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1
Kparou, Hanoukoume Cyril. "Étude comparée des interrogateurs en lama et en français." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 26 (September 30, 2018): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n26p332.
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Interrogation is a Language Universal (LU), i.e., it exists in all natural languages. However, every language has undeniable particularities. Lama3 and French4, two languages from different language families, are a good illustration of these realities. A comparative study of interrogatives of both languages shows many similarities as well as dissimilarities. This article is aimed at presenting a comparative typology of interrogative markers and constructions in Lama and French. It consists of a morphosyntactic analysis of the interrogative markers and their different functions implied in the construction of interrogative sentences. French uses an interrogative copula est-ce que and the verbal inversion to form total interrogation, while Lama makes use of postpositional morphemes to formulate fundamental interrogation. Both languages form partial interrogation with adverbial and relative markers, but Lama goes further with the use of noun class interrogative markers. This study contributes to establish language universals and particularities in both languages at formal and functional levels.
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Gapur, Abdul, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "STUDI KONTRASTIF KONSTRUKSI INTEROGATIF POLAR BAHASA JEPANG DAN BAHASA INDONESIA." GENTA BAHTERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 4, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47269/gb.v4i1.43.
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This research discusses about interrogative construction of polar in Japanese and Indonesian language. The purpose of this research describes the forms, similarities and differences, and the correspondence of interogative constructions in Indonesian and Japanese. Sources of data are related literature on interrogative constructions and Indonesian and Japanese grammar books. Data collection using techniques of refering and noting.Contrastive analysis is used to analyze data. The he study found that the interrogative contrastive polar in Japanese and Indonesian languages were formed from use of 1) intonation, 2) interrogative particles, and 3) interrogative tags. The interrogative constructions of Japanese and Indonesian polar interrelations are inherent in the intonation aspect as the main thing in the construction of polar interrogation, the use of interrogative particles and the use of nterogative tags in both languages. The difference between polar interrogative constructions lies in the use of more productive ”apa”, “apakah” and “bagaimana” words in Indonesian and more productive interrogative particles in Japanese polar interrogative. In the correspondence of translations most of the interrogative particles of Japanese are equated with the question 'apakah' in the polar interrogative constructions of Indonesian. AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas tentang konstruksi interogatif polar dalam bahasa Jepang dan bahasa Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk, persamaan dan perbedaan, dan kesepadanan konstruksi interogatif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang. Sumber data adalah literatur yang berkaitan tentang konstruksi interogatif dan buku tatabahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang. Pengumpulan data dengan teknik catat. Analisis data menggunakan analisis kontrastif dengan pendekatan strukturalis. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa kontrastif interogatif polar bahasa Jepang dan bahasa Indonesia terbentuk dari 1) penggunaan intonasi, 2) partikel interogatif, dan 3) tag interogatif. Persamaan bentuk konstruksi interogatif polar bahasa Jepang dan Indonesia terdapat pada aspek intonasi sebagai hal utama dalam pembentukan konstruksi interogatif polar, penggunaan partikel interogatif dan penggunaan tag Interogatif dalam kedua bahasa. Perbedaan konstruksi interogatif polar terletak pada penggunaan kata tanya ”apa”, “apakah” dan “bagaimana” yang lebih produktif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan partikel interogatif ka yang lebih produktif sebagai penanda interogatif polar dalam bahasa Jepang. Dalam kesepadanan penerjemahan umumnya partikel interogatif ka bahasa Jepang disepadankan dengan kata tanya ”apakah” dalam konstruksi interogatif polar bahasa Indonesia.
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Repnina, Tatiana V. "One-predicate interrogative conditional constructions in Catalan (in comparison with Spanish and French)." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 16, no. 3 (2018): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2018-16-3-102-115.
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The article deals with mononuclear interrogative conditional constructions in Catalan (in comparison with Spanish and French), a topic addressed for the first time in a separate study. The tense and voice uses in these constructions, their transformations into two-predicate constructions, and their meanings are examined in detail. Conclusions about the differences in tense use are made, constructions with positive and negative meanings are analyzed. The following conclusions are made: 1. One-predicate conditional constructions are characteristic of interrogative, but not of declarative utterances. 2. One-predicate conditional constructions can be split into those that elide the main clause and those that do not. Elliptical constructions imply the meaning of consequence, while non-elliptical constructions do not. 3. One-predicate interrogative conditional constructions normally begin with a special marker, a conjunction combination – i si in Catalan, y si in Spanish, and et si in French. 4. Interrogative conditional constructions with main clause ellipsis can express both real and unreal condition in the present, past or future by means of tenses and moods. The use of tenses and moods in constructions with main clause ellipsis in the three targeted languages mostly coincide. The differences can be summed up as follows. In Catalan and Spanish, the imperfect of the conjunctive generally corresponds to the imperfect of the indicative in French. In Catalan and Spanish, the pluperfect of the conjunctive is opposed to the pluperfect of the indicative in French. The same difference is also true of non-interrogative conditional constructions. 5. In Catalan and Spanish, non-elliptical interrogative conditional constructions use imperfect subjunctives as opposed to French where imperfect indicatives occur instead. 6. Elliptical one-predicate interrogative conditional constructions address events whose realization or consequences are not obvious to the speaker, or low-probability events. Such constructions mostly express negative meaning. Non-elliptical one-predicate interrogative conditional constructions express request, suggestion, or advice.
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Lin, Hao. "Interrogative marking in Chinese Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 241–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.19001.lin.
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Abstract Little research has been conducted on interrogative constructions in Chinese Sign Language (CSL) based on naturalistic data. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of CSL interrogative constructions. Based on findings from naturalistic data, both manual and non-manual components of these constructions are described and analyzed, revealing a complex system. Firstly, manual markers in content questions consist of two basic wh-signs, what and how-many, which form two series of wh-compounds for more specific information retrieval. As for the manual marking of CSL polar questions, three types of particles are attested, namely yes, a-not-a, and some negators. Non-manual markers work as interrogative markers in two ways: morphologically and prosodically. The former way is realized by mouthings, which can be equaled to suprasegmental markers like tones in spoken language. Prosodic non-manual marking is mainly realized by brow movement while head tilt, eye gaze, etc. are excluded as optional. Considering the spread of brow movement, we find that polar questions without particles are predominantly marked by brow raise spreading over the entire sentence, while in interrogatives with manual markers, brow movement seems to be optional, since its frequency is lower and its spreading behavior less regular. CSL is proposed to be a particle-rich sign language, and some speculations are offered on what may cause this behavior.
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Lin, Dong-Yi. "Interrogative serial verb constructions in Kavalan." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 37, no. 1 (June 25, 2011): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v37i1.3197.
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Mosegaard Hansen, Maj-Britt. "Syntax in interaction." Studies in Language 25, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 463–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.25.3.04mos.
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This paper investigates the correlation between the form and function of yes/no interrogatives in spoken French. The standard language possesses three ways of constructing such interrogatives: verb-clitic inversion; prefixation of a declarative sentence with the interrogative particle est-ce que; and a rising intonation pattern superposed on a declarative structure. The choice between the three has traditionally been described in terms of register differences. This paper argues, however, that the three constructions differ not only on the pragmatic level, but also on the semantic level, and that the choice between them can be explained, and largely predicted, in terms of three interactional parameters, namely the accessibility of the information contained in the interrogative; participation structure; and considerations of ‘face’.
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Zeshan, Ulrike. "Interrogative Constructions in Signed Languages: Crosslinguistic Perspectives." Language 80, no. 1 (2004): 7–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2004.0050.
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Kuhn, Ninoslava Šarac, and Ronnie B. Wilbur. "Interrogative structures in Croatian Sign Language." Investigating Understudied Sign Languages - Croatian SL and Austrian SL, with comparison to American SL 9, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2006): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.9.1.09kuh.
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In this study, we investigate the interrogative structures in Croatian Sign Language (HZJ) with respect to the word order, manual question words, and nonmanual markers and their scope. Both polar and content questions mainly use specific nonmanual markers to indicate interrogative function. Polar questions use chin down and content questions use chin up as their prominent nonmanual markers. In addition to these markers, brows up occurs in both constructions leading to the suggestion that brows up may be a general question marker in HZJ. Brows down can also occur, particularly in content questions. Other nonmanual markers that appear in polar questions are head forward, and eyes wide open and those in content questions are head forward, headshake, shoulders up, and eyes closed. Both interrogative constructions use manual question words. Polar questions can use an optional manual sign je-li that was probably introduced to HZJ through Signed Croatian. je-li is not connected to the peak intensity of the nonmanual markers and we consider it to be an adjunct to the question structure. Content words are used in most HZJ content interrogatives. Question words can be represented by specific signs or can be formed by the content sign ‘5’ (i.e. handshape 5 or b-th moving side-to-side). This ‘5’ sign is further specified by mouthing the particular question word from spoken Croatian. Content words can appear in sentence initial, sentence final or both positions. In content questions, question words bear the highest peak of nonmanual intensity, thus we consider them to be operating as operators. Recent research shows that HZJ shares some features with Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS) because in the 19th century, Croatian deaf students attended Vienna’s Institute for the Deaf (Schalber this volume; Šarac 2003; Šarac et al in press). Upon finishing their education, they would return back to Croatia. Similarities between HZJ and ÖGS are found in their interrogative nonmanual markings but not in their syntactic structures. This can be seen by the fact that these two sign languages do not have the same canonical word order.
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Shabat-Savka, Svitlana. "Interrogative statement and discourse-stylistic continuum of the Ukrainian language." Ukrainska mova, no. 1 (2021): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2021.01.061.
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Interrogative statements are used to perform the intention of the query in various discourse-stylistic forms of the Ukrainian language. This article aims to analyze interrogative statements from the stand-point of their functioning as syntactic constructions. Drawing on a wide range of literary sources, the author states that, fulfilling the epistemological need to fill information gaps in speaker’s knowledge, the interrogative statement is the most relevant linguistic sign used to express the speaker’s motivation and needs. The interrogative statement is, however, a clear example of communicative-pragmatic functions which include figurativeness, expression of will, emotionality, evaluation, and tolerance, verbalized in a speech in accordance with the speaker’s intentions. A suggested in terpretation of the linguistic nature of interrogative constructions attests to their ambivalence and semantic syncretism along with the performance of primary and secondary functions. The discourse-stylistic continuum of the Ukrainian language, i.e., vernacular, literary, journalistic, religious, and epistolary, represents a rather extensive functional potential of inter-rogative constructions. In spoken discourse, interrogative expressions, e.g., address-oriented syntactic units, verbalize the specifying and clarifying intentions of the query, thus highlighting their primary function in the dialogic discourse. In other registers, these are secondary func-tions related to the following aspects: 1) figurativeness and aesthetics of speech which em phasizes the linguo-creative nature of a speaker, i.e., fiction; 2) the display of certain information which has a purposeful influence on the addressee of the speech and encourages specific actions, i.e., journalistic discourse; 3) the creation of aphoristic and rhetorical dialogue, establishing spiritual values and a human worldview, i.e., religious discourse; 4) the creation of epistolary dialogue as a marker of the interrogative searching process focused on essential phenomena related to pub-lic and private life and aimed at the formation of textual communication conceived in time and space. This article introduces the concept of interrogative discourse as a dynamic continuum of human communication, a special mode of cognition and reflection of reality, one of the latest fragments of linguistic knowledge. Keywords: interrogative statement, discourse-stylistic continuum, the intention of inquiry, address-ability, dialogicality / quasi-dialogicality, interrogative discourse.
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Zubkova, Mariya, and Elena Kopylova. "The Structure of Interrogative Sentences with a Nominal Subject in the French Language in a Diachronic Aspect." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 3 (July 21, 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2287-1505-v102.
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The article is focused on the study of interrogative sentences with a nominal subject in the French language in terms of structural criteria in a diachronic aspect. The purpose of this study is to reveal the features of the so-called complex inversion in interrogative sentences. Special attention is paid to terminological problems. Pronominal reprise is recognized by the authors as the most correct term for an interrogative construction with a nominal subject duplicated by a personal pronoun. The lack of uniformity in terminology indicates a multidimensional nature of the inversion phenomenon in the French language. For instance, in addition to interrogative sentences, it can be used in other contexts: in simple declarative sentences after certain adverbs, in subordinate clauses after some conjunctions, in exclamatory sentences, etc. The authors highlight and describe the characteristic features of interrogative sentences with a nominal subject in terms of diachrony. Pronominal reprise appears in interrogative constructions as early as in the 16th century, mainly in general questions, subsequently extending to special questions. In the 16th – 17th centuries, the subject did not regularly precede the verb; the same applied to interrogative words, which could be placed both to the left and to the right of the subject. In sentences with a nominal subject, reprise was not the only possible structural option. The following were also used: direct word order, construction question word + est-ce que, and simple inversion. The authors come to the conclusion that pronominal reprise had finally replaced simple inversion of the nominal subject in general questions in French by the end of the 17th century.
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Stoianova, Tetiana, and Yuliia Stoianova. "PECULIARITIES OF RENDERING ENGLISH INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 31 (December 2020): 388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-31-25.
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The article is dedicated to the problem urgent both for general linguistics and translation studies. In the focus of the analysis there are linguistic means of rendering English interrogative constructions in Ukrainian translation, as well as the study of the main translation strategies, tactics and devices. It has been concluded that the dominant one is the strategy of communicatively relevant translation, while the most widely occurred tactics are the tactic of rendering relevant information, the tactic of correct presentation and the tactic of linguistic and cultural adaptation. The analysis of the translation devices has revealed the predominance of such devices as contextual replacement, transposition, change of syntactic type, as for the complex devices — antonymous translation and the technique of semantic development. The perspective of the research is seen in the study of the peculiarities of rendering other communicative types in translation.
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Robbers, Maja, and Nicole Hober. "Verb-framed spatial deixis in Mesoamerican languages and the increasing complexity of source constructions via Spanish de." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 71, no. 3 (August 28, 2018): 397–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2018-0016.
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Abstract This paper aims to investigate the non-overt marking of spatial relations in the Mesoamerican area with regard to the relationship between spatial interrogatives and spatial declaratives. It is argued that languages which indiscriminately employ the same word form as spatial deictic interrogative for all three basic spatial relations, place, goal and source, do not employ grammaticalized markers for allative and/or ablative functions. Instead they rely on motion verb constructions the semantics of which determine the spatial reference as well as the direction of motion. These systems, however, change via the intrusion of the Spanish preposition de.
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Motte, Aurore. "A propos de quelques tournures interrogatives et constructions associées dans les légendes discursives (‘Reden und Rufe’) des tombes privées." Lingua Aegyptia - Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 28 (November 2020): 137–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37011/lingaeg.28.05.
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"(Pseudo)-Interrogative Sentences and Associated Phrases in Speech Captions in Private Tombs": In this paper, I discuss the (pseudo)-interrogative phrases, both those that are introduced by an interrogative word as well as those that are not. My aim is to provide a synchronic and diachronic study of such sentences and to illustrate a few of their uses in the Reden und Rufe corpus. After a short introduction (section 1), the predicate questions jn and jn-jw are considered in section 2 and adjunct questions built with the interrogative pronouns jšs.t, zy, m and the interrogative adverb ṯn(y) in section 3. Section 3 will further discuss a couple of affirmative and exclamative sentences, which have to be linked with the rhetorical question jšs.t pw A. The fourth and last section before conclusions is devoted to three cases studies relevant for this investigation, i.e. the proclitic particle js, which allows the speaker to distance himself from his words through an ironic statement (4.1), interrogative phrases without interrogative words (4.2), and the particle ḫy hitherto known from letters only (4.3). As a result 50 examples from Old Kingdom mastabas to Late Period tombs have been considered. Even if real (or ordinary) questions (OQs) arose in a few cases, there is a clear majority of rhetorical questions (RQs), which are uninformative and assertive. Both OQs and RQs can be expressed by means of the same syntactic structure, be it predicate questions, adjuncts questions, or interrogative phrases without interrogative words. Some are however preferred for RQs, and vice versa. The RQs as adjunct questions, which are predominant in this text corpus, invoke a predetermined answer from the addressee, being either jnk pw or jnk + nominalized participle. As such they reveal a first rhetorical strategy in which the answer is the counterpart of the question with exactly the same syntactic structure jšs.t pw A – jnk pw, zy pw A – jnk pw, and (j)n-m + participle – jnk + participle). The jšs.t pw A and (j)n-m + participle patterns expose a further rhetorical strategy in which the speaker and/or the addressee is/are objectified.
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Kuhn, Ninoslava Šarac, and Ronnie B. Wilbur. "Interrogative structures in Croatian Sign Language: Polar and content questions." Sign Language and Linguistics 9, no. 1-2 (2006): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.9.1-2.09kuh.
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In this study, we investigate the interrogative structures in Croatian Sign Language (HZJ) with respect to the word order, manual question words, and nonmanual markers and their scope. Both polar and content questions mainly use specific nonmanual markers to indicate interrogative function. Polar questions use chin down and content questions use chin up as their prominent nonmanual markers. In addition to these markers, brows up occurs in both constructions leading to the suggestion that brows up may be a general question marker in HZJ. Brows down can also occur, particularly in content questions. Other nonmanual markers that appear in polar questions are head forward, and eyes wide open and those in content questions are head forward, headshake, shoulders up, and eyes closed.Both interrogative constructions use manual question words. Polar questions can use an optional manual sign je-li that was probably introduced to HZJ through Signed Croatian. je-li is not connected to the peak intensity of the nonmanual markers and we consider it to be an adjunct to the question structure. Content words are used in most HZJ content interrogatives. Question words can be represented by specific signs or can be formed by the content sign ‘5’ (i.e. handshape 5 or b-th moving side-to-side). This ‘5’ sign is further specified by mouthing the particular question word from spoken Croatian. Content words can appear in sentence initial, sentence final or both positions. In content questions, question words bear the highest peak of nonmanual intensity, thus we consider them to be operating as operators.Recent research shows that HZJ shares some features with Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS) because in the 19th century, Croatian deaf students attended Vienna’s Institute for the Deaf (Schalber this volume; Šarac 2003; Šarac et al in press). Upon finishing their education, they would return back to Croatia. Similarities between HZJ and ÖGS are found in their interrogative nonmanual markings but not in their syntactic structures. This can be seen by the fact that these two sign languages do not have the same canonical word order.
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Fischer, Markus. "Zweifelsfall: zweifeln im Deutschen." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 30 (January 1, 2003): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.30.2003.179.
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Two main types of sentences are traditionally distinguished in the context of semantic theories of questions and answers: declarative sentences, corresponding to statements, and interrogative sentences, corresponding to questions. The interrogative forms can be further subdivided into dialectical ones (yes-no-questions) and non-dialectical ones (constituent questions). These distinctions are made for both root and embedded sentences. The predicates that select sentential complements fall into three classes: predicates that license only declaratives, those that allow only for interrogatives, and those that embed both types of sentences. In this connection, verbs of doubt are interesting in that they allow for declaratives as well as dialectical interrogatives, while non-dialectical interrogatives do not seem to be appropriate complements.
In what follows, our main concern will be with the German verb of doubt zweifeln and its possible sentential complements. Speaker intuitions as to which constructions are grammatical or acceptable vary, particularily with respect to rare expressions like zweifeln. Therefore, interviews and corpus analysis were applied as a means to acquire reliable linguistic data. These as well as data from historical sources and from some languages other than German (esp. English and Italian) are presented and analysed. In the last section, based on the notion of ‘subjective probability’, an attempt is made at explaining the observations.
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Savelyev, Victor S. "Indirect Speech Acts in the Speech of the Characters of the Tale of Bygone Years." Slovene 6, no. 1 (2017): 236–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2017.6.1.8.
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The article states that communication in Old Russian as well as in modern Russian discourse is characterized by the use of mono-functional and poly-functional indirect speech acts. Moreover, the important aspect that helps to specify the illocutive functions of indirect speech acts in Old Russian is their verifiability: the verbal or non-verbal response of the interlocutor as well as the frame constructions, which introduce direct speech (preposition). These constructions are also used in the middle of the utterance (interposition) or at the end of the utterance (postposition). The author of the chronicles observes the communicative purposes of both the speaker and the interlocutor, indicating that the given utterance should be regarded as an indirect speech act. By analyzing the use of mono-functional indirect speech acts in the original dialogue fragments of the Tale of Bygone Years, the author works out their typology. The groups of interrogative and non-interrogative indirect speech acts have been singled out, each of them having certain typical characteristics. The semantics of non-interrogative utterances in most cases is connected with the expression of indirect meanings of time and aspect of verbal forms. The use of interrogative utterances as indirect speech acts is mostly connected with the changes not only in the illocutive function, but also in the propositional meaning of the predicative unit: interrogative utterances with negations should be interpreted as affirmative non-interrogative utterances and vice versa. The author comes to the conclusion that the use of modern mono-functional indirect speech acts is traditional, since it is identical to their functioning in Old Russian.
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Petrova, Nyurguyana. "Syntax-Pragmatics interface in converbal constructions." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 1 (May 2, 2010): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.523.
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Converbs are non-finite verb forms which indicate adverbial subordination (Haspelmath 1995). Converbal clauses can occur in chaining constructions, where they are stacked one after the other to advance the narration (Nedjalkov 1995). Bickel (2006) has claimed that there are cross-linguistic occurrences of such constructions, where the scope of an interrogative marker is indeterminate. The chaining constructions in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic language, show variation in illocutionary scope, which is determined by focus assignment. This study provides a mechanism for deriving Sakha converbs and their interaction in terms of mood and information-structure in chaining constructions.
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Amy, Daniel G. "Re-constraining massive pied-piping: An argument for non-interrogative CPs." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4734.
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Unlike traditional wh-movement and obligatory pied-piping, massive pied-piping is restricted in the types of clauses in which it may occur. Heck (2004, 2008) argues that massive pied-piping constructions are restricted to non-subordinate clauses in English. This paper (i) investigates the availability of massive pied-piping of DPs in complements of know and surprise-type predicates; (ii) proposes a revised generalization on massive pied-piping that restricts the construction to non-interrogative clauses; and (iii) proposes a hybrid analysis that combines Cable's (2010) Q-movement analysis with Den Dikken's (2003) two-stage wh-movement operation, thus accounting for the wider set of environments covered by the revised generalization on massive pied-piping in English.
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Meir, Irit. "Question and Negation in Israeli Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 7, no. 2 (March 30, 2006): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.7.2.03mei.
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The paper presents the interrogative and negative constructions in Israeli Sign Language (ISL). Both manual and nonmanual components of these constructions are described, revealing a complex and rich system. In addition to the basic lexical terms, ISL uses various morphological devices to expand its basic question and negation vocabulary, such as compounding and suffixation. The nonmanual component consists of specific facial expressions, head and body posture, and mouthing. The use of mouthing is especially interesting, as ISL seems to use it extensively, both as a word formation device and as a grammatical marker for negation. Interrogative and negative constructions interact in with other grammatical categories in the language; i.e., the distribution of various negation words is determined by the lexical category of the negated word. Thus, the distribution of negation words provides evidence for the existence of Nouns, Verbs and Adjectives as formal categories in the language. Finally, a diachronic comparison between present day ISL and earlier stages of the language reveals interesting traits in the development of these systems.
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Prado-Alonso, Carlos. "A comprehensive corpus-based analysis of “X Auxiliary Subject” constructions in written and spoken English." Topics in Linguistics 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2019-0007.
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Abstract This paper describes a corpus-based analysis of subject-auxiliary inversion in both spoken and written English. The focus of the analysis is Chen’s (2013) X Auxiliary Subject construction (XASC), where X codes the fronting of a constituent which triggers the inversion of the auxiliary and the subject, as in “Never has trade union loyalty faced a more baffling test” or “What did he do?” On the basis of a statistical analysis using corpora of written and spoken English, it is argued that the distribution of XAS inversion, in the interrogative mood, is related to the degree of an addressor’s involvement in a text. It will be shown that, in the interrogative mood, the more involvement in a text, the more XAS inversions are to be expected. It is also argued that XAS inversions in interrogative clauses can be seen to serve as discourse markers through which an addressor’s involvement is coded in written and spoken English discourse. The analysis will also show that XAS inversions in the declarative mood also serve an interpersonal function, this, however, being inherently tied to the clause-linking function performed by the construction. Furthermore, the data will show that the distribution of XAS inversions in declarative clauses is related to the degree of informational content of the texts in which these inversions occur.
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Goodluck, Helen, Kofi K. Saah, and Danijela Stojanović. "On the Default Mechanism for Interrogative Binding." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 40, no. 4 (December 1995): 377–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100016121.
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AbstractThe difference between the two mechanisms for wh-question binding (i.e., sucessive cyclic movement and pronominal binding) is characterized, inter alia, by the presence of island constraints (subjacency effects) in movement but not pronominal constructions. Using experimental data from child and adult speakers of Akan (pronominal binding) and Serbo-Croatian (movement and pronominal binding), it is argued that: 1) Previous experiments on English-speaking children’s knowledge of the block on extraction from within adjuncts do not positively support early use of a movement grammar in English; 2) Apparent sensitivity to movement constraints may arise as a consequence of processing preferences; 3) The evidence to date is nonetheless compatible with movement as the default hypothesis for wh-binding; 4) The parsing preference for non-island locations for a wh-word may have utility for the learner, helping to correct overly permissive grammars.
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Müller, Sonja. "Imperative Wh-Interrogatives: Pragmatic Analysis and Empirical Evidence from German." International Review of Pragmatics 6, no. 2 (2014): 263–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-00602004.
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This paper is concerned with wh-interrogative clauses in which the imperative verbal mood occurs. According to some authors (cf. in particular Lohnstein, 2000; Chiba, 2009), such constructions are ill-formed. Lohnstein offers a semantic account (based on his theory of sentence mood) ruling out imperative (wh-)interrogatives by arguing for the impossibility of partitioning propositions which are not open for truth value assignment. Chiba argues for the ungrammaticality of such structures by assuming that sentence types (as defined by Sadock & Zwicky, 1985) cannot be combined. This paper will show that unacceptable as well as acceptable imperative wh-interrogatives exist and that, therefore, both approaches make the wrong predictions. A pragmatic approach is developed which argues for the realization of incompatible illocutionary acts. This account makes it possible to derive the unacceptability of certain imperative wh-interrogatives and to allow the acceptable cases which can be observed. An advantage of referring to illocutionary acts is that it becomes possible to speak about various subtypes of the erothetic illocution which can be proven to play a role in distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable imperative wh-interrogatives. The results of controlled acceptability judgements confirm this assumption.
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Spada, Nina, and Patsy M. Lightbown. "Instruction and the Development of Questions in L2 Classrooms." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15, no. 2 (June 1993): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100011967.
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This paper is a report on a quasi-experimental study designed to investigate contributions of form-focused instruction and corrective feedback to the development of interrogative constructions in the oral performance of English-as-a-second-language (ESL) learners. The subjects were young francophone learners of English (age 10–12) receiving intensive ESL instruction. Their accuracy and developmental progress in the use of interrogative structures was measured prior to a 2-week period of instructional treatment. Immediate and delayed posttests were administered after the instruction. The language produced by the instructors while teaching interrogative structures was examined in relation to the learners' oral performance. Similar analyses were carried out with a comparison group. The results support the hypothesis that form-focused instruction and corrective feedback provided within the context of communicative interaction can contribute positively to second language development in both the short and long term.
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Arkadiev, Peter M. "Syntax in morphological guise: Interrogative verbal morphology in Abaza." Linguistic Typology 24, no. 2 (August 27, 2020): 211–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2020-5004.
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AbstractAbaza, a polysynthetic ergative Northwest Caucasian language, possesses a typologically unique system of forming content questions by means of inflectional marking in the verb. I offer a detailed description of this peculiar system, showing how it is grounded in the more general pattern of encoding relativization by means of prefixes forming part of the basic cross-referencing paradigms. I also discuss a tentative diachronic scenario, explaining how at least a subpart of the synthetic interrogative marking in Abaza (and its close relative Abkhaz) could have emerged via univerbation of pseudocleft focus constructions.
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Lindström, Jan, and Susanna Karlsson. "Verb-first constructions as a syntactic and functional resource in (spoken) Swedish." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 28, no. 1 (June 2005): 97–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586505001332.
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This paper explores different syntactic variations and functional properties of clausal units that are initiated by the finite verb in Swedish. We focus on V1 constructions that are basically declarative in function, thus excluding interrogative, conditional and directive uses. Because V1 constructions, and particularly certain variants of them, are typical of spoken Swedish, our examples and analyses focus primarily on the usage in speaking. The V1 constructions studied include whole-utterance constructions in conversational sequences, utterance-internal extensions, and utterance-internal reshapings, such as syntactic blends. We will offer an analysis of (declarative) V1 constructions, which in some respects differs from analyses proposed by generative syntacticians or traditional grammarians. Our analysis of the constructional resource is discourse oriented. In this perspective, V1 constructions are analyzable as sequentially dependent, second, or ‘subsequent’ moves, viz. units that can scarcely initiate a communicative project but which instead continue, extend or comment on an already initiated project. Thus, rather than analyzing V1 constructions as one type of ellipsis they could be seen as full-fledged clausal units whose existence is conditioned by their position in a discourse or utterance context. From a theoretical perspective, this paper is a contribution to an emerging dialogical or interactional model of (Swedish) grammar.
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Zhang, Yue. "COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS “GDE”, “KUDA” AND “OTKUDA”." Cherepovets State University Bulletin 1, no. 88 (2019): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/1994-0637-2019-1-88-11.
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Vorobyova, Ye N. "Corpus-Based Research of Simple Non-Inverted Pronominal Interrogative Constructions in English." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 23, no. 2 (July 28, 2021): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2021-23-2-477-485.
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Horváth, Márton Gergely. "Analyse pragmatico-discursive des SN disloqués à droite du français parlé." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 51, no. 2 (November 14, 2016): 244–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.51.2.03hor.
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The aim of this paper is to provide a corpus-based analysis of right dislocation constructions in spontaneous spoken French. Previous researches describe these constructions mainly as a possibility to signal continuation or maintenance of an already established topic relation, contrary to left dislocations that signal announcement or establishment of a new topic relation between a referent and a predication. We will show that if topic continuation or maintenance remains a frequent function of right dislocation of noun phrases, it can nevertheless encode new topic relations of referentially active or accessible entities, particularly in interrogative constructions. We will also provide some elements of analysis of right dislocation of pronouns.
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Khatatneh, Ahmad Hamad. "Modal Existential Constructions in Modern Standard Arabic." Education and Linguistics Research 6, no. 1 (May 2, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/elr.v6i1.16787.
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Modal existential wh-constructions can be associated with three different types of structures, namely, wh-constructions, existential constructions, and modal constructions, but also have their own unique features. Idiosyncratic though it may look, the structure is characterized cross-linguistically by several shared properties. In this paper, we aim to examine in detail the properties of these constructions in Modern Standard Arabic. We show that MECs in Modern Standard Arabic share the defining and universal properties found in MECs cross-linguistically. Furthermore, we find that MSA’s MECs differ in three tendencies, namely; the relative nature of the wh-word in MSA, syntactic transparency and sluicing confirming the assumption that a relativization strategy, as opposed to the interrogative strategy found in plenty of other languages, is the one available for MECs in Modern Standard Arabic. We argue that these differences are also related to the [Spec, FP] position occupied by the wh-word.
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Bilas, Andriy. "RENDERING FUNCTION FEATURES OF THE FRENCH COLLOQUIAL INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN UKRAINIAN FICTION TRANSLATION." Advanced Education 6, no. 12 (June 25, 2019): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2410-8286.139167.
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Tuimurodkizi, Kamalova Dilafruz. "Interrogative constructions and innovative teaching methods in russian lessons in an uzbek school." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 10, no. 12 (2020): 1731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2020.01964.3.
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Nwankwegu, Jeremiah Anene. "Anatomy of Igbo Wh-Phrases." International Journal of Linguistics 8, no. 4 (August 17, 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v8i4.9723.
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The Igbo wh-phrases display interesting variable behaviours in movement, with respect to whether they move to the left peripheries of direct or embedded interrogative clauses. A question arises why, unlike the English wh-phrases, the Igbo wh-phrases cannot maintain consistent shape and behaviour across the different syntactic constructions and in the face of different movement triggers. This paper dissects the wh-phrases in Igbo with the view to showing that they are not only different in their surface shapes but also in their internal configurations. The wh-phrases divide into basic and non-basic. It is found that the basic wh-phrases have their wh-features merged not only higher in the primary trees but as the head of the maximal wh-projections whereas the non-basic ones have theirs merged lower, usually as complement of DPs. The paper argues that these differences in internal configuration determine the wh-ness of the wh-phrases and are responsible for the observed variability in response to different syntactic stimuli or wh-movement triggers in direct and indirect wh-interrogative constructions. The study explores the minimalist framework.
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BISKRI, ISMAÏL. "APPLICATIVE AND COMBINATORY CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR AND SUBORDINATE CONSTRUCTIONS IN FRENCH." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 14, no. 01n02 (February 2005): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213005002028.
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In this article we will present a classification and an analysis, by means of Applicative and Combinatory Categorial Grammar (ACCG), of relative, completive and indirect interrogative propositions in French introduced by "que" and "qui". Applicative and Combinatory Categorial Grammar is a generalization of standard Categorial Grammar. It is represented by a canonical association between Steedman's Combinatory Categorial rules and Curry's combinators. This model is included in the general framework of Applicative and Cognitive Grammar with three levels of representation: (i) phenotype (concatened expressions); (ii) genotype (applicative expressions); (iii) the cognitive representations (meaning of linguistic predicates). We are interested only in phenotype and genotype levels.
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Alsmadi, Khalid, Kamariah Yunus, and Yasmeen Almadani. "THE INTONATION OF CONDITIONAL AND INTERROGATIVE PROMISES IN JORDANIAN ARABIC." International Journal of Humanities, Philosophy and Language 2, no. 8 (December 15, 2019): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.280016.
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This study aimed at investigating the intonation of interrogative and conditional utterances used to perform a promising speech act in Jordanian Arabic through analysing the utterances involved acoustically. Actually, it attempted to figure out the interrogative and conditional constructions carried out in the performance of a promising speech act along with the accompanying intonational patterns. The study data were composed of a definite number of recorded utterances by five Jordanian Arabic native speakers. The data were analyzed using “PRAAT software” (version No. 5304). Focusing on the measurements of the F0 (pitch), the results indicated that a promising speech act would be performed using the first conditional, second conditional (fals promise), formal wh-question and informal wh-question used along with tones such as the high-fall, low-fall, and rise-fall tunes.
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toma, shivan. "From Wh-Movement to Wh-In-Situ Acquisition of I-To-C Movement in English Interrogative Constructions by Kurdish Learners." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 8, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2020.8.1.585.
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Nesterenko, N. M., and C. V. Lyssenko. "Specificity of Repetition as a Rhetoric Device in public speech." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 36 (2019): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2019.36.05.
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The article deals with the peculiarities of the intonation design of certain elements of such rhetorical reception as a repetition on the material of audio recordings of Shakespeare's plays in chronology, namely rhetorical questions related to expressions of a peculiar interogative modality. The article deals with the results of the study of the invariant features of the prosody of the interrogative sentences in dramatic discourse inchronological terms. Repetition as a means of emotional enhancement is considered. In public speaking, repetition serves as a means of expressing a specific function of information - convincing which adds a rich emotional and intonational content. Through repetition, the speaker deepens the semantic side of speech and heightens emotional impact. Syntactic concurrency, which is realized in the combination of repetitions of syntactic constructions and various intensifiers, has been analyzed, which is perceived as rhythmicality. The syntactical parallelism of identical questions or sentences is amplified and correlated with the identical prosodic contour of intonation groups. To achieve an emotional effect, when presenting syntactically parallel interrogative constructions of the second and third questions, actors can violate the rule of normative intonation of a question, using a gradually ascending scale. Or, on the contrary, to adhere to the normative intonation contours, and design them according to the canonical rule.
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Nestereko, Natalia, and Catherine Lyssenko. "Prosodic Peculiarities of Repetition as a Rhetorical Device in Public Speech." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 37 (2020): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2020.37.03.
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The article deals with the peculiarities of the intonation design of certain elements of such rhetorical reception as a repetition on the material of audio recordings of Shakespeare's plays in chronology, namely rhetorical questions related to expressions of a peculiar interogative modality. The article deals with the results of the study of the invariant features of the prosody of the interrogative sentences in dramatic discourse in chronological terms. Repetition as a means of emotional enhancementis considered. In public speaking, repetition serves as a means of expressing a specific function of information -convincing which adds a rich emotional and intonational content. Through repetition, the speaker deepens the semantic side of speech and heightens emotional impact. Syntactic concurrency, which is realized in the combination of repetitions of syntactic constructions and various intensifiers, has been analyzed, which is perceived as rhythmicality. The syntactical parallelism of identical questions or sentences is amplified and correlated with the identical prosodic contour of intonation groups. To achieve an emotional effect, when presentingsyntactically parallel interrogative constructions of the second and third questions, actors can violate the rule of normative intonation of a question, using a gradually ascending scale. Or, on the contrary, to adhere to the normative intonation contours, and design them according to the canonical rule.
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Hoseini, Amir Aliasghar, and Tabassom Khakrah Kahnamouei. "Infinitive Interrogative Sentences in Russian and Persian: Modal Meanings of Potentiality and Efficiency." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2020-11-3-585-595.
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The article is a study of infinitive interrogative sentences bearing meanings of potentiality and efficiency in Russian and the means to render those in Persian. Both for Russian and Persian, such interrogative syntactic constructions and the relevant range of meanings are typical. As is known, in Russian infinitive is a verbal form though in a sentence it can combine the noun-and-verb functions, while in Persian, infinitive functions as a noun. As a rule, so-called Russian indefinite verbal form reflects various subjective and objective modal meanings, in particular, those of potentiality and efficiency which differs in Persian rather to reflect modal meanings of desirability, possibility, necessity, the must, inevitability, doubt, motive, etc. In relevant contexts the combination of modal meanings of desirability and possibility forms the potentiality meaning which is expressed by various linguistic means to form sentences: intonation, lexical and grammatical units, semantical components; other contexts of using such linguistic means to combine modal meanings of desirability and motive reveal the meaning of efficiency. The meanings themselves are not characteristic of Persian infinitive primarily due to their grammatical properties and belong to nouns therefore in Persian the mentioned above meanings and senses could be reflected by other linguistic means as well. The task of the study is to tackle the question of what are the means and manner they might make linguistic analogy to transmit semantics of potentiality and efficiency in Persian, while they are expressed in Russian infinitive interrogative sentences and rhetorical questions.The article treats infinitive interrogative sentences and rhetorical questions with infinitive as a predicate to render the semantics of potentiality and efficiency on the drama texts by M.Yu. Lermontov and A.P. Chekhov and the epic novel by A.N. Tolstoy. In course of comparative study, the translations into Persian of those texts were involved to find out similarities and differences of linguistic means used to reflect and reveal the semantics of infinitive interrogative sentences.
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Kanevskaya, Yana. "PRAGMATIC POTENTIAL OF INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN HEADING OF THE PUBLICISTIC TEXT (BASED ON INTRNET MASSMEDIA)." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series History. Philology. Cultural Studies. Oriental Studies, no. 4 (2016): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6355-2016-4-148-153.
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Doret, Eric. "Interrogative Constructions with JN and JN-JW in Old and Middle Egyptian. David P. Silverman." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45, no. 1 (January 1986): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373166.
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Гаврилов, Артем Дмитриевич. "INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTION AS A SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSIVENESS IN AN ONLINE NEWSPAPER HEADLINE (ON THE MATERIAL OF RUSSIAN, CHUVASH AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES)." Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev, no. 1(110) (March 30, 2021): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37972/chgpu.2021.110.1.003.
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Статья посвящена сопоставительному анализу экспрессивных вопросительных конструкций в позиции сетевого газетного заголовка на русском, чувашском и английском языках. На примере заголовков сетевых версий качественных изданий «Ведомости» и «Известия» (на русском языке), «Хыпар» (на чувашском языке), «The Times» и «The Guardian» (на английском языке) автор выявил лежащие в их основе шесть ключевых синтаксических моделей экспрессивных вопросительных конструкций: с вопросительным словом и без вопросительного знака; с вопросительным словом и вопросительным знаком; с двоеточием; в виде вопросно-ответной формы; с разделительным союзом «или»; с частицей «ли». Описаны особенности каждой синтаксической модели, и дана их характеристика в прагматическом аспекте. Актуальность работы обусловлена особым положением газетного заголовка в Интернете и его способностью управлять вниманием читателей, вызывать у них определенные эмоции и влиять на их отношение к различным событиям. Автор приходит к выводу, что вопросительные конструкции являются эффективным средством усиления выразительности высказывания в сетевом газетном заголовке на разных языках. Он подчеркивает, что в современных условиях активной сетевой коммуникации сопоставительные исследования экспрессивных возможностей разносистемных языков обретают не только лингвистическую, но и общесоциальную значимость. The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of expressive interrogative constructions in the position of the online newspaper headline in Russian, Chuvash and English. Using the examples of the headlines of the online versions of the broadsheets Vedomosti and Izvestia (in Russian), Khypar (in Chuvash), The Times and The Guardian (in English), the author identified six key syntactic models of expressive interrogative constructions: with a question word and without a question mark; with a question word and a question mark; with a colon; in the form of a question-and-answer form; with the disjunctive conjunction or; with the conjunction whether. The features of each syntactic model are described and their characteristics are given in the pragmatic aspect. The relevance of the work is conditioned by the special position of the newspaper headline on the Internet and its ability to control readers’ attention, make them feel certain emotions and to have an influence on their attitude to various events. The author comes to the conclusion that interrogative constructions are effective means of increasing the expressiveness of an utterance in the online newspaper headline in different languages. The author emphasizes that in the modern conditions of active network communication, the comparative studies of the expressive potential of different-structured languages do not only acquire linguistic, but also general social significance.
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Moline, Estelle. "De l’interrogation à l’exclamation." French Syntax in Contrast 33, no. 2 (December 2, 2010): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.33.2.11mol.
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From the 17th to the 20th century, the interpretation of savoir comme S (to know how/how much S) has evolved: these constructions had first an interrogative meaning, and then became mainly exclamative. This paper aims at describe one of the most important contextual modifications this evolution is correlated with, namely changes concerning savoir (to know). Semantic factors seem to be very important to identify the meaning, so one can conclude that a single syntactic structure is involved in those sentences. The study is based upon examples coming from Frantext corpora.
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Gasharova, Aida Ruslanovna. "The peculiarity of syntactic constructions of Lezgian folk riddles." Филология: научные исследования, no. 6 (June 2021): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.6.34296.
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The subject of this research is the peculiarity of syntactic constructions of Lezgain folk riddles. The object of this research is the aphoristic genre of Lezgian folklore – the riddles. Along with other folklore genres, riddles hold a remarkable place in the folklore poetics Lezgins, featuring prevalence of storytelling. The relevance the selected topic lies in the absence of specific research dedicated to comprehensive analysis of this genre of Lezgian folklore. The article illustrates the syntactic constructions of folk riddles of Lezgins. The conducted brief syntactic analysis is valuable for further research of this topic, since the linguistic aspect of studying folk riddles is yet to be explored. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that Lezgian folk riddles, which are one of the ancient genres, require in-depth study. The conclusion is made that Lezgian folk riddles use mononuclear syntactic constructions to achieve concision in describing a propounded object or phenomenon. The interrogative or narrative sentences are commonly used. There are also riddles with compound syntactic structure. The acquired results can be used in the practical work of folklorists and linguists.
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Lyssenko, Catherine. "Prosodic Peculiarities of Introgatives in Theatric Public Speech as a Variety of Dramatic Soliloquy." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 37 (2020): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2020.37.04.
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The article deals with specific features of perception of public speaking prosody. Speech intonation is an important component of oral text, a carrier of semantic meanings, and at the same time a means of demonstrating the emotionally expressive nature of expression. The nature and influence of public speaking depends not only on the adequately disclosed facts, but also on the very speech form of their presentation. The leading role in this process belongs to prosodic means, in which the peculiarities of public broadcasting are clearly revealed. The article examines the interrogatives of quasispontaneous public speakingmonologues from Shakespeare's plays, gathered from audio recordings of different periods of time, dating back to 30 years of the last century. This approach made it possible to compare the main features of interrogative rhetorical questions in the chronological plan. In the analysis of prosodic features of question structures, the inventory of their universal characteristics was distinguished, since there are certain normative, invariant prosodic models for the main types of questions. On the other hand, the melody should be attributed to the most variable parameters of interoactive constructions, so the most typical variants of intonational deviations were also analyzed.
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Del Barrio de la Rosa, Florencio. "La construcción interrogativa ¿(a)dólo? en los romanceamientos bíblicos del español antiguo = The ¿(a)dólo? Interrogative sentences in Old Spanish Bible translations." Estudios Humanísticos. Filología, no. 40 (December 19, 2018): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/ehf.v0i40.5544.
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<p>La construcción <em>¿(a)dólo?</em> ha recibido poca atención en la bibliografía especializada. Este trabajo describe las propiedades gramaticales de la construcción como un tipo de construcción presentativa y existencial. Además, el artículo contribuirá al estudio diacrónico de los enunciados interrogativos, concentrándose en las preguntas retóricas. El análisis mostrará cómo las propiedades gramaticales y las funciones pragmáticas de <em>¿(a)dólo?</em> convierten esta partícula en un indicador de retoricidad en español antiguo. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, el estudio se beneficia de un corpus paralelo de traducciones bíblicas castellanas y sus fuentes latinas y hebreas (<em>Biblia Medieval</em>). </p><p>The Old Spanish ¿(a)dólo? particle has barely been described in the literature. This study provides an<br />analysis of the ¿(a)dólo? sentences as existential/presentational constructions. Likewise, the paper will give some insight into the history of interrogative acts paying close attention to rhetorical questions. The analysis will show that the grammatical properties and pragmatic functions of ¿(a)dólo? enable this particle to signal rhetoricity in Old Spanish. Methodologically, this study profits from a parallel corpus of Old Spanish bible translations and their Latin or Hebrew original texts (Biblia Medieval).<br /><br /></p>
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Daimai, Kailadbou, and Kh Dhiren Singha. "Expressing negative meaning in Liangmai." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 43, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 124–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.19008.dai.
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Abstract The paper presents an overview of negative expression in Liangmai, an under-described Tibeto-Burman language, primarily spoken in the Northeast Indian states of Manipur and Nagaland. There are two ways of negative formation in the language: (i) by suffixing negative markers to the main verb, and (ii) by the use of negative particles. The main negative suffixes in Liangmai are -mak, mainly used with realis constructions; -lak, used mainly with irrealis constructions; and -tu/-du with imperative, giving a prohibitive meaning. Negative particles used in the language include ha, which is a negative existential and raó, used to express ‘undesirability’. Additionally, a negative interjection hái is used frequently in the language as a negative answer to a question or to contradict a statement perceived to be incorrect. Negative polarity items are form by suffixing -dí to nominal stems and numerals. The present paper offers a descriptive account of negation in Liangmai, providing an overview of various constructions, namely, declarative, interrogative, imperative, relative and hortative, with negative polarity in the language.
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Nykiel, Joanna. "Preposition omission in English ellipsis." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 3 (April 8, 2012): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.594.
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The availability of preposition omission in ellipsis is assumed to follow from the possibility of preposition stranding in corresponding non-elliptical clauses (Merchant 2001). To test this assumption I sampled 409 ellipsis remnants from three corpora of American English, and developed generalized mixed-effects models of preposition omission in ellipsis. The results show that preposition omission is, among others, sensitive to gradient constraints independently found to influence preposition placement in interrogative clauses, without being correlated with the possibility of preposition stranding. This finding challenges evidence for syntactic parallels between elliptical constructions and their nonelliptical counterparts, and hence, for deletion-based approaches to ellipsis.
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Davies, Eirian C. "Speaking, telling and assertion." Functions of Language 13, no. 2 (November 24, 2006): 151–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.13.2.06dav.
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This paper distinguishes between speaking, telling and assertion. Speaking is approached in ‘mechanical’ terms, as the production of linguistic forms. Telling is defined in terms of the degree of the speaker’s commitment to what s/he says, and, therefore, as operative both with respect to constructions of knowledge and of decision. That is, telling is said to apply to constructions both in the indicative and imperative moods, to those with ‘wish’ as well as those with ‘thought’ subjunctives, and to both those with epistemic, and those with deontic, modal verbs. Assertion is defined as full telling of full knowledge. This definition leads to the establishment of three broad categories of non-assertive constructions, which are nevertheless ‘told’. Four telling operators are proposed, defined in terms of degrees of commitment. The discussion builds on an earlier analysis of knowledge constructions in terms of propositional attitudes, by applying telling operators to four of the categories established there. From this it emerges that an account of knowledge constructions in terms of epistemic operators alone cannot be adequate, since telling operators sometimes act to modify epistemic modalities. Other than full telling is seen as introducing a further kind of modality. This telling modality is realized in the knowledge component by the interrogative sentence type in sentences containing either a finite lexical verb or an epistemic auxiliary, and by subjunctive mood in the former and ‘past tense’ forms of the latter.
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Dulaj, Fridrik. "Syntactic Issues of the Dialect of Rohovec and Its Surrounding Area." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0058.
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In Albanian dialectology, research in the field of syntax is scarce. The authors of ADGJSH (Dialectological Atlas of the Albanian language) had researched the fields: phonetics, morphology, lexicon, but had left out syntactic issues. The purpose of this paper is to review syntactic issues from the dialect of the Rahovec area. The study was conducted in the municipality of Rahovec, with special emphasis on the dialect of Ratkoc, Krushe and Rahovec. The issues that have been elaborated within this research are the syntactic constructions: the noun “people” (njerëzia), the preposition” “in”(në) and “above”(mbi), the particle “with”(me), the preposition” “of/ by”(prej), the preposition “from”(nga), the preposition “in”(n), the preposition“ through ” / beyond ”(tej/përtej), the short form“ me ”(më), the conjunction“ how ”or“ how much ”, the semi-auxiliary verb“ start, begin and catch”, the verbs“ have and to be”, the conjunctions“ just, or, otherwise, or ... or". The results also show that in many cases interrogative sentences are used without the presence of the adjunct of place and in many cases, we use foreign words and distortions in sentence construction. Based on the results, we can say that the dialect of Rahovec is quite rich in syntactic constructions. Prospective researchers may have issues that have never been addressed before in this region.
Received: 2 February 2021 / Accepted: 29 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
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Schalber, Katharina. "What is the chin doing?: An analysis of interrogatives in Austrian sign language." Sign Language and Linguistics 9, no. 1-2 (2006): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.9.1-2.08sch.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this paper is to investigate the structure of polar (yes/no questions) and content questions (wh-questions) in Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS), analyzing the different nonmanual signals, the occurrence of question signs and their syntactic position. As I will show, the marking strategies used in ÖGS are no exception to the crosslinguistic observations that interrogative constructions in sign languages employ a variety of nonmanual signals and manual signs (Zeshan 2004). In ÖGS polar questions are marked with ‘chin down’, whereas content questions are indicated with ‘chin up’ or ‘head forward’ and content question signs. These same nonmanual markers are reported for Croatian sign language, indicating common foundation due to historical relations and intense language contact.