in the college wage premium among labor market entrants. The analysis reveals, however, that this relationship is much weaker in states with high private enrollment rates, high levels of interstate mobility, or interstate trade. The within-state estimates of the own-cohort relative supply effect shed some light on the extent to which the U.S. labor market can be characterized as a single national market or a collection of state-specific labor markets.
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Mwangi, Oscar Gakuo. "Hydropolitics versus Human Security: Implications of South Africa's Appropriation of Lesotho's Highlands Water." Daedalus 150, no. 4 (2021): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01879.
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Abstract The Lesotho Highlands Water Project, which exports water to South Africa, has enhanced the unequal structural relationship that exists between both states. Lesotho, one of the few countries in the world that exports water, has transformed from one of the largest sources of labor for South Africa to a water reservoir for South Africa. Though the project provides mutual strategic economic and political benefits to both riparian states, its construction has negatively affected environmental and human security in Lesotho. Due to hydropolitics, environmental threats in Lesotho caused by the project's construction are overlooked. These threats, which have devastating effects on resettled communities and the country's ecosystem, also constitute a threat to domestic and international security. The desire to prevent interstate conflict and maintain cooperation between the two riparian states further enhances the lopsided interstate relationship.
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Nelson, Travis. "When disaster strikes: on the relationship between natural disaster and interstate conflict." Global Change, Peace & Security 22, no. 2 (June 2010): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14781151003770788.
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Carini, Robert, Brian Powell, and Lala Carr Steelman. "Do Teacher Unions Hinder Educational Performance?: Lessons Learned from State SAT and ACT Scores." Harvard Educational Review 70, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 437–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.70.4.w17t1201442683k6.
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Teacher unions have been demonized by their critics and canonized by their advocates for years, but the actual relationship between teacher unions and educational performance has received very little empirical scrutiny. In this article, Lala Carr Steelman, Brian Powell, and Robert Carini examine the question, "Do teacher unions hinder educational performance?" Focusing on two of the best-known standardized tests, the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the American College Test (ACT), the authors examine whether interstate variation in standardized test performance is negatively linked to interstate variation in teacher unions. They find a significant and positive relationship: that is, the presence of teacher unions appears to be linked to stronger state performance on these exams. These findings challenge the position that teacher unions depress student academic performance, and in so doing invite further empirical scholarship on this topic from a range of academic disciplines.
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Suhas, Prashant Hosur, and Shelli Israelsen. "Interstate Rivalries and Expansions in Military Capacity." International Area Studies Review 25, no. 1 (November 23, 2021): 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22338659211040289.
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This article addresses the scholarly debate on the relationship between interstate rivalry and military capacity. We draw on Tilly's bellicist theory of state formation in early modern Europe and Thies’ modifications to predatory theory, which prioritizes the role of interstate rivalry on state building, to explain variation in military capacity. We unpack the rivalry mechanism into spatial and positional rivalries and test how these two types of rivalry affect military capacity, and how positional rivalries affect military capacity in the long-term. Using time-series cross-sectional data analysis, we find that positional rivalries increase military capacity in the long term. Also, we find that spatial rivalry influences military capacity in the long-term, but its effects are uneven across indicators of military capacity, and it has a smaller effect on military capacity in comparison to positional rivalries. We conclude that not all types of rivalries have a uniform effect on military capacity and that competition over regional dominance, that is, positional rivalries, are the most impactful on military capacity. This study offers a more nuanced test of Tilly's bellicist theory and Thies’ modified predatory theory on state capacity.
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Appel, Benjamin J., and Alyssa K. Prorok. "Third-Party Actors and the Intentional Targeting of Civilians in War." British Journal of Political Science 49, no. 4 (January 10, 2018): 1453–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123417000175.
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This article examines the relationship between third-party actors and the intentional targeting of non-combatants in interstate war. It argues that war participants kill fewer civilians in war when their expectation of third-party punishment is high. Combatants will anticipate a high likelihood of third-party sanctions when their alliance and trade networks are dominated by third parties that have ratified international treaties prohibiting the intentional targeting of non-combatants. The study hypothesizes that war combatants kill fewer civilians in war as the strength of ratifiers within their alliance and trade networks increases. Quantitative tests on a dataset of all interstate wars from 1900–2003 provide strong statistical and substantive support for this hypothesis.
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Warner, Jacob, Hitesh Chawla, Chao Zhou, and Peter T. Savolainen. "Analysis of Rural Interstate Fatality Rates in Consideration of Recent Increases in Maximum Statutory Speed Limits." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 11 (June 6, 2019): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119851758.
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The relationship between traffic safety and speed limits has been an area of significant research. Since the repeal of the National Maximum Speed Law in 1995, states have full autonomy in establishing maximum statutory speed limits. Since 2001, at least 25 states have increased their maximum limits to speeds as high as 85 mph. This study examines changes in rural interstate fatalities from 2001 to 2016 in consideration of such increases. Speed limit policy data include the maximum speed limit for each state–year combination, as well as the proportion of rural interstate mileage posted at each speed limit in each state. Random parameter negative binomial models are estimated to control for unobserved heterogeneity, as well as time-invariant effects unique to each state. The results show that increasing the mileage of rural interstates posted at 70, 75, or 80 mph by 1% is associated with fatality increases of 0.2%, 0.5%, and 0.6%, respectively. These increases are more pronounced than when considering only the maximum statutory limits in each state. The study also examines the influence between these higher limits and the frequency of fatal crashes involving speeding and driver distraction. At the highest limits of 75 and 80 mph, the increases among these subsets of crashes are greater than the increases in total fatalities. Ultimately, this study provides important empirical evidence in support of continuing speed limit policy discussions, in addition to identifying salient analytical concerns that should be considered as a part of longitudinal analyses of state-level fatality data.
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Lee, Bomi K., Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, Cody J. Schmidt, and Yufan Yang. "Disasters and the dynamics of interstate rivalry." Journal of Peace Research 59, no. 1 (January 2022): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00223433211063333.
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This article examines how disasters influence conflict dynamics in interstate rivalries. Building on insights from the disaster, rivalry, and diversionary conflict literatures, the authors argue that disasters act as political shocks that disrupt a rivalry relationship. Hostility levels in rivalries are stable over time and shift only through major shocks. While the rivalry literature suggests that some shocks may lead to peace, the authors argue that disaster shocks are more likely to be associated with increased conflict. Disasters often strain the state’s capacity to provide security for its people, while leaders who fail to prepare or respond can face domestic costs. To avoid potential removal from office, leaders have incentives to divert the public’s attention away from poor disaster response by adopting a more aggressive foreign policy. The authors hypothesize that the time between militarized disputes is shortened when pairs of states experience rapid onset disasters. However, the conditions for diversionary conflict depend on the degree of intrastate turmoil and the number of interstate rivalries, with disaster diversionary conflict happening most frequently in rivalry dyads with significant internal strife and multiple rivalries. Duration model analyses from 1900 to 2010 provide strong support for the theory and highlight the limits of disaster diplomacy in rivalry contexts. Given the increased frequency and severity of disasters globally, the findings suggest that environmental shocks are likely to increase interstate hostilities in conflict-prone regions.
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Latham, Ian. "Case in Re Moore and Others; Ex Parte New South Wales Public Service Professional Officers' Association and Another." Federal Law Review 15, no. 4 (December 1985): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x8501500404.
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Industrial Law (Cth) — Restraint of State industrial commission jurisdiction — Validity of restraining order - Necessity to specify what matter is removed from State jurisdiction — Requirement of interstate industrial dispute for valid restraining order — Relationship between matter and parties — Validity of empowering Commonwealth provision — Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904 (Cth) s 66
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Adyani, Liza, Ella Suzanna, Safuwan Safuwan, and Muryali Muryali. "Perceived Social Support And Psychological Well-Being Among Interstate Students At Malikussaleh University." Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi 3, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v3i2.6591.
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This study aims to examine the relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being among interstate students at Malikussaleh University, Lhokseumawe. It is hypothesized that there will be positive relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being. As the second largest state university in Aceh, students at Malikussaleh University come from different parts of Aceh and Indonesia. Thus, it is important to understand their psychological well-being as it will help them to be more satisfied and happy while being a way home. A number of 105 interstate students were participated in this study by answering a set of questionnaire. The questionnaire was provided online by using google docs platform. To obtain deeper meaning of their experiences, 10 students were selected to join focus group discussion (FGD). The collected data were analyzed by using correlation Pearson product moment. The result showed that there wasa positive correlation between perceived social support and psychological well-being with r = 0.40 and p = 0.000 (p <0.05). Additional findings from FGD are also included in discussion section.
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Aaronson, Susan Ariel, M. Rodwan Abouharb, and K. Daniel Wang. "The Liberal Illusion Is Not a Complete Delusion: The WTO Helps Member States Keep the Peace Only When It Increases Trade." Global Economy Journal 15, no. 4 (July 2015): 455–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2014-0049.
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We use both qualitative and quantitative tools to examine whether membership in the WTO reduces the likelihood of conflict. In our qualitative analysis, we show how WTO facilitates cooperation and transparency. Then we study what policymakers say and do to use trade to promote peace. We also examine whether and how members of the WTO respond to acceding states as well as member states experiencing inter-state conflict. We find member states do little to expand trade with states in conflict. Moreover, they continue to use trade sanctions. Hence, they are sending contradictory messages about the trade/peace relationship. Next we test whether the trust engendered through daily interactions and participation in a rules based system (our membership hypothesis) reduces the likelihood of conflict or whether membership in the WTO which in turn leads to expanded trade reduces the likelihood of conflict (our membership and trade hypothesis). We find no evidence that membership alone reduces the likelihood of either major interstate war or militarized interstate dispute among members. However, when states are both members of the GATT/WTO and benefit from increased trade, they are less likely to engage in militarized interstate disputes. Hence, the liberal illusion is not a complete delusion.
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Bast, Jürgen. "Deepening Supranational Integration: Interstate Solidarity in EU Migration Law." European Public Law 22, Issue 2 (April 1, 2016): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2016019.
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The Treaties on which the EU is founded hardly ever mention the notion of solidarity between citizens. The type of solidarity owed according to the terms of the Treaties mostly concerns the relationship between Member States. This also holds true in the chapter providing the legal basis for the EU’s migration policies. The present article discusses the concept of solidarity in the Dublin System for determining the State responsible for examining an application for asylum. This case is especially critical because the Dublin System has given rise to sharp conflicts pertaining to interstate solidarity. The Dublin example demonstrates that in EU law the principle of solidarity operates in a field of tension between a high degree of supranational integration and, simultaneously, a high degree of heterogeneity among its Member States. It aims to compensate an asymmetric distribution of burdens generated by further steps on the supranational path of European integration.
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Rasler, Karen A., and William R. Thompson. "War Making and State Making: Governmental Expenditures, Tax Revenues, and Global Wars." American Political Science Review 79, no. 2 (June 1985): 491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1956662.
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Addressing the disputed relationship between war and the expansion of governmental expenditures and revenues, Box-Tiao intervention models are applied to a number of British (1700-1980), United States (1792-1980), French (1815-1979), and Japanese (1878-1980) spending and taxation series. Distinguishing between global and interstate wars, the more intensive and extensive bouts of warfare (global wars) tend to bring about abrupt, permanent impacts in contrast to the temporary changes associated with most interstate wars. The observed displacements are reflected in both war-related and nonwar-related types of expenditure and are also observed before 1900. Although our findings are not universally applicable and are subject to various other qualifications, they may be interpreted, in general, as reinforcing the need for an appreciation of the persistent centrality of war, especially global war, in the discontinuous growth and expansion of the modern state.
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Yang, Shu, Andrew Braham, and Zahid Hossain. "Relationship between Rank of Laboratory Testing Results and Field Performance of Asphalt Interstate Pavement." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 9 (September 2020): 04020242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003322.
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McLaughlin Mitchell, Sara, and Cameron G. Thies. "Issue Rivalries." Conflict Management and Peace Science 28, no. 3 (July 2011): 230–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894211404794.
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This article expands upon the traditional interstate rivalry concept by focusing on two conceptual dimensions of interstate rivalry: issues and militarization. The first dimension captures the number of distinct issues that characterize a dyadic interstate relationship, such as repeated clashes between states over border disputes, maritime zones, or cross-border rivers. The second dimension is very similar to the dispute density approach to rivalry, and captures the number of militarized incidents over specific contentious issues. The first dimension of issue rivalry is coded by identifying pairs of states with two or more (simultaneous) contentious issues. The second dimension of militarized rivalry is coded for single issues (such as a border dispute), capturing the presence of two or more militarized incidents over that issue in the past. Empirical analyses of these two new rivalry measures in the Western Hemisphere and Western Europe show some important variation in these rivalry dimensions. Issue rivals and militarized rivals are significantly more likely to employ militarized force and peaceful negotiation techniques to resolve geopolitical issues in comparison with dyads that experience contentious issues in non-rivalry settings. On the other hand, dyads characterized by issue rivalry do not experience disputes that escalate to high levels of violence, such as fatalities or wars. It is only prior militarization of a specific contentious issue that leads states down the path to war.
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Lutmar, Carmela, and Lesley Terris. "Leadership Changes and Civil War Agreements: Exploring Preliminary Links." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2016-0033.
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AbstractThe emergence of civil wars as the predominant type of conflict in the twenty-first century has prompted scholars to reformulate and revisit many of the questions treated in the interstate conflict literature. One of these questions concerns the impact of leadership changes on policy decisions within the realm of war and peace. Studies have suggested that in interstate disputes, the coming to power of new leaders in one or both of the disputing governments increases the prospects of war termination. We argue that within the context of intrastate disputes this relationship is more complex and multilayered due to factors that are characteristic of rebel groups and civil wars. We suggest that leader overturns in rebel groups are likely to lead, under certain conditions to more, rather than less, hardline conflict positions, at least in the short term, thus hindering possible negotiation processes. We test our hypothesis on a dataset of leadership changes and agreements ending civil wars in Africa, 1975–2007.
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McDonald, Patrick J., and Kevin Sweeney. "The Achilles' Heel of Liberal IR Theory?: Globalization and Conflict in the Pre-World War I Era." World Politics 59, no. 3 (April 2007): 370–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100020864.
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Despite substantial evidence that international trade has promoted peace in the post—World War II era, the commercial peace research program still faces an important historical challenge. Dramatic economic integration in the nineteenth century failed to prevent the increasing interstate hostilities that culminated in the outbreak of war in 1914. This article uses a theoretical revision grounded in standard trade theory to reexamine the relationship between commerce and peace in the fifty years before World War I, a period often referred to as the first era of globalization. The article focuses on domestic conflict over commercial policy rather than on interdependence to understand the conditions under which globalization promotes peace. In a sample dating from 1865 to 1914, the authors find that lower regulatory barriers to commerce reduce participation in militarized interstate disputes. Contradicting conventional wisdom, this evidence affirms a basic premise of commercial liberalism during the first era of globalization—free trade promotes peace.
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Karreth, Johannes, and Jaroslav Tir. "International agreement design and the moderating role of domestic bureaucratic quality." Journal of Peace Research 55, no. 4 (February 8, 2018): 460–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343317749271.
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Much of international cooperation research has long assumed that building and deepening (i.e. institutionalizing) international agreements can substitute for weak domestic bureaucratic capacity when it comes to promoting cooperative policies between countries. Qualifying this assumption, we argue that domestic bureaucracies are a key piece of international cooperation: the cooperation-inducing effect of international institutions is conditional on the quality of domestic bureaucracies. We examine this relationship in the context of the politics of interstate cooperation over transboundary rivers, an important test case given concerns about looming water conflict in the face of increasing water scarcity. Using data on freshwater-related events, 1984–2006, on the level of institutionalization of river treaties, and on the quality of domestic bureaucracy, we find that domestic bureaucracies moderate the ability of international institutions to elicit cooperative interstate behavior. The finding is robust to a multitude of specifications and provides important implications for institutional research and policy approaches to cooperation problems beyond freshwater.
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Cranmer, Skyler J., Elizabeth J. Menninga, and Peter J. Mucha. "Kantian fractionalization predicts the conflict propensity of the international system." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 38 (September 3, 2015): 11812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509423112.
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Network science has spurred a reexamination of relational phenomena in political science, including the study of international conflict. We introduce a new direction to the study of conflict by showing that the multiplex fractionalization of the international system along three key dimensions is a powerful predictor of the propensity for violent interstate conflict. Even after controlling for well-established conflict indicators, our new measure contributes more to model fit for interstate conflict than all of the previously established measures combined. Moreover, joint democracy plays little, if any, role in predicting system stability, thus challenging perhaps the major empirical finding of the international relations literature. Lastly, the temporal variability of our measure with conflict is consistent with a causal relationship. Our results have real-world policy implications as changes in our fractionalization measure substantially aid the prediction of conflict up to 10 years into the future, allowing it to serve as an early warning sign of international instability.
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Molchanov, Igor, and Natalya Molchanova. "Regional Economic Studies: Place and Role in Interregional and Interstate Cooperation." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 1 (April 2021): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2021.1.10.
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The article studies the role of regional science and the opportunity of using its tools in spatial social and economic research. The relevance of the topic is explained by the priority influence of geographical location, natural and climatic conditions on the organization of various types of economic life of public law entities. The aim of the study is to find acceptable solutions for intra-, interregional and interstate interaction by all participants in economic relations. Causal relationships in the phenomena and processes under analysis are revealed, general scientific and applied approaches are used: dialectics, analysis and synthesis, comparison, logic and abstraction, induction and deduction, verbal modeling, expert assessments. The relationship between the type and economic situation of administrative and territorial entities, the development of theoretical and methodological foundations of regional science and the use of its tools in economic practice is substantiated. On the basis of the analysis of official information, the emerging contradictions and unifying tendencies in the functioning of regions of different ranks are studied. The conclusion about the desire of constituent entities of federation to expand economic interaction, and the wish of a number of post-soviet countries for the integration of economic relations was made. On the basis of the results of the study, the available set of regional scientific tools, the effectiveness of regulatory measures taken by government authorities is shown. The interstate projects which are currently being implemented and planned for implementation in the nearest future are assessed. The authors make suggestions on the technology for selecting effective economic specialization of regions and embedding their production and infrastructure complexes into the integration processes on the territory of the EAEU. An assessment of the potential for unification processes in Eurasia is made. The presented results can be applied when choosing a problematics for further research and substantiating tactical recommendations that are acceptable for scientific and applied purposes.
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Souradeep Deb. "Internal migration in India: Trends, relationship with MGNREGA and policies." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Updates 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53430/ijmru.2022.3.2.0055.
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People do migrate from one place to another for various socio economic or non-economic reasons. Census 2011 found 450 million people in India are migrants, a sharp increase of 45% from the previous census. The government of India launched MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) in 2005 to arrest out migration of unskilled landless labor force from the rural areas to urban areas by ensuring them 100 days of wage employment within their own areas. This paper actually reviews the trends and characters of internal migration in India and found that the migration is intrastate in nature and marriage is still the key reason behind it. MGNREGA couldn’t become an alternative of traditional migration from rural to urban areas in India till now. While comparing among Indian states regarding their policies towards migrants by using Interstate Migrant Policy Index (IMPEX) score of 2019, this paper found Kerala in the top of the list followed by Goa and Rajasthan.
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Tang, Zongxin, Sikai Chen, Jianchuan Cheng, Seyed Ali Ghahari, and Samuel Labi. "Highway Design and Safety Consequences: A Case Study of Interstate Highway Vertical Grades." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (June 27, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1492614.
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Vertical alignment, which includes vertical grades and lengths, is a critical aspect of highway design policy that influences safety. A full understanding of the effect of vertical grade and segment length on highway safety can help agencies to evaluate or adjust their design policies regarding vertical alignment design features (grade and length). For this reason, it is useful to assess the current relationships between design policy and safety performance. To address this task, this paper uses data from interstate segments to first establish the relationship between these design features and safety. Safety is expressed in terms of the three different levels of crash severity (fatal, injury, and property damage only). In its analysis, the paper departs from the traditional univariate models (where each crash severity is modeled separately) and instead uses a seemingly unrelated negative binomial (SUNB) technique, a multivariate model that duly accounts for the unobserved shared effects between the different levels of crash severity. In addition, the paper’s models duly recognize and account for the holistic nature of the grade and tangent length effects: the effect of the sum (interaction) of the vertical grade and length is different from the sum of their individual effects. The paper investigates the relationships for rural and urban interstate highway segments. Against the background of the developed models, the paper evaluates current design policies (specifications on vertical alignment grade and length) for similar classes of highways at a number of countries and presents a set of nomograms that feature lines representing points of equal safety performance. These charts can be used by the highway agencies to evaluate and compare their current or possible future highway design policies.
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Lisenco, Vladlena. "The European Union and the international intergovernmental organizations: the legal basis of the relationship." Vector European, no. 2 (January 2023): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52507/2345-1106.2022-2.08.
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This article discusses the legal aspects and analytical considerations on building relationships between the European Union (EU) and international intergovernmental organizations (IIO). The European Union today is a major interstate association, as well as the largest supplier of goods and services at the global level. However, this does not exclude the interaction of the EU with various international organizations. In the process of narration, different forms and criteria for EU participation in the IIO are defined. The article considers the role of the external competence of the European Union on the example of building relationships with such international organizations as the United Nations (UN), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO) and many others.
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Owings, William A., Leslie S. Kaplan, and John Nunnery. "Principal Quality, ISLLC Standards, and Student Achievement: A Virginia Study." Journal of School Leadership 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105268460501500105.
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A significant relationship exists between principals’ quality at certain grade levels and student achievement on the Virginia Standards of Learning tests. A statewide study finds principals rated higher on school leadership as measured by an Interstate School Leadership Licensure Consortium (ISLLC) Standards rubric. These schools have higher student achievement than comparable schools headed by lower rated principals controlling for socioeconomic status. Implications for increasing student achievement, developing and keeping a school achievement culture, and improving principal leadership are discussed.
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Ausderan, Jacob. "Reassessing the democratic advantage in interstate wars using k-adic datasets." Conflict Management and Peace Science 35, no. 5 (July 25, 2016): 451–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894216653601.
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Numerous studies have used monadic or dyadic data to show that democracies are more likely to win wars. Poast (2010; Political Analysis 18(4): 403–425) demonstrates that the use of dyadic data to model events that are really multilateral (or k-adic) can bias the statistical results. In this article, I discuss the potential consequences of that bias for previous studies on democracy and war outcomes. Then I replicate some of those studies using modified, k-adic versions of the original datasets. Finally, I conduct an original analysis using the updated dataset on wars by Reiter et al. (2014a; Journal of Conflict Resolution; doi: 10.1177/0022002714553107). Overall, I find several changes when using k-adic data. Most significantly, the relationship between democracy and war outcomes appears to be strongest for states that join the war effort after it has already started.
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Garrick, Dustin, Lucia De Stefano, Fai Fung, Jamie Pittock, Edella Schlager, Mark New, and Daniel Connell. "Managing hydroclimatic risks in federal rivers: a diagnostic assessment." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 2002 (November 13, 2013): 20120415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0415.
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Hydroclimatic risks and adaptive capacity are not distributed evenly in large river basins of federal countries, where authority is divided across national and territorial governments. Transboundary river basins are a major test of federal systems of governance because key management roles exist at all levels. This paper examines the evolution and design of interstate water allocation institutions in semi-arid federal rivers prone to drought extremes, climatic variability and intensified competition for scarce water. We conceptualize, categorize and compare federal rivers as social–ecological systems to analyse the relationship between governance arrangements and hydroclimatic risks. A diagnostic approach is used to map over 300 federal rivers and classify the hydroclimatic risks of three semi-arid federal rivers with a long history of interstate allocation tensions: the Colorado River (USA/Mexico), Ebro River (Spain) and Murray–Darling River (Australia). Case studies review the evolution and design of water allocation institutions. Three institutional design trends have emerged: adoption of proportional interstate allocation rules; emergence of multi-layered river basin governance arrangements for planning, conflict resolution and joint monitoring; and new flexibility to adjust historic allocation patterns. Proportional allocation rules apportion water between states based on a share of available water, not a fixed volume or priority. Interstate allocation reform efforts in the Colorado and Murray–Darling rivers indicate that proportional allocation rules are prevalent for upstream states, while downstream states seek reliable deliveries of fixed volumes to increase water security. River basin governance arrangements establish new venues for multilayered planning, monitoring and conflict resolution to balance self governance by users and states with basin-wide coordination. Flexibility to adjust historic allocation agreements, without risk of defection or costly court action, also provides adaptive capacity to manage climatic variability and shifting values. Future research should develop evidence about pathways to adaptive capacity in different classes of federal rivers, while acknowledging limits to transferability and the need for context-sensitive design.
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HORBACHEVSKYI, Taras. "Ukraine – Vatican: Interstate and inter-church relations (1991–2005)." Ukraine-Poland: Historical Heritage and Public Consciousness 11 (2018): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/up.2018-11-131-139.
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The article examines the stages of the formation of diplomatic relations between Ukraine and the Vatican in the 1990s. The chronology of official meetings and visits of officials was followed, the causes of difficulties with delaying the opening of the Ukrainian Embassy in the Vatican were identified. The Vatican was interested in a close relationship with Ukraine, where the Catholic Church was granted equal rights alongside other denominations, which served as a basis and example for further in-depth dialogue with the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC). The papal mission in Ukraine aimed to protect the status of the Catholic Church and to ensure religious freedom. The Vatican's policy towards an independent Ukraine, its support in the state's aspirations for European integration are analyzed. The importance of the visit of Pope John Paul II and his dialogue in Ukrainian society for the development of inter-church cooperation, inter-confessional dialogue, Ukrainian-Polish reconciliation in matters of historical memory was established. The disconnection of inter-denominational disputes smoothed out the activities of the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations, whose work was judged to be attended by the Pope. In his speech to the audience of the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations, the Pope emphasized the multicultural space of Ukraine. The framework of cooperation between Ukraine and the Vatican in humanitarian policy, social and educational programs is traced. Cooperation between the two countries has contributed to the growth of the moral authority of Ukraine, as a European state with Western European values. Countries seeking to join the European Union (among them Ukraine) paid great attention to the spiritual factors of European integration, attending various forums and meetings held by the Vatican. Keywords Ukraine, Vatican, Roman Catholic Church, diplomatic relations, ecumenism.
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Bliznetskaya, E. "Global Environmental Governance and International Environmental Diplomacy." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 18, no. 3 (2020): 126–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2020.18.3.62.8.
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Governance is so commonly used in academic literature and policy papers in the field of international environmental politics and as such has overtaken the words “policy”, “diplomacy” and “cooperation”. This phenomenon has empirical support – environmental policy is one of the most internalized areas of regulation, and states were no longer the sole subject of international rulemaking. The current state of the art in studying global environmental politics is quite paradoxical. Notwithstanding the increased recognition of the importance of non-state, transnational actors and mechanisms to solve global environmental problems, little attention is been paid to the study of the relationship between interstate and non-state forms of interaction. That raises the question of how multilateral environmental diplomacy and global environmental governance are connected with each other in the academic peer-reviewed journals. What kind of international interactions do they study and what links them? To answer these questions, the peer-reviewed articles from SCOPUS and Web of Science databases on multilateral environmental diplomacy and global environmental governance analyzed through a systematic literature review. To understand the nature of the two approaches in studying global environmental politics, I summarize the differences and then identify the links between them. In each of the research areas, sub-directions and the related content were identified, while the typology of the articles allowed to identify the relationships between them. In each of the research areas, sub-directions and the related content were identified, while the typology of the articles helped to highlight the relationships between them. The main finding includes the confirmation that environmental diplomacy and environmental governance studying mostly in isolation from each other. The main finding includes the confirmation that environmental diplomacy and environmental governance studying mostly in isolation especially regarding the interplay between interstate or non-state forms of cooperation as well as assessments of their significance. Two dimensions of the politics – formal negotiations on collective actions and weakly institutionalized public space that involves various stakeholders, movements and initiatives – exists in parallel to each other. At the same time, the study demonstrated the need to develop more responsive notions of international environmental diplomacy, since it is no longer specific only to the study of negotiations and other forms of interstate interaction.
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Higgins, Rosalyn. "The ICJ, the ECJ, and the Integrity of International Law." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 52, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/52.1.1.
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The European Court of Justice and the International Court of Justice are both courts born of war, established by interstate treaties and having their seats in European cities. The relationship between Luxembourg and Strasbourg has been well explored, and has developed over the years. The major issue today seems to be one of the coherence of human rights protection in Europe—an issue addressed with knowledge, depth, and insight by Kruger and Polakiewicz in the OctoberHuman Rights Law Journal.2
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Kwan, C. Nathan. "‘Putting down a common enemy’: Piracy and occasional interstate power in South China during the mid-nineteenth century." International Journal of Maritime History 32, no. 3 (August 2020): 697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871420944629.
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Piracy was considered a crime in international law, and British authorities felt its suppression justified the extension of state power into Asian waters. Only after the Opium War and the colonisation of Hong Kong, however, did Britain gain an interest and the wherewithal to act against pirates off the coast of South China. Ships of the Royal Navy, enforcing British ideas of international and maritime law in Chinese waters, together with the criminal justice system in Hong Kong, proved limited in their capacity to deal with piracy in South China in the mid-nineteenth century. Agents of British state power on the coast of China thus sought the assistance of their international counterparts, culminating in an international punitive expedition to Coulan. This article examines interstate cooperation in the effort to suppress piracy and the light this sheds on the relationship between piracy and state power. It argues that such collaboration required compromises between different understandings of piracy and the jurisdiction that different states had over it, and that interstate power was ultimately limited in its impact on the activities of pirates in South China.
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Park, Johann. "The Causality between Economic Sanctions and Militarized Conflict: A Global Level Analysis, 1945-2014." Korean Data Analysis Society 25, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2023.25.1.43.
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Sanctions and militarized disputes remain two of the most acute forms of interstate hostilities that may destabilize the contemporary interstate system. Although scholars and policy makers have discussed the potential reciprocal relationship between sanctions and conflict, extant theoretical and empirical examinations remain unsatisfactory. Their theoretical arguments are cursory and their empirical evidence is scant. How do sanctions and militarized disputes affect each other? Do more economic hostilities in the world suggest more military hostilities in the world, and vice versa? This study arranges a set of theoretical arguments for the possible causality. Using a VAR-Granger causality test method, it assesses the two-way causality at the macro-global system level for the 1945-2014 period. It also divides the entire data into the Cold War and post-Cold War samples to address a structural break. The results show that sanctions promote militarized disputes but this impact is limited to the post-Cold War era. The impact of military conflict on sanctions is insignificant with the pooled 1945-2014 sample. However, the divided samples reveal the contrasting double-faced effects for militarized disputes promoting sanctions in the Cold War era but discouraging sanctions in the post-Cold War era.
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Dincecco, Mark, James Fenske, Anil Menon, and Shivaji Mukherjee. "Pre-Colonial Warfare and Long-Run Development in India." Economic Journal 132, no. 643 (November 16, 2021): 981–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueab089.
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Abstract Does pre-colonial history—and in particular the role of interstate warfare—help explain long-run development patterns across India? To address this question, we construct a new geocoded database of historical conflicts on the Indian subcontinent. We document a robust positive relationship between pre-colonial conflict exposure and local economic development today. Drawing on archival and secondary data, we show that districts that were more exposed to pre-colonial conflict experienced greater early state-making, followed by lower political violence and higher investments in physical and human capital in the long term.
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Colgan, Jeff. "Oil, Revolution, and International Conflict: A Toxic Mix." PS: Political Science & Politics 42, no. 03 (June 26, 2009): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096509270946.
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What is the relationship between oil and international conflict? In an era of increased dependence on, and greater volatility within, global markets for oil and energy, this question is central to understanding contemporary world politics. It is an empirical fact that petrostates—defined as states that have at least 10% of GDP derived from oil exports—are more prone to international conflict than non-petrostates. Indeed, in the period 1965–2001, petrostates engaged in militarized interstate disputes at roughly twice the rate of non-petrostates, on average. What explains this propensity?
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Ramugade, Manoj Mahadeo, and Apurva Anil Sagale. "A Review of Learner Exchange Program in the Dental Fraternity: A Paradigm Shift for the Excellence." Journal of Advanced Oral Research 9, no. 1-2 (May 2018): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2320206818799798.
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Dentistry is an art and science which mainly depends on the subject knowledge, instruments, materials, technology, and skills of the operator. Sharing the knowledge and available infrastructure and technology are the best solutions to enhance the skills and improve the work pattern of the present dentist. This could be easily achieved through the introduction of learner exchange program for students as well as faculty. The exchange program has multiple advantages being beneficial for the budding dentist and the faculty, which ultimately improves the interstate relationship and help the community in health care sectors.
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Kim, Young-An, and John R. Hipp. "Physical Boundaries and City Boundaries: Consequences for Crime Patterns on Street Segments?" Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 227–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128716687756.
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Scholars have theorized how spatial boundaries (edges) can be important for understanding the location of crime, yet the empirical relationship between spatial boundaries in the environment and levels of crime is relatively less explored compared with other features of the environment. The current study extends the literature by not only studying three types of physical boundaries—interstate highways, parks, and rivers—but also one nonphysical and relatively less visible boundary—city boundaries. We analyze the relationship between crime in street segments and nearness to these four types of edges in the Southern California area. We measure nearness to these boundaries in two manners: (a) whether or not the segment is adjacent to the feature and (b) how far in physical distance the segment is to the feature.
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Kim, Bongjin. "Rethinking of the Pre-Modern East Asian Region Order." Journal of East Asian Studies 2, no. 2 (August 2002): 67–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800000916.
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The preconceived image of the pre-modern East Asian region order, known commonly as the tributary system, is problematic. That is because it is represented by ‘the Other’ — not only the external (Westerners) but also the internal (Asians) — and in turn the inaccurate image has gone on reproducing, expanding, and dominating. In order to solve this problem, in question, this paper will first critically review the preconceived image of the pre-modern Chinese world order and identify the problems of Orientalism and modernism. Then, in search for a real image, the paper reinterprets Confucian ideas and concepts as the principles undergirding the pre-modern East Asian regional order. The paper also discusses the Korean kyorin system, one of the subsystems of the pre-modern East Asian order. The objective is to decipher the ways in which Korea interpreted and institutionalized the Confucian ideas on foreign policy or international relationships during the Choson dynasty (1392–1910).By doing these, we can describe a more real image of the pre-modern East Asian region order. The more “real” interstate relationship was based on li (principle) and li* (rites), and harmonized with another concept of gong (the public/publicness), as shown by pingfen or junfen (the fairly allocated). Based on such conceptions of the human world, the pre-modern East Asian regional order was divided into different territories and dominions, each with its own sovereign. Once the formality of the suzerain and tributary state was recognized, moreover, China did not intervene in the internal and external affairs of the tributary as well as hushi (a foreign trade system) states. Like interpersonal relationships, interstate ones were hierarchic, but they were also based on the idea of reciprocity, fair allocation as well as impartiality, harmony, and coexistence.
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Mohamad, Dadang, Kumares C. Sinha, and Patrick S. McCarthy. "Relationship Between Pavement Performance and Routine Maintenance: Mixed Logit Approach." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1597, no. 1 (January 1997): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1597-03.
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A mixed logit approach was used to investigate the relationship between routine maintenance and pavement performance. A discrete model was developed to examine how pavement performance levels affect the probability of performing maintenance on pavement sections. Another continuous model was formulated to investigate the effect of maintenance on the level of pavement performance. Maintenance was considered a discrete event representing a binary choice of its being performed on a pavement section or not. Pavement performance levels were represented by roughness numbers. Other variables included were pavement thickness, pavement loading, and a regional factor. Pavement thickness was assumed to represent initial construction, and traffic loadings were in the form of equivalent single-axle loads. The regional factor represented the weather and climatic differences between the northern and southern regions. A two-stage procedure was applied to evaluate the mixed logit approach. The data from the Interstate highways in Indiana for 1984 to 1985 were used for model estimation. The mixed logit approach produced much better results than the single-equation method in specifying the models in terms of coefficient signs and their significances. The results confirmed that pavement roughness was affected by maintenance and that the decision to undertake maintenance was influenced by the expected level of pavement roughness.
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Zhou, Min, and Virginia P. Sisiopiku. "Relationship Between Volume-to-Capacity Ratios and Accident Rates." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1581, no. 1 (January 1997): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1581-06.
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The general relationships between hourly accident rates and hourly traffic volume/capacity ( v/c) ratios were examined. A 26 km (16 mi) segment of Interstate I-94 in the Detroit area was selected as the study segment. The v/c ratios were calculated from average hourly traffic volume counts collected in 1993 and 1994 from three permanent count stations. Accident rates were derived from hourly distributed number of accidents in the same 2 years. The correlation between v/c values and accident rates follows a general U-shaped pattern. The study of all observed accidents combined indicates that accident rates are highest in the very low hourly v/c range, decrease rapidly with increasing v/c ratio, and then gradually increase as the v/c ratio continues to increase. U-shaped models also explain the relationship between v/c and accident rates for weekdays and weekend days, multivehicle, rear-end, and property-damage-only accidents. On the other hand, single-vehicle, fixed-object, and turnover accidents, and accidents involving injury and fatality follow a generally decreasing trend with increasing v/c ratio. Traffic conflict is viewed as a major contributing factor to high accident rates observed in the high v/c range, whereas night conditions and driver inattention were identified as explanatory factors for the occurrence of high accident rates in the low v/c ranges.
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Leblebicioğlu, Aslı, and Ariel Weinberger. "Credit and the Labour Share: Evidence from US States." Economic Journal 130, no. 630 (February 28, 2020): 1782–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa025.
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Abstract We investigate the role of credit markets as a cause for changes in the US labour share. Causal evidence is provided that the labour share declined between 0.8 and 1.2 percentage points following the interstate banking deregulation, explaining more than half of the overall reduction during that period. The lower costs of credit and greater bank competition in each state are mechanisms that led to the decline. To quantify the relationship between credit and factor payments, we calibrate a model with financial frictions and highlight financial development as a potential channel for the reduction in labour share observed globally.
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Edry, Jessica, Jesse C. Johnson, and Brett Ashley Leeds. "Threats at Home and Abroad: Interstate War, Civil War, and Alliance Formation." International Organization 75, no. 3 (2021): 837–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818321000151.
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AbstractIn the current era, many of the military threats that state leaders face come from domestic and transnational nonstate actors. Military alliances are recognized as an important policy strategy to counter military threats, but existing research has primarily been focused on threats from other states and has difficulty uncovering a consistent relationship between external threat and alliance formation. We argue that this discrepancy arises from the failure to recognize that many threats are not external to the state. We contend that alliance formation is motivated both by external threats from other states and by internal threats that make civil conflict more likely. Moreover, we argue that leaders design alliance obligations differently when faced with internal threats. An empirical analysis of alliance formation from 1946 to 2009 shows that while external threats motivate the formation of defense pacts, internal threats encourage the formation of consultation pacts. Internal threats with the greatest potential for internationalization also encourage the formation of neutrality/nonaggression pacts. This research deepens our understanding of how states design security policies to deal with the threats posed by nonstate actors, a salient concern of leaders in the twenty-first century, and helps us to understand the variety of alliance obligations that we observe.
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Shumilov, M. M., and O. I. Shmidt. "South Tyrol Issue as a Factor of Interstate Relations between Italy and Austria." Administrative Consulting, no. 6 (August 8, 2020): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2020-6-64-81.
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The research highlights the ethnopolitical conflict within the European Union (using the example of the South Tyrol autonomy). The article states the reasons for the formation of separatist sentiments on the territory of this region, considers in detail the foreign policy activities of the Republic of Austria and the relationship between Austria and Italy. This paper discusses the historical background and the current state of the ethnopolitical conflict in the South Tyrol region. The purpose of the study is to disclose the nature and manifestations of the conflict, policy statements, documents, reasons and actions of Austrian and Italian officials, aimed at escalating as well as settlement of the conflict. Taking into consideration the objectives and preferences of the local population, the authors question the possibility of further autonomization of the Italian province and its political self-determination. However, they do not exclude the future aggravation of the conflict and exacerbation of the Austria-Italy relations in the context of the European Union transformation.
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Mahutga, Matthew C., Xiulian Ma, David A. Smith, and Michael Timberlake. "Economic Globalisation and the Structure of the World City System: The Case of Airline Passenger Data." Urban Studies 47, no. 9 (July 27, 2010): 1925–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098010372684.
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This paper reports results from an analysis of the relationship between the structure of the city-to-city network of global airline passenger flows and the interstate world system. While many scholars suggest that the broader parameters of the world system structure the urban hierarchy embedded within or articulated to it, others argue that the urban hierarchy is decoupling from the world system. The analyses show that there has been some modest convergence in the distribution of power in the world city system. Moreover, they suggest that the mechanism for this convergence is the upward mobility of cities located in the semi-periphery and the east Asian region. The paper closes by considering the implication of these findings for a larger understanding of the relationship between globalisation, the structure of the world city system and its articulation with the world system.