Journal articles on the topic 'Interspecific cooperation'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Interspecific cooperation.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Interspecific cooperation.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Stejskal, J., J. Kobliha, and J. Frampton. "Results of Czech-American cooperation in interspecific fir hybridization in 2008 and 2009." Journal of Forest Science 57, No. 3 (March 21, 2011): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/80/2010-jfs.
Full textAbstract:
This Czech-American research collaboration is investigating interspecific hybridization among various fir species produced via control pollination. Its aim is the development of newly bred material for specific needs of Christmas tree production. The specific target of the breeding is increased growth rate, development of resistance to diseases, insect pests, and limiting environmental conditions (e.g. drought). Experimentation follows a traditional hybridization program of the Czech department focusing on the genus Abies and a long-term breeding program of the American department aimed at Christmas tree production. For hybridization, mainly Mediterranean fir species are used together with American species (especially Abies fraseri) and other species (e.g. Abies koreana). Generally overcoming 5% of viable seeds in the sample can be considered a success. Only few of our hybrid combinations have complied with this condition so far. In 2008 the hybrid combination CZ1 × NC73 brought 16% of viable seeds. In 2009 the most successful hybrid combination CZ1 × FF81 brought 6% of viable seeds. These crossing experiments will initially be followed by Phytophthora cinnamomi resistance screening trials.
2
Harrison, Freya, Jon Paul, Ruth C. Massey, and Angus Buckling. "Interspecific competition and siderophore-mediated cooperation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa." ISME Journal 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2007): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2007.96.
Full text
3
Wang, Rui-Wu, Bao-Fa Sun, Qi Zheng, Lei Shi, and Lixing Zhu. "Asymmetric interaction and indeterminate fitness correlation between cooperative partners in the fig–fig wasp mutualism." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 8, no. 63 (April 13, 2011): 1487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0063.
Full textAbstract:
Empirical observations have shown that cooperative partners can compete for common resources, but what factors determine whether partners cooperate or compete remain unclear. Using the reciprocal fig–fig wasp mutualism, we show that nonlinear amplification of interference competition between fig wasps—which limits the fig wasps' ability to use a common resource (i.e. female flowers)—keeps the common resource unsaturated, making cooperation locally stable. When interference competition was manually prevented, the fitness correlation between figs and fig wasps went from positive to negative. This indicates that genetic relatedness or reciprocal exchange between cooperative players, which could create spatial heterogeneity or self-restraint, was not sufficient to maintain stable cooperation. Moreover, our analysis of field-collected data shows that the fitness correlation between cooperative partners varies stochastically, and that the mainly positive fitness correlation observed during the warm season shifts to a negative correlation during the cold season owing to an increase in the initial oviposition efficiency of each fig wasp. This implies that the discriminative sanction of less-cooperative wasps (i.e. by decreasing the egg deposition efficiency per fig wasp) but reward to cooperative wasps by fig, a control of the initial value, will facilitate a stable mutualism. Our finding that asymmetric interaction leading to an indeterminate fitness interaction between symbiont (i.e. cooperative actors) and host (i.e. recipient) has the potential to explain why conflict has been empirically observed in both well-documented intraspecific and interspecific cooperation systems.
4
Fort, Hugo. "Combining niche and game theories to address interspecific cooperation in ecological communities." Community Ecology 21, no. 1 (April 2020): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42974-020-00006-7.
Full text
5
Kobliha, J., and J. Stejskal. "Recent fir hybridization research in the light of Czech-American cooperation." Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 4 (March 25, 2009): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/114/2008-jfs.
Full textAbstract:
The project is based on control pollination of different fir species in the sense of interspecific hybridization. The aim of this procedure is a new bred material for specific needs of forestry and Christmas tree production. Concrete breeding aims are represented in this sense by resistance to limiting environmental conditions (e.g. drought) and by resistance to diseases and pests. The experiment follows a traditional hybridization program of the department focused on the genus <I>Abies</I> and recently it has been extended by the Czech-U.S. cooperation (North Carolina State University Raleigh). For hybridization mainly Mediterranean fir species are used together with Asian species (e.g. <I>Abies koreana</I>) and of course American species (above all <I>Abies fraseri</I>). Hybridizations will be followed by <I>Phytophthora cinnamomi</I> screenings that have high priority. Hybrid progenies will undergo early testing and their vegetative propagation for cloning purposes is being considered.
6
Trumbo, Stephen T. "Interspecific Competition, Brood Parasitism, and the Evolution of Biparental Cooperation in Burying Beetles." Oikos 69, no. 2 (March 1994): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546144.
Full text
7
Zhong, Sheng, Meiling Liu, Zhijuan Wang, Qingpei Huang, Saiying Hou, Yong-Chao Xu, Zengxiang Ge, et al. "Cysteine-rich peptides promote interspecific genetic isolation in Arabidopsis." Science 364, no. 6443 (May 30, 2019): eaau9564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau9564.
Full textAbstract:
Reproductive isolation is a prerequisite for speciation. Failure of communication between female tissues of the pistil and paternal pollen tubes imposes hybridization barriers in flowering plants. Arabidopsis thaliana LURE1 (AtLURE1) peptides and their male receptor PRK6 aid attraction of the growing pollen tube to the ovule. Here, we report that the knockout of the entire AtLURE1 gene family did not affect fertility, indicating that AtLURE1-PRK6–mediated signaling is not required for successful fertilization within one Arabidopsis species. AtLURE1s instead function as pollen tube emergence accelerators that favor conspecific pollen over pollen from other species and thus promote reproductive isolation. We also identified maternal peptides XIUQIU1 to -4, which attract pollen tubes regardless of species. Cooperation between ovule attraction and pollen tube growth acceleration favors conspecific fertilization and promotes reproductive isolation.
8
Brosnan, Sarah F., Lucie Salwiczek, and Redouan Bshary. "The interplay of cognition and cooperation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1553 (September 12, 2010): 2699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0154.
Full textAbstract:
Cooperation often involves behaviours that reduce immediate payoffs for actors. Delayed benefits have often been argued to pose problems for the evolution of cooperation because learning such contingencies may be difficult as partners may cheat in return. Therefore, the ability to achieve stable cooperation has often been linked to a species' cognitive abilities, which is in turn linked to the evolution of increasingly complex central nervous systems. However, in their famous 1981 paper, Axelrod and Hamilton stated that in principle even bacteria could play a tit-for-tat strategy in an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. While to our knowledge this has not been documented, interspecific mutualisms are present in bacteria, plants and fungi. Moreover, many species which have evolved large brains in complex social environments lack convincing evidence in favour of reciprocity. What conditions must be fulfilled so that organisms with little to no brainpower, including plants and single-celled organisms, can, on average, gain benefits from interactions with partner species? On the other hand, what conditions favour the evolution of large brains and flexible behaviour, which includes the use of misinformation and so on? These questions are critical, as they begin to address why cognitive complexity would emerge when ‘simple’ cooperation is clearly sufficient in some cases. This paper spans the literature from bacteria to humans in our search for the key variables that link cooperation and deception to cognition.
9
Verbruggen, Erik, Claire El Mouden, Jan Jansa, Geert Akkermans, Heike Bücking, Stuart A. West, and E. Toby Kiers. "Spatial Structure and Interspecific Cooperation: Theory and an Empirical Test Using the Mycorrhizal Mutualism." American Naturalist 179, no. 5 (May 2012): E133—E146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/665032.
Full text
10
O'Brien, Siobhán, Antonio M. M. Rodrigues, and Angus Buckling. "The evolution of bacterial mutation rates under simultaneous selection by interspecific and social parasitism." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1773 (December 22, 2013): 20131913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1913.
Full textAbstract:
Many bacterial populations harbour substantial numbers of hypermutable bacteria, in spite of hypermutation being associated with deleterious mutations. One reason for the persistence of hypermutators is the provision of novel mutations, enabling rapid adaptation to continually changing environments, for example coevolving virulent parasites. However, hypermutation also increases the rate at which intraspecific parasites (social cheats) are generated. Interspecific and intraspecific parasitism are therefore likely to impose conflicting selection pressure on mutation rate. Here, we combine theory and experiments to investigate how simultaneous selection from inter- and intraspecific parasitism affects the evolution of bacterial mutation rates in the plant-colonizing bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. Both our theoretical and experimental results suggest that phage presence increases and selection for public goods cooperation (the production of iron-scavenging siderophores) decreases selection for mutator bacteria. Moreover, phages imposed a much greater growth cost than social cheating, and when both selection pressures were imposed simultaneously, selection for cooperation did not affect mutation rate evolution. Given the ubiquity of infectious phages in the natural environment and clinical infections, our results suggest that phages are likely to be more important than social interactions in determining mutation rate evolution.
11
Ren, Dawei, Jonas S. Madsen, Søren J. Sørensen, and Mette Burmølle. "High prevalence of biofilm synergy among bacterial soil isolates in cocultures indicates bacterial interspecific cooperation." ISME Journal 9, no. 1 (June 17, 2014): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.96.
Full text
12
Boulay, Julien, Jean-Louis Deneubourg, Valéry Hédouin, and Damien Charabidzé. "Interspecific shared collective decision-making in two forensically important species." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1824 (February 10, 2016): 20152676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2676.
Full textAbstract:
To date, the study of collective behaviour has mainly focused on intraspecific situations: the collective decision-making of mixed-species groups involving interspecific aggregation–segregation has received little attention. Here, we show that, in both conspecific and heterospecific groups, the larvae of two species ( Lucilia sericata and Calliphora vomitoria , calliphorid carrion-feeding flies) were able to make a collective choice. In all groups, the choice was made within a few minutes and persisted throughout the period of the experiment. The monitoring of a focal individual within a group showed that these aggregations were governed by attractive and retentive effects of the group. Furthermore, the similarity observed between the conspecific and heterospecific groups suggested the existence of shared aggregation signals. The group size was found to have a stronger influence than the species of necrophagous larvae. These results should be viewed in relation to the well-known correlation between group size and heat generation. This study provides the first experimental examination of the dynamics of collective decision-making in mixed-species groups of invertebrates, contributing to our understanding of the cooperation–competition phenomenon in animal social groups.
13
Pagnussat, Luciana A., Florencia Salcedo, Guillermo Maroniche, Christoph Keel, Claudio Valverde, and Cecilia M. Creus. "Interspecific cooperation: enhanced growth, attachment and strain-specific distribution in biofilms throughAzospirillum brasilense-Pseudomonas protegensco-cultivation." FEMS Microbiology Letters 363, no. 20 (October 2016): fnw238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnw238.
Full text
14
Dyble, Mark, and Tim H. Clutton-Brock. "Contrasts in kinship structure in mammalian societies." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 4 (May 6, 2020): 971–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa043.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Comparative studies of mammals confirm Hamilton’s prediction that differences in cooperative and competitive behavior across species will be related to contrasts in kinship between group members. Although theoretical models have explored the factors affecting kinship within social groups, few have analyzed the causes of contrasts in kinship among related species. Here, we describe interspecific differences in average kinship between group members among social mammals and show that a simple mathematical model that includes the number of breeding females, male reproductive skew, and litter size successfully predicts ~95% of observed variation in average kinship between group members across a sample of mammals. Our model shows that a wide range of conditions can generate groups with low average relatedness but only a small and rather specific set of conditions are likely to generate high average levels of relatedness between their members, providing insight into the relative rarity of advanced forms of cooperation in mammalian societies.
15
Soares, Marta C., Gonçalo I. André, and José R. Paula. "Preliminary notes on brain weight variation across labrid fish species with different levels of cooperative behaviour." Current Zoology 61, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.2.274.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Brain size and weight vary tremendously in the animal kingdom. It has been suggested that brain structural development must evolve balanced between the advantages of dealing with greater social challenges and the energetic costs of maintaining and developing larger brains. Here we ask if interspecific differences in cooperative behaviour (i.e. cleaning behaviour) are related to brain weight variations in four close-related species of Labrid fish: two are obligatory cleanerfish throughout their entire life (Labroides dimidiatusand L. bicolor), one facultative cleaner fish Labropsis australisand one last species that never engage in cleaning Labrichthys unilineatus. We first search for the link between the rate of species’ cooperation and its relative brain weight, and finally, if the degree of social complexity and cooperation are reflected in the weight of its major brain substructures. Overall, no differences were found in relative brain weight (in relation to body weight) across species. Fine-scale differences were solely demonstrated for the facultative cleaner L. australis, at the brainstem level. Furthermore, data visual examination indicates that the average cerebellum and brainstem weights appear to be larger for L. dimidiatus. Because variation was solely found at specific brain areas (such as cerebellum and brainstem) and not for the whole brain weight values, it suggests that species social-ecological and cognitive demands may be directly contributing to a selective investment in relevant brain areas. This study provides first preliminary evidence that links potential differences in cognitive ability in cooperative behaviour to how these may mediate the evolution of brain structural development in non-mammal vertebrate groups.
16
Hare, Darragh, Bernd Blossey, and H. Kern Reeve. "Value of species and the evolution of conservation ethics." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 11 (November 2018): 181038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181038.
Full textAbstract:
The theory of evolution by natural selection can help explain why people care about other species. Building upon recent insights that morality evolves to secure fitness advantages of cooperation, we propose that conservation ethics (moral beliefs, attitudes, intuitions and norms regarding other species) could be adaptations that support cooperation between humans and non-humans. We present eco-evolutionary cost–benefit models of conservation behaviours as interspecific cooperation (altruism towards members of other species). We find that an evolutionary rule identical in structure to Hamilton's rule (which explains altruistic behaviour towards related conspecifics) can explain altruistic behaviour towards members of other species. Natural selection will favour traits for selectively altering the success of members of other species (e.g. conserving them) in ways that maximize inclusive fitness return benefits. Conservation behaviours and the ethics that evolve to reinforce them will be sensitive to local ecological and socio-cultural conditions, so will assume different contours in different places. Difficulties accurately assessing costs and benefits provided by other species, time required to adapt to ecological and socio-cultural change and barriers to collective action could explain the apparent contradiction between the widespread existence of conservation ethics and patterns of biodiversity decline globally.
17
Pakhomov, Evgeny A. "Diet of two Antarctic dragonfish (Pisces: Bathydraconidae) from the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean." Antarctic Science 10, no. 1 (March 1998): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410209800008x.
Full textAbstract:
The diet of Cygnodraco mawsoni Waite 1916 and Gymnodraco acuticeps Boulenger 1902 (Pisces: Bathydraconidae) was studied in the Cooperation and Cosmonaut seas in the depth range 200–400 m during the summer 1988. Stomach content analysis showed that both species are piscivorous predators but with different feeding habits. Cygnodraco mawsoni fed mostly on young notothenioid fish, regularly complementing these with pelagic, Euphausia superba, and benthic crustaceans, such as amphipod gammarids and mysids. In contrast, G. acuticeps relied mostly on mesopelagic fish of the family Myctophidae. Although C. mawsoni and G. acuticeps occupy similar depths in the Cosmonaut Sea, different feeding habits appear to limit the probability of interspecific competition for food.
18
Fort, H. "Evolving Ecological Social Dilemmas: A Spatial Individual-Based Model for the Evolution of Cooperation with a Minimal Number of Parameters." Research Letters in Ecology 2007 (2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/18636.
Full textAbstract:
Cooperation, both intraspecific and interspecific, is a well-documented phenomenon in nature that is not well understood. Evolutionary game theory is a powerful tool to approach this problem. However, it has important limitations. First, very often it is not obvious which game is more appropriate to use. Second, in general, identical payoff matrices are assumed for all players, a situation that is highly unlikely in nature. Third, slight changes in these payoff values can dramatically alter the outcomes. Here, I use an evolutionary spatial model in which players do not have a universal payoff matrix, so no payoff parameters are required. Instead, each is equipped with random values for the payoffs, fulfilling the constraints that define the game(s). These payoff matrices evolve by natural selection. Two versions of this model are studied. First is a simpler one, with just one evolving payoff. Second is the “full” version, with all the four payoffs evolving. The fraction of cooperator agents converges in both versions to nonzero values. In the case of the full version, the initial heterogeneity disappears and the selected game is the “Stag Hunt.”
19
Akçay, Erol. "Population structure reduces benefits from partner choice in mutualistic symbiosis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1850 (March 15, 2017): 20162317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2317.
Full textAbstract:
Mutualistic symbioses are key drivers of evolutionary and ecological processes. Understanding how different species can evolve to interact in mutually beneficial ways is an important goal of evolutionary theory, especially when the benefits require costly investments by the partners. For such costly investments to evolve, some sort of fitness feedback mechanism must exist that more than recoups the direct costs. Several such feedback mechanisms have been explored both theoretically and empirically, yet we know relatively little of how they might act together, as they probably do in nature. In this paper, I model the joint action of three of the main mechanisms that can maintain interspecific cooperation in symbioses: partner choice by hosts, population structure amongst symbionts and undirected rewards from hosts to symbionts. The model shows that population structure reduces the benefit from partner choice to hosts. It may help or hinder beneficial symbionts and create positive or negative frequency dependence depending on the nature of host rewards to the symbiont. Strong population structure also makes it less likely that host choosiness and symbiont cooperation will be jointly maintained in a population. The intuition behind these results is that all else being equal, population structure reduces local variation available to the host to choose from. Thus, population structure is not always beneficial for the evolution of cooperation between species. These results also underscore the need to do full analyses of multiple mechanisms of social evolution to uncover the interactions between them.
20
Beckman, Thomas G., Philip A. Rollins, James Pitts, Dario J. Chavez, and Jose X. Chaparro. "Disease Resistance of ‘MP-29’, a Clonal Interspecific Hybrid Rootstock for Peach, in Post-release Trials." HortScience 54, no. 4 (April 2019): 638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13592-18.
Full textAbstract:
The primary focus of the stone fruit rootstock program at Byron, GA, has been the development of disease-resistant rootstocks for peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). Historically peach tree short life (PTSL), aka bacterial canker complex, and Armillaria root rot (ARR) have been the two most important causes of premature mortality of commercial peach trees in the southeastern United States. Guardian®, a seedling peach rootstock, was cooperatively released in 1993 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Clemson University. It has since been widely adopted by the southeastern peach industry. As a result, trees losses to PTSL have declined sharply. However, Guardian, like most other peach seedling rootstocks, is susceptible to ARR. ARR has now moved to the forefront as the primary cause of premature peach tree death in the Southeast. In response to this threat, the USDA-ARS in cooperation with the University of Florida, released ‘Sharpe’, a plum hybrid rootstock in 2007. Despite its broad disease resistance, ‘Sharpe’ proved unsuited for widespread commercial utilization due to its relatively poor cropping performance. In 2011, ‘MP-29’, a semidwarf, clonal, plum × peach hybrid, was released for commercial trial. ‘MP-29’s broad disease and nematode resistance, in combination with its dwarfing ability and excellent productivity, offered great promise for use in this production area and in others suffering from similar issues. Since its release, testing of ‘MP-29’ has continued both in researcher and grower trials. To date, performance has exceeded all expectations.
21
Salazar, Adrián, Benjamin Fürstenau, Carmen Quero, Nicolás Pérez-Hidalgo, Pau Carazo, Enrique Font, and David Martínez-Torres. "Aggressive mimicry coexists with mutualism in an aphid." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 4 (January 12, 2015): 1101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414061112.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the evolutionary transition from interspecific exploitation to cooperation is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Ant–aphid relationships represent an ideal system to this end because they encompass a coevolutionary continuum of interactions ranging from mutualism to antagonism. In this study, we report an unprecedented interaction along this continuum: aggressive mimicry in aphids. We show that two morphs clonally produced by the aphid Paracletus cimiciformis during its root-dwelling phase establish relationships with ants at opposite sides of the mutualism–antagonism continuum. Although one of these morphs exhibits the conventional trophobiotic (mutualistic) relationship with ants of the genus Tetramorium, aphids of the alternative morph are transported by the ants to their brood chamber and cared for as if they were true ant larvae. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses reveal that the innate cuticular hydrocarbon profile of the mimic morph resembles the profile of ant larvae more than that of the alternative, genetically identical nonmimic morph. Furthermore, we show that, once in the brood chamber, mimic aphids suck on ant larva hemolymph. These results not only add aphids to the limited list of arthropods known to biosynthesize the cuticular chemicals of their deceived hosts to exploit their resources but describe a remarkable case of plastic aggressive mimicry. The present work adds a previously unidentified dimension to the classical textbook paradigm of aphid–ant relationships by showcasing a complex system at the evolutionary interface between cooperation and exploitation.
22
Hart, Peter, John Johnson, and Ricardo Paim. "Status update on development of a eucalyptus plantation program in the southeastern United States and higher elevations of southern Brazil." March 2016 15, no. 3 (April 1, 2016): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.3.148.
Full textAbstract:
MWV Forestry has been actively pursuing the establishment of cold- and frost-tolerant eucalyptus plantations in southeast Texas and in the higher, frost-prone regions of southern Brazil for several years. Currently, the major species being examined is Eucalyptus benthamii. Interspecific crossing efforts, cold tolerance established from field trials, and intercountry cooperation in this program are discussed. The ability of the southeastern Texas program to return value to our collaborators in southern Brazil and other locations is reviewed. Pulp and papermaking properties of the cold-tolerant species are also reviewed. Currently, E. benthamii plantations in southeast Texas are producing trees with a density range of about 460–523 kg/m3, suggesting some degree of genetic variability within the bulk seeds currently being employed. Good pulping yields of around 48% on o.d. wood have been obtained in laboratory studies. For comparison, this yield is about 3 percentage points higher than for traditional mixed southern hardwoods. In general, the physical properties of pure E. benthamii are inferior to those of mixed southern hardwoods. When used in a blend, the differences in physical properties are substantially mitigated.
23
Jestrow, Brett, Brígido Peguero, Francisco Jiménez, Raúl Verdecia, Lisbet González-Oliva, Celio E. Moya, William Cinea, et al. "A conservation framework for the Critically Endangered endemic species of the Caribbean palmCoccothrinax." Oryx 52, no. 3 (September 19, 2017): 452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317000588.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWith 30 threatened species (14 categorized as Critically Endangered and 16 as Endangered, sensu IUCN),Coccothrinax(c. 54 species) is the flagship palm genus for conservation in the Caribbean Island Biodiversity Hotspot.Coccothrinaxhas its centre of taxonomic diversity in these islands, with c. 51 endemic species. We present a conservation framework for the 14 Critically Endangered species, found in Cuba, Haiti or the Dominican Republic. Only two species (C. jimenezii,C. montana) occur in more than one country (Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Immediate threats include oil drilling and nickel mining, intrusion of saline water into soil, urban and agricultural development, low population recruitment, uncontrolled fires, interspecific hybridization, and unsustainable ethnobotanical practices.Coccothrinax bermudezii,C. borhidiana,C. crinitassp.crinita,C. leonisandC. spissaare not conserved in protected areas.Coccothrinax bermudezii,C. jimenezii,C. leonisandC. nipensisare not part of ex situ collections. Based on results from a conservation project targetingC. jimenezii, we recommend international cooperation between the three range states to implement integrative conservation management plans, plant exploration initiatives, taxonomic revisions, outreach, and fundraising. The ultimate aim of this review is to provide baseline information that will develop conservation synergy among relevant parties working onCoccothrinaxconservation in Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Such collaborations could also benefit through partnerships with botanists working in other countries.
24
Smith, Cassandra, Addie Cotter, Lena Grinsted, Anom Bowolaksono, Ni Luh Watiniasih, and Ingi Agnarsson. "In a relationship: sister species in mixed colonies, with a description of new Chikunia species (Theridiidae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly083.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Group-living behaviour is rare in spiders but has evolved repeatedly, yielding several species, some showing cooperation among close kin, and others living in colonies where each female builds its own web and is territorial. The most frequent origins of group living are seen in the cobweb spiders (Theridiidae) that commonly build three-dimensional webs and show extensive maternal care, both putatively pre-adaptive traits to spider sociality. A very unusual behaviour was recently discovered in the theridiid genus Chikunia, where two distinct but related species occur in mixed-species colonies with potentially indiscriminate brood care. These mixed colonies consist of Chikunia nigra and a newly discovered species. Here, we describe the new species, Chikunia bilde sp. nov., and summarize the unique biology of this species pair. We also place the origin of mixed-species group living in a phylogenetic context, firmly confirming the placement of Chikunia within the clade (lost colulus clade) previously characterized as containing a concentration of independent origins of group living. The two Chikunia studied here are sister species, representing a rare case of close genetic and behavioural interspecific relationship. We conclude that the loss of aggression that accompanies group living and social behaviour in cobweb spiders might help to explain the origin of mixed-species colonies.
25
Moscovice, Liza R., Cédric Sueur, and Filippo Aureli. "How socio-ecological factors influence the differentiation of social relationships: an integrated conceptual framework." Biology Letters 16, no. 9 (September 2020): 20200384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0384.
Full textAbstract:
The extent of differentiation of social relationships within groups is a means to assess social complexity, with greater differentiation indicating greater social complexity. Socio-ecological factors are likely to influence social complexity, but no attempt has been made to explain the differentiation of social relationships using multiple socio-ecological factors. Here, we propose a conceptual framework based on four components underlying multiple socio-ecological factors that influence the differentiation of social relationships: the extent of within-group contest competition to access resources, the extent to which individuals differ in their ability to provide a variety of services, the need for group-level cooperation and the constraints on social interactions. We use the framework to make predictions about the degree of relationship differentiation that can be expected within a group according to the cumulative contribution of multiple socio-ecological factors to each of the four components. The framework has broad applicability, since the four components are likely to be relevant to a wide range of animal taxa and to additional socio-ecological factors not explicitly dealt with here. Hence, the framework can be used as the basis for the development of novel and testable hypotheses about intra- and interspecific differences in relationship differentiation and social complexity.
26
Xiang, Rong, and Xian-Guo Guo. "Research Advances of Leptotrombidium scutellare in China." Korean Journal of Parasitology 59, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
Leptotrombidium scutellare is one of the 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China. It has been found in more than 15 provinces of China. Especially in Yunnan, it was found to be mainly distributed in some mountainous areas with high altitude, low temperature and low precipitation. Rodents and some other small mammals were the most common hosts of L. scutellare. To date, more than 40 host species of L. scutellare have been recorded with very low host specificity, and the main hosts varied in different geographical regions. L. scutellare had a strong resistance against the cold environment, and the temperature and humidity were 2 important factors affecting its growth and development. Among different individuals of their rodent hosts, L. scutellare mites often showed an aggregated distribution pattern, which reflected the interspecific cooperation of the mites. The chromosome karyotype of L. scutellare was 2n=16 and all the 8 pairs of chromosomes were short rod-shaped with metacentric or sub-metacentric types. The isozyme spectrum supported that L. scutellare, L. deliense and L. rubellum were in the same species group. Based on the natural infection, experimental transmission and epidemiological evidence, L. scutellare has been eventually confirmed as the second major vector of scrub typhus in China, which is second only to L. deliense.
27
Velcheva, Nikolaya, Tsvetelina Stoilova, and Petar Chavdarov. "Enrichment of the local plant gene fund for providing a resource base for priority agro-food systems." Agricultural Sciences 13, no. 29 (June 7, 2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2021.29.010.
Full textAbstract:
Plant genetic resources are a link between environment, agriculture and food systems, so their conservation requires cooperation within the different sectors of bio-economy. The existing diversity in local genetic resources is an initial base in crop breeding corresponding with the new challenges such as climate change, plant health and food quality. As a result from the activities of the National Research Program “Healthy foods for a strong bio-economy and quality of life” 63 accessions from different regions of Southern Bulgaria were collected through several collecting missions. Each accession was described by passport data including: taxonomic description under the nomenclature of the GRIN system, date of registration in the collection, donor, ecological and geographical characteristics of the explored area, biological status, etc., according to the International descriptor of FAO/Bioversity. The greatest diversity of old varieties and local forms has been found in the legumes and vegetable crops. The seeds are usually inherited in families or passed between neighbours and they are intended for household or local market. The collected plant materials were evaluated by morphological and agro-biological characteristics. Evaluation data from accessions of bean showed high variability of morphological traits as height of plants, number of pods and seeds per plant. The results obtained from this study will be useful in breeding programs and interspecific crosses, for selection and introduction of desired traits through pre-breeding programs, for research and direct use of farmers.
28
Mendonça, Rute, Marta C. Soares, Redouan Bshary, and Rui F. Oliveira. "Arginine Vasotocin Neuronal Phenotype and Interspecific Cooperative Behaviour." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 82, no. 3 (2013): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000354784.
Full text
29
Soares, Marta C., Redouan Bshary, Rute Mendonça, Alexandra S. Grutter, and Rui F. Oliveira. "Arginine Vasotocin Regulation of Interspecific Cooperative Behaviour in a Cleaner Fish." PLoS ONE 7, no. 7 (July 3, 2012): e39583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039583.
Full text
30
Baigrie, Bruce D., Alex M. Thompson, and Tom P. Flower. "Interspecific signalling between mutualists: food-thieving drongos use a cooperative sentinel call to manipulate foraging partners." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1791 (September 22, 2014): 20141232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1232.
Full textAbstract:
Interspecific communication is common in nature, particularly between mutualists. However, whether signals evolved for communication with other species, or are in fact conspecific signals eavesdropped upon by partners, is often unclear. Fork-tailed drongos ( Dicrurus adsimilis ) associate with mixed-species groups and often produce true alarms at predators, whereupon associating species flee to cover, but also false alarms to steal associating species' food (kleptoparasitism). Despite such deception, associating species respond to drongo non-alarm calls by increasing their foraging and decreasing vigilance. Yet, whether these calls represent interspecific sentinel signals remains unknown. We show that drongos produced a specific sentinel call when foraging with a common associate, the sociable weaver ( Philetairus socius ), but not when alone. Weavers increased their foraging and decreased vigilance when naturally associating with drongos, and in response to sentinel call playback. Further, drongos sentinel-called more often when weavers were moving, and weavers approached sentinel calls, suggesting a recruitment function. Finally, drongos sentinel-called when weavers fled following false alarms, thereby reducing disruption to weaver foraging time. Results therefore provide evidence of an ‘all clear’ signal that mitigates the cost of inaccurate communication. Our results suggest that drongos enhance exploitation of a foraging mutualist through coevolution of interspecific sentinel signals.
31
Mumme, Ronald L., and Alan De Queiroz. "Individual Contributions To Cooperative Behaviour in the Acorn Woodpecker: Effects of Reproductive Status, Sex, and Group Size." Behaviour 95, no. 3-4 (1985): 290–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853985x00163.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAcorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) are communal breeders that live in permanently territorial family groups of 2-15 individuals. All group members participate in several forms of cooperative behaviour, which we define as the investment of resources in a common interest shared by other group members (CHASE, 1980). Acorn woodpecker group interests include the caching of acorns in a specialized storage tree (the granary), maintenance of the granary, and defence of the granary against intra- and interspecific intruders. Because of a strong positive relationship between the availability of stored acorns and group reproductive success, investments in acorn storage, granary maintenance, and granary defence have a direct positive effect on the individual fitness of breeders. Non-breeding helpers, however, do not realize a direct reproductive reward, and therefore profit less directly from investment in these forms of cooperative behaviour. Thus, we predicted that breeders should invest more heavily in cooperative behaviour than should helpers. The prediction was upheld: for nearly every form of cooperative behaviour examined, breeders contribute significantly more than do helpers. On the other hand, while established breeders only rarely intrude on neighbouring territories, nonreproductive helpers frequently do so. These dispersal "forays" constitute attempts by helpers to locate ecologically restricted breeding vacancies. The effect that group size has on individual contributions to cooperative behaviour is unclear. Individual rates of acorn storage decrease significantly with increasing group size, but granary attendance and granary maintenance do not. Male and female acorn woodpeckers do not differ in their contributions to acorn storage, granary maintenance, or interspecific defence. Females, however, play a significantly greater role in intraspecific defence because of a female-biased intruder sex ratio and sex-specific defensive behaviour.
32
NAKATA, YUKIHIKO. "PERMANENCE FOR THE LOTKA–VOLTERRA COOPERATIVE SYSTEM WITH SEVERAL DELAYS." International Journal of Biomathematics 02, no. 03 (September 2009): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524509000716.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we establish a new sufficient condition of the permanence for the Lotka–Volterra cooperative systems with multiple discrete delays by extending the results in [Nakata and Muroya, Permanence for nonautonomous Lotka–Volterra cooperative systems with delays, Nonlinear Anal. RWA., in press]. Our condition holds even if the instantaneous feedback does not dominate over the total of the interspecific interactions and does not need the restriction on the size of time delays, different from the results in [Lu and Lu, Permanence for two-species Lotka–Volterra cooperative systems with delays, Math. Biosci. Eng.5 (2008) 477–484]. We offer an example for comparison with the previous results and numerical results supporting our theoretical analysis are given.
33
Izzo, T. J., E. M. Bruna, H. L. Vasconcelos, and B. D. Inouye. "Cooperative colony founding alters the outcome of interspecific competition between Amazonian plant-ants." Insectes Sociaux 56, no. 4 (June 13, 2009): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-009-0029-x.
Full text
34
Booksmythe, Isobel, Michael D. Jennions, and Patricia R. Y. Backwell. "Interspecific assistance: fiddler crabs help heterospecific neighbours in territory defence." Biology Letters 6, no. 6 (June 9, 2010): 748–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0454.
Full textAbstract:
Theory predicts that territory owners will help established neighbours to repel intruders, when doing so is less costly than renegotiating boundaries with successful usurpers of neighbouring territories. Here, we show for the first time, to our knowledge, cooperative territory defence between heterospecific male neighbours in the fiddler crabs Uca elegans and Uca mjoebergi . We show experimentally that resident U. elegans were equally likely to help a smaller U. mjoebergi or U. elegans neighbour during simulated intrusions by intermediate sized U. elegans males (50% of cases for both). Helping was, however, significantly less likely to occur when the intruder was a U. mjoebergi male (only 15% of cases).
35
Cummaragunta, J., D. V. Schlimme, C. S. Walsh, H. J. Swartz, and A. E. Watada. "Ethylene Evolution, Respiration, and Mold Development Studies in Some Selected Rubus Genotypes." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 791F—792. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.791f.
Full textAbstract:
In 1993, we studied the postharvest behavior of 25 Rubus genotypes. Included in the study were named cultivars from Europe and North America, advanced selections from the Univ. of Maryland Cooperative Breeding Program, species and raspberry interspecific hybrids, with R. phenicolasius, R. pungens oldhamii R sumatranus, and R parvifolius. Wide variation exists in the ethylene production rates of these genotypes. The difference between the lowest ethylene producer, R. phenicolasius, and the highest ethylene evolver, HTCC-6t (R. lasiostylus), was four orders of magnitude. Ethylene evolution rate and percentage mold were not correlated. Ethylene production and respiration rates were also measured using a flowthrough system. No single pattern was characteristic of all genotypes. Red raspberries were the highest ethylene producers and showed an ethylene and respiratory climacteric. Blackberries were low ethylene producers. Interspecific hybrids showed varied postharvest behaviors. The behavior observed in these interspecific hybrids may explain some of the conflicting reports on the postharvest behavior of blackberries and raspberries. In general heattolerant species such as blackberry, R. occidentalis, R. parvifolius exhibited lower rates of respiration and ethylene evolution than species from cool, temperate areas like R. idaeus.
36
Mathews, Nancy E. "Interspecific Cooperative Nesting between Barn Swallows and Say's Phoebes in South-Central New Mexico." Auk 112, no. 2 (April 1995): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4088745.
Full text
37
Nengsih, Yulistiati. "TUMPANGSARI TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) dengan TANAMAN KARET (Hevea brassiliensis L.)." Jurnal Media Pertanian 1, no. 2 (November 10, 2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jagro.v1i2.18.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMonoculture cultivation system has impact on various biotic surrounding in it. Palm oil cultivation with intercropping system started to be popular to avoid environment damaged. Intercropping cultivation between palm oil and other plant was possible in existing both intraspecific and interspecific competation. Various form of this competation was needed to be learned. The compatible variables to measure these competation forms is Land Equal Ratio (LER) that able to compare the benefit between monoculture and multicultural cultivation system. The aim of this research was to determine the LER of multicultural cultivation between palm oli and rubber tree. this research had been held in February – July 2016 at Wanareja Village, Rimbo Ulu Sub-District, Tebo Regency. Survey method was use in this research, and the location above was purposely sampled suitable with the needed data. In the other word one reason of this location to be sampled was the only area that showed the existing of multicultural cultivation system especially between palm oil and rubber tree. There were several farmer characteristics to be sampled as a respondent e.g. : 1). Farmers that has no cooperation with enterprise ; 2). The farmer has at least one hectare of land; and 3). Show plant at the minimally age of 5 years. The result of this research showed that the production of Monoculture cultivation was higher than multicultural cultivation system, but it had 1.5 of LER so it indicated that the multicultural cultivation system give 50% higher benefit than Monoculture cultivation system. keywords: Monoculture, multicultural, Intercropping AbstrakPertanaman monokultur diyakini akan berdampak terhadap keragaman makhluk hidup yang berada pada areal tersebut. Wacana untuk membudidayakan sawit dengan sistem polikultur mulai mencuat seiring dengan kekhawatiran terjadinya kerusakan lingkungan. Budidaya polikultur antara tanaman sawit dengan tanaman lain memungkinkan terjadinya persaingan intra dan interspesifik. Perlu kajian untuk mengetahui bentuk dari persaingan tersebut. Peubah yang paling menentukan yang dapat diukur dari bentuk persaingan tersebut adalah Nisbah Kesetarahan Lahan (NKL) yang akan mengkaji keuntungan budidaya secara monokultur atau polikultur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai nisbah kesetaraan lahan (NKL) pada tanaman polikultur kelapa sawit dengan tanaman karet. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada Bulan Pebruari sampai Juli 2016 di Desa Wanareja Kecamatan Rimbo Ulu Kabupaten Tebo. Penelitian menggunakan metode survey. Dalam hal ini pemilihan Kabupaten dan Desa dilakukan dengan sengaja ditentukan sesuai dengan kebutuhan data. Di Desa Wanareja Kecamatan Rimbo Ulu Kabupaten Tebo terdapat tanaman kelapa sawit polikultur dengan tanaman karet, maka petani dari desa ini yang dijadikan sampel. Adapun syarat-syarat petani yang akan dijadikan sampel adalah : 1) Petani yang tidak berkolaborasi dengan perusahaan, 2) luas lahan minimal satu hektar, dan 3) Umur tanaman minimal 5 tahun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan produksi tanaman kelapa sawit sistem monokultur lebih tinggi dari sistem polikultur. Namun berdasarkan rata-rata produktivitas lahan perhitungan nilai nisbah kesetaraan lahan (NKL) menunjukkan nilai 1,5 ini menggambarkan bahwa pertanaman tumpangsari (polikultur) dari segi ekonomi lebih menguntungkan setengah atau 50% dari tanaman sistem monokultur. Kata Kunci : Monokultur, Polikultur, tumpangsari
38
McConnell, Patricia B., and Jeffrey R. Baylis. "Interspecific Communication in Cooperative Herding: Acoustic and Visual Signals from Human Shepherds and Herding Dogs." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 67, no. 1-4 (April 26, 2010): 302–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb01396.x.
Full text
39
Lönnstedt, Oona M., Maud C. O. Ferrari, and Douglas P. Chivers. "Lionfish predators use flared fin displays to initiate cooperative hunting." Biology Letters 10, no. 6 (June 2014): 20140281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0281.
Full textAbstract:
Despite considerable study, mystery surrounds the use of signals that initiate cooperative hunting in animals. Using a labyrinth test chamber, we examined whether a lionfish, Dendrochirus zebra , would initiate cooperative hunts with piscine partners. We found that D. zebra uses a stereotyped flared fin display to alert conspecific and heterospecific lionfish species Pterois antennata to the presence of prey. Per capita success rate was significantly higher for cooperative hunters when compared with solitary ones, with hunt responders assisting hunt initiators in cornering the prey using their large extended pectoral fins. The initiators would most often take the first strike at the group of prey, but both hunters would then alternate striking at the remaining prey. Results suggest that the cooperative communication signal may be characteristic to the lionfish family, as interspecific hunters were equally coordinated and successful as intraspecific hunters. Our findings emphasize the complexity of collaborative foraging behaviours in lionfish; the turn-taking in strikes suggests that individuals do not solely try to maximize their own hunting success: instead they equally share the resources between themselves. Communicative group hunting has enabled Pteroine fish to function as highly efficient predators.
40
Hernández-Brito, Dailos, Martina Carrete, Guillermo Blanco, Pedro Romero-Vidal, Juan Carlos Senar, Emiliano Mori, Thomas H. White, Álvaro Luna, and José L. Tella. "The Role of Monk Parakeets as Nest-Site Facilitators in Their Native and Invaded Areas." Biology 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070683.
Full textAbstract:
While most of the knowledge on invasive species focuses on their impacts, little is known about their potential positive effects on other species. Invasive ecosystem engineers can disrupt recipient environments; however, they may also facilitate access to novel resources for native species. The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is a worldwide invader and the only parrot that builds its own communal nests, which can be used by other species. However, the ecological effects of these interspecific interactions are barely known. We compared the role of the monk parakeet as a nest-site facilitator in different rural and urban areas, both invaded and native, across three continents and eight breeding seasons. A total of 2690 nests from 42 tenant species, mostly cavity-nesting birds, were recorded in 26% of 2595 monk parakeet nests. Rural and invaded areas showed the highest abundance and richness of tenant species. Multispecies communal nests triggered interspecific aggression between the monk parakeet host and its tenants, but also a cooperative defense against predators. Despite the positive effects for native species, monk parakeets also facilitate nesting opportunities to other non-native species and may also transmit diseases to tenants, highlighting the complexity of biotic interactions in biological invasions.
41
Coolman, R. M., and G. D. Hoyt. "Increasing Sustainability by Intercropping." HortTechnology 3, no. 3 (July 1993): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.3.309.
Full textAbstract:
Plant interactions are both competitive and cooperative. Farmers use intercropping to the mutual advantage of both main and secondary crops in a multiple-crop-production system. A vegetable crop has a competitive advantage over a younger secondary cover crop interseeded before vegetable maturity. Non-legume intercropped cover crops can use soil N, while a legume intercrop can increase N in agricultural systems by biological N fixation. Intercropping also may be more efficient than monocropping in exploiting limited resources. Relay-planting main crop and intercrop components so that resource demands (nutrients, water, sunlight, etc.) occur during different periods of the growing season can be an effective means of minimizing interspecific competition. Intercropping systems often exhibit less crop damage associated with insect and plant pathogen attacks, and they provide weed control.
42
Lindgren, B. S., and K. F. Raffa. "Evolution of tree killing in bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): trade-offs between the maddening crowds and a sticky situation." Canadian Entomologist 145, no. 5 (June 11, 2013): 471–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.27.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) play important roles in temperate conifer ecosystems, and also cause substantial economic losses. Although their general life histories are relatively similar, different species vary markedly in the physiological condition of the hosts they select. Most of ∼6000 known species colonise dead or stressed trees, a resource they share with a large diversity of insects and other organisms. A small number of bark beetle species kill healthy, live trees. These few are of particular interest as they compete directly with humans for resources. We propose that tree killing evolved when intense interspecific competition in the ephemeral, scarce resource of defence-impaired trees selected for genotypes that allowed them to escape this limitation by attacking relatively healthy trees. These transitions were uncommon, and we suggest they were facilitated by (a) genetically and phenotypically flexible host selection behaviours, (b) biochemical adaptations for detoxifying a wide range of defence compounds, and (c) associations with symbionts, which together aided bark beetles in overcoming formidable constitutive and induced host defences. The ability to detoxify terpenes influenced the evolutionary course of pheromonal communication. Specifically, a mate attraction system, which was exploited by intraspecific competitors in locating poorly defended hosts, became a system of cooperative attack in which emitters benefit from the contributions responders make in overcoming defence. This functional shift in communication was driven in part by linkage of beetle semiochemistry to host defence chemistry. Behavioural and phenological adaptations also improved the beetles’ abilities to detect when tree defences are impaired, and, where compatible with life history adaptations to other selective forces, for flight to coincide with seasonally predictable host stress agents. We propose a conceptual model, whereby the above mechanisms enable beetles to concentrate on those trees that offer an optimal trade-off between host defence and interspecific competition, along dynamic gradients of tree vigour and stand-level beetle density. We offer suggestions for future research on testing elements of this model.
43
Dixon, Nick, and Andrew Gibbs. "Extreme territorial aggression by urban Peregrine Falcons toward Common Buzzards in South-West England." Ornis Hungarica 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2018-0031.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding on a city centre church in Exeter, in the south-west of England, have been studied in detail since first occupation in 1997. During this period, changes in both male and female falcons have been recorded. Following the arrival of a new female Peregrine in 2009, a dramatic change in behaviour towards Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo) on passage over the city was noted. Buzzards flying over Exeter are attacked by the falcons, especially so when in proximity to the church. We have attempted to document these attacks through our own observations, with additional information from local residents and wildlife organisations. Further records have come from veterinary surgeries and wildlife rehabilitators regarding injured buzzards found in the city. This paper documents the extreme levels of territorial aggression as demonstrated by the pair of Peregrines during cooperative attacks on Buzzards. We reveal this unique interspecific behaviour by summarising the number, frequency, timing and outcome of attacks undertaken over an eight-year period. We describe and illustrate the strategy employed by the Peregrines during a typical attack, plus consider implications on breeding productivity and the future scenarios should one of the current pair be replaced.
44
Bollmer, Jennifer L., Tania Sanchez, Michelle Donaghy Cannon, Didier Sanchez, Brian Cannon, James C. Bednarz, Tjitte de Vries, M. Susana Struve, and Patricia G. Parker. "Variation in Morphology and Mating System Among Island Populations of GaláPagos Hawks." Condor 105, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.3.428.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Interspecific variation in sexual size dimorphism has commonly been attributed to variation in social mating system, with dimorphism increasing as intrasexual competition for mates increases. In birds, overall body size has also been found to correlate positively with size dimorphism. In this study, we describe variation in morphology and mating system across six populations of the endemic Galápagos Hawk (Buteo galapagoensis). Galápagos Hawks exhibit cooperative polyandry, a mating system in which long-term social groups contain a single female and multiple males. Comparisons among islands revealed significant differences in overall body size for both adults and immatures. Populations ranged from completely monogamous to completely polyandrous, with varying mean group sizes. Data did not support our prediction that sexual size dimorphism would increase with the degree of polyandry (number of males per group) or with body size; there was no correlation between mating system and sexual dimorphism. We did find a significant negative relationship between degree of polyandry and body size among islands, opposite of the pattern predicted. Variación en Morfología y Sistema de Apareamiento entre Poblaciones de Buteo galapagoensis Resumen. Variación interespecífica en dimorfismo sexual ha sido atribuída comúnmente a variaciones del sistema social de apareamiento, de tal manera que el dimorfismo aumenta conforme aumenta la competencia intrasexual por parejas reproductivas. También se ha encontrado que el tamaño corporal se correlaciona positivamente con el dimorfismo. En este estudio describimos la variación morfológica y el grado de poliandría de seis poblaciones de Buteo galapagoensis, una especie que exhibe un sistema de apareamiento denominado poliandría cooperativa. En este sistema los grupos de individuos reproductivos incluyen una sola hembra y múltiples machos. Se comprobó que existen diferencias significativas en el tamaño del cuerpo de adultos y juveniles entre islas. Las poblaciones muestreadas variaron entre monógamas y completamente poliándricas, y el tamaño promedio de los grupos fue variable. Los datos no apoyaron las predicciones establecidas inicialmente pues el grado de dimorfismo sexual no aumentó con el nivel de poliandría (número de machos por grupo) ni con el tamaño corporal, ni hubo una correlación entre el sistema de apareamiento y el dimorfismo sexual. La relación entre el tamaño corporal y el sistema de apareamiento fue contraria a la que se predijo: hubo una correlación negativa significativa entre el grado de poliandría y el tamaño corporal entre islas.
45
Carreño-Barrera, Javier, Luis Alberto Núñez-Avellaneda, Maria José Sanín, and Artur Campos D. Maia. "Orchestrated Flowering and Interspecific Facilitation: Key Factors in the Maintenance of the Main Pollinator of Coexisting Threatened Species of Andean Wax Palms (Ceroxylon spp.)." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 105, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2020590.
Full textAbstract:
Solitary, dioecious, and mostly endemic to Andean cloud forests, wax palms (Ceroxylon Bonpl. ex DC. spp.) are currently under worrisome conservation status. The establishment of management plans for their dwindling populations rely on detailed biological data, including their reproductive ecology. As in the case of numerous other Neotropical palm taxa, small beetles are assumed to be selective pollinators of wax palms, but their identity and relevance in successful fruit yield were unknown. During three consecutive reproductive seasons we collected data on population phenology and reproductive and floral biology of three syntopic species of wax palms native to the Colombian Andes. We also determined the composition of the associated flower-visiting entomofauna, quantifying the extent of the role of individual species as effective pollinators through standardized value indexes that take into consideration abundance, constancy, and pollen transport efficiency. The studied populations of C. parvifrons (Engel) H. Wendl., C. ventricosum Burret, and C. vogelianum (Engel) H. Wendl. exhibit seasonal reproductive cycles with marked temporal patterns of flower and fruit production. The composition of the associated flower-visiting entomofauna, comprised by ca. 50 morphotypes, was constant across flowering seasons and differed only marginally among species. Nonetheless, a fraction of the insect species associated with pistillate inflorescences actually carried pollen, and calculated pollinator importance indexes demonstrated that one insect species alone, Mystrops rotundula Sharp, accounted for 94%–99% of the effective pollination services for all three species of wax palms. The sequential asynchronous flowering of C. parvifrons, C. ventricosum, and C. vogelianum provides an abundant and constant supply of pollen, pivotal for the maintenance of large populations of their shared pollinators, a cooperative strategy proven effective by high fruit yield rates (up to 79%). Reproductive success might be compromised for all species by the population decline of one of them, as it would tamper with the temporal orchestration of pollen offer.
46
Scandurra, Anna, Alessandra Alterisio, Anna Di Cosmo, and Biagio D’Aniello. "Behavioral and Perceptual Differences between Sexes in Dogs: An Overview." Animals 8, no. 9 (August 23, 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8090151.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we review the scientific reports of sex-related differences in dogs as compared to the outcomes described for wild animals. Our aim was to explore whether the differences in male and female dogs were affected by the domestication process, in which artificial selection is the main driver. For this purpose, we used information regarding personality traits, cognitive processes, and perception, for which there is a wide theoretical framework in behavioral ecology. Aggressiveness and boldness, described as a behavioral syndrome, were reported as being higher in males than females. Females also seemed more inclined to interspecific social interactions with humans in tasks that require cooperative skills, whereas males appeared more inclined to social play, thus implying different levels of social engagement between the sexes, depending on the context. Studies on cognitive processes underlined a greater flexibility in resorting to a particular navigation strategy in males. Most lateralization studies seem to support the view that males are preferentially left-handed and females are preferentially right-handed. Reports on visual focusing coherently rank females as superior in focusing on single social and physical stimuli. Only male dogs are able to discriminate kin; however, the timing of the olfactory recording in sexes is related to the stimulus relevance. Dogs are largely in line with life-history theories, which indicate that sex differences in dogs are mainly rooted in their biological and evolutionary heritage, remaining unchanged despite artificial selection. In contrast, the higher intraspecific sociability in wild male animals was not replicated in dogs.
47
Bonnet, Frank, Rob Mills, Martina Szopek, Sarah Schönwetter-Fuchs, José Halloy, Stjepan Bogdan, Luís Correia, Francesco Mondada, and Thomas Schmickl. "Robots mediating interactions between animals for interspecies collective behaviors." Science Robotics 4, no. 28 (March 20, 2019): eaau7897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aau7897.
Full textAbstract:
Self-organized collective behavior has been analyzed in diverse types of gregarious animals. Such collective intelligence emerges from the synergy between individuals, which behave at their own time and spatial scales and without global rules. Recently, robots have been developed to collaborate with animal groups in the pursuit of better understanding their decision-making processes. These biohybrid systems make cooperative relationships between artificial systems and animals possible, which can yield new capabilities in the resulting mixed group. However, robots are currently tailor-made to successfully engage with one animal species at a time. This limits the possibilities of introducing distinct species-dependent perceptual capabilities and types of behaviors in the same system. Here, we show that robots socially integrated into animal groups of honeybees and zebrafish, each one located in a different city, allowing these two species to interact. This interspecific information transfer is demonstrated by collective decisions that emerge between the two autonomous robotic systems and the two animal groups. The robots enable this biohybrid system to function at any distance and operates in water and air with multiple sensorimotor properties across species barriers and ecosystems. These results demonstrate the feasibility of generating and controlling behavioral patterns in biohybrid groups of multiple species. Such interspecies connections between diverse robotic systems and animal species may open the door for new forms of artificial collective intelligence, where the unrivaled perceptual capabilities of the animals and their brains can be used to enhance autonomous decision-making, which could find applications in selective “rewiring” of ecosystems.
48
Brennan, Ian G., Alan R. Lemmon, Emily Moriarty Lemmon, Daniel M. Portik, Valter Weijola, Luke Welton, Stephen C. Donnellan, and J. Scott Keogh. "Phylogenomics of Monitor Lizards and the Role of Competition in Dictating Body Size Disparity." Systematic Biology 70, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa046.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Organismal interactions drive the accumulation of diversity by influencing species ranges, morphology, and behavior. Interactions vary from agonistic to cooperative and should result in predictable patterns in trait and range evolution. However, despite a conceptual understanding of these processes, they have been difficult to model, particularly on macroevolutionary timescales and across broad geographic spaces. Here, we investigate the influence of biotic interactions on trait evolution and community assembly in monitor lizards (Varanus). Monitors are an iconic radiation with a cosmopolitan distribution and the greatest size disparity of any living terrestrial vertebrate genus. Between the colossal Komodo dragon Varanus komodoensis and the smallest Australian dwarf goannas, Varanus length and mass vary by multiple orders of magnitude. To test the hypothesis that size variation in this genus was driven by character displacement, we extended existing phylogenetic comparative methods which consider lineage interactions to account for dynamic biogeographic history and apply these methods to Australian monitors and marsupial predators. Incorporating both exon-capture molecular and morphological data sets we use a combined evidence approach to estimate the relationships among living and extinct varaniform lizards. Our results suggest that communities of Australian Varanus show high functional diversity as a result of continent-wide interspecific competition among monitors but not with faunivorous marsupials. We demonstrate that patterns of trait evolution resulting from character displacement on continental scales are recoverable from comparative data and highlight that these macroevolutionary patterns may develop in parallel across widely distributed sympatric groups.[Character displacement; comparative methods; phylogenetics; trait evolution; Varanus.]
49
Valk, Peter J. M., Yolanda Vankan, Marieke Joosten, Nancy A. Jenkins, Neal G. Copeland, Bob Löwenberg, and Ruud Delwel. "Retroviral Insertions in Evi12, a Novel Common Virus Integration Site Upstream of Tra1/Grp94, Frequently Coincide with Insertions in the Gene Encoding the Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor Cnr2." Journal of Virology 73, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 3595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.5.3595-3602.1999.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The common virus integration site (VIS) Evi11 was recently identified within the gene encoding the hematopoietic G-protein-coupled peripheral cannabinoid receptor Cnr2(also referred to as Cb2). Here we show thatCnr2 is a frequent target (12%) for insertion of Cas-Br-M murine leukemia virus (MuLV) in primary tumors in NIH/Swiss mice. Multiple provirus insertions in Evi11 were cloned and shown to be located within the 3′ untranslated region of the candidate proto-oncogene Cnr2. These results suggest that proviral insertion in the Cnr2 gene is an important step in Cas-Br-M MuLV-induced leukemogenesis in NIH/Swiss mice. To isolateEvi11/Cnr2 collaborating proto-oncogenes, we searched for novel common VISs in the Cas-Br-M MuLV-induced primary tumors and identified a novel frequent common VIS, Evi12 (14%). Interestingly, 54% of the Evi11/Cnr2-rearranged primary tumors contained insertions in Evi12 as well, which suggests cooperative action of the target genes in these two common VISs in leukemogenesis. By interspecific backcross analysis it was shown that Evi12 resides on mouse chromosome 10 in a region that shares homology with human chromosomes 12q and 19p. Sequence analysis demonstrated that Evi12 is located upstream of the gene encoding the molecular chaperone Tra1/Grp94, which was previously mapped to mouse chromosome 10 and human chromosome 12q22–24. Thus, Tra1/Grp94 is a candidate target gene for retroviral activation or inactivation in Evi12. However, Northern and Western blot analyses did not provide evidence that proviral insertion had altered the expression ofTra1/Grp94. Additional studies are required to determine whether Tra1/Grp94 or another candidate proto-oncogene inEvi12 is involved in leukemogenesis.
50
Li, Xiaoxiao, Qi Zhang, Jing Ma, Yongjun Yang, Yifei Wang, and Chen Fu. "Flooding Irrigation Weakens the Molecular Ecological Network Complexity of Soil Microbes during the Process of Dryland-to-Paddy Conversion." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020561.
Full textAbstract:
Irrigation has been applied on a large scale for the improvement of grain yield per hectare and production stability. However, the dryland-to-paddy conversion affects the ecological environment of areas of long-term dry farming, especially soil microorganisms. Little attention has been paid to the changes in microbial communities and the interactions between their populations in this process. Therefore, in this paper, the compositions and diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities were explored through a combination of high-throughput sequencing technology and molecular ecological network methods using bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS. The results showed that: (1) both the abundance and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi decreased in a short time, and the abundance of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Olpidiomycota varied greatly. (2) Compared to dry land, the modular structure of interaction networks and interspecific relationships of bacterial and fungal communities in paddy soil were simpler, and the network became more unstable. A cooperative relationship dominated in the molecular ecological network of bacteria, while a competitive relationship was dominant in the network of fungi. Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant bacterial species in dry land and paddy field, respectively. Ascomycota was dominant in the fungal communities of both dry land and paddy field. (3) The change in soil environmental factors, such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM) and available potassium (AK), directly affected the soil microbial community structure, showing a significant correlation (p < 0.05). These environmental factors also influenced the dominant microbial species. Microorganisms are the most important link in the carbon and nitrogen cycles of soil, and a large-scale dryland-to-paddy conversion may reduce the ecological stability of regional soil.