Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Interpreter competences'

The work deals with the issue of future interpreters’ professional competence, namely intercultural competence. The formation of intercultural competence plays an important role in interpreters’ training. Future specialists in the field of translation must be able to interpret the speech behaviour of communicators, know the rules of courtesy inherent in a particular linguistic and cultural environment, and be able to follow them.

Research indicates that general and mental healthcare services have been, and continue to be, underutilized by racial and ethnic minorities. Studies point to the language gap between limited English proficiency (LEP) individuals and mental-health clinicians as one of the factors in perpetuating that gap. Despite the legal and professional mandates that require professionals in healthcare to provide and use language interpreters in giving care, psychologists rarely make use of professional interpreters when conducting psychotherapy. Most clinicians have little experience providing mental-health treatment across differences in language, and it is supposed that clinicians usually receive little or no training on how to address those differences. This study involved a national survey of all APA-accredited programs to ascertain how student trainees are currently being prepared to work with language interpreters in professional training programs and to evaluate potential barriers to the implementation of training guidelines for use in those programs. Findings indicated that several instructors are addressing the use of language interpreters through a variety of pedagogical approaches. Guidelines for clinical practice with interpreters were also evaluated and ranked so as to establish consensus on the necessary competencies. Implications for instructors are also included.

La mayor parte del alumnado se maneja con soltura en el lenguaje de los videojuegos. En opinión de numerosos autores, los videojuegos tienen la capacidad no sólo de enseñar contenidos y capacidades, sino de hacerlo de forma eficiente, dando pie a un aprendizaje duradero. Distintos estudios indican que los videojuegos ofrecen al jugador una completa inmersión en cualquier tipo de actividad, lo que les convierte en herramientas óptimas para el aprendizaje. El contexto sociocultural que reproducen y el feedback inmediato que ofrece, junto con la diversión que proporcionan al jugador, les hace especialmente útiles en el ámbito de las lenguas extranjeras. En esta línea, la presente tesis doctoral pretende evaluar la eficacia del videojuego. The Conference Interpreter, que simula un contexto de interpretación simultánea, como herramientas para la mejora de la competencia terminológica, una de las competencias que numerosos autores señalan como básicas en la formación de los traductores e intérpretes. Para ello, se han establecido dos grupos: por una parte, un grupo experimental, que ha jugado a The Conference Interpreter durante un periodo de seis horas en distintas sesiones. Por otra, un grupo de control, que ha tenido acceso a los materiales didácticos que conforman el videojuego durante el mismo periodo de tiempo y en las mismas condiciones de aplicación. De este modo, se ha analizado en términos estadísticos, por medio de distintas pruebas (pre.test y seguimiento) y cuestionarios, tanto resultados de aprendizaje de la terminología contenida en los materiales como la satisfacción del alumnado con la herramienta empleada y con el grado de aprendizaje alcanzado.

Sverige tar i dagsläget emot en stor andel flyktingar och flertalet av dessa flyktigar lider av psykisk ohälsa. Stress, ångesttillstånd, depression och posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD) är några diagnoser som förekommer bland flyktingar. För att hjälpa dessa patienter krävs både kulturell och språklig kompetens inom vården. Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt är att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att bemöta flyktingar med psykisk ohälsa. Nio kvalitativa studier och en mixed method studie har används för att presentera resultatet. Studierna är gjorda i Västeuropa och Australien och de utgår från ett sjuksköterskeperspektiv. Axelssons tillvägagångssätt för litteraturstudie valdes som metod för detta arbete. Resultatet beskrivs i två huvudrubriker, Svårigheter för sjuksköterskan i mötet med flyktingar och Det vårdande mötet i psykisk kontext. De svårigheter som identifierats beskrivs i fyra underkategorier: Att kommunicera med flyktingar, Att använda tolk, Att förstå patientens kulturella bakgrund och Att prata om traumatiska händelser. Det vårdande mötet i psykisk kontext beskrivs i två underkategorier: Behovet av kulturell kompetens och Att bedöma symptom. Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskor är i behov av ökad kunskap om kulturella skillnader för att vårda flyktingar med psykisk ohälsa. Symtombilden i psykisk ohälsa varierar beroende kulturellt ursprung och ämnet anses vara tabubelagt i vissa länder. Tolkar anses vara en stor tillgång till att bygga upp en vårdande relation mellan sjuksköterskan och en flyktingpatient, men kan även ses som ett hinder.

В трезах розглядається зміст формування перекладацької компетенції. Аналізуються юридичні й нормативні аспекти перекладацької діяльності.
В тезисах рассматривается содержание формирования переводческой компетенции. Анализируются юридические и нормативные аспекты переводческой деятельности.
It deals with the subject-matter of developing the interpreters’/translators’ competence. The issues concerning legal and normative aspects of the interpreter’s/translator’s activity are analyzed.

Mokslinėje, metodinėje dirigavimo literatūroje aprašomos dirigentui reikalingos asmens savybės, gabumai ir įgūdžiai, tačiau palyginti nedaug literatūros, kur atkreipiamas dėmesys į dirigento pedagoginę veiklą. Dėl šios priežasties ir buvo atliktas šis dirigento veiklos tyrimas. Tyrimo objektas – dirigento veikla. Tyrimo tikslas – pabrėžti dirigento pedagoginės kompetencijos svarbą. Tikslui pasiekti keliami uždaviniai: išryškinti ir teoriškai pagrįsti dirigento vaidmenį muzikos atlikimo procese, atskleisti dirigentų požiūrį į pedagoginę kompetenciją, lyginant su kitomis kompetencijomis, apžvelgti dirigento dirigavimo technikos ryšį su pedagogine veikla ir išsiaiškinti, kurios specifinės pedagoginės kompetencijos yra svarbiausios. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės ir metodinės dirigavimo bei pedagoginės literatūros sisteminė analizė, anketa, pusiau struktūruotas interviu. Tyrimo imtis 31 dirigentas ir 3 dirigavimo ekspertai iš įvairių šalių. Apžvelgus dirigento vaidmenį mokslinėje metodinėje muzikos literatūroje, galima teigti, kad dirigento veikla muzikos atlikimo procese su laiku darosi vis įvairiapusiškesnė. Dirigentas atsiskleidžia ne tik kaip individualus atlikėjas, bet ir muzikos kolektyvo vadovas bei pedagogas. Atliktos apklausos rezultatai leidžia iš esmės pakeisti nuomonę apie dirigavimą pedagoginės kompetencijos aspektu. Dirigavimo procesą, kuris lietuviškoje muzikinėje literatūroje dažniausia vienpusiškai apibrėžiamas kaip menas, dirigentai vertina nevienprasmiškai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Scientific and methodological literature on conducting describes in great detail personal characteristics, talents and skills expected of a conductor. Yet relatively few literature sources mention the importance of conductor’s teaching competences. The peculiar scarcity of existing literature on the topic of conductor’s pedagogic competences gives rise to this research. Research subject: pedagogic competence of conductor. Research objective: to highlight the importance pedagogic competence of conductor. Goals necessary to reach the objective: highlight and theoretically prove the importance of conductor’s role in the process of music performance; reveal conductors opinions on pedagogic competence as compared to the others; review the relationship between conductor‘s technique and his pedagogic activity; determine which specific pedagogic competences are most important. Research methods: scientific and methodological literature analysis in field of pedagogy and conducting, a survey, a semi-structured interview. Research extent: 31 conductors and 3 conducting experts from various countries. Literature review shows that conductor role has grown over time. Conductor is no longer viewed as an individual performer, but also as a musical group leader and a teacher. Conducted survey results allow us to challenge the existing opinion on conducting as it relates to the aspect of pedagogic competences. In particular, the conducted research reveals that the process of conducting... [to full text]

Bakgrund: Med ökad migration ställs nya krav på hälso- och sjukvården att utveckla en sjukvård som möter behoven hos människor från andra kulturer. Detta innebär att sjuksköterskan behöver utforma vården efter patientens individuella och kulturspecifika behov. Att kunna kommunicera utan hinder är en förutsättning för att kunna ge och få god omvårdnad. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att belysa erfarenheter av att använda sig av och kommunicera med hjälp av tolk ur ett sjuksköterskeperspektiv. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på 10 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Efter analysen identifierades fyra teman: Tolken som en bro över språkbarriären, Begränsningar i samtalet, Bristande organisation och Kulturkompetens. Resultat: Flertalet sjuksköterskor erfor att tolkens kompetens och trovärdighet var avgörande för kvaliteten på vårdsamtalet. Vården påverkades negativt av språkbarriärer då sjuksköterskorna upplevde att de inte kunde ge vård på lika villkor till de patienter som de saknar ett gemensamt språk med. Det fanns även strukturella problem både inom sjukvården och hos tolkförmedlingarna, vilket gjorde att sjuksköterskorna avstod från att använda sig av professionella tolkar. För att kunna bemöta patienter från olika kulturer krävs en lyhördhet för vad det finns för kulturspecifika behov hos den som ska vårdas. Detta gäller även vid valet av tolk. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor måste bli medvetna om hur viktigt det är för vårdens utfall, compliance och patientens välbefinnande att professionella tolkar är närvarande då ett gemensamt språk saknas. En ökad kulturell kompetens bland sjuksköterskor krävs för att på bästa sätt bemöta patienter med kulturspecifika behov. Klinisk betydelse: Begränsad kommunikation påverkar vårdkvaliteten. Tydligare riktlinjer och en mer strukturerad organisation kring tolkservice krävs för att underlätta användandet av tolkservice. Sjuksköterskorna bör få mer utbildning och information kring vikten av att använda tolk vid samtal med patienter som inte behärskar det inhemska språket.
Background: In a globalised world, healthcare systems are increasingly required to develop ways to meet the needs of patients with different cultural backgrounds. As such, nurses are required to adapt the care they give to meet a patient’s individual and culture-specific needs. Unimpeded communication is a prerequisite for both receiving and providing good nursing care. Aim: The aim of the study is to explore, from a nursing perspective, the experiences of using, and communicating through, an interpreter. Method: A literature review based on ten research papers with a qualitative method. On analysis, four themes were revealed: The interpreter bridging the language barrier, Conversational limitations, Organisational deficiencies and Cultural competence. Result: The nurses felt that an interpreter’s skill and reliability were decisive in determining the quality of the conversation. The language barrier adversely affected the care given as the nurses felt that they were unable to provide equality in healthcare to those patients with whom they did not share a common language. In addition, there were systematic problems within both the healthcare system and the interpreting agencies which meant that the nurses avoided using professional interpreters. Treating people from other cultures with respect requires sensitivity for the culture-specific needs a patient may have. This also affects the choice of interpreter. Conclusion: In situations where nurse and patient lack a common language, nurses should be aware of the importance of professional interpretation for the patient outcome, for patient compliance and for the patient’s well-being. If the needs of patients with culture-specific requirements are to be met, nurses need to acquire a higher level of cultural competence. Clinical implication: Limited communication affects the quality of care. Clearer guidelines about interpretation services and improved organisational structure are needed in order to better facilitate the use of interpretation services. More training and information is needed for nurses so that they appreciate the importance of using an interpreter when conducting conversations with patients who do not speak the local language.

Röda Korsets sjuksköterskeförening stipendium 2013

Bakgrund: Migration, kultur och språkbarriärer innebär stora utmaningar inom sjukvården. Sjuksköterskans professionella ansvar utgår från att se patienten i sitt sammanhang utan koppling till synen på omvärlden. Det har visats att sjuksköterskor upplevde svårigheter att tillgodose anpassad vård på grund av bristande kommunikation med patienter med olika kulturell och språklig bakgrund. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelser vid transkulturella vårdmöten. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt enligt Friberg (2017) genomfördes som baserades på tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna inhämtades från databaserna CINAHL Complete och PubMed med följande sökord: experience, nurses, nursing, multicultural, transcultural och culture. Resultat: I resultatet presenterades tre huvudteman. Det första huvudtemat var: Sjuksköterskans upplevelser av kommunikation, vilket illustrerade språkbarriärer som hinder för kommunikation, kommunikationsstrategier och behov av tolk när språkbarriärer uppstod. Det andra huvudtemat var: Sjuksköterskans kulturmedvetenhet och- kompetens, vilket illustrerade kulturmedvetenhet hos sjuksköterskor och brist på kulturkompetens. Det tredje huvudtemat var: Sjuksköterskans upplevda känslor som illustrerade utmaningar och osäkerhet bland sjuksköterskor. Diskussion: Författarna diskuterade vikten av kulturkompetens och sjuksköterskans roll i transkulturell omvårdnad och personcentrerad vård, tolkens betydelse i vårdmötet. Diskussion diskuterades utifrån Madeleine Leiningers omvårdnadsteori, tidigare forskning och författarnas reflektioner.
Background: Migration, culture and language barriers pose major challenges in healthcare. The nurses’ professional responsibility is based on seeing the patient in their context without connection to the perception of the outside world. It has been shown that nurses experienced difficulties with satisfying adapted care due to lack of communication with patients with different cultural and language backgrounds. Aim: The aim was to explore nurses’ experiences of transcultural care meetings. Method: A general literature review according to Friberg (2017) was conducted based on ten scientific qualitative articles. The articles were obtained from the databases CINAHL Complete and PubMed with the keywords: experience, nurses, nursing, multicultural, transcultural and culture. Results: The result was presented by three main themes. The first was: The nurses’ experiences of communication, which illustrated language barriers to communication, communication strategies and the need for an interpreter when language barriers occurred. The second theme was: Nurses’ cultural awareness and culture competence which illustrated culture awareness among nurses and lack of confidence in their knowledge. The third theme was: The nurses’ perceived feelings that illustrated the challenges and uncertainty among nurses. Discussion: The authors discussed the importance of cultural competence and the role of the nurse in transcultural nursing and person-centered care, the importance of the interpreter in the care encounter. The discussion was highlighted in relation to Madeleine Leiningers’ nursing theory, previous research and the authors' reflections.

Bakgrund: Förekomst av språkbarriärer inom hälso- och sjukvården påverkar möjligheten för sjuksköterskor att utföra omvårdnaden. Kommunikation identifieras som en viktig faktor mellan sjuksköterskan och patient för att främja högkvalitetvård. Möjligheten att erhålla kulturkompetens ökar kvaliteten på vården. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av språkbarriärer och strategier för att övervinna dessa i omvårdnaden.Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt med systematisk söksstrategi och baserades på 13 kvalitativa och två mix metod vetenskapliga artiklar. Artikel sökningar utfördes i databaser CINAHL och Pubmed.Resultat: Litteraturöversiktens resultat visar att sjuksköterskor står inför utmaningar som hindrar att främja god och säker vård när språkbarriär förekommer. Sjuksköterskor upplever att genom användningen av professionella och icke professionella tolkar har sina fördelar och sina nackdelar. Sjuksköterskor strävar att övervinna språkbarriären genom att använda sig av olika strategier.Slutsats: Språkbarriär är ett hinder för att ge en individuell omvårdnad och kunna göra en bedömning av patientens vårdbehov. Språkbarriär är ett hot mot patientenssäkerheten. Professionella och icke professionella tolkar ökar risken för att patienten inte får korrekt given information.
Background: The presence of a language barrier in health care affects the ability of nurses to perform nursing. Communication is identified as an important factor between the nurse and the patient to promote high quality care. The opportunity to obtain cultural competence increases the quality of care.Aim: The aim of the literature review is to describe the nurse's experience of language barrier , and nurses' strategies for overcoming them in nursing.Method: The study was conducted as a literature review with a systematic search strategy and was based on 13 qualitative and two mix method scientific articles. Article searches were performed in databases CINAHL and Pubmed.Results: The results of the literature review shows that nurses face challenges that prevent the promotion of good and safe care when a language barrier occurs. Nurses experience that through the use of professional and non-professional interpreters they have their advantages and disadvantages. Nurses strive to overcome the language barrier by using different strategies.Conclusion: Language barrier is an obstacle to providing individual caring and being able to make an assessment of the patient's care needs. Language barrier is a threat to patient safety. Professional and non-professional interpreters increases the risk that the patient will not recive correct information.

Studien undersöker dövkompetensens betydelse (kunskap om döva, teckenspråk och deras kultur) för döva i mötet med rättsväsendet. Syftet är att visa vilka konsekvenser som avsaknaden av dövkompetensen kan få. För att få svar på studiens frågor valde jag en kvalitativ och explorativt forskningsansats för att undersöka respondenternas uppfattning och upplevelse av mötet med rättsväsendet. Kvalitativ intervjustudie med döva med teckenspråk som sitt första språk. Som har varit i behov av samhällsstöd och upplevt avsaknad av dövkompetens. Åtta personer intervjuades och därefter gjordes en analys för att tolka och förstå döva som upplevt denna avsaknad av dövkompetens. Som analysredskap har jag valt vardagsrasism och audism som teoretiska utgångspunkter. De slutsatser jag har fått fram av respondenterna är att bemötandet de fått i mötet med rättsväsendet egentligen inte är enskilda handlingar, eftersom dessa enskilda handlingar upprepas av olika enskilda personer. Till följd av avsaknaden av dövkompetens har konsekvenserna oftast blivit allvarliga och till och med förödande för några av respondenterna.
The study investigates the meaning of deaf competence (knowledge of deaf, sign language and their culture) when deaf people encounter the justice system. The intention is to outline the consequences of the lack of deaf competence. I´ve chosen a qualitative and explorative research approach in order to reach the answers of the study, to examine the respondents’ perception and experience in the encounter with the justice system. Qualitative interviewstudy with deaf people who´s first language is sign language and who´s been in need of support from the society and experienced the lack of deaf competence. Eight people were interviewed and then an analysis was made to interpreted and understand deaf people who´s experienced the lack of deaf competence. As tools during analysis I use everyday racism and audism theoretical smarting points. The conclusion I´ve reached from the respondents is that the treatment they’ve received from the justice system actually isn´t individual actions, due to these individual actions being repeated by various individual people. The lack of deaf competence as a result of the consequences are often become serious and even devastating for some of the respondents.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att skapa djupare förståelse kring sjuksköterskors upplevelse av mellanmänsklig kommunikation med patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund. Bakgrund: Kommunikation spelar en viktig roll i kulturen och är en stor del av relationen mellan individer. Kommmunikation är en grundbult i sjuksköterskans arbete och är av högsta vikt för att kunna erbjuda en patientcentrerad och säker vård. Transkulturell medvetenhet är essentiellt för god vård, speciellt som världen blir alltmer mångkulturell. Såväl sjukvårdsturism som utökade globala samarbeten inom Hälso- och sjukvården ökar kraven på kulturell kompetens bland sjuksköterskor. Indien är ett föregångarland inom sjukvårdsturism och människor från olika kulturell bakgrund reser dit för sjukvård. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med 12 sjuksköterskor mellan 23 och 53 år från två indiska sjukhus. Sjuksköterskorna möter ofta patienter med olika kulturell bakgrund. En tematisk innehållsanalys utfördes på det insamlade materialet. Resultat: Två tematiska inriktningar framkom från materialet; ett tema med fokus på praktiska verktyg och tekniker för att arbeta med patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund och det andra temat handlar om att bibehålla vårdkvaliteten. Utökade språkkunskaper och kommunikationsverktyg skulle underlätta sjuksköterskans arbete. Kulturell medvetenhet leder till ett ökat självförtroende hos sjuksköterskan och hjälper denna förutse eventuella behov hos patienten. Slutsats: Transkulturell medvetenhet och kommunikationsverktyg bidrar till en säkrare och mer effektiv vård. Sjuksköterskeutbildningen behöver lägga mer fokus på kulturell mångfald inom hälso- och sjukvård. Mer forskning krävs inom detta område då vården globaliseras allt mer.
Aim: The aim of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of interpersonal communication as experienced by nurses working in culturally diverse hospitals in India. Background: Communication is an important part of culture and a base in any interpersonal relationship. Communication is a foundation in the nursing occupation in order to give patient centered care which is safe and effective. Transcultural awareness in nursing is an important factor in order to give good care, especially as the world is becoming more multicultural. Medical tourism along with the expanding network of global interactions in healthcare ads to the necessity of developing culturally competent nursing care. India in one of the forerunners in medical tourism and cares for patients from many different cultural backgrounds. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted on a sample of 12 nurses between the age of 23 and 53, working with diverse patients at two different hospitals in India. A thematic content analysis was performed. Results: The developed themes focus on specific tools and techniques for working with culturally diverse patients and how to sustain the quality of care in diverse hospital settings. Language resources and tool which aid in communication would alleviate the nurses work. Cultural knowledge helps the nurses gain confidence and foresee possible needs of the patient. Conclusion: Highlighting transcultural interpersonal communication techniques within nursing leads to a safer and more productive practice of nursing care. Nursing education needs to prioritize cultural diversity in health care. More research needs to be conducted on the subject of interpersonal communication in culturally diverse hospital settings since healthcare is a continuously growing globalized organization.

Background: Migration is a global phenomenon that characterize today’s globalized world. Although, the relationship between migration and health in the host countries is not always negative, many countries, including Sweden are concerned about possible spread of infectious diseases of public health significance such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB). Moreover, apart from disease profiles, migrants also have different socio-cultural backgrounds, which may challenge health care access and provision. Objectives: To investigate, identify, and delineate potential challenges of relevance in the care and prevention of communicable diseases of public health significance in general and particularly HIV/AIDS and TB among migrants from countries where these infections are endemic, and eventually generate knowledge that could inform policies and practice. Methods: Data for this thesis were collected in four of the five counties of the Northern region in Sweden. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used including a survey of 268 migrant students in two language schools (I & II); an interview study with 10 care providers caring for patients with migrant backgrounds and observations of care encounters (III) and an interview study with 15 care providers experienced in screening migrants (IV). Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were used to summarize survey data whereas a thematic analysis approach was applied to the qualitative data within the interpretive description framework. Results: The students scored on average low on both HIV/AIDS and TB knowledge and displayed misconceptions and negative attitudes towards the two diseases and infected/sick persons. Knowledge level and attitude could be predicted by prior knowledge, years of previous education and geographic origin. In contrast, no association was found between being screened and the level of TB knowledge or attitude towards TB and infected/sick persons. However, fear of being deported appeared to be the main predictor of reluctance to seek HIV/AIDS care after controlling for socio-demographic factors, knowledge level, stigmatizing attitudes and fear of disclosure. Health care providers described complex and intertwined challenges that influenced both care delivery and receipt. The challenges described included language, the socio-cultural diversity within migrant groups and between migrants and the caregivers. These often resulted in divergent perceptions and expectations about care and caring. The participants highlighted the complexities of caring for diverse patients within different institutions with conflicting policies and frameworks. They also described the difficulties the migrants face in navigating the Swedish care system. Conclusions: This thesis illuminates complex challenges in the care of migrants. The findings emphasize the need for multilevel strategies in order to remove identified barriers. This requires accommodating diversity by improving care providers’ cultural competence and migrants’ health literacy. It further requires policies and practices that emphasize health services responsiveness in order to provide equal access and equitable care. Finally, it entails revisiting existing policies and legislative frameworks to promote a change in ways of thinking about and approaching migration, HIV/AIDS and TB issues, to address the specific vulnerabilities of mobile populations in a world on the move.

Bakgrund Antalet invandrare som kommer till Sverige har ökat de senaste åren. Sjuksköterskor i vården stöter allt mer på patienter med kulturella och språkliga skillnader. Ett bra möte mellan sjuksköterska och patient, där båda kan förstå varandra, är viktigt för att få en god och säker vård. Det är av stor vikt att sjuksköterskor har kunskap om transkulturell omvårdnad för att möta patientens unika behov på vägen mot hälsa. Syfte Syftet var att belysa språkbarriärer i mötet mellan sjuksköterska och patient med kulturella och språkliga skillnader.  Metod En litteraturöversikt valdes som metod för att göra en sammanställning av tidigare gjord forskning kring det valda ämnet. Totalt 17 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades.  Resultat I resultatet framkom tre kategorier: språkbarriär, kulturell kompetens samt brist och tillgång till tolk. De tre kategorierna delas in i tre subkategorier format i en tabell. Resultatet visade vidare att språkbarriären utgjorde det största hindret i kommunikationen mellan sjuksköterskan och patient med invandrarbakgrund. Kulturell kompetens och brist och tillgång till tolk, var två andra hinder av betydelse i kommunikationen.  Slutsats För att kunna ge god omvårdnad behöver sjuksköterskan kommunicera med patienten och dessutom ha en viss förståelse för patientens kulturella bakgrund. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskor får utbildning inom transkulturell omvårdnad. Med mer kunskap i ämnet kan förhoppningsvis ömsesidiga missförstånd och frustration därav minskas samt förebyggas. För att få en säkrare vård, kunna känna trygghet och undvika missuppfattningar är det viktigt att engagera en professionell tolk i sjuksköterskans möte med patienten.

Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av kommunikation vid amningsstöd till icke svensktalande mödrar. Bakgrund: Amningsstöd är en viktig faktor för att långvarig amning av spädbarn ska fungera. Fungerande kommunikation krävs för att nå ett lyckat resultat av amningsstödet. Den ökade populationen av immigranter i Sverige utmanar hälso- och sjukvården att säkerställa en fungerande kommunikation för god vård. Design: En kvalitativ enkätstudie har genomförts med en deskriptiv design med kvalitativ ansats. Metod: Under februari 2017 deltog 15 sjuksköterskor från fem barnavårdscentraler (BVC) i norra Sverige i studien genom att besvara kvalitativa enkäter med öppna frågor. Den insamlade datan analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Sjuksköterskornas upplevelser av att kommunicera amningsstöd vid språkbarriär samlades i två domäner: 'Sjuksköterskors upplevda kommunikativa möjligheter vid amningsstöd till icke svensktalande mödrar' och 'Sjuksköterskors upplevda kommunikativa begränsningar vid amningsstöd till icke svensktalande mödrar'. I den första domänen redovisades upplevelser av språkets samt kommunikationens betydelse, vilka tillgångar och verktyg sjuksköterskan har för att underlätta kommunikationen och vad som anses viktigt att beakta vid kommunikation om amningsstöd. I den andra domänen lyftes upplevelser av vilka hinder som fanns för god kommunikation vid språkbarriärer, vilken negativ påverkan brist på styrkor och resurser upplevdes ha samt vilka negativa följder moderns anhöriga upplevdes kunna ha på kommunikationen. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskornas upplevelser av vilka möjligheter och begränsningar det finns för fungerande kommunikation vid amningsstöd tydliggör befintliga resurser och förbättringsområden.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This qualitative study conducted in a federal institution of higher education, located in the city of Serop?dica ? RJ aimed at describing public managers learning processes for developing their managerial skills. These managers work at personnel management, financial/accounting management and academic management areas of a federal higher education institution and research focused managers? daily practice. To achieve its final goal, five intermediate objectives where accomplished: to assess how the learning process occurs in the context of public organization, to depict how managers learned to manage in daily practice basis, to identify the function the collective learning for development of managerial skills, to asses manager's point of view on the skills they needed for managing, and to propose recommendations for enabling managerial competencies development through collective learning at this Institution. Field data was collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Collected data was analyzed through an interpretive hermeneutic process. Research results suggest that: managerial competencies development occurs by way of: a) individual learning, through formal studies, personal search, reading; b) collective learning through interaction with people in everyday practices of the work, in forums, meetings; c) experiential learning by way of life and professional experience; d) community of practice learning through informal discussion forums; and f) vicarious learning. Managerial skills developed through these learning processes are related to: managers' personal and interpersonal competence, professional competence and their competence for action. The latter were developed through problem solving and day-to-day challenges where managers have learned to negotiate using creativity. Thus, in order of activate the development of managerial competencies it is recommended: to improve organizational structure in order to propitiate collective learning; to improve administrative processes; manpower dimensioning; formulating new standards and procedures setting to optimizing workload distribution and to improve managerial decision-making. It is also recommended a quality of life program implementation, managerial training program implementation, workshops, meetings and formulating daily practices to minimize stress effects on managers who become handlers of organizational toxins. It is suggested to further research on administration and accounting sciences undergraduate courses contribution for public management; to replicate this research with a different group focusing on its political base; to examine how managers? past experience in private enterprises contributes to their public management practice and vocation; to enhance study on managers' community of practice formation; and as the frustrations and difficulties contribute to learning
Este estudo qualitativo foi realizado em uma institui??o federal de ensino superior, localizada no munic?pio de Serop?dica ? RJ. O objetivo foi descrever processos de aprendizagem das compet?ncias gerenciais do gestor p?blico que atua nas ?reas de gest?o de pessoas, gest?o financeira/cont?bil e gest?o acad?mica de uma institui??o federal de ensino, em sua pr?tica cotidiana. A fim de se alcan?ar o objetivo da pesquisa estabeleceram-se cinco objetivos secund?rios que foram: a)descrever como ocorre o processo de aprendizagem no contexto da organiza??o p?blica; b)levantar como os gestores aprenderam a gerenciar na pr?tica; c)identificar o papel da aprendizagem coletiva no desenvolvimento das compet?ncias gerenciais; d)levantar do ponto de vista dos gestores quais as compet?ncias necess?rias para agir; e e)propor medidas para ativar e sistematizar o desenvolvimento de compet?ncias gerenciais desenvolvidas por meio da aprendizagem coletiva. Utilizou-se para levantamento dos dados junto a vinte e dois gestores, o m?todo de entrevista semiaberta com observa??o de campo. A an?lise dos dados foi realizada por meio de interpreta??o hermen?utica. Os resultados emp?ricos permitem concluir que o processo de constru??o das compet?ncias gerenciais dos gestores p?blicos ocorre por meio de: a) aprendizagem individual via estudo formal, busca pessoal e leitura; b) aprendizagem coletiva via intera??o com as pessoas na pr?tica cotidiana do trabalho e tamb?m em f?runs, encontros e reuni?es; c) aprendizagem experiencial via experi?ncia profissional e de vida; d) aprendizagem em comunidade de pr?tica via f?rum informal de discuss?o; e ainda e) aprendizagem vic?ria. As compet?ncias gerenciais desenvolvidas por meio desses processos de aprendizagem individual constituem-se de compet?ncias pessoais, interpessoais e compet?ncias para a??o. Esta ?ltima foi desenvolvida por meio da solu??o de problemas e desafios do dia-a-dia, onde gestores aprenderam a negociar e usar criatividade. A fim de ativar o desenvolvimento das compet?ncias gerenciais por meio de aprendizagem, recomendam-se melhorias na estrutura organizacional para incentivar a aprendizagem individual e coletiva no trabalho cotidiano, gest?o de processos administrativos, dimensionamento da m?o-de-obra, estabelecimento de normas e procedimentos de distribui??o de atividades para minimizar a sobrecarga de trabalho apontada pelos gestores e aprimorar o processo de decis?o gerencial. Al?m disso, recomenda-se tamb?m elaborar programa de qualidade de vida, programa de forma??o gerencial, oficinas de estudo coletivo, encontros e reuni?es para partilhar/trocar experi?ncias e ainda tomar medidas para minimizar o efeito do estresse sobre os gestores que por for?a da responsabilidade assumida tornam-se reposit?rios do estresse de suas equipes. Sugere-se para futura pesquisa identificar a contribui??o da forma??o em administra??o e em ci?ncias cont?beis para preparar gestores p?blicos; replicar a pesquisa com outro grupo de gestores com aten??o a sua base pol?tica; identificar como a experi?ncia de gest?o no setor privado contribui para a pr?tica de gest?o p?blica; estudar a forma??o de comunidade de pr?tica de gestores p?blicos, e como as frustra??es e dificuldades contribuem para com a sua aprendizagem.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
商業教育學系
90
The main purpose of the study was to investigate what are the competencies that the national park interpreters of the Republic of China should have. To accomplish the purpose, both the survey research method and a questionnaire designed by the author entitled “The Questionnaire of a Study of the Compentecies of the National Park Interpreters ” were used. The development of the research tools mainly included theoretical analysis and literature reviewing, and the giving interview method was also used as a supplement. In order to acquire the research data, a total of 300 copies of questionnaire were sent to the different administrative offices of the national parks for answering. And, with the intention of increasing the reply ratio and reducing the inconvenience of the administrative offices of the national parks, the questionnaire was also attached on the website for on-line reply. Therefore, the offices could response by these two ways described above alternatively. Finally, there were157 replies received including 37 by the conventional mail and 120 by the website on-line reply. The total reply ratio was 52.33%, but the number of the effective reply was 153, it corresponded to an effective reply ratio 51% instead. The response data was analyzed by using statistical methods including frequency distribution, one-way ANOVA, and t-test. According to the analysis, conclusions of the present study were summarized as follows: 1. The lists of the compentecies of the national park interpreters should include three domains, eight minor catalogues, and fifty-two items. 2. The view points about the importance that the national park interpreters should have the compentecies come from different research samples with different background variables are very much the same. They all thought that all the compentecies of the national park interpreters are important. The grades of the importance evaluation are all above 3.65. In general, the grades of the importance evaluation increase with the age, the education level and the experience of the samples, and the voluntary interpreters also tend to give the higher importance evaluation. 3. The levels of the grades of the compentecies of the national park interpreters are all above “medium” (between 3.97 and 2.78). 4. The view points about the performance of the compentecies of the national park interpreters come from different research samples with different background variables are also very much the same. In general, the senior in age, the higher educated and the more experienced samples, and the voluntary interpreters give the higher performance evaluation. 5. There is still the difference between the importance that the national park interpreters should have the compentecies and the performance of the national park interpreters already have, and the grades of the evaluation about the importance of the compentecies are higher than that of the performance of the compentecies. It is shown that the levels of the compentecies of the national park interpreters are generally lower than that they should have. Finally, according to the findings and conclusions, the present study offered the suggestions to both the administrative offices of the national parks and the national park interpreters, and it also suggested about the future research.

碩士
國立中正大學
運動與休閒教育研究所
104
The study was designed to investigate the competence and training courses of interpreters in National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium (NMMBA). NMMBA was the first museum OT and BOT in Taiwan. It’s quite different with other museums in exhibit design and biological exhibition. According to the multiple exhibition, the NMMBA was not only provide educational function, but also provide entertainment and recreation function. NMMBA was a special case to compare with other museums in Taiwan, therefor it attractive many tourists. In NMMBA, interpreter played an important character. They were the messenger of knowledge in the museum, and also a learner in the nature science. The competence of interpreter in NMMBA was very complicated to other museums in Taiwan. This study was selected 7 interpreters whom has served for more than 1 year in NMMBA to interview. Interview time from December 2015 to June 2016. The results of this study found that the NMMBA interpreter need to have the external characteristics of the clothing appearance, articulate and affability; internal characteristics of optimism and lively, attentive observation and curiosity. The competence of interpreter required of professional knowledge, the ability to reflect, interpretation skills and foreign language skills. The training courses including biological knowledge, etiquette courses, interpretation skills, oral courses, mentoring and interactive learning.

碩士
國立中興大學
農業推廣教育研究所
93
Participatory leisure activities in recreational agriculture have increased significantly in recent years and this trend is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. Interpreter is the key person ruling this experiential leisure process. Therefore, objectives of the dissertation focused on two topics: The methods of document analysis and questionnaire survey were adopted to achieve the first goal. In terms of document analysis, the relevant publications in literature were analyzed and concluded to five specific roles and twenty-nine required professional competencies of an interpreter in recreational agriculture. Such results formed the base for the second phase of conducting questionnaire survey. The questionnaire survey was proceeded to use the Delphi method based on the opinions gathered from those experienced experts and scholars in related fields. The response rates of questionnaires reached 100% at the first Delphi survey, but two experts did not reply the questionnaire at the second round of survey. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10.0. The research results showed that the professional role required by an interpreter in recreational agriculture had involved three “general roles” and two “advanced roles." With respect to the important professional competencies to each role, the capability of “planning the interpretation route” is most important to the role of “tour leader.” The “heuristic method of teaching tourists” is the important item required by the role of “facilitator.” As for the role of “environmental protector,” the capability of “distinguishing recreational agriculture’s special features” is important. With respect to the role of “administrative personnel” and the role of “curriculum planner,” “competencies of collecting information for interpretation resources” is important. For the “training consultant,” the “abilities of collecting relevant information for training resources” and the “abilities of information collection, sorting and usage for training consultancy” are important. The results contribute to the interpreter's training related units as a reference to revise curriculum standard in the future. The second goal of the present study aimed at investigating the manpower utilization mechanism for interpreters in recreational agriculture, 7 experts and scholars in related fields were interviewed based on a semi-structured interview guide. The result indicated that construction of interpretation manpower utilization mechanism for interpreters must rely on governmental guidance and residents' participation, and the mechanism can be execute by regional Agriculture Associations. Finally, we tried to conclude the findings and propose some advices to the administrators in agriculture, government organizations, regional Agriculture Association, the residents, and interpreters in recreational agriculture.

In Canada, the field of study related to teaching American Sign Language fingerspelling and numbering is very new. This study focused its examination on the potential educational benefits when incorporating fingerspelling and numbering within an ASL course as opposed to the potential educational benefits when creating a separate fingerspelling and numbering course for second language learners. The study was conducted by administering surveys, pre-tests, and post-tests with students from two Canadian Deaf Studies Programs, as well as interviewing instructors. The participants’ receptive skill acquisition and complex rule comprehension of fingerspelling and numbering was examined in both instances (with and without a separate course) but no distinct differences were found. Data analysis of instructor responses indicated a strong inclination for advanced studies of fingerspelling and numbering for students who continue on to higher levels of education, specifically in American Sign Language-English Interpretation Programs. Additional research is needed, as this study was limited due to the small number of participants. In general, the results of the study confirm that fingerspelling and numbering are challenging practices for second language learners of ASL and that more curricular materials, focused on teaching these skills in natural conversational contexts, are needed.
October 2015

Although Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM) has the longest history of BA Honours level translator and interpreter training in Mozambique, the university still lacks an effective model for the development of translation and interpreting competence in students. To address this problem, the present study seeks to find a practical model for the training of Mozambican professional translators and interpreters at BA Honours level that can guide the design of conducive curricula. The critical question the study attempts to answer is: What model for developing translation and interpreting competence could lead to an effective curriculum design that best meets the employment needs of Mozambican students? To this end, the study has been designed as action-research because this design enables better understanding and improvement of training processes (Cravo & Neves 2007). Three data collection tools are used to generate both qualitative and quantitative data from over 120 participants, namely: (i) a survey, (ii) an English translation test and (iii) a sample of archived Portuguese translations produced by former students. The survey findings suggest the need for a model whereby translators and interpreters are trained simultaneously within the same programme. Moreover, the results of macro- and micro-textual analysis show that, overall, the translation competence of former students is poor, suggesting that the current curriculum at UEM is failing to produce BA Honours translation/interpreting professionals. The proposed solution would be a curriculum based on a new integrated translation and interpreting competence development model with the following four pillars: communicative competence, general knowledge, strategic competence and service provision.
Nangona iyunivesithi iEduardo Mondlane University (UEM) inembali kwizifundo zesidanga esiphakamileyo (BA Honours) kuqeqesho lwabaguquleli neetoliki eMozambique, le yunivesithi ayikabi namzekelo unguwo nosebenzayo ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokuguqula nokutolika kubafundi bayo. Ukukhawulelana nale ngxaki olu phando lujolise ekufumaneni owona mzekelo usebenzayo onokusetyenziswa nonokuthi ube sisikhokelo kuyilo lwekharityhulam yesidanga esiphakamileyo iBA Honours esithatha iminyaka emine ekuqeqesheni abafundi babe ngabaguquleli neetoliki eziphume izandla zaseMozambique. Umbuzo ongundoqo nozanywa ukuphendulwa lolu phando ngulo: Ngowuphi umzekelo wokuphuhlisa izakhono zokuguqulela nokutolika onokukhokelela kuyilo lwekharityhulam esebenzayo nefezekisa iimfuno zengqesho zabafundi baseMozambique? Kungoko olu phando luye lwasebenzisa indlela yokuphanda ekuthiwa yi-action research eyenza kube lula ukuqonda nokuphucula iinkqubo zoqeqesho (Cravo & Neves 2007). Kuye kwasetyenziswa iindlela ezintathu zophando ukufumana ulwazi kubathathi-nxaxheba abali-120 ezizezi: (1) uvavanyo lwezimvo, (ii) uvavanyo lwenguqulelo yesicatshulwa esibhalwe ngesiNgesi kunye (iii) neenguqulelo zesiPhuthukezi ezenziwe ngabafundi bangaphambili ezigciniweyo. Iziphumo zeemvavanyo zezimvo zibonisa ukuba kufuneka kukho umzekelo onokusetyenziswa ekuqeqesheni abaguquleli neetoliki ngaxeshanye phantsi kwenkqubo enye. Ukongeza koku, iziphumo zohlalutyo lwesicatshulwa zibonise ukuba izakhono zokuguqulela zabafundi bangaphambili azikho mgangathweni, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ikharityhulam esetyenziswayo eUEM iyasilela ekukhupheni abaguquleli neetoliki ezinobuchule neziziincutshe. Isisombululo esicetyiswayo ke ngoko, sesokuba kubekho ikharityhulam ehlangeneyo eza kuphuhlisa izakhono zabaguquleli neetoliki esekelwe kwiintsika ezine ezizezi: isakhono sonxibelelwano, ulwazi jikelele, isakhono sobuchule kunye nokunikezwa kweenkonzo.
Nakuba iNyuvesi i-Eduardo Mondlane University (i-UEM) isinomlando omude kakhulu wokuqeqesha abahumushi notolika ezingeni leziqu ze-BA Honours eMozambique, le nyuvesi ayikabi nayo indlela esebenzayo yokuthuthukisa amakhono ezitshudeni kwezokuhumusha nokutolika. Ukubhekana nale nkinga lolu cwaningo kuhloswe ngalo ukuthola indlela esebenzayo yokuqeqesha ongoti babahumushi notolika baseMozambique ezingeni leziqu ze-BA Honours (iziqu zeminyaka emine) ezingahlahla indlela yokuklama uhlelo lwezifundo olungasiza kule nkinga. Umbuzo omkhulu lolu cwaningo oluzama ukuwuphendula ngothi: Iyiphi indlela yokuthuthukisa amakhono okuhumusha nokutolika engaholela ekuklanyweni kohlelo lwezifundo olungahlangabezana nezidingo zokuqasheka kwezitshudeni zaseMozambique? Ukufeza le nhloso, lolu cwaningo lusebenzisa uhlelo lokucwaninga olubizwa nge-action-research ngoba luyasiza ekuqondeni kangcono nasekuthuthukiseni inqubo yokuqeqesha (Cravo & Neves 2007). Kusetshenziswa amathuluzi amathathu okuqoqa imininingobunjalo nemininingobuningi evela kubabambiqhaza abangaphezu kwabayi-120, okuyilokhu: (i) ngohlolocwaningo (i-survey), (ii) ngesivivinyo sesihumusho sesiNgisi (iii) nangesampula lezihumusho zesiPutukezi zabafundi baphambilini. Okutholakale kulo uhlolocwaningo kuveza isidingo sendlela yokuqeqesha abahumushi notolika kanyekanye ohlelweni lokufundiswa olufanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwemibhalo nezimo eyabhalwa ngaphansi kwazo ibonisa ukuthi, ngokubanzi, amakhono okuhumusha abafundi baphambilini awamahle, okuyinkomba yokuthi uhlelo lwezifundo lwamanje e-UEM luyehluleka ukukhiqiza ongoti bokuhumusha nokutolika ezingeni le-BA Honours. Isixazululo esiphakanyiswayo ngesendlela entsha esuselwa ekuthuthukiseni amakhono edidiyela ukuhumusha nokutolika, enalezi zinsika ezine ezilandelayo: amakhono kwezokuxhumana, ulwazi ngokubanzi, ikhono lokusebenzisa amasu, nokuhlinzekwa kwezidingo.
Linguistics and Modern Languages
D. Phil. (Languages, Linguistics and Literature)

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
諮商心理與人力資源發展學系終身學習與人力資源發展研究所
104
Interpreters provided visitors to know more about humanities, nature, and historical resources at national parks. Interpreters thinking, feeling, attitudes, influence the quality of interpretation and education. Interpreters have to pursuit of new knowledge improve diversity interpret work. In this study, three alpine national park interpreters as the research object,the main purpose is understand the relationship between self-efficacy , psychological contract and interpreters key competencies,construction of interpreter key competencies can be used as a reference with training interpreter and develop key competencies in the future. Use of quantitative study, work out the interpreter key competencies Scale,based on expert validity and the pre-test results, the development of formal scale, The key competencies into service attitude, professional knowledge, lifelong learning three facets. In a random sampling investigate ,recovered 230 questionnaires,resulting data with the reliability analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, regression analysis to collate, finally, the analysis results are summarized and written conclusions. Summed up conclusions are as follows: (1) National Park interpreters higher self-efficacy, key competencies the professional knowledge development more stronger . (2)Transactional psychological contract cannot raise the interpretation key competencies,particularly service attitude is the worst. (3)Relational psychological contract will affect interpreter key competencies of lifelong learning and service attitude. (4) Compile scales of interpreter key competencies provide reference the follow-up study.

The present thesis applies the sociolinguistic concepts of politeness and face on interpreting theory and practice. Interpreting is, in its essence, highly face-threatening, which is reflected in codes of ethics adopted by interpreting vocational associations. Having insight into two cultures, interpreters can use their communication competence to preserve the face of their recipients or the speaker. For the Western society, it is natural to protect one's own face in communication; however, such efforts can collide with the endeavour to convey the message faithfully and precisely. The thesis therefore studies the strategies that interpreters apply in face-threatening situations and presents examples of what interpreters do to save face, including such events when face- preserving outweighs conveying the message. There is also a discrepancy between the conventional role of a neutral or passive interpreter as a message conduit and the role of interpreters as active communication participants who take the initiative. By analysing interviews and an online survey, the study demonstrates that many interpreters believe that their role is an active one and their impact on the output of interpreted interactions is significant. Keywords: face, politeness, interpreting, face-preserving strategies,...

The diploma thesis deals with the field of musical theatre and specifies all the activities and competencies of a conductor throughout the process of preparation and subsequent realization of a musical performance. The text of the thesis consists of two parts. The theoretical part describes the characteristics of a musical, its brief world history and its integration into the Czech environment. It also maps the history of the Karlín Musical Theater and presents profiles of its current conductors. The aim of the theoretical part is to introduce the reader to the issues of this genre, to introduce its three basic components: music, drama and movement, and to point out the differences between classical musicals and those of a revue type. The second, practical part, focuses on the profession of conducting in the field of musical theatre. It demonstrates the specific activities of a conductor in two key genres of musical theatre: opera and musical. It also focuses on the means of expression a musical conductor works with, with a special emphasis on the tempo, which has been the subject of frequent discussions amongst members of different artistic components of the musical performance. In the following chapters, it introduces The Legend Called Holmes - The Musical, its script and its music genre. This...

The topic of the present thesis is professional ethics in interpreting. The thesis consists of two main parts - a theoretical part and empirical research. The theoretical part first defines ethics in terms of philosophy and introduces some key subject- related concepts. Subsequently, it focuses on professional ethics and characterizes the main documents that set out desirable standards of conduct within a certain profession - codes of ethics and codes of conduct. This general introduction is then followed by an overview of research into ethics in interpreting studies, and a brief outline of the history of codes of ethics for interpreters. The following chapters discuss ethical challenges in different interpreting settings and briefly introduce major Czech and foreign professional organizations of interpreters. The core of the theoretical part compares ten selected codes of ethics of different Czech and international professional interpreters organizations; based on this comparison, basic rights and obligations of interpreters are identified and further analysed in the empirical part. The empirical part of the thesis presents and discusses the results of a questionnaire survey focusing on selected topics of interpreting ethics discussed in the theoretical part. The aim of the survey, which was...