Academic literature on the topic 'Interstate relationship'
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Journal articles on the topic "Interstate relationship"
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Park, Minho. "Relationship between Interstate Highway Accidents and Heterogeneous Geometrics by Random Parameter Negative Binomial Model - A case of Interstate Highway in Washington State, USA." Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 33, no. 6 (2013): 2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2013.33.6.2437.
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Venkataraman, Narayan S., Gudmundur F. Ulfarsson, Venky Shankar, Junseok Oh, and Minho Park. "Model of Relationship between Interstate Crash Occurrence and Geometrics." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2236, no. 1 (January 2011): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2236-05.
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Schultz, Kenneth A. "Mapping Interstate Territorial Conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 7 (December 27, 2015): 1565–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715620470.
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This article describes a new data set consisting of precise digital maps of regions that were the subject of interstate territorial disputes in the period 1947 to 2000. Each dispute identified by Huth and Allee is rendered as a polygon corresponding to the area subject to overlapping claims. After describing the data collection procedures and presenting some descriptive statistics, this article develops three novel results that demonstrate the potential of geospatial data to advance our understanding of the causes and consequences of territorial conflict. In particular, I use the data to (1) show how different measurements of the geographic extent of disputes can help unpack the mechanisms through which they dampen international trade, (2) cast doubt on the role of oil deposits in fueling territorial conflict by analyzing the relationship at a finer level of spatial resolution than previously possible, and (3) examine the harmful legacy of territorial conflict on local development in formerly contested regions along the El Salvador-Honduras border.
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Bell, Sam R. "Power, territory, and interstate conflict." Conflict Management and Peace Science 34, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894216650428.
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This paper examines how territorial claims between states condition the effect of power on interstate conflict. I argue that when the weaker state in a dyad controls a piece of contested territory, increases in power for the state that does not hold the territory lead to increases in the probability of conflict initiation. This has important implications for our understanding of the role that territorial claims play in conflict processes and attempts at conflict management, and provides support for the theoretical claim that the relationship between power and conflict is conditioned by the distribution of benefits.
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Abdurazakova, Kamolaxon. "THE CONCEPT OF "INTERSTATE RELATIONS" AND ITS MEANING." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 12, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2020-12-2.
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The article examines the relationship of international relations in the development of economic, political, legal, diplomatic, military, humanitarian and other spheres, the relationship between the political forces operating in the world. This aspect of the issue serves as additional material for works published on the international stage
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Muteen, Abdul, Muhammad Masood Anwar, and Ghulam Yahya Khan. "Conflicts, Political Distance and Import Volume of Pakistan, a Gravity Model Estimation." Sustainable Business and Society in Emerging Economies 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 451–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/sbsee.v4i2.2373.
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Purpose: This article, analyze causal relation of conflicts, political distance and Pakistan's import flows. The severity of interstate military conflicts is higher between Pakistan and India. While the animosity and chauvinism between Pakistan and India increase the intensity of both armed and verbal conflicts. Comparing interstate-armed conflicts and interstate military verbal conflicts, the former has more severity than later.
Methodology: The Gravity model is used to analyze the relationship between conflicts, political distance and Pakistan's import volume. The panel data consist on 171 countries and 1980 to 2013time period. Findings: Conflict between Pakistan and India, the interstate-armed conflicts are less impactful than interstate military verbal conflicts on import volume. The other important finding is the changing role of political distance. Political distance significantly reduces Pakistan's import volume when we regress interstate military conflicts and political distance between Pakistan and its importing partners. Interstate military conflicts between Pakistan and India and political distance between Pakistan and its importing partners show less intensity to reduce Pakistan's imports.
Implications: Pakistan replaced the United States of America with China as major partners that share a significant proportion of its import market due to close political preferences. At the same time, there was no significant trade between Pakistan and India because both countries indulge in military conflicts.
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Christopher Ihionkhan, Agbonifoh, and Gbandi Eleazer Chibuzor. "Comparative Study of Intercity Transport Companies In Benin City, Nigeria." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business 10, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17687/jeb.v10i1.867.
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This study examined comparative study of intercity transport companies in Benin City, Nigeria. The study sample consists of four hundred respondents drawn from across the four leading interstate transport companies in Benin City. A questionnaire instrument was used to gather the needed information and the analytical techniques employed include simple percentage, t-test and Analysis of variance (ANOVA). All tests were performed at the 0.05 level of statistical significance. The findings revealed that God is Good Motors was rated far higher than the other transport companies by passengers while Iyare Motors was rated the least. Furthermore, we found that there is no significant relationship between respondents’ gender and customer perception of service quality in interstate transport companies. However, educational qualification and age had a significant relationship with passengers’ perception of service quality. We recommend that interstate transport companies should concentrate more on issues such as safety, comfort on the road, respect for passengers and regular maintenance of vehicles as well as replacing unserviceable vehicles with new ones to avoid frequent vehicle breakdown on the high way
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Grumbach, Jacob M. "From Backwaters to Major Policymakers: Policy Polarization in the States, 1970–2014." Perspectives on Politics 16, no. 2 (May 16, 2018): 416–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153759271700425x.
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Political scientists often characterize state and local governments as marginal and highly constrained in policymaking. However, I suggest that in recent decades state governments have moved from the margins to the center of partisan battles over the direction of U.S. public policy. Across 16 issue areas, I investigate interstate policy variation, policy differences across states, and policy polarization, the changing relationship between party control of state government and policy outcomes. Since the 1970s, interstate variation has increased such that an individual’s tax burden, right to obtain an abortion, and other relationships to government are increasingly determined by her state of residence. Policy polarization increases dramatically after 2000 in 14 of the 16 areas. I show that party control increasingly predicts socioeconomic outcomes in the polarized area of health care, but not in the nonpolarized area of criminal justice.
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Fortin, Nicole M. "Higher-Education Policies and the College Wage Premium: Cross-State Evidence from the 1990s." American Economic Review 96, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 959–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.4.959.
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Exploiting differences across U.S. states, this paper demonstrates that there is a tight link between higher education policies, past enrollment rates, and recent changes in the college wage premium among labor market entrants. The analysis reveals, however, that this relationship is much weaker in states with high private enrollment rates, high levels of interstate mobility, or interstate trade. The within-state estimates of the own-cohort relative supply effect shed some light on the extent to which the U.S. labor market can be characterized as a single national market or a collection of state-specific labor markets.
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Mwangi, Oscar Gakuo. "Hydropolitics versus Human Security: Implications of South Africa's Appropriation of Lesotho's Highlands Water." Daedalus 150, no. 4 (2021): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01879.
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Abstract The Lesotho Highlands Water Project, which exports water to South Africa, has enhanced the unequal structural relationship that exists between both states. Lesotho, one of the few countries in the world that exports water, has transformed from one of the largest sources of labor for South Africa to a water reservoir for South Africa. Though the project provides mutual strategic economic and political benefits to both riparian states, its construction has negatively affected environmental and human security in Lesotho. Due to hydropolitics, environmental threats in Lesotho caused by the project's construction are overlooked. These threats, which have devastating effects on resettled communities and the country's ecosystem, also constitute a threat to domestic and international security. The desire to prevent interstate conflict and maintain cooperation between the two riparian states further enhances the lopsided interstate relationship.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interstate relationship"
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Watman, Kenneth Harry. "The relationship between regime strength and the propensity to engage in armed interstate conflict." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1070315805.
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Watman, Kenneth Harry. "The relationship between regime strength and the propensity to engage in armed interstate conflict." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1070315805.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 210 p.; also includes graphics Includes bibliographical references (p. 204-210). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Hutton, Barbara J. "A study of the relationship between Interstate School Leadership Licensure Consortium dispositions and decision-making /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1362531161&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2007."Department of Educational Administration and Higher Education." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-178). Also available online.
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BOZZI, FRANCESCO. "LE SPIRE DELLA VIPERA. ADERENTI E ADERENZE DENTRO E FUORI LO STATO VISCONTEO-SFORZESCO FRA TRE E QUATTROCENTO." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/825485.
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La tesi si propone di mettere in luce gli aspetti più caratteristici e rilevanti dei trattati di aderenza nella loro declinazione visconteo-sforzesca, con l’obiettivo di evidenziare lo sviluppo e, soprattutto, i caratteri innovativi di un legame che, destinato a perdurare nell’età moderna, offre una rinnovata chiave interpretativa dei processi genetici di una “nuova” statualità alla fine dell’età di mezzo. Vincoli elastici, flessibili e ritagliati direttamente sulle base delle contingenze in cui venivano stipulati, i trattati di aderenza (o colleganza, accomandigia, raccomandazione, …) conobbero una vasta diffusione nell’Italia bassomedievale e rinascimentale, in particolar modo dalla metà del XIV secolo, e avevano lo scopo di coordinare i principali poteri degli scacchieri italiani e le realtà minori che allignavano dentro o al di fuori degli stessi, in particolar modo i signori rurali o, in qualche caso, le comunità: riassumendo ai minimi termini, il principalis si vedeva infatti garantito sostegno militare, mentre l’adherens riceveva protezione e legittimazioni di vario tipo.
L’utilizzo che i signori – e poi i duchi – di Milano fecero di tale strumento risulta di grande interesse, in quanto Visconti prima e Sforza poi ricorsero con particolare costanza al legame sia per consolidare i processi di state-building interni allo stato, sia i processi di espansione esterni ai confini del principato. Sin dalla metà del Trecento, infatti, i signori di Milano utilizzarono frequentemente i trattati di aderenza per individuare alleati direttamente a ridosso – se non addirittura all’interno – dei territori nemici. Tale meccanismo fu particolarmente sfruttato durante l’età di Gian Galeazzo Visconti, che rese la pressione dei suoi aderenti quantomai efficace contro le potenze avversarie (in particolare Firenze) innervando di sostenitori aree strategiche come la Romagna e la Lunigiana.
Con la morte del primo duca di Milano nel 1402 il vincolo attraversò un lungo periodo di crisi, dovuto alla debolezza di Giovanni Maria Visconti, e fu solo in seguito alla sua violenta scomparsa (1412) che Filippo Maria Visconti poté ricostruire, al pari dello stato, anche la rete di aderenti, declinata dal terzo duca in senso difensivo piuttosto che offensivo. Nel momento in cui la dinastia si estinse e il ducato cadde nelle mani degli Sforza, il legame si ritrovò inserito all’interno dei delicati equilibri della Lega italica: l’aderenza divenne così un modo non più per aggredire i nemici o per difendersi, per definire e profilare la propria sfera di influenza, ormai in qualche modo “stabilizzata” e non più sottoposta a eccessivi scossoni.
Dal punto di vista nei processi di state-building, invece, il legame mantenne caratteristiche costanti nel corso del tempo: tramite le accomandigie i signori e i duchi di Milano riuscirono infatti a meglio vincolare a sé le animate famiglie signorili che punteggiavano gli spazi dello stato, in particolare in aree come il Piemonte e l’Emilia. Lì i trattati, che pure non persero le loro caratteristiche militari, rivelarono tutto il loro potenziale come elementi di coordinazione e di disciplinamento: la loro fortuna risiede proprio nelle loro caratteristiche elastiche, che se da una parte rendevano il vincolo così costruito instabile, dall’altra ne sostanziano l’effettiva modernità, e che ne garantirono la lunga durata (seppur con alterne fortune) ancora per tutto il ‘500 e oltre.The research proposes to investigate the most characteristic and relevant aspects of the treatises of adherentia under the Visconti and Sforza, with the aim of highlighting the development and, above all, the innovative characteristics of a bond which, destined to last in the modern age, offers a new interpretative key to the genetic processes of a "new" statehood at the end of the Middle Age. Those treaties were elastic, flexible and tailored directly on the basis of the contingencies in which they were stipulated, and the bonds of adherentia (or collegatio, accomandatio, recomendisia, and so on) knew a wide diffusion in medieval and renaissance Italy, especially from the middle of the 14th century: they had the aim of coordinating the main powers of the Italian chessboards and the minor realities inside or outside them, especially the rural lords or, in some cases, the communities; summing up, the principalis was guaranteed military support, while the adherens received protection and legitimations of various kinds. The use that the lords – and then the dukes – of Milan made of this instrument is of great interest, as Visconti and Sforza resorted with particular constancy to the link both to consolidate the state-building processes inside the state and the expansion processes outside the principality's borders. Since the middle of the fourteenth century, in fact, the lords of Milan frequently used treaties of adherentia to identify allies close to – or even inside – enemy territories. This mechanism was particularly exploited during the age of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, who made the pressure of his adherentes as effective as possible against the opposing powers (in particular Florence) and made strategic areas such as Romagna and Lunigiana a source of supporters. With the death of the first duke of Milan in 1402 the bond went through a long period of crisis, due to the weakness of Giovanni Maria Visconti, and it was only after his violent death (1412) that Filippo Maria Visconti was able to rebuild, like the state, the network of adherentes, which the third duke declined in a defensive rather than offensive way. When the dynasty became extinct and the Duchy fell into the hands of the Sforza, the bond found itself inserted within the delicate equilibrium of the Italic League, thus becoming a way no longer to wage war, but was rather used to define and profile the spheres of influence, now somehow "stabilised" and no longer subject to excessive shocks. From the point of view of the state-building processes, on the other hand, the bond maintained constant characteristics over time: through the accomandigie, the lords and dukes of Milan managed to better bind the restless noble families that dotted the spaces of the state, particularly in areas such as Piedmont and Emilia. There the bonds, which did not lose their military characteristics, revealed all their potential as elements of coordination and discipline: their fortune resides precisely in their elastic characteristics, which, if on the one hand made the bond so constructed unstable, on the other, substantiated its effective modernity, which guaranteed its long duration (albeit with alternating fortunes) throughout the fifteenth century and beyond.
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Pagan, David S. "Effects of UAVs on interstate relationships: a case study of U.S. relations with Pakistan and Yemen." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45918.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedIn the wake of the attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States of America embarked upon a major counter-terrorism campaign against al Qaeda and its affiliates. The conflict has involved ground combat operations in Afghanistan, as well as ancillary actions in Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia. In all of these theaters, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has increased dramatically; in recent years, armed UAVs have been used to conduct strikes in Yemen and Pakistan. The rapid growth of UAV operations shows no sign of slowing, and the implications of their use need to be continually examined if the United States wishes to achieve its policy objectives in Pakistan and Yemen. Comparing these cases will help bring together knowledge gained in studying each case separately. This thesis investigates how the use of UAVs as part of the counter-terrorism campaigns in Yemen and Pakistan has affected U.S. relations with those countries and whether the current arrangements are the best policies to combat terrorism in these countries.
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Dannenberg, Gesa. "Protection internationale des droits de l'homme et responsabilité de l'Etat devant la Cour internationale de justice." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020040.
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L’augmentation des moyens relatifs aux droits de l’homme devant la Cour internationale de Justice pose la question de la forme juridique que prend leur application dans le cadre d’un contentieux de la responsabilité interétatique et généraliste. La procédure de la Cour, conçue en vue de la défense d’intérêts étatiques subjectifs, paraît impropre à tenir compte des relations juridiques complexes dans lesquelles s’établit la responsabilité de l’Etat pour violation des droits de l’homme « internationalement garantis », et se limitant aux rapports de responsabilité bilatéraux entre les Etats parties au différend. Pourtant, au lieu de penser les liens juridiques en cause en fonction des seuls Etats parties au litige et dans des termes d’extériorité de l’individu, la Cour raisonne dans une logique de corrélation. Des relations tripartites émergent entre l’Etat auteur de la violation, les autres Etats également créanciers et débiteurs des obligations, et l’individu titulaire de droits. Mais alors qu’elle est prête à préciser ces relations juridiques, voire à les conceptualiser, la Cour n’en dénature pas pour autant sa fonction juridictionnelle traditionnelle. L’individu est certes pris en compte dans l’engagement de la responsabilité entre Etats : il n’en reste pas moins marginalisé au stade de la mise en oeuvre proprement dite de la responsabilité, mise en oeuvre centrée sur l’Etat et définie par le droit international public. Cette conception particulière de la responsabilité de l’Etat pour violation des droits de l’homme souligne que celle-ci ne saurait être réduite à la relation entre l’individu et l’Etat, dont les autres Etats ne seraient au mieux que les garants désintéressés, mais qu’elle détermine aussi et directement les rapports entre EtatsThe increasing number of human rights based claims before the International Court of Justice raises the question of their implementation in the framework of generalist and interstate litigation. The procedure of the Court has been thought and conceived for the defense of subjective interests of States. Therefore, the Court seems unable to take into account the complex legal relationships in which lies State responsibility for “internationally guaranteed human rights” violations and its scope, limited to bilateral responsibility amongst State parties. But, instead of conceiving the legal connections in dispute as to the only State parties or as external to the individual, the Court endorses a correlation approach. Tripartite relations emerge between the State perpetrator of the human rights violation, other States which are equally creditor and bearer of the obligations infringed and the individual who holds the rights. However although the Court is ready to clarify or even conceptualize the legal relationships involved, it does not distort its traditional judicial function. While the individual is taken into account in the incurrence of State responsibility it is nevertheless marginalized in its implementation, which continues to be centered on the State and defined by public international law. This particular conception of State responsibility for human rights violations underlines that it cannot be reduced to the relation between the individual and the State, for which other selfless States would stand guarantor as the most, but that it also and directly determines interstate relations
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Makoti, Mogerwa Zacharia. "Intergovernmental disputes between the provincial and local governments in South Africa : impediments to good governance and socio-economic development." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2552.
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Thesis (LLM. (Development and Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017This mini-dissertation looks into the relationship between the different spheres or organs of the state, which is elaborately provided for in Chapter 3 of the Constitution. In particular, this mini-dissertation scrutinizes the propriety of the relationship between provincial and local government, using case law to analyze and examine conflicts within the organs of government. The critical question that is posed is whether the mechanisms provided for in the Constitution and legislation are working appropriately to foster cooperation between the spheres of government or whether they are inadequate to address these challenges. An argument that this mini-dissertation raises is that, in spite of the laws that have been put in place to resolve conflict within the state organs, the mechanisms provided for are inadequate and need to be strengthened if there is going to be proper and better cooperation between the spheres of government. The gap is more glaring in cases involving intervention by provincial governments into the functional terrain of local government. It has been observed that there is lack of willpower from the different role players to ensure the improvement of intergovernmental relations and cooperation as espoused by the Constitution. A comparative analysis was done, hence the mini-dissertation utilises the jurisprudence of the United Kingdom and Canada and draws useful lessons for South Africa. This paper therefore concludes that there is a need for legislative reform that will compel organs of government to avoid costly litigation against one another. It is recommended, also, that there should be effective inter-sphere communication so as to make plain the expectations of one sphere over another.
Books on the topic "Interstate relationship"
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A review of the relationship between a Department of Homeland Security and the intelligence community: Hearings before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session, June 26 and 27, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.
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New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Committee on State Government and Federal and Interstate Relations Committee. Public hearing before Senate State Government and Federal and Interstate Relations Committee to examine the mission and goals of the New Jersey State Council on the Arts, the council's relationship to the Department of State, and compliance with legislative intent: March 21, 1991, Room 410, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Commitee, 1991.
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Khoo, Nicholas. Interstate Rivalry in East Asia. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.30.
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It is difficult to overstate the importance of East Asia to U.S. national security policy. East Asia was an important venue of contestation for the United States during World War II and the Cold War. Presently, the United States has multiple regional alliances and partnerships and is deeply integrated with the region’s political economy. The region is also the site of a number of critical interstate rivalries that directly impinge on U.S. interests. This chapter evaluates the literature on the U.S.-China relationship and territorial disputes in the South China Sea and East China Sea. This chapter contends that neorealist theory offers a particularly illuminating lens in which to understand interstate rivalry in East Asia.
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Government, U. S. Gangs and Crime in America: Defining Mara Salvatrucha's Texas Network, MS-13 Gang History of Violence, Cartels, Interstate Corridors, Significant Threat to Public Security, Relationship to Zetas. Independently Published, 2017.
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Banu, Roxana. Legitimacy and Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819844.003.0007.
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This chapter provides an analysis of state-centered and individualistic theories of legitimacy in PrIL and distinguishes them from the relational internationalist perspective. It shows that state-centered theories determined the legitimacy of applying one law or another within interstate relationships. Individualistic theories linked the legitimacy of the applicable law to particular dimensions of political affiliation. By contrast, this chapter shows how relational internationalist authors envisioned different dimensions of legitimacy from both the state-centered and the individualistic positions, by focusing on an interpersonal relationship, as opposed to an isolated individual, and on private law, as opposed to constitutional or public law generally. According to the relational internationalist perspective, the legitimacy of imposing one law over another is justified on different grounds, including by reference to the actions of the parties, their expectations, the values underlying private law relationships, and the embeddedness of a legal relationship within one or several communities.
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Pertile, Marco. The Changing Environment and Emerging Resource Conflicts. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0051.
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This chapter examines the role of natural resources such as water, hydrocarbons, and diamonds in international armed conflicts within the framework of international law, as well as the legal regulation of the jus ad bellum aspects of the issue. After outlining some of the international rules relevant to the relationship between natural resources and conflicts, the chapter considers the rules pertaining to the jus ad bellum and assesses the interstate aspects of resource conflicts, paying particular attention to the legal framework for the use of force in international relations. It then looks at the role of sovereignty in the allocation of natural resources among states, the interaction between jus ad bellum and jus in bello with respect to the exploitation of natural resources in occupied territories, , and the effect on transactions in natural resources of the duty of non-recognition of unlawful territorial situations. Finally, it describes the initiatives of the United Nations in addressing the issue of natural resources and their relation to interstate conflicts.
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Hernández, Gleider I. Sources and the Systematicity of International Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0029.
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This chapter illuminates the role that sources doctrine plays in construing international law as a system. It frames international law’s systemic qualities within the recursive relationship between sources doctrine and debates over international law’s systematicity. Sources doctrine reinforces and buttresses international law’s claim to constitute a legal system; and the legal system demands and requires that legal sources exist within it. International law’s systematicity and the doctrine of international legal sources exist in a mutually constitutive relationship, and cannot exist without one another. This recursive relationship privileges unity, coherence, and the existence of a unifying inner logic which transcends mere interstate relations and constitutes a legal structure. In this respect, the social practices of those officials who are part of the institutional workings of the system, and especially those with a law-applying function, are of heightened relevance in conceiving of international law as a system.
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Bechtel, Bettie Ann. Relationships among rainfall, soil moisture, and landslides along Interstate 275, Hamilton County, Ohio. 1994.
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Klabbers, Jan. Intervention, Armed Intervention, Armed Attack, Threat to Peace, Act of Aggression, and Threat or Use of Force. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0023.
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This chapter examines the international law on the use of force and related terms such as intervention, armed intervention, armed attack, threat to peace, act of aggression, and threat of force. It considers the different ways in which the use of force can be classified and explains why this occurs. The discussion begins by analysing the variety of terms used in the UN Charter and other security arrangements. It then looks at the relevant practice of states when concluding agreements on the use of force, as well as the practice of the UN Security Council and the International Court of Justice when dealing with interstate conflicts. The chapter concludes by evaluating the relationship between language and law with respect to the use of force.
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Alexandrowicz, C. H. ‘Jus Gentium’ and the Law of Nature in Asia (1956). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198766070.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the development of the law of nations in Asia. China, for instance, developed their own notions of inter-state law and practice with a strong emphasis on the institution of vassal states who acknowledged the supreme authority of the imperial suzerain. There seems to have been legal equality among these mutually independent states in the Chinese Commonwealth. Diplomatic intercourse was well known and envoys enjoyed immunity, though to a lesser degree than in the West. In India, the relations between rulers led to the development of principles of an international or quasi-international character. Kautilya’s Arthashastra bears witness to the existence of a well-defined set of rules which prevailed in the various ‘circles’ of states. Interstate law in India knew humanitarian rules of warfare, the inviolability of envoys, the vassal–suzerain relationship, and principles relating to maritime intercourse.
Book chapters on the topic "Interstate relationship"
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Deudney, Daniel. "The Mirage of Eco-War: The Weak Relationship among Global Environmental Change, National Security and Interstate Violence." In Global Environmental Change and International Relations, 169–91. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21816-5_9.
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Kunz, Raffaela. "Teaching the World Court Makes a Bad Case: Revisiting the Relationship Between Domestic Courts and the ICJ." In Remedies against Immunity?, 259–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_14.
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AbstractSentenza 238/2014 once more highlights the important role domestic courts play in international law. More than prior examples, it illustrates the ever more autonomous and self-confident stance of domestic courts on the international plane. But the ruling of the Italian Constitutional Court (ItCC) also shows that more engagement with international law does not necessarily mean that domestic courts enhance the effectiveness of international law and become ‘compliance partners’ of international courts. Sentenza 238/2014 suggests that domestic courts, in times of global governance and increased activity of international courts, see the role they play at the intersection of legal orders also as ‘gate-keepers’, ready to cushion the domestic impact of international law if deemed necessary. The judgment of the ItCC thus offers a new opportunity to examine the multifaceted and complex role of these important actors that apply and shape international law, while always remaining bound by domestic (constitutional) law. This chapter does so by exploring how domestic courts deal with rulings of the World Court. It shows that despite the fact that in numerous situations domestic courts could act as compliance partners of the International Court of Justice, in reality, more often than not, they have refused to do so, arguing that its judgments are not self-executing and thus deferring the implementation to the political branches. Assessing this practice, the chapter argues that domestic courts should take a more active stance and overcome the purely interstate view that seems at odds with present-day international law. While it seems too far-reaching to expect domestic courts to follow international courts unconditionally, the chapter cautions that there is a considerable risk of setting dangerous precedents by openly defying international judgments. Domestic courts should carefully balance the different interests at stake, namely an effective system of international adjudication on the one hand and the protection of fundamental domestic principles on the other hand. The chapter finds that the ItCC’s attempt to reintroduce clear boundaries between legal orders lacks the openness and flexibility needed to effectively cope with today’s complex and plural legal reality.
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Glasgow, Derek. "Exploring Federalism and Interstate Relationships in the Classroom." In Simulations in the Political Science Classroom, 77–95. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003144106-8.
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Fazal, Tanisha M. "Peace Treaties in Interstate War." In Wars of Law, 131–60. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501719813.003.0006.
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This chapter investigates the declining use of peace treaties to conclude interstate war. The main argument of the chapter is that states have reacted to the proliferation of the laws of war by evading the formalities of war, including the use of peace treaties to end wars. The chapter’s findings support this argument, as well as extensions including the hypothesis that states that violate the laws of war during conflict are especially unlikely to conclude peace treaties. The chapter ends with a discussion of the relationship between declarations of war and peace treaties in interstate war, and finds that the use of these two formalities is highly correlated.
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Zagare, Frank C. "A General Explanation of the Cuban Missile Crisis." In Game Theory, Diplomatic History and Security Studies, 83–98. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831587.003.0006.
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This chapter develops a new explanation of the Cuban missile crisis, from a general escalation model of interstate conflict. Specifically, the equilibrium structure of the Asymmetric Escalation Game with incomplete information is used to explain the initiation, development, and resolution of the crisis. This model brings with it a clear set of theoretical expectations about the conditions under which a limited conflict can occur. It also explains why intense interstate disputes occur and, if and when they do, they are successfully resolved (or not). Answers to all three of the foundational questions traditionally associated with the crisis are derived from an examination of the model’s strategic dynamic. The model’s applicability to the strategic relationship of the United States and North Korea is also discussed.
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Renshon, Jonathan. "Status Deficits and War." In Fighting for Status. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174501.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the relationship between status deficits and international conflict using empirical evidence drawn from a large-N statistical analysis of the link between status dissatisfaction and war at several degrees of intensity (ranging from crises to interstate conflict). It first considers whether conflict serves as a status-altering event before discussing the connection of status deficits to initiation of war and militarized interstate disputes. It also presents unique data on which comparisons are most salient in motivating international conflict (for example, who powerful states compare themselves to, or whether South Africa and the United States are likely to compare themselves to similar groups of countries. The chapter shows that the types of comparisons that are made—who the “reference groups” are—have important implications for how status concerns are manifested in international politics.
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Morgan, Patrick M. "The Past and Future of Deterrence Theory." In Cross-Domain Deterrence, 50–65. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190908645.003.0003.
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Renewed interest in deterrence today has been stimulated by the way recent efforts to sustain security and stability in international politics have often been unevenly successful or not successful at all. Efforts to deter, contain, and end conflict—whether terrorism, intrastate ethnic, religious and political fighting, and interstate fighting—have frequently run into difficulty. There is serious disarray in the East-West deterrence relationship once again, after a brief Cold War hiatus, with disturbing possibilities of outright conflict now being openly discussed among analysts and observers. Part of the reason that deterrence is so challenged today is that the very concept of deterrence—including cross-domain deterrence—has become seriously overstretched to apply to far more than it reasonably can, or should.
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Adraoui, Mohamed-Ali. "The Islamists and International Relations: A Dialectical Relationship?" In The Foreign Policy of Islamist Political Parties, 1–19. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474426640.003.0001.
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Islamism now dates back a hundred years. Concern over members of this political and religious movement relates to their putative and potential radical - or even violent – behavior when confronted with cultural otherness. Such behavior takes root in their assumed wish to redesign the world in their image. From its inception in the 1920s to its more recent manifestations, the Islamist movement strove to lift Muslim societies out of their alleged civilizational lethargy. In so-doing, it has paid substantial attention to the state of international affairs, as well as to potential ways to act on it. If the State remains undeniably Islamist movements’ privileged arena for action, considerations for Muslim countries’ environment; devising strategies aiming at the completion of a “motherland of believers” (al-oumma); thoughts on an interstate order within an Islamic frame of reference - remain prominent concerns to them. From its outset, Islamism has always insisted on the duty to serve religion as a whole - and thus everyone identifying with it. Its end goal therefore overrides geographical, historical and political borders – those being perceived as divisive and weakening the face of Islam. In addition, Islamists consider the current international order as one consciously designed by non-Muslims. In such views, the latter nurse an ontological enmity towards Islam because of its revisionist potential. The Arab revolutions initiated in 2010 have been experimental fields of the oppositional – even revolutionary – dimensions of Islamist ideology. These enable interrogations to be raised on Islamism’s practice and possible evolutions. In other words, how do Islamist movements translate fundamental diplomatic and relational principles into practice with other actors of the international system? If Islamist forces are indeed maintaining special relationships with the outside world mainly driven by the wish to shower the planet with Islam-serving behavior, is it however analytically relevant to identify a specific Islamist practice of international affairs? There are two objectives tied to this presentation. First, it will attempt to shed light on how Islamist activists, leaders and theorists view the world. In so-doing, Islamist speeches and intellectual output will be scrutinized. Then, answers will be provided to the following question: when Islamist officials have had the chance to approach national decision-making arenas - this is the case in some countries that have experienced the Arab Spring – how did they manage to put up a foreign policy agenda centered around an Islamic framework? This question is central for through it one can attempt to measure the empirical outreach of the Islamist ideology.
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Tsygankov, Andrei P. "Values and Media in US-Russia Relations." In The Dark Double, 1–16. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190919337.003.0001.
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The chapter introduces the topic of the US-Russia relationship for understanding the role of values and media in cooperation and conflict between nations. These relations reflect nationwide beliefs as accentuated and radicalized by different media systems. Western nations have built competitive political systems with checks and balances and popular elections of public officials, whereas many non-Western societies, including Russia, have relied on a highly centralized authority of the executive. Over the last thirty years, US-Russia relations in the realm of values went full circle from confrontation between “communism” and “capitalism” under the Cold War to convergence, growing divergence, and then a return to confrontation that a number of observers view as a new cold war. These changes should be explained by the media’s ethnocentrism and interstate tensions that were construed by the media as challenging dominant national values.
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Glas, Aarie. "Practicing Peace in South America." In Practicing Peace, 140–96. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197633229.003.0005.
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Abstract This chapter mirrors the structure of chapter 4 to examine the conflictual peace of South America. It begins with a discussion of the South American region before examining the history of cooperation and conflict here. This survey highlights the role of state power, regional norms, and organizations. The second section showcases the existence of a distinctive South American habitual disposition, paying particular attention to the relationship between diplomatic practice and regional governance norms. The third section examines the effect of the region’s diplomatic habitual disposition. This is done first by reference to the habitual disposition’s robustness for regional practitioners themselves, and then by tracing the effects of the habitual disposition on the management of the long-standing Cenepa dispute between Ecuador and Peru. The chapter finds that a distinctive habitual disposition shapes South American conflict management and regionalism, making possible the coexistence of institutionalized cooperation alongside persistent militarized interstate violence.
Conference papers on the topic "Interstate relationship"
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DuBoff, Scott M. "Alternative Financing for Enhanced Environmental Protection: The Intersection of Waste-to-Energy Technology and Solid Waste Flow Control Authority." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2343.
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When local governments evaluate the environmental benefits and costs of alternatives for managing non-recyclable municipal solid waste, the relative costs of modern waste-to-energy (WTE) technology can be a significant stumbling block despite WTE technology’s environmental benefits. Although the preceding point is an important economic reality that has constrained WTE development in the United States, fortunately there is a highly effective means — the use of municipal solid waste “flow control” (or “facility designation”) authority — to overcome WTE’s perceived cost disadvantage. The relationship between flow control and WTE development, including significant encouragement for use of flow control as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent decision in United Haulers Association v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority, 127 S.Ct. 1786 (2007), is the focus of this paper, which will address the following topics: Policy Basis for Flow Control — Absent government intervention, management of municipal solid waste will seek the lowest cost (i.e., short-term cost) and frequently less environmentally protective alternatives. Flow control can counter the tendency to choose alternatives with lower short-term costs and at the same time facilitate implementation of the environmentally-preferable waste management alternatives a local government selects, such as WTE technology and other aspects of “integrated waste management.” Flow Control and the Courts — While the authority of a given local government to use flow control is grounded in state law, flow control also implicates matters that arise under federal law, such as Commerce Clause issues, given the possibility that solid waste regulation in one state can affect commercial interests in solid waste management in another state. Although concerns regarding claims of impact on interstate commerce prompted a negative Supreme Court response to flow control in C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, 511 U.S. 383 (1994), the Court’s decision 13 years later in the Oneida-Herkimer case was in many ways just the opposite. WTE’s Correlation with Flow Control and Practical Guideposts — WTE development can be significantly advanced by the use of flow control. That conclusion is borne out by empirical data. The concluding portion of this paper addresses that topic as well as corollary issues, such as public-private collaboration for WTE development and other practical guideposts for implementing flow control ordinances.
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MITRITA, Marcela, Ovidiu BUZOIANU, Amelia DIACONU, and Ionut Victor RATEZANU. "Analysis of the Relationship of Productivity between the Public Sector and the INTERSTAT." In The 14th Economic International Conference: Strategies and Development Policies of Territories: International, Country, Region, City, Location Challenges, May 10-11, 2018, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc.61.
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Wang, Ting, and Jobaidur R. Khan. "Overspray and Interstage Fog Cooling in Compressor Using Stage-Stacking Scheme: Part 2—Case Study." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50323.
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A stage-by-stage wet-compression theory and algorithm have been developed for overspray and interstage fogging in the compressor. This theory and algorithm are used to calculate the performance of an 8-stage compressor under both dry and wet compressions. A 2D compressor airfoil geometry and stage setting at the mean radius are employed. Six different cases with and without overspray have been investigated and compared. The stage pressure ratio enhances during all fogging cases as does the overall pressure ratio, with saturated fogging (no overspray) achieving the highest pressure ratio. Saturated fogging reduces specific compressor work, but increases the total compressor power due to increased mass flow rate. The results of overspray and interstage spray unexpectedly show that both the specific and overall compressor power do not reduce but actually increase. Analysis shows this increased power is contributed by increased pressure ratio and, for interstage overspray, “recompression” contributes to more power consumption. Also it is unexpected to see that air density actually decreases, instead of increases, inside the compressor with overspray. Analysis shows that overspray induces an excessive reduction of temperature that leads to an appreciable reduction of pressure, so the increment of density due to reduced temperature is less than decrement of air density affected by reduced pressure as air follows the polytropic relationship. In contrast, saturated fogging results in increased density as expected. After the interstage spray, the local blade loading immediately showed a significantly increase. Fogging increases axial velocity, flow coefficient, blade inlet velocity, incidence angle, and tangential component of velocity. The analysis also assesses the use of an average shape factor in the generalized compressor stage performance curve when the compressor stage information and performance map are not available. The result indicates that using a constant shape factor might not be adequate because the compressor performance map may have changed with wet compression. The results of non-stage-stacking simulation are shown to underpredict the compressor power by about 6% and net GT output by about 2% in the studied cases.
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Grahovac, Dijana, and Biljana Rađenović-Kozić. "THE IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS CULTURE FOR INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS." In Sixth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2020.301.
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In modern, global economic relations, interstate borders are minorized by the strong influence of economic interest. National business is becoming almost negligible because modern economic activities are, in most areas, within the framework of international business. Knowledge of the elements of culture in international business has become increasingly important, and it's reflected in the fact that it is necessary to know and respect the rules of the manner of business entities in certain cultures, which is both theoretically and practically confirmed as the only path that permanently provides long-term stability and successful business development in an international framework. For successful business cooperation with foreign partners, it is necessary to know their culture and how to adapt to it. Empirical researches in this area emphasize that depending on the culture business entities belong to, there are different business goals, relationships, different ways of business negotiation, business culture itself, and the values that come from it. Knowing and respecting diversity affects understanding and attitudes to (potential) business partners, which is the first step of business cooperation, and therefore has a significant impact on achieving positive results in negotiations in international business.
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Lima Ferreira, Claudio, Evandro Ziggiatti Monteiro, and Rachel Zuanon. "Affective and pleasurable homeodynamic environments and products: preventive and restorative design for human homeostasis, health and well-being." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.125.
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The concept of “Homeodynamic Environments and Products” is proposed to understand the environment-product-human organism relationship from the inseparable connection between body, mind and spirituality. This concept is coined by the co-founders of the DASMind – UNICAMP [iar.unicamp.br/dasmind]. Three pillars guide the applications of the “Homeodynamic Environments and Products” concept: [1] “Homeodynamic Architectural Environments,” preventive and/or restorative, relate to applying the concept to the study, planning, design and construction of architectural environments. This pillar aims to analyze and understand the user’s environments, whether residential, educational, cultural, corporate, commercial, among others, in the body, mind, spirituality relationship. Whether in the design or physical sphere, it reveals the cooperation between the architectural elements and the human organism to restore the body’s homeodynamic balance, aiming at its health and well-being. Associated with smart biointerfaces (ZUANON, 2013-2020), this pillar also evaluates and verifies the level of homeodynamic quality of environments in their various purposes: care; cure; labor; exchange of knowledge; leisure; among others. Based on the evaluation, it proposes design solutions conducive to the inner balance of its users, aligned with the purpose of each environment. [2] “Homeodynamic Urban Environments” are supported by urban fabrics, although they do not necessarily represent a simple change of scale, from the architectural scale to the urban scale. In other words, reflecting on the relationships that aim to promo or restore the health and well-being of individuals, as inhabitants or users of the city, in many cases relates to the actual scale of urban design, to the interstice of buildings, to green areas, to small squares and other open urban environments (ZUANON et al., 2020). Moreover, this pillar signals a throwback to classic urban planners who were pioneers in focusing on spatial perception and the relationships of territoriality, privacy, personalization and crowding (MONTEIRO and TURCZYN, 2018). The various humanization studies also provide valuable groundwork for “Homeodynamic Urban Environments,” which, alongside smart biointerfaces (ZUANON, 2013-2020), transfer important contributions to design and the implementation of healthy cities. [3] “Homeodynamic Products,” whether preventive and/or restorative, relate to the study, design and development of physical, digital and/or physical-digital products capable of “feeling” and “reacting” in real time and empathically to the neuropsychophysiological condition of their users, without interrupting the performance of their routine activities. This pillar operates in deep convergence with smart biointerfaces. In this sense, it correlates contributions from affective computing, cognitive computing, computer vision and wearable computing with the transdisciplinary and complex framework of its concept (ZUANON, 2013-2020). In this intimate connection with the human organism, homeodynamic products provide access to and interaction with the neurobiological scale of affects, emotions and feelings, during different experiences centered on the human being, whether in architectural or urban environments. Furthermore, they enable a consistent interpretation of the body’s overall conditions in response to the somatosensory and sensorimotor stimuli produced by those environments.Thus, in establishing a direct relationship with the human organism, “Homeodynamic Environments and Products,” whether preventive and/or restorative, in their architectural, urban and object scales, prove to be greatly relevant to life regulation and survival, in both current and future social contexts.
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Stuart, Charles, Stephen Spence, Dietmar Filsinger, Andre Starke, and Sung In Kim. "A Three-Zone Modelling Approach for Centrifugal Compressor Slip Factor Prediction." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75324.
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Accurate estimation of slip factor is of paramount importance to ensure centrifugal compressor work input is adequately predicted during the preliminary design process. However, variations in the flow field at impeller exit in both the pitchwise and spanwise directions complicate the evaluation procedure considerably. With the increasing implementation of engine downsizing technologies in the automotive sector, achieving a wide operating range has become a factor of prime importance for centrifugal compressors used in automotive turbocharging applications. As a result of the design features required to achieve this aim, modern impeller geometries have been shown to exhibit an approximately parabolic variation in slip factor across their respective operating maps. By comparison, traditional slip correlations typically exhibit a constant, or at best monotonic, relationship between slip factor and impeller exit flow coefficient. It is this lack of modelling fidelity which the current work seeks to address. In order to tackle these shortcomings, it is proposed that the impeller exit flow should be considered as being made up of three distinct regions; a region of recirculation next to the shroud providing aerodynamic blockage to the stage active flow, and a pitchwise subdivision of the active flow region into jet and wake components. It is illustrated that this hybrid approach in considering both spanwise and pitchwise stratification of the flow permits a better representation of slip factor to be achieved across the operating map. The factors influencing the relative extent of each of these three distinct regions of flow are numerous, requiring detailed investigations to successfully understand their sources and to characterise their extent. A combination of 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) data and gas stand test data for six automotive turbocharger compressor stages was employed to achieve this aim. Through application of the extensive interstage static pressure data gathered during gas stand testing at Queen’s University Belfast, the results from the 3-D CFD models were validated, thus permitting a more in-depth evaluation of the flow field in terms of locations and parameters that could not easily be measured under gas stand test conditions. Building on previous knowledge gained about the variation in shroud side recirculation with geometry and operating condition, the characteristic jet/wake flow structure emanating from the active flow region of the impeller was represented in terms of area and mass flow components. This knowledge allowed individual slip factor values for the jet and wake to be calculated and combined to give an accurate passage average value which exhibited the distinctive nonlinear variation in slip across the operating map which is frequently absent from existing modelling methods. Fundamental considerations of the flow phenomena in each region provided explanation of the results, and permitted a modelling approach to be derived to replicate the trends observed in both the experimental data and the CFD simulations.
Reports on the topic "Interstate relationship"
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Semotiuk, Orest. RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN MILITARY CONFLICT: TERMINOLOGICAL AND DISCURSIVE DIMENSIONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11399.
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The paper is devoted to terminological, typological and discursive dimension of concepts describing modern conflicts. Historical development of concept “war” is retraced including four generations of warfare. Difficulties in establishing a methodological framework for analyzing the media coverage of military conflicts are analyzed and an interdisciplinary approach to the media coverage of military conflicts is proposed. This enables the integration of different theories - international relations, conflict studies, political communication and journalism. Two dimensions of the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict (physical and discursive) are desribed. In the physical dimension, the conflict is localized. The discursive dimension of the conflict is implemented at the global, interstate (Russian-Ukrainian) and local (intra-Ukrainian) levels. Discursive understanding of the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict was investigated on local level. The object of analysis was coverage of the conflict in 4 Ukrainian online news portals. The need of new methodological approaches to analysis of the relationship between the media and security issues is emphasized.
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Avis, William. Ukraine Crisis and Climate and Environment Commitments. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.047.
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This rapid literature review collates available literature on the impact of the Ukraine crisis on international climate and environment commitments and considerations. The review draws on a range of sources predominantly blogs, opinion pieces and snap analyses. Given the nature of the conflict, its myriad impacts and uncertain end point, this report should be reviewed with a degree of caution. As the analysis draws heavily on opinion pieces and snap analyses, these will likely be outdated relatively quickly, and some assumptions shown to be flawed. Similarly, as events evolve, some analysis will become redundant. The impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on international climate and environment commitments and considerations will be complex and multifaceted and likely to evolve over time, key themes emerging in this report are as follows: Strategic cooperation or competition of states towards climate-related goals has long been anticipated to drive global political developments in the coming century. The nature of these volatile relationships has a determining factor on the scale, speed and final form of the transition to net zero, impacting politically, environmentally and economically. Climate change is not an isolated area of strategic concern; rather it should be understood as a pervasive condition with implications for most other areas of interstate competition and cooperation, from global trade to regulatory standards. In this sense, actors have climate-related incentives and imperatives to either cooperate or compete according to specific issue areas such as the economy or national security.