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Li, S. Y. W., A. G. Dunn, E. Coeira, and F. Magrabi. "Challenges in Measuring the Impact of Interruption on Patient Safety and Workflow Outcomes." Methods of Information in Medicine 50, no. 05 (2011): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me11-02-0003.
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SummaryObjective: To examine the problem of studying interruption in healthcare.Methods: Review of the interruption literature from psychology, human-computer interaction; experimental studies of electronic prescribing and error behaviour; observational studies in emergency and intensive care.Results: Primary task and interruption variables which contribute to the outcomes of an interruption include the type of task (primary and interrupting task); point of interruption; duration of interruption; similarity of interruptive task to primary task; modality of interruption; environmental cues; and interruption handling strategy. Effects of interruption on task performance can be examined by measuring errors, the time on task, interruption lag and resumption lag.Conclusions: Interruptions are a complex phenomenon where multiple variables including the characteristics of primary tasks, the interruptions themselves, and the environment may influence patient safety and work-flow outcomes. Observational studies present significant challenges for recording many of the process variables that influence the effects of interruptions. Controlled experiments provide an opportunity to examine the specific effects of variables on errors and efficiency. Computational models can be used to identify the situations in which interruptions to clinical tasks could be disruptive and to investigate the aggregate effects of interruptions.
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Kidd, David G., and Christopher A. Monk. "More is Less: The Effect of Single and Multiple Interleaved Interruptions on Task Resumption." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100422.
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People experience and handle interruptions on a daily basis. One strategy that people use to manage interruptions is to interleave an interrupting task with a primary task. Past interruptions research has mostly looked at the effects of a single interruption on primary task performance. This study sought to expand on past research by examining primary task performance during a period of interleaved interruptions. In this study, participants experienced either a single interruption or a series of interruptions that increased or decreased in duration. Task resumption in both interleaved interruption conditions was significantly faster than in the single interruption condition. The findings suggest that interleaving interruptions leads to more efficient task resumption than resuming after a single interruption.
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MAGHFIRO, ANNISA ANGGIA AYU, Meisuri Meisuri, and Muhammad Natsir. "THE INTERRUPTION USED BY THE HOST AND GUESTS IN SARAH SECHAN TALK SHOW ON NET TV." LINGUISTICA 9, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jalu.v9i2.18944.
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This research aims to identify the types and reasons of interruption uttered by host and the guests in Sarah Sechan talk show. To answer the objectives of the research, the researcher used conversation analysis approach. The data were the utterances that contain the interruption from the conversation in Sarah Secham Talk Show Net TV. The findings showed that there were four types of interruption employed by the host and guests, i.e. simple interruption, overlap interruption, silent interruption and butting-in interruption. From 56 data found in the talk show, simple interruption had the biggest number of occurrence with 37.50%. Simple interruption was the most appearing type in this talk show because each guest in every episode mainly gives his/her floor to the interrupter, which is the host, Sarah sechan even though his/her utterance was disrupted. The smallest number of interruption’s type was butting-in interruption with only 5.35%. The host or the guests seldom do butting-in interruption because they give a chance to the interrupter to deliver his/her message. To decide the reason of interruption, the writer looked at the context of the discussion between the host and the guests. The common reason was Completing with 35.71% and the other reason was showing agreement, seeking clarification, correcting, breaking up, and reject some point. From all of this reason the writer conclude that the interruptions in this talk-show were not violation. Keywords: conversation analysis; interruptionn; Sarah Sechan Talk
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Cades, David M., Deborah A. Boehm Davis, J. Gregory Trafton, and Christopher A. Monk. "Does the Difficulty of an Interruption Affect our Ability to Resume?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100419.
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Research has shown that different types of interruptions can affect their disruptiveness. However, it is unclear how different features of the interrupting task determine its disruptive effects. Specifically, some theories predict that the difficulty of an interruption does not contribute to the disruptive effects of that interruption alone. Disruptive effects can be mediated by the extent to which the interrupting task interferes with the ability to rehearse during the interruption. In this experiment participants performed a single primary task with three interruptions of different difficulty. We found that interruptions were more disruptive when the task minimized the participant's ability to rehearse (as measured by the number of mental operators required to perform the task) and not just when they were more difficult. These results suggest that the ability to rehearse during an interruption is critical in facilitating resumption of a primary task.
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Lee, Byung, Kwanghun Chung, and Sung-Hee Kim. "Interruption Cost Evaluation by Cognitive Workload and Task Performance in Interruption Coordination Modes for Human–Computer Interaction Tasks." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101780.
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Interruption is a widespread phenomenon in human–computer interaction in modern working environments. To minimize the adverse impact or to maximize possible benefits of interruptions, a reliable approach to evaluate interruption cost needs to be established. In this paper, we suggest a new approach to evaluate the interruption cost by cognitive workload and task performance measures. The cognitive workload is assessed by pupil diameter changes and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) task load index. Task performance includes task completion time and task accuracy in a series of controlled laboratory experiments. This integrated approach was applied to three interruption coordination modes (i.e., the immediate, the negotiated, and the scheduled modes), which were designed based on McFarlane’s interruption coordination modes. Each mode consists of cognitive and skill tasks depending on the degree of mental demands providing four different task sets of interruptive task environments. Our results demonstrate that the negotiated mode shows a lower interruption cost than other modes, and primary task type and task similarity between primary and peripheral tasks are crucial in the evaluation of the cost. This study suggests a new approach evaluating interruption cost by cognitive workload and task performance measures. Applying this approach to various interruptive environments, disruptiveness of interruption was evaluated considering interruption coordination modes and task types, and the outcomes can support development of strategies to reduce the detrimental effects of unexpected and unnecessary interruptions.
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Kalliomäki-Levanto, Tiina, and Antti Ukkonen. "An organizational digital footprint for interruption management: a data-driven approach." Information Technology & People 35, no. 8 (November 23, 2022): 369–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-06-2021-0491.
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PurposeInterruptions are prevalent in knowledge work, and their negative consequences have driven research to find ways for interruption management. However, these means almost always leave the responsibility and burden of interruptions with individual knowledge workers. System-level approaches for interruption management, on the other hand, have the potential to reduce the burden on employees. This paper’s objective is to pave way for system-level interruption management by showing that data about factual characteristics of work can be used to identify interrupting situations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors provide a demonstration of using trace data from information and communications technology (ICT)-systems and machine learning to identify interrupting situations. They conduct a “simulation” of automated data collection by asking employees of two companies to provide information concerning situations and interruptions through weekly reports. They obtain information regarding four organizational elements: task, people, technology and structure, and employ classification trees to show that this data can be used to identify situations across which the level of interruptions differs.FindingsThe authors show that it is possible to identifying interrupting situations from trace data. During the eight-week observation period in Company A they identified seven and in Company B four different situations each having a different probability of occurrence of interruptions.Originality/valueThe authors extend employee-level interruption management to the system-level by using “task” as a bridging concept. Task is a core concept in both traditional interruption research and Leavitt's 1965 socio-technical model which allows us to connect other organizational elements (people, structure and technology) to interruptions.
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Kupor, Daniella M., Wendy Liu, and On Amir. "The Effect of an Interruption on Risk Decisions." Journal of Consumer Research 44, no. 6 (August 23, 2017): 1205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucx092.
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Abstract Interruptions during consumer decision making are ubiquitous. In seven studies, we examine the consequences of a brief interruption during a financial risk decision. We identify a fundamental feature inherent in an interruption’s temporal structure—a repeat exposure to the decision stimuli—and find that this re-exposure reduces decision stimuli’s subjective novelty. This reduced novelty in turn reduces decision makers’ apprehension and increases the amount of risk they take in a wide range of risky financial decision contexts. Consistent with our theoretical framework, this interruption effect disappears when a stimulus’s subjective novelty is restored after an interruption. We further find that these consequences are often unique to interruptions are often do not result from other interventions (e.g., time pressure and elongated thinking); this is because an interruption’s unique temporal structure (which results in a repeat exposure to the decision stimuli) underlies its consequences. Our findings shed light on how and when interruptions during decision making can influence risk taking.
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Prajapati, Shreejana, Koichi Yamada, and Muneyuki Unehara. "An Approach to Obtain Proper Time for Interruption with Self Initiated Intermission." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2015): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2015.p0109.
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Notification delivered at an inappropriate time is usually considered an interruption. To ensure appropriate timing, we considered treating the self-initiated intermission as a period for interrupting users without causing distractions. This intermission is the time to report oneself as being available for an interaction or being ready for an interruption. This gives users the privilege of choosing a suitable time to handle interruptions without hampering any currently active task. Users’ interruptibility is compared at the time of self-initiated intermission with two alternative types of interruption presentation: application switching and regular intervals. An empirical study showed that the self-initiated intermission is the best approach for interrupting users because their interruptibility is high at this time. We also found that users report on their intermission approximately up to four times during an hour long time span.
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Zulkarnain, Riski. "SPOKEN ANALYSIS OF INTERRUPTION IN RESEARCH SEMINAR." Jurnal Konseling Pendidikan Islam 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32806/jkpi.v4i1.281.
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This paper focus to analyze interruptions among presenter, advisors, examiners, and audiences in research seminar forum. This research based on a study conducted in 2022 at Post Graduate Program State University of Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. To collect data, the researcher recorded the research seminar were obtained, transcribed, and analyzed by using discourse analysis approach. Interruption analysis. The results of this research are stated as follows, four types of interruption occurs through research seminar. They are simple interruption, overlap interruption, silent interruption and butting-in interruption. The highest frequency of the types of interruptions is simple interruption. Simple interruption appears 11extract, 1 times out of 26 total data extract. The lowest frequency is obtained by butting-in interruption with 2 data extract. This study is a kind of spoken discourse analysis which analyzes interruptions in research seminar interactions, it also includes identify the definition and described the types of those features which are different based on the context of interactions in research seminar.
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Labonté, Katherine, Sébastien Tremblay, and François Vachon. "Effects of a Warning on Interruption Recovery in Dynamic Settings." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601302.
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Operators working in extreme environments are often confronted with task interruptions. These interruptions tend to impair performance, which can represent a threat to public safety. Most of the tools designed to aid task resumption in such dynamic contexts are post-interruption solutions consisting of providing information about missed events once the interruption is over. The goal of the present study is to test whether a pre-interruption solution consisting of warning operators of an impending interruption can also facilitate interruption recovery. We employed a microworld simulating above-water warfare and compared primary task recovery following an interruption that could either be notified (8 s before it takes place) or not. Results revealed enhanced post-interruption decision accuracy and speed when providing foreknowledge of the imminent interruption. These findings suggest that a pre-interruption warning, which has already proven effective in static contexts, can also support interruption recovery in dynamic settings.
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Forsyth, Katherine L., Hunter J. Hawthorne, Nibras El-Sherif, Skylar M. Pagel, and Renaldo C. Blocker. "A Pilot Study Characterising Interruptions Experienced By Emergency Medicine Residents." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621108.
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Interruptions in the emergency department (ED) have been studied across multiple clinical roles, with little investigation into how residents experience interruptions. Therefore this pilot study aimed to characterize interruptions experienced by emergency medicine (EM) residents at various post-graduate year (PGY) levels. Observers shadowed ED residents across entire shifts and logged interruptions that affected clinicians into the Workflow Interruption Tool (WIT). Interruption characteristics captured included duration, nature, location, and task priority. Chi-square analysis identified a significant association between interruption type and the interruption priority, p < 0.001. Residents at varying PGY-levels experienced significantly different amounts of interruptions, p=0.013. Observing resident interruptions across the entirety of their shifts identified that as EM residents gain more experience, they are interrupted more often while working in the ED.
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Fania Yulistiana and Widyastuti. "ASSERTIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS ON INTERRUPTION BY JOE BIDEN IN THE 2020 FIRST PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE." Celtic : A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching, Literature and Linguistics 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/celtic.v9i1.21208.
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In a debate, interruption is a vital element because its utterance carries a distinct meaning. This study aims to demonstrate the presence of assertive illocutionary acts in Joe Biden's interruptions in the 2020 First Presidential Debate by identifying the type of interruption and assertive function contained within each interruption. This study utilizes the theory of assertive illocutionary acts by Searle and interruptions by Ferguson. The data were derived from Joe Biden's remarks in the 2020 First Presidential Debate. The results indicate that Joe Biden's interruption contains all functions of assertive illocutionary acts that aid in communicating the meaning of his utterances. The outcomes reveal that Joe Biden performed 21 interruptions, with the most parts being overlap interruptions (13 times), followed by simple interruptions (6 times), and the fewest being butting-in interruptions (2 times). In the interruption conducted by Joe Biden, assertive illocutionary speech acts were found with stating being the most dominant type (11 times), followed by claiming (5 times), complaining (2 times), reporting (1 time), explaining (1 time), and suggesting (1 time).
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R.Kennady, Et al. "An Embedded Approach to Hypervisor-Oriented Interruption Virtualization Operation." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i4.9846.
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This paper presents a method for virtualizing interruptions in an embedded hypervisor environment. The method involves the hypervisor taking control of hardware interruptions, providing them to a guest operating system (OS) for virtualization, and simulating interruption events through service threads running on the hypervisor. The guest OS executes a virtualization interruption service program using interruption injection operations provided by the hypervisor, bypassing the need to respond to hardware interruptions. This approach allows interruption service programs to be executed in a conventional stack environment, eliminating the need for copying and preserving the execution context. A comparative analysis with the virtualization scheme in Xen reveals that the proposed method reduces the overhead associated with field preservation, thereby enabling more efficient interruption response.
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Kyrychenko, Tetiana. "A communicative-pragmatic analysis of interruption realisation in modern English dialogical discourse." Lege Artis 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 169–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lart-2017-0005.
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Abstract The paper offers a study of speech interruptions on the basis of their communicative and pragmatic peculiarities. It provides a dynamic model of interruptions, where the development of the situation of interruption is revealed thanks to the dynamic character of speech interaction. The article presents the analysis of speech acts employed in the process of interruption. It also introduces a number of tactics of the interruption in terms of the cooperative and intrusive interruption strategy.
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Nicholas, Cheryl A., and Andrew L. Cohen. "The effect of interruption on the decision-making process." Judgment and Decision Making 11, no. 6 (November 2016): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500004824.
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AbstractPrevious research has shown that interruptions can lead to delays and errors on the interrupted task. Such research, however, seldom considers whether interruptions cause a change in how information is processed. The central question of this research is to determine whether an interruption causes a processing change. We investigate this question in a decision-making paradigm well-suited for examining the decision-making process. Participants are asked to select from a set of risky gambles, each with multiple possible stochastic outcomes. The information gathering process is measured using a mouse-click paradigm. Consistent with past work, interruptions did incur a cost: An interruption increased the time and the amount of information needed to make a decision. Furthermore, after an interruption, participants did seem to partially “restart” the task. Importantly, however, there was no evidence that the information gathering pattern was changed by an interruption. There was also no overall cost to the interruption in terms of choice outcome. These results are consistent with the idea that participants recall a subset of pre-interruption information, which was then incorporated into post-interruption processing.
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Rivai, Nur Trihandayani, and Wijana I Dewa Putu. "INTERUPSI OLEH PEMBAWA ACARA PRIA DAN WANITA DALAM PROGRAM TALK SHOW KOMEDI DI INDONESIA: INTRUSIF ATAU KOOPERATIF?" SPHOTA: Jurnal Linguistik dan Sastra 14, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/sphota.v14i2.5047.
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Abstract Interruptions in conversation are considered as a form of domination. Several prominent studies concluded that male tend to dominate the conversation by interrupting more often than female in mixed-sex conversation. However, interruption found to have other functions, which used to show a positive attitude. Therefore, this present study employed a descriptive qualitative method to investigate the function of interruption by male and female presenters in comedy talk shows in Indonesia using the classification of interruption by Zhao (2003) and Tao (2018). The findings pointed out that interruptions are not only aimed as a form of domination but also function as the form of cooperative and intrusive way in conversation. Related to gender study, female presenters are likely to use cooperative interruption while male presenters dominantly use intrusive interruption. Moreover, this study also revealed that intrusive interruption performed not only to show disagreement towards interlocutors but also may cause laughter that shows positivity from the audiences Abstrak Interupsi dalam percakapan dinilai sebagai sebuah bentuk dominansi. Beberapa studi terkemuka menyimpulkan bahwa laki-laki cenderung mendominasi dalam percakapan antara lawan jenis dengan menginterupsi lebih banyak dibanding perempuan. Akan tetapi, interupsi ditemukan memiliki tujuan lain yang bersifat positif. Oleh karenanya, penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk melihat tujuan interupsi yang dilakukan oleh pembawa acara laki-laki dan perempuan dalam talk show komedi di Indonesia menggunakan klasifikasi interupsi oleh Zhao (2003) dan Tao (2018). Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa interupsi tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai bentuk dominansi tetapi juga dapat menunjukkan bentuk kooperatif dan intrusif dalam percakapan. Terkait dengan studi gender, pembawa acara perempuan cenderung menggunakan interupsi kooperatif sedangkan pembawa acara laki-laki secara dominan menggunakan interupsi intrusif. Selain itu, ditemukan bahwa interupsi intrusif tidak hanya menunjukkan bentuk pertentangan terhadap lawan bicara namun juga dapat menyebabkan tawa yang bersifat positif dari penonton.
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Forsyth, Katherine L., Hunter J. Hawthorne, Anna R. Linden, Nibras El-Sherif, Rachelen S. Varghese, M. Susan Hallbeck, and Renaldo C. Blocker. "Do Trauma Activations Affect Interruptions in the Emergency Department?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601645.
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Clinicians have anecdotally indicated that interruptions increase following trauma activations in the emergency department (ED), yet it is unknown whether interruptions change following the end of a trauma case. This study aimed to examine the interruption characteristics of clinicians that participate in trauma activations before and after activations using the SEIPS model. Observers shadowed ED clinicians across entire shifts and logged interruptions that affected clinicians in a tablet PC-based tool. Interruption characteristics captured included duration, nature, location, and task priority. Trauma activations lasting more than five minutes were also recorded. Only interruptions occurring within one-hour of trauma activations were included in the analysis. Chi-square analyses identified significant associations between SEIPS-categorized interruptions and the interruption priority, p < 0.01, and between the SEIPS-categorized interruptions and the interruption location, p = 0.01, pre- and post-trauma activations. Identifying these associations revealed key opportunities to reduce unnecessary interruptions in the ED.
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Moolla, Haroon, Mary-Ann Davies, Claire Davies, Jonathan Euvrard, Hans W. Prozesky, Matthew P. Fox, Catherine Orrell, Per Von Groote, and Leigh F. Johnson. "The effect of care interruptions on mortality in adults resuming antiretroviral therapy." AIDS 38, no. 8 (February 7, 2024): 1198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0000000000003859.
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Objective: To estimate the relative rate of all-cause mortality amongst those on antiretroviral treatment (ART) with a history of interruptions compared with those with no previous interruptions in care. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: We used data from four South African cohorts participating in the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS Southern Africa collaboration. We included adults who started ART between 2004 and 2019. We defined a care interruption as a gap in contact longer than 180 days. Observation time prior to interruption was allocated to a ‘no interruption’ group. Observation time after interruption was allocated to one of two groups based on whether the first interruption started before 6 months of ART (’early interruption’) or later (’late interruption’). We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios. Results: Sixty-three thousand six hundred and ninety-two participants contributed 162 916 person-years of observation. There were 3469 deaths. Most participants were female individuals (67.4%) and the median age at ART initiation was 33.3 years (interquartile range: 27.5–40.7). Seventeen thousand and eleven (26.7%) participants experienced care interruptions. Those resuming ART experienced increased mortality compared with those with no interruptions: early interrupters had a hazard ratio of 4.37 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.87–4.95) and late interrupters had a hazard ratio of 2.74 (95% CI 2.39–3.15). In sensitivity analyses, effect sizes were found to be proportional to the length of time used to define interruptions. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the need to improve retention in care, regardless of treatment duration. Programmes to encourage return to care also need to be strengthened.
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Seals, Savannah M., Nia Peters, and Nina Pryor. "Exploration of Human-Mediated Interruption Strategies via Spoken Information Removal." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641290.
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Previous research from our laboratory which examined the impact of interruptions on performance in a collaborative communication task, found that interruptions from a synthetic agent, occurring either at fixed or random intervals, had a more deleterious effect on task performance than when interruption timing was determined by a human participant monitoring the communication task (Peters, Romigh, Bradley, & Raj, 2017). These results suggest that interruption times initiated by the human interrupters were more appropriate than the machine-generated ones; however, post-hoc analyses revealed no relation between interruption timing and language information prior to the human interruptions. Given these conflicting results and the demonstrated role of language information in other communication interactions, we aim to identify which spoken language components most motivate human interruption decisions, utilizing methods borrowed from the turn-taking literature (De Ruiter, Mitterer, & Enfield, 2006). Results indicate that listeners leverage prosodic and lexical information in making interruption decisions.
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Sasangohar, Farzan, Birsen Donmez, Anthony C. Easty, and Patricia L. Trbovich. "Effects of Nested Interruptions on Task Resumption: A Laboratory Study With Intensive Care Nurses." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59, no. 4 (January 27, 2017): 628–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720816689513.
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Objective: Interruptions to secondary tasks resulting in multiple tasks to resume may tax working memory. The objective of this research is to study such interruptions experienced by intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. Background: ICU nurses are frequently interrupted, resulting in a switch from primary to secondary tasks. In two recent studies, we observed that some of these secondary tasks also get interrupted, resulting in multiple tasks that have to be resumed, a phenomenon we refer to as nested interruptions. Although completing multiple secondary tasks in a serial fashion during an interruption period can create context-switching costs, we hypothesize that nested interruptions tax the working memory even more than just performing multiple secondary tasks sequentially because the nurse would have to encode in working memory the resumption goals for both the primary and the interrupted secondary tasks. Method: We conducted a laboratory study with 30 ICU nurses, who performed an electronic order-entry task under three interruption conditions: (a) baseline—no secondary task during the interruption period; (2) serial—performance of two tasks one after the other during the interruption period; and (3) nested—performance of two tasks during the interruption period, one of which was also interrupted. Results: Nested interruptions resulted in significantly longer primary-task resumption lag and less accurate task resumption compared with both the serial interruption and baseline conditions. Conclusion: The nested nature of interruptions adds to the resumption lag and diminishes resumption accuracy by likely populating the working memory with goals associated with interrupted secondary tasks.
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Wilson, Michael David, Simon Farrell, Troy A. W. Visser, and Shayne Loft. "On the Nature of Interruptions in Complex Dynamic Tasks." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601055.
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The formal study of interruption can improve workplace safety by providing insights into the cognitive processes underlying interrupted task performance (Boehm-Davis & Remington, 2009). Experimental studies examining the disruptive effects of interruptions have typically used basic laboratory paradigms (Trafton & Monk, 2007) and account for disruptive effects using prospective memory models (McDaniel, Einstein, Graham, & Rall, 2004) or activation-based models (Altmann & Trafton, 2002). However, the effects of interruptions in more complex dynamic tasks, such as air traffic control (ATC), may be different because they require operators to perform multiple task goals in a continuously evolving task environment. The current study examined the impact of two kinds of interruption on performance in simulated ATC. Participants ( n = 60) were required to accept/handoff aircraft entering/exiting their sector and to prevent aircraft pairs from conflicting (violating minimum separation standards). There were three within-subjects conditions: no-interruption (baseline control), a blank interruption (blank screen for 27s), and an n-back interruption (visual 2-back task, for 27s). Each ATC trial included two delayed-execute PM tasks: a conflict-resolution PM-task and a handoff PM-task. Both tasks were encoded before the interruption occurred. The conflict-resolution PM-task required participants to resolve a deferred conflict immediately after the interruption ended. Time taken to resolve this conflict was taken as resumption time. We predicted resumption time would increase for both interruption conditions due to the need to reorientate to the evolved visual ATC scene. We also predicted the n-back interruption would further increase resumption time due to blocking rehearsal. Interruptions significantly increased resumption time. However, in contrast to previous research using basic tasks (Monk, Trafton, & Boehm-Davis, 2008) resumption time was not greater in the demanding n-back interruption relative to the blank interruption. The handoff PM-task required participants to handoff an aircraft using a non-routine keystroke at 63s (on average) after the interruption. To be clear, the aircraft flashed for hand-off and the participant needed to remember to press the alternative handoff key instead of the routine handoff key. Prior research has examined PM in simulated ATC (Loft, 2014), and we extended it by examining how interruptions would impact PM. Based on findings in basic delayed-execute studies, we predicted interruptions would increase handoff PM-task errors. The average error rate on the handoff PM-task was 31%, but this did not differ between the conditions. Two important findings emerged from this study. Firstly, we did not find rehearsal to be an important factor in interruption recovery in simulated ATC. This indicates that orientating to an evolved visual scene may be the primary driver behind resumption time costs in this dynamic task. Secondly, we replicated the PM errors reported in previous simulated ATC experiments, but found that PM performance was robust to interruptions. Whilst the use of a student sample with limited training limits the generalizability of the present study, we recommend psychological models of interruption be applied cautiously, particularly in safety-critical environments. Human factors practice and research will benefit from further examining the nature of interruptions in complex task environments.
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Gatzounis, Rena, Martien G. S. Schrooten, Geert Crombez, and Johan W. S. Vlaeyen. "Effects of activity interruptions by pain on pattern of activity performance – an experimental investigation." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 18, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2017-0098.
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Abstract Background and aims: Suspending an ongoing activity with the intention to resume it again later is a natural response to pain. This response facilitates coping with the pain, but it may also have negative consequences for the resumption and performance of the activity. For example, people with pain problems are often forced to take a break from doing their household chores because of their pain. They might delay resuming their chore, eventually needing longer time to finish it. We investigated how activity interruptions by pain influence the pattern of subsequent activity performance. We expected that when an activity is interrupted by pain (compared to non-pain), people spend longer time away from the activity, need longer time to complete it, and are less motivated to perform it. Methods: Sixty healthy volunteers performed an ongoing task that required them to make joystick movements in different directions according to a specific rule. Occasionally, participants received either a painful electrocutaneous stimulus or a non-painful and non-aversive auditory stimulus (between-subjects) as an interruption cue. The interruption cue was followed by the temporary suspension of the ongoing task and the initiation of a different activity (interruption task). The latter required the categorization of cards and had a maximum duration, but participants could also stop it earlier by pressing a button. We measured time away from the (interrupted) ongoing task, total time to complete the ongoing task (including the interruptions) and self-reported motivation to perform both the ongoing as well as the interruption task. Results: Groups did not differ in the time away from the ongoing task, total time to complete the ongoing task, or self-reported motivation to perform the two tasks. Conclusions: Activity interruptions by pain did not impair the pattern of activity performance more than activity interruptions by non-pain. Potential explanations and suggestions for future research are discussed. Implications: Interrupting ongoing activities is a common response to pain. However, activity interruptions by pain do not appear to influence the pattern of activity performance in a different way than activity interruptions by pain-irrelevant external stimuli.
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Baek, Seung Ju, Seung Gyeong Jang, Sang Hee Hong, Soo Ok Han, and Won Lee. "Assessing the Suitability of Interruption Intervention Strategies in Nursing Medication Administration: A Delphi Study." Quality Improvement in Health Care 30, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14371/qih.2024.30.1.88.
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Purpose: This study explored the suitability of interventions for medication interruption and intervention preferences.Methods: Two rounds of Delphi surveys were conducted with 18 expert panels comprising staff (or charge) nurses, nursing managers, and Quality Improvement (QI) team nurses working in a tertiary general hospital. For 47 situations involving the location of interruption, medication step, and source of interruption, the suitability of three interventions (no-interruption zone, medication safety vest, and education) was evaluated using a 5-point scale.Results: A total of 51 interventions for each situation were found appropriate by satisfying the degree of convergence and consensus. Patients or caregivers, peer nurses, doctors, telephones, and call bells were sources of interruption and were identified as appropriate for the application of interventions. 'Responding to requests and inquiries' by patients or caregivers showed high overall suitability. The nurses' preferred color for the intervention design (no-interruption zone, medication safety vest) is blue text on a yellow background. The priority groups for education related to medication interruptions were patients or caregivers, nurses, and non-nursing staff, in that order.Conclusion: Effective implementation of tailored intervention strategies that consider the specific characteristics of medication interruptions is crucial for mitigating interruptions and enhancing patient safety. Comprehensive educational programs aimed at reducing medication interruptions by improving awareness are necessary. Moreover, future research should evaluate these strategies in clinical settings to ensure their effectiveness in enhancing patient safety.
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Cheung, Matthew C., Maureen E. Trudeau, Helen Mackay, Harsh Naik, Ben De Mendonca, Andrea Eisen, and Simron Singh. "The impact of interruptions on physician workflow, productivity, and delivery of care." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 8_suppl (March 10, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.8_suppl.201.
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201 Background: Physician interruptions during clinic and non-clinic hours can lead to medical errors, provider fatigue, prolonged clinic times, reduced academic output and poor job satisfaction. Repetitive interruptions can hamper the ability of physicians to deliver high quality patient-centered care. This study aims to evaluate the type, frequency, duration and self-reported physician response interruptions physicians experience in clinic. Methods: A work observation study was conducted at the Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto, Canada. In-clinic data were collected from September 22 to October 6, 2016 using time-motion analyses by shadowing multiple oncologists in clinic. Interruption data were collected and categorized as follows: type of interruption, length of interruption, reason for interruption and role of interrupter. Physicians were asked to record and track themselves regarding interruptions they experienced during non-clinic hours using the same criteria. Results: Over a 2-week period, 5 medical oncology clinics (median 4 hours (hrs) per clinic), were observed and tracked. The clinic physicians averaged 22 interruptions per block, equating to 6 interruptions/hr (one interruption every 10 minutes (mins)). Over the 5 sessions, 112 data points were collected totaling over 1 hr 48 mins of interrupted time. Interruptions averaged 80 seconds (range of 4 to 517) in length with a positive skewed distribution. This calculates to approximately 30 mins of cumulative interrupted time per clinic session. Most interruptions were under 4 mins in length (4.1 at 95th percentile). The type of interruption varied but was most commonly in-person (67), email (24) and text message (10). Conclusions: Interruptions account for approximately 30 mins of physician time during a 4-hour clinic. An assessment of the type and frequency of requests proved highly variable, creating inconsistent ways messages are delivered to physicians. Interruptions potentially impact on patient care and disrupt the workflow of the clinic. These data provide future directions for exploring efficient clinic workflows and establishing standardized means of communicating with physicians during clinic hours.
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Getnet, Mehammed Adem, and Berhanu Boru Bifftu. "Work Interruption Experienced by Nurses during Medication Administration Process and Associated Factors, Northwest Ethiopia." Nursing Research and Practice 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8937490.
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Background. During medication administration process, including preparation, administration, and documentation, there is high proportion of work interruption that results in medication administration errors that consequently affect the safety of patients. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of work interruption and associated factors during medication administration process.Methods. A prospective, observation-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on 278 nurses. Structure observational sheet was utilized to collect data. EPI Info version 3.5.3 and SPSS version 20 software were utilized for data entry and analysis, respectively. Binary and multivariable logistic regression were fitted to identify the associated factors using an odds ratio and 95% CI.Results. The incidence of work interruption was found to be 1,152 during medication administration process. Of this, 579 (50.3%) were major/severe work interruptions. Unit of work, day of the week, professional experience, perceived severity of work interruption, source/initiator of interruption, and secondary tasks were factors significantly associated with major work interruptions atp<0.05.Conclusion. In this study, more than half of work interruption was major/severe. Thus, the authors suggest raising the awareness of nurses regarding the severity of work interruptions, with special attention to those who have lower work experience, sources of interruption, and secondary tasks by assigning additional nurses who manage secondary tasks and supportive supervision.
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Ani, Ikke Lusi, Indah Damayanti, and Syafrizal Sabarudin. "Interruption in Turn Taking Irregularities at Speaking for Conversation Class." Journal of English Education and Teaching 8, no. 2 (June 5, 2024): 400–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jeet.8.2.400-413.
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This research is aimed at finding types of interruption in turn taking irregularities at Speaking for Conversation Class and dominant type of interruption in turn taking irregularities at Speaking for Conversation Class. This research employed descriptive quantitative research. The subjects of this research were 2nd semester students of class A and C. The total subject was 80 students. This research used simple statistical (percentage) to analyze the data. The interruption in turn taking irregularities at Speaking for Conversation Class were classified using an instrument following Zimmerman & West theory and classified by Murata theory. The first finding showed seven types of interruption in turn taking irregularities at Speaking for Conversation Class, namely agreement, clarification, assistance, disagreement, floor taking, topic change, and tangelization. Meanwhile, the dominant type of interruption in turn taking irregularities was clarification types. These, the students didn’t like being interrupted in Speaking for Conversation Class either positive interruptions or negative interruptions. In conclusion, there were two types of interruption namely, cooperative and intrusive interruption. The cooperative interruption consists of agreement, clarification, and assistance. Then, the intrusive interruption consists of disagreement, floor taking, topic change, and tangelization. Than the dominant type of interruption was clarification types. It was suggested furthere researchers to used observation or recording instrument. More importantly, for furthere researchers also pay attention to the context and conditions of students.
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Jakob, Juvrianto Chrissunday, and Sri Ananda Pertiwi. "AN ANALYSIS OF INTERRUPTION IN SEMINAR SETTING." Research and Innovation in Language Learning 2, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33603/rill.v2i1.1131.
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Interruption is a phenomenon when one person takes the turn while another is already talking. Most of the time, phenomena of interruption has been considered as disrespectful act or kind of rude. Contrast, Interruption could be supportive and cooperative act. This study aimed at describing what type of interruption is and reason of doing interruption made by English lectures and students in proposal seminar. This research used qualitative method which the data of interruption are taken from participants in three different proposal seminar conducted by graduate students of UNM by using recording technique. The results showed that types of interruption appeared in seminar are simple interruption, silent interruption, and butting interruption. Otherwise, the reasons of interruption which appears are seeking clarification, correcting, disagreeing, giving clarification, doubting and giving explanation. This is due to the fact that interruptions in this seminar were not violation.
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Tao, Yingnian. "Interruption Elicits Laughter: Cooperative and Intrusive Interruptions in a Chinese Talk Show Host’s Conversation." Studies in English Language Teaching 6, no. 4 (September 25, 2018): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v6n4p287.
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<p><em>This study is designed to examine how the secondary/subordinate host under institutional obligations and restrictions employs the interruption mechanism to supplement the dominant host’s narrative and elicit an audience’s laughter. Ten episodes totaling 239 minutes of the popular Chinese TV talk show Jinxing Show were selected, focusing on the “monologue” narrative section in which the interruption mechanism is given its best play. The data encompass 288 interruption turns and 80 non-interruption turns. Conversation Analysis is used to analyse the type of interruptions and the relation between interruptions and laughter. It is found that interruptions adopted by the assistant host can be analysed according to two aspects: rapport and intrusion, with the former consisting of backchannel and progression, while the latter is characterized by tease, disagreement, and pick-up. Backchannel and pick-up scarcely produce laughter from the audience, while progression and disagreement result in around half of the interruption that embodies laughter, and tease causes the strongest reactions. It is also argued that the interruption-laughter correlation is determined by the role identification and institutional obligations, which are primarily aimed at complementing the storytelling of the dominant host and enliven the atmosphere in the studio. Through administering quantitative and qualitative analysis, this study is expected to develop studies of institutional interruption by displaying how the secondary characters in institutional contexts (talk shows) full of dominance and restrictions exert resistance (interruption), while also accomplishing institutional responsibilities. Helping the audience and viewers appreciate the discursive skills of the talk show hosts is also likely.</em></p>
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Nawar, Eric W., Katherine M. Andrinopoulos, Rhoderick N. Machekano, Thomas W. Carton, Emily A. Bobrow, Placidie Mugwaneza, and Dieudonne Ndatimana. "A Longitudinal Assessment of Interruptions in HIV Clinic Visits and Virologic Failure among Pregnant and Postpartum Women in the Kabeho Study." Journal of AIDS and HIV Treatment 5, no. 1 (October 26, 2023): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33696/aids.5.044.
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Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for women with HIV is recommended for life, yet most studies measure retention in HIV care and treatment as a binary outcome rather than patterns of intermittent clinic attendance. Pregnancy and the post-partum period are critical times to study interruptions in care, as retention among these women is particularly challenging and can affect the outcomes of both the mother and her child. Methods: The Kigali Antiretroviral and Breastfeeding Assessment for the Elimination of HIV (Kabeho) study was an observational prospective cohort of 608 pregnant and postpartum women with HIV followed for 2 years. Clinic visit attendance was used to construct an interruption variable defined as a missed visit followed by a return to care. In multivariate analyses, we examined interruption patterns as predictors of virologic failure and detectable viral load. Results: During the study period, 48% of women had multiple visit interruptions and 29% had an interruption that lasted more than one month. Adjusting for age, ART regimen, time on ART, and CD4 count, the odds of virologic failure among women with multiple interruptions were almost 3 times higher than for women with one or no interruptions (aOR=2.72, 95%CI: 1.09, 6.77). The odds of virologic failure were nearly 3.5 times higher among women with an interruption lasting more than one month compared with women with shorter or no interruptions (aOR=3.47, 95%CI: 1.59, 7.66). Conclusions: Interruptions in HIV care visits are common with significant increases in virologic failure among women with multiple and long-term interruptions. Measuring patterns of interruption, rather than a single binary measure captures the fluid nature of lifetime and health-seeking behavior.
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Üsten, Ezel, and Anna Sieben. "Don’t stop me now: Psychological effects of interrupting a moving pedestrian crowd and a video game." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 14, 2023): e0287583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287583.
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Interruptions are a part of our everyday lives. They are inevitable in complex societies, especially when many people move from one place to another as a part of their daily routines. The main aim of this research is to understand the effects of interruptions on individuals from a psychological and crowd dynamics perspective. Two studies were conducted to investigate this issue, with each focusing on different types of interruptions and examining their psychological (emotion, motivation, arousal) and physiological (heart rate) components. Study 1 examined interruptions in a video game setting and systematically varied goal proximity (N = 61). It was hypothesized that being interrupted in the later stages of goal pursuit would create a high aroused impatience state, while interruptions in the earlier stages would produce a low aroused boredom state. However, the results showed that the hypothesized groupwise differences were not observed. Instead, interruptions created annoyance in all conditions, both psychologically and physiologically. Study 2 investigated interruptions in pedestrian crowds (N = 301) and used a basic motivational dichotomy of high and low motivation. In the experiments, crowds (80–100 participants) were asked to imagine that they were entering a concert hall consisting of a narrow bottleneck. The low motivation group reported feeling bored during the interruption, while the high motivation group reported feeling impatient. Additionally, a motivational decrease was observed for the high motivation group due to the interruption. This drop in motivation after the interruption is also reflected in the measured density (person/m2) in front of the bottleneck. Overall, both studies showed that interruption can have significant effects on individuals, including psychological and physiological impacts. The observed motivational decrease through interruption is particularly relevant for crowd management, but further investigation is needed to understand the context-specific effects of interruptions.
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Nethisinghe, Suran, Maheswaran Kesavan, Heather Ging, Robyn Labrum, James M. Polke, Saiful Islam, Hector Garcia-Moreno, et al. "Interruptions of the FXN GAA Repeat Tract Delay the Age at Onset of Friedreich’s Ataxia in a Location Dependent Manner." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 7507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147507.
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Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is a comparatively rare autosomal recessive neurological disorder primarily caused by the homozygous expansion of a GAA trinucleotide repeat in intron 1 of the FXN gene. The repeat expansion causes gene silencing that results in deficiency of the frataxin protein leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and cell death. The GAA repeat tract in some cases may be impure with sequence variations called interruptions. It has previously been observed that large interruptions of the GAA repeat tract, determined by abnormal MboII digestion, are very rare. Here we have used triplet repeat primed PCR (TP PCR) assays to identify small interruptions at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the GAA repeat tract through alterations in the electropherogram trace signal. We found that contrary to large interruptions, small interruptions are more common, with 3′ interruptions being most frequent. Based on detection of interruptions by TP PCR assay, the patient cohort (n = 101) was stratified into four groups: 5′ interruption, 3′ interruption, both 5′ and 3′ interruptions or lacking interruption. Those patients with 3′ interruptions were associated with shorter GAA1 repeat tracts and later ages at disease onset. The age at disease onset was modelled by a group-specific exponential decay model. Based on this modelling, a 3′ interruption is predicted to delay disease onset by approximately 9 years relative to those lacking 5′ and 3′ interruptions. This highlights the key role of interruptions at the 3′ end of the GAA repeat tract in modulating the disease phenotype and its impact on prognosis for the patient.
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Bolton, Frank, Shahram Jalaliniya, and Thomas Pederson. "A Wrist-Worn Thermohaptic Device for Graceful Interruption." Interaction Design and Architecture(s), no. 26 (September 20, 2015): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.55612/s-5002-026-003.
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Thermal haptics is a potential system output modality for wearable devices that promises to function at the periphery of human attention. When adequately combined with existing attention-governing mechanisms of the human mind, it could be used for interrupting the human agent at a time when the negative influence on the ongoing activity is minimal. In this article we present our self-mitigated interruption concept (essentially a symbiosis of artificial external stimuli tuned to existing human attention management mechanisms) and perform a pilot study laying the ground for using a wrist-worn thermohaptic actuator for self-mitigating interruption. We then develope a prototype and perform an insightful pilot study. We frame our empirical thermohaptic experimental work in terms of Peripheral Interaction concepts and show how this new approach to Human-Computer Interaction relates to the Context-Aware-systems-inspired approach “Egocentric Interaction” aimed at supporting the design of envisioned Wearable Personal Assistants intended to, among other things, help human perception and cognition with the management of interruptions.
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Jorge, Ana. "Social Media, Interrupted: Users Recounting Temporary Disconnection on Instagram." Social Media + Society 5, no. 4 (October 2019): 205630511988169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305119881691.
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This article looks at the discourses of Instagram users about interrupting the use of social or digital media, through hashtags such as “socialmediadetox,” “offline,” or “disconnecttoreconnect.” We identified three predominant themes: posts announcing or recounting voluntary interruption, mostly as a positive experience associated to regaining control over time, social relationships, and their own well-being; others actively campaigning for this type of disconnection, attempting to convert others; and disconnection as a lifestyle choice, or marketing products by association with disconnection imaginary. These discourses reproduce other public discourses in asserting the self-regulation of the use of social media as a social norm, where social media users are responsible for their well-being and where interruption is conveyed as a valid way to achieve that end. They also reveal how digital disconnection and interruption is increasingly reintegrated on social media as lifestyle, in cynical and ironic ways, and commodified and co-opted by businesses, benefiting from—and ultimately contributing to—the continued economic success of the platform. As Hesselberth, Karppi, or Fish have argued in relation to other forms of disconnection, discourses about Instagram interruptions are thus not transformative but restorative of the informational capitalism social media are part of.
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Yang, Fan, Peter A. Heeman, and Andrew L. Kun. "An Investigation of Interruptions and Resumptions in Multi-Tasking Dialogues." Computational Linguistics 37, no. 1 (March 2011): 75–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00036.
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In this article we focus on human–human multi-tasking dialogues, in which pairs of conversants, using speech, work on an ongoing task while occasionally completing real-time tasks. The ongoing task is a poker game in which conversants need to assemble a poker hand, and the real-time task is a picture game in which conversants need to find out whether they have a certain picture on their displays. We employ empirical corpus studies and machine learning experiments to understand the mechanisms that people use in managing these complex interactions. First, we examine task interruptions: switching from the ongoing task to a real-time task. We find that generally conversants tend to interrupt at a less disruptive context in the ongoing task when possible. We also find that the discourse markers oh and wait occur in initiating a task interruption twice as often as in the conversation of the ongoing task. Pitch is also found to be statistically correlated with task interruptions; in fact, the more disruptive the task interruption, the higher the pitch. Second, we examine task resumptions: returning to the ongoing task after completing an interrupting real-time task. We find that conversants might simply resume the conversation where they left off, but sometimes they repeat the last utterance or summarize the critical information that was exchanged before the interruption. Third, we apply machine learning to determine how well task interruptions can be recognized automatically and to investigate the usefulness of the cues that we find in the corpus studies. We find that discourse context, pitch, and the discourse markers oh and wait are important features to reliably recognize task interruptions; and with non-lexical features one can improve the performance of recognizing task interruptions with more than a 50% relative error reduction over a baseline. Finally, we discuss the implication of our findings for building a speech interface that supports multi-tasking dialogue.
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Miller, Sheryl L. "Window of Opportunity: Using the Interruption Lag to Manage Disruption in Complex Tasks." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 3 (September 2002): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600306.
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Interruption is a fundamental human problem. Past research has focused on how people resume an interrupted task after attending to some unrelated secondary task, ignoring interruptions that are an integral part of overall performance. In many settings, such as air traffic control or in-vehicle navigation, people must integrate the processing of the interruption itself and the resumption of the interrupted task. An experiment was conducted to investigate how people manage interruptions in a team decision-making task where interruptions are an integral part of overall performance. One strategy proposed for managing interruptions is the “rehearsal strategy.” It was expected that people who rehearsed where they would resume the task would be able to overcome the disruption imposed by interruption. The results indicate that people instructed to use this strategy behaved differently than those who were not instructed. However, instruction did not improve performance on interrupted tasks and may even have been detrimental.
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Puranik, Harshad, Joel Koopman, and Heather C. Vough. "Pardon the Interruption: An Integrative Review and Future Research Agenda for Research on Work Interruptions." Journal of Management 46, no. 6 (November 21, 2019): 806–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206319887428.
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Work interruptions are ubiquitous in today’s workplaces as a result of the proliferation of technology and a growing emphasis on collaboration and open workspaces. Although a large body of research on interruptions has accumulated over the last two decades, this research is scattered across disciplines with little integration. While this fragmentation indicates the complex nature of interruptions, it has also led to inconsistencies in how interruptions are defined and studied. Such differences reduce generalizability of results, lead to conflicting findings, and hinder knowledge development. We present here an integrative review of prior research on work interruptions based on an analysis of 247 publications. As part of the review, we examine prior definitions of interruption and advance a new integrative definition that can anchor a range of future research. We also discuss and summarize the assumptions and implications of the different investigative approaches used to study interruptions. An awareness of these approaches can help scholars better align their theory and investigative approach to adequately capture constructs/relationships of interest. We then synthesize theory and research, across disciplines, to present a process-based model that comprehensively captures our current understanding of how, when, and why work interruptions affect employees in different ways. Lastly, we highlight several avenues in need of more research attention and provide recommendations on how to advance the work interruption literature ahead meaningfully. Our review can act as an important reference for scholars new to interruption research, as well as for established interruption researchers looking to move their research in new directions.
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Wang, Junsheng, Shukui Qin, Jin Li, Wenying Deng, Lu Wen, Guifang Zhang, Haijun Zhong, et al. "Effects of apatinib dose interruptions on safety and efficacy in patients with chemotherapy-refractory advanced or metastatic adenocarcinoma of stomach or gastroesophageal junction in third- or later-line setting." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.4_suppl.142.
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142 Background: Apatinib, a small molecule VEGFR TKI, has been approved in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer in China. Due to toxicity, many pts underwent temporary interruptions during treatment. We analyzed the data from a phase IV clinical trial of Ahead-G201 to evaluate the relationship between dose interruption, drug safety and efficacy. Methods: At the cutoff date of Jul 10, 2017, Ahead-G201 study enrolled 1037 pts. The adverse events (AEs) and clinical efficacy were evaluated for pts with no, 1, 2 and ≥3 dose interruptions. Results: 336 of 1037 pts underwent dose interruptions during apatinib treatment: 1 interruption in 183 pts; 2 interruptions in 67 pts; and ≥3 interruptions in 86 pts. The toxicity and efficacy for them were listed in Table. For safety, pts with no interruption had the lowest incidence of all AEs (59.3%) and grade 3-4 AEs (30.0%). Pts with ≥3 interruptions had the highest objective response rate (ORR, 20.3%) and disease control rate (DCR, 82.6%). Moreover, these pts got median progression-free survival (mPFS) of 6.6 mos and median overall survival (mOS) of 9.4 mos, which were the longest among 4 groups. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that ≥3 interruptions of apatinib bring much more efficacy benefit both in mPFS (6.6 vs 3.8 mos: hazard ratio, 0.5, 95%CI, 0.3 to 0.7) and mOS (9.4 vs 6.6 mos: hazard ratio, 0.5, 95%CI, 0.3 to 0.8) for pts, than those with no interruption. Conclusions: Current results indicated that dose interruptions are required to manage toxicity and it is necessary to explore an optimal dosing pattern of apatinib in advanced gastric cancer. Clinical trial information: NCT02426034. [Table: see text]
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Mulder-Vos, Inge, Ellen M. Driever, and Paul L. P. Brand. "Observational study on the timing and method of interruption by hospital consultants during the opening statement in outpatient consultations." BMJ Open 13, no. 9 (September 2023): e066678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066678.
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ObjectiveTo analyse verbal interruptions by Dutch hospital consultants during the patient’s opening statement in medical encounters.DesignCross-sectional descriptive study.SettingIsala teaching hospital in Zwolle, the Netherlands.Participants94 consultations by 27 consultants, video recorded in 2018 and 2019.Main outcome measuresPhysicians’ verbal interruptions during patients’ opening statements, rate of completion of patients’ opening statements, time to first interruption and the effect of gender, age and physician specialty on the rate and type of physicians’ verbal interruptions.ResultsPatients were interrupted a median of 9 times per minute during their opening statement, the median time to the first interruption was 6.5 s. Most interruptions (67%) were backchannels (such as ‘hm hm’ or ‘go on’), considered to be encouraging the patient to continue. In 52 consultations (55%), patients could not finish their opening statement due to a floor changing interruption by the consultant. The median time to such an interruption was 31.4 s, on average 20 s shorter than a finished opening statement (p=0.004). Female consultants used more backchannels (median 9, IQR 5–12) than male consultants (median 7, IQR 2–11, p=0.028).ConclusionsHospital-based consultants use various ways to interrupt patients during their opening statements. Most of these interruptions are encouraging backchannels. Still, consultants change the conversational floor in more than half of their patients during their opening statements after a median of 31 s.
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Gatzounis, Rena, Martien G. S. Schrooten, Geert Crombez, Linda M. G. Vancleef, and Johan W. S. Vlaeyen. "Taking a break in response to pain. An experimental investigation of the effects of interruptions by pain on subsequent activity resumption." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 16, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.02.008.
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AbstractBackground and aimsInterrupting ongoing activities with the intention to resume them again later is a natural response to pain. However, such interruptions might have negative consequences for the subsequent resumption and performance of the interrupted activity. Activity interruptions by pain may be more impairing than interruptions by non-painful stimuli, and also be subjectively experienced as such. These effects might be more pronounced in people high in pain catastrophizing. These hypotheses were investigated in two experiments.MethodsIn Experiment 1, healthy volunteers (n = 24) performed an ongoing task requiring a sequence of joystick movements. Occasionally, they received either a painful electrocutaneous or a non-painful vibrotactile stimulus, followed by suspension of the ongoing task and temporary engagement in a different task (interruption task). After performing the interruption task for 30 s, participants resumed the ongoing task. As the ongoing task of Experiment 1 was rather simple, Experiment 2 (n = 30) included a modified, somewhat more complex version of the task, in order to examine the effects of activity interruptions by pain.ResultsParticipants made more errors and were slower to initiate movements (Experiment 1 & 2) and to complete movements (Experiment 2) when they resumed the ongoing task after an interruption, indicating that interruptions impaired subsequent performance. However, these impairments were not larger when the interruption was prompted by painful than by non-painful stimulation. Pain catastrophizing did not influence the results.ConclusionsResults indicate that activity interruptions by pain have negative consequences for the performance of an activity upon its resumption, but not more so than interruptions by non-painful stimuli. Potential explanations and avenues for future research are discussed.ImplicationsInterrupting ongoing activities is a common response to pain. In two experiments using a novel paradigm we showed that activity interruptions by pain impair subsequent activity resumption and performance. However, this effect seems to not be specific to pain.
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Lee, Tyler, Hinette Rosario, Elizabeth Cifuentes, Jiawei Cui, Emery C. Lin, Victoria A. Miller, and Henry C. Lin. "Review of interruptions in a pediatric subspecialty outpatient clinic." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): e0254528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254528.
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Introduction The objective of this study was to describe interruptions in the pediatric ambulatory setting and to assess their impact on perceived physician communication, patient satisfaction and recall of provided physician instructions. Methods An observational study was performed at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pediatric Gastroenterology clinic. Participation consisted of video recording the clinic visit and the caregiver completed post-visit surveys on communication and satisfaction. Video recordings were coded for interruptions, which were divided into 3 main categories: Visit Associated, Pediatric Associated, and Unanticipated. An interruption rate was calculated and correlated with the following outcome variables to assess the impact of interruptions: caregiver satisfaction, caregiver perception on the quality of physician communication, and caregiver instruction recall. Results There were 675 interruptions noted in the 81 clinic visits, with an average of 7.96 (σ = 7.68) interruptions per visit. Six visits had no interruptions. The Patient was the most frequent interrupter. Significantly higher interruption rates occurred in clinic visits with younger patients (<7 years old) with most of the interruptions being Pediatric Associated interruptions. There was minimal correlation between the clinic visit interruption rate and caregiver satisfaction with the communication, caregiver perception of quality of communication, or caregiver instruction recall rate. Conclusion The effect of interruptions on the pediatric visit remains unclear. Interruptions may be part of the communication process to ensure alignment of the patient’s agenda. Additional studies are needed to help determine the impact of interruptions and guide medical education on patient communication.
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Federman, Jessica E. "Interruptions in online training and their effects on learning." European Journal of Training and Development 43, no. 5/6 (July 1, 2019): 490–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-10-2018-0100.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the types of interruptions learners experience during online training and their effects on learning. Design/methodology/approach An internet-based survey was distributed to individuals who experienced interruptions during e-learning to uncover common characteristics. A conceptual framework relating interruption characteristics to self-regulatory facets of learning is discussed. Findings The study reveals that e-learners experience computer malfunctions, supervisors and family/friends as common sources of interruptions. The survey also reveals that interruptions are occasionally self-generated. Originality/value This paper synthesizes the interruption and self-regulated learning literatures and provides a framework for understanding how interruptions affect online learning. This framework can be used by practitioners and scholars for future research and testing interrupted e-learning.
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Li, Binbin, Zhefan Ye, Jue Li, Siyuan Shao, and Chenlu Wang. "Analyzing the Passenger Waiting Tolerance during Urban Rail Transit Service Interruption: Using Stated Preference Data in Chongqing, China." Computation 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation11020033.
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To reduce traffic congestion and pollution, urban rail transit in China has been in a stage of rapid development in recent years. As a result, rail transit service interruption events are becoming more common, seriously affecting the resilience of the transportation system and user satisfaction. Therefore, determining the changing mechanism of the passenger waiting tolerance, which helps establish a scientific and effective emergency plan, is urgent. First, the variables and levels of the urban rail service interruption scenarios were screened and determined, and the stated preference questionnaire was designed using the orthogonal design method. Further, the data of the waiting tolerance of passengers during service interruptions were obtained through questionnaires. Second, combined with the questionnaire data, an accelerated failure time model that obeys the exponential distribution was constructed. The results indicate that factors such as the service interruption duration, travel distance, bus bridging, information accuracy, attention to operation information, travel frequency and interruption experience affect the waiting tolerance of passengers during service interruptions. Finally, combined with the sensitivity analysis of the key influencing factors, the policy analysis and suggestions are summarized to provide theoretical support for the urban rail operation and management department to capture the passenger waiting tolerance accurately during service interruptions and formulate an efficient, high-quality emergency organization plan.
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Razmjoo, Sasan, Negar Haghi, Mohammad Javad Tahmasebi Birgani, Shole Arvandi, Seyed Mohammad Hosseini, Hodjatollah Shahbazian, and Mohammad reza Javan. "Radiotherapy Interruption in Cancer Patients: Rates and Causes at Ahvaz Golestan Hospital." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care 5, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcc.2020.5.1.33-36.
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Introduction: Radiotherapy is one of the most common cancer treatment modalities. The goal of this study was to establish the rates and causes of radiotherapy interruptions in cancer patients at Ahvaz Golestan Hospital.Methods: In this retrospective study, the data were collected during period from 2012 to 2013, from cancer patients who received radiation therapy at Golestan Hospital. Demographic characteristics and radiotherapy interruption frequency and reasons were reviewed and analyzed. Results: Among 1476 cases, 70.7% of patients had no radiotherapy interruption. The most common cause of treatment interruption was equipment damages and/or maintenance in 29.5% of patients. There were statistically significant relations between radiotherapy interruption with site of cancer (P=0.014) and living place of patients (P=0.006), respectively.Conclusion: Generally, treatment interruption at our center was not much higher than other centers; however, the most common cause of treatment interruption was equipment damages and/or maintenance, which was higher than most centers.
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Alkahtani, M., M. H. Abidi, A. Ahmad, S. Darmoul, S. Samman, and M. Ghaleb. "Human Interruption Management in Workplace Environments: An Overview." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 2 (April 4, 2020): 5452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3404.
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Interruptions are unexpected breaks that introduce new tasks on top of ongoing activities. In work environments, interruptions occur when operators and decision-makers have to deal simultaneously with several stimuli and information sources and have to make decisions so as to maintain the flow of activities at a satisfactory level of performance or quality of service. The causes and effects of interruptions and their subsequent management strategies in workplace environments have been researched in the past, however, only a few review articles are available to report on current advances in this area, to analyze contributions, and to highlight open research directions. This paper offers an up-to-date review and a framework for interruptions and interruption management strategies. The current approaches to identify, report, and manage interruptions in a variety of workplace environments are reviewed and a description of environmental characteristics that favor the occurrence of interruptions and influence interruption management in workplace environments is provided. Various approaches to classify and model the different types of interruptions and their cause-consequence relationships are discussed and the strategies to manage interruptions and approaches to measure human performance when dealing with interruptions are analyzed. Based on these insights, several guidelines to manage interruptions in workplace environments are provided, and future research directions are highlighted.
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Rolfsmeier, Michael L., and Robert S. Lahue. "Stabilizing Effects of Interruptions on Trinucleotide Repeat Expansions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.20.1.173-180.2000.
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ABSTRACT In most trinucleotide repeat (TNR) diseases, the primary factor determining the likelihood of expansions is the length of the TNR. In some diseases, however, stable alleles contain one to three base pair substitutions that interrupt the TNR tract. The unexpected stability of these alleles compared to the frequent expansions of perfect TNRs suggested that interruptions somehow block expansions and that expansions occur only upon loss of at least one interruption. The work in this study uses a yeast genetic assay to examine the mechanism of stabilization conferred by two interruptions of a 25-repeat tract. Expansion rates are reduced up to 90-fold compared to an uninterrupted allele. Stabilization is greatest when the interruption is replicated early on the lagging strand, relative to the rest of the TNR. Although expansions are infrequent, they are often polar, gaining new DNA within the largest available stretch of perfect repeats. Surprisingly, interruptions are always retained and sometimes even duplicated, suggesting that expansion in yeast cells can proceed without loss of the interruption. These findings support a stabilization model in which interruptions contribute in cis to reduce hairpin formation during TNR replication and thus inhibit expansion rates.
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Fatonah, Astri Amaliah, Dedi Sofyan, and Zahrida Zahrida. "Interruptions Employed by the Participants of Ellen DeGeneres Show." Journal of English Education and Teaching 8, no. 2 (June 20, 2024): 468–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jeet.8.2.468-479.
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This research aimed to find out the dominant types of interruptions employed by participants and to find out the purposes of interruptions done by the participants of Ellen DeGeneres show. This research employed quantitative descriptive research. The subjects of this research were two of the most viewed videos uploaded from October-November 2020. The interruption employed by the participants and the purposes of interruptions done by the participants were classified using an instrument datasheet following Murata’s theory. The first results of this research show that interruptions types done by the participants of the Ellen DeGeneres show namely cooperative and intrusive, and the dominant types employed in the Ellen DeGeneres show was a cooperative interruption. The second result finding showed all that the purposes of interruptions done by the participants of the Ellen DeGeneres show namely agreement, assistance, clarification, disagreement, floor-taking, and tangentialization.
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Prajapati, Shreejana, Koichi Yamada, Muneyuki Unehara, and Izumi Suzuki. "Productivity Enhancing Interruption-Information Management Chat Interface." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 21, no. 3 (May 19, 2017): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2017.p0456.
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Spontaneous communication is an integral part of any workplace as well as everyday life. In workplaces that use computer or similar devices, most of the spontaneous conversations happen over email or chat. Frequent use of chat application or email disrupts a recipient’s workflow and leads to constant interruptions causing task fragmentation. In this paper, we present a receiver oriented Interruption-Information Management (IIM) chat which incorporates automated agents to prevent receivers from getting a plethora of messages. This framework manages both interruption and forthcoming information in the chat interface. It is a novel approach in the area of interruption management. It not only considers interruption management, but also manages the information based on the users’ behavior and preferences. It is a cooperative approach where both the message sender and the receiver work together to deliver messages during the receiver’s most favorable times. The receiver contributes to manage interruption whereas the sender contributes to manage information, together forming an interruption-information management mechanism to decide the least interruptible time for message delivery.
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Runkle, Erik S., Royal D. Heins, Arthur C. Cameron, and William H. Carlson. "Effect of Night-interruption Duration and Cyclic Lighting on Flowering of Obligate Long-day Herbaceous Perennial Plants." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 681c—681. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.681c.
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Six obligate long-day species of herbaceous perennials were grown under six night-interruption treatments to determine their relative effectiveness at inducing flowering. Photoperiods were 9 hours natural days with night interruptions provided by incandescent lamps during the middle of the dark period for the following durations: 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 hours; 6 minutes on, 54 minutes off for 4 hours (10% cyclic lighting); or 6 minutes on, 24 minutes off for 4 hours (20% cyclic lighting). Response to night interruptions varied by species, but five of the six species flowered most rapidly and uniformly under 4-hour night interruption. Few or no Campanula carpatica `Blue Clips', Rudbeckia fulgida `Goldsturm', or Hibiscus ×hybrida `Disco Belle Mixed' plants flowered with 1 hour or less of continuous night-break lighting. All Coreopsis ×grandiflora `Early Sunrise' flowered, but flowering was hastened as the duration of night interruption increased. Echinacea purpurea `Bravado' flowered similarly across all treatments. In general, the effectiveness of the night-interruption treatments at inducing flowering was 4 hours > 2 hours > 20% cyclic > 1 hour > 10% cyclic > 0.5 hour.
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Zencir, Gülbanu, Nazike Duruk, and Ismet Eser. "Interruptions experienced by nurses during preparation and administration of medications at the patient’s bedside/corridor: Duration and causes, Turkey." Clinical Nursing Studies 8, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/cns.v8n1p21.
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Background: Nurses experience many interruptions during drug administration. Interruptions threaten the safety of patients and nurses in health institutions.Aim: This study aimed to investigate the interruptions experienced by nurses during preparation and administration of medications at the patient’s bedside/corridor in different clinics.Methods: Interruptions was determined by several observations. Observations carried out during nurses’ medication process in internal medicine and surgical services (by two researchers). Sixty observation were made in total by two researchers.Results: Interruptions were detected at least once in the preparations and administration process in all of the observations. The interruption frequency in preparation, administration and the whole process were statistically significant different between the services. The interruptions in the general surgery service were higher than the internal medicine service. The interruption frequency was significantly higher during the preparation process in internal medicine service and administration process in general surgery service.Conclusions: Interruptions during nurses’ medication process at the patient’s bedside or in the corridor was commonly observed, especially in the general surgery service.
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Hayter, Jill K. "Career Interrupted For What Reason? Job Interruptions And Their Wage Effects." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, no. 4 (June 30, 2014): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i4.8664.
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This paper examines whether controlling for the type of career interruption has different effects on mens and womens wages. One argument for the persistence of the gender wage gap is that previously researchers have used poor measures of experience to estimate mens and womens wages. This paper extends the career interruption literature by estimating mens and womens wages including controls for both the type and timing of interruptions. Findings show similar wage effects for mens and womens wages while controlling for the type of interruption. These results are consistent with the basic human capital model, but are inconsistent with previous empirical research.