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1
Powell, Ruth M., and n/a. "Drama, as a technique that can be used in environmental interpretation and education." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1995. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061106.132559.
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This work endorses the need for environmental interpretation and education because
of the threat to the natural environment as a result of the lack of understanding and
knowledge of environmental issues. The writer's personal perspective on the
environment is described. There is a strong advocacy for the use of the fine arts in
interpretative programmes as a way of reaching audiences, and particularly those
individuals who learn through an abstract/symbolic modality. The use of drama is
explored as one of the fine arts media through which all visitors to natural sites can
gain information , experience personal growth, and develop an understanding of
their relationship to the natural world. A study was conducted in which a
questionnaire, which posed 36 questions related to common practices and
experiences, and the use of drama as a medium in environmental interpretation and
education, was used in interviewing representatives of 18 organisations, 9 in Canada
and 9 in Australia, involved in environmental education. The responses to the
questionnaire are summarised and discussed. Of those interviewed, most of the
Australian and Canadian respondents were aware of the need to use a variety of
techniques when developing programmes, had used drama in their programmes, had
all attended programmes where drama was used as the interpretative medium, and
were positive about their experiences. More than two thirds of the respondents
from Australia and Canada indicated that drama should be given a high priority in
environmental interpretation and education in the future. Information on two
children's eco-drama programmes and two workshops for adults on the use of
drama in environmental interpretation and education is also included.
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Ahmad, Adnan. "Exploring the influence of interest free microfinance programmes on empowerment of the participating women borrowers in Pakistan : an interpretative inquiry." Thesis, University of Salford, 2018. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/48497/.
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This study has argued that conventional microfinance has failed to serve a large number of Muslim consumers worldwide, which provided an opportunity to interest free microfinance to emerge as a subsector within the microfinance industry to serve this unserved target market. In the last few years, it has acquired particular recognition in Pakistan; however, there is lack of evidence to suggest that interest free microfinance is more successful than conventional microfinance. In this context, this study investigates the influence of interest free microfinance on empowerment of the women borrowers, which is one of the two main objectives of microfinance interventions. This study has also highlighted that extant microfinance literature has ignored the contextual and subjective nature of women empowerment in conceptualising the impacts of microfinance on women empowerment, which may significantly misrepresent the potential of microfinance. This study has attempted to fill the knowledge gap by employing interpretative phenomenology as a research methodology to achieve two specific research objectives: (a) to explore, in the microfinance context, women borrowers' perceptions on what empowerment means in their respective lives to identify empowerment indicators; and (b) to explore women's experiences of participation in interest free microfinance programmes to study the influence of interest free microfinance on women's perceived empowerment. Applying theoretical lens of capability approach, this study has used in-depth semi-structured interviews and participant observation to gain insights from women's perceptions and lived experiences of participation in interest free microfinance programmes. The study has been carried out in Pakpattan district of Pakistan in the context of Akhuwat foundation, which is the largest interest free microfinance organisation in Pakistan. Akhuwat offers a range of small-scale financial products and services to the poor throughout Pakistan. Consistent with the research methodology, interpretative phenomenological analysis has been used to analyse the data collected from 29 purposefully selected women borrowers of Akhuwat in Pakpattan district. This study has identified eight empowerment indicators from local women's perspective, which have been organised under three superordinate themes: personal empowerment, financial empowerment, and socio-cultural/political empowerment. Based on research findings, this study has found no major influence on women's perceived levels of empowerment, although, majority of the research participants experienced improvements in their financial circumstances at household and business level. The study findings show that the many of the research participants experienced improved self-confidence, greater sense of financial stability, improved relationships and a sense of control on life. A significant and unique finding of this study is that empowerment indicators are not only context specific but person specific as well; since empowerment indicators did not mean or signify empowerment for research participants collectively.
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Park, Sunghee. "Investigating athletes' retirement from sport : from decision-making to optimal support programmes." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/6498.
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This thesis aimed to extend knowledge of athletes’ career transitions through examining athletes’ retirement decision-making process and influence of cultural diversity and organisational culture on the process of career transition. The purpose of Study 1 was to identify the current status of knowledge in the study area through providing a systematic review of the athlete career transition studies. The findings provided up to date knowledge in the study area and suggested potential future research directions. Study 2 aimed to understand Korean tennis players’ career transition out of sport experiences via longitudinal qualitative research. The results indicated that athletes perceived making the retirement decision was difficult process for them and revealed that participants’ experiences were influenced by cultural aspects and sport contexts of Korea. Study 3 focused on exploring the athletes’ retirement decision-making process among Korean tennis players. Results showed that athletes’ leaving from sport decision-making is a complex and multidimensional process, and the transtheoretical model was helpful in explaining athletes’ retirement from sport decision-making. The objective of Study 4 was to explore the processes involved in the development of an athletes’ career transition programme. Results revealed that the organisation might have influence on athletes’ retirement decision and the quality of career transition. Overall, the findings from the current thesis provide advanced useful knowledge on the athlete career transition process, and such knowledge may assist attempts to enhance athletes’ well-being and welfare for during and post-sport life.
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Hopkins, Vivienne. "An insider perspective of participants' experiences of the benefits and barriers to attending mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reunion meetings on completion of their programmes : an interpretative phenomenological analysis." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3262.
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Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a promising approach aimed at the prevention of relapse in people suffering from recurrent depression. However little is known about what factors support gains in the longer-term. This study examines participants’ experiences of the perceived benefits and barriers to MBCT reunion attendance. Thirteen people, who had participated in MBCT classes for recurrent depression within a primary care setting, were interviewed about their experiences of the reunion meetings or their reasons for not attending. Seven of these had completed their program within the previous 12 to 18 months at the time of interview, and six had completed their program between 20 months and 4 years prior to the time of the interview. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to analyze participants’ accounts. Four themes highlighted the participants’ experiences: In terms of benefits, reunion attendees experienced the reunions as a booster reminding them of their mindfulness practices and as a sanctuary where these practices were further nurtured within an accepting and compassionate environment. Barriers to reunion attendance were difficulties around the group experience and wanting to put the experience behind them. This related to the memory of depression as well as to the program and group experience for some individuals. Theoretical, clinical and research implications are discussed.
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Siste, Cláudia Elena. "A pesquisa em práticas interpretativas: estudos recentes nas universidades estaduais paulistas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27158/tde-01022010-204124/.
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Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar e traçar o perfil dos trabalhos referentes a Práticas Interpretativas, no contexto dos cursos de pós-graduação stricto sensu em Música, das universidades estaduais paulistas. Considera a forma de inserção de Práticas Interpretativas na estrutura dos programas dos referidos cursos, bem como o histórico da implantação dos programas, e analisa uma amostragem da produção acadêmica resultante, no período de 2002 a 2007, buscando estabelecer as tendências quanto a objeto de estudo e procedimentos metodológicos. Entre os procedimentos, procura demonstrar como e até que ponto a análise do material musical está sendo utilizada como ferramenta em prol da interpretação, bem como a escolha de abordagens mais apropriadas à especificidade das Práticas Interpretativas. Faz alusão, portanto, às discussões sobre as relações que podem se estabelecer entre interpretação e análise musical. Constata encontrar-se o segmento de Práticas Interpretativas ainda em processo de consolidação entre as áreas de concentração e linhas de pesquisa dos programas, e, por outro lado, a existência de uma produção significativa e crescente, a validar e acelerar essa consolidação.<br>The objective of this study is to examine and outline Performance Practices studies carried out in stricto sensu graduate music courses in State funded universities in the State of São Paulo. It looks at the place attributed to Performance Practices in the curricula of such courses and the historic development thereof, analyzing a sample of the resulting research and publications between 2002 and 2007, and trying to establish existing trends between the study object and methodological procedures. Within the context of procedures, the work attempts at demonstrating how and in how far the musical material employed is being used as a tool favoring interpretation, as well as choosing more appropriate approaches considering the specificity of Performance Practices. It refers therefore to the discussion about the relationship that may exist between interpretation and musical analysis. It can be said that the Performance Practices segment is still in a process of consolidating the main areas of studies and research, and on the other hand there is clear evidence of significant and growing production thus validating and accelerating the consolidation process.
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Mathias, Beth. "Individual experiences of an acceptance-based pain management programme : an interpretative phenomenological analysis." Thesis, Bangor University, 2010. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/individual-experiences-of-an-aacceptancebased-pain-management-programme-an-interpretative-phenomenological-analysis(59d6a92d-a5a9-4c83-9c39-8a2367a6572f).html.
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Although there is evidence of a positive relationship between acceptance of pain and healthy adaptation to chronic pain, such research appears to be devoid of a guiding theoretical framework. The review paper aims to investigate how 'acceptance' fits with models of adaptation to chronic pain. Fourteen-studies were reviewed and categorised into four-sections in accordance with the models of adaptation they cited. Exploration of the underlying components of the models illuminated five-key unifying concepts or 'elements' that appear to be important for adaptation: goal-setting, attention to pain, coping strategies, identity and psychological flexibility. A unifying model is proposed and the findings of the review suggest that acceptance-basedin terventions such as Mindfulness, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Cognitive Behavioural Therapy would be beneficial in enabling healthy adaptation to chronic pain. Despite the growing evidence-base with regards to the effectiveness of acceptance-based interventionsf or chronic pain, previous research has focused on quantitative outcome measures. The processes that occur during such interventions, however, remain unknown. The research paper therefore qualitatively explores six-individual's experiences of an acccptance-based pain-management programme and the constituents they felt facilitated change. Findings highlighted the importance of pain-relevant social support, psychoeducation, self-identity, positive acceptance of pain and proactive coping strategies such as pacing activity and mindfulness. The discussion paper explores links between research findings and models of adaptation, the proposed model within the literature review, the contribution to clinical practice, and implications for future research. By unifying these components, a unique in-depth insight into people's experiences of the processes of chronic pain management has been gleened. Especially into the experiential accounts of people using acceptance-based painmanagement approaches, and highlights a need for further qualitative of pain-management interventions.
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Piper, K. "Interpretation of clinical imaging examinations by radiographers : a programme of research." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2014. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/13316/.
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Background Studies which have investigated the interpretation of plain skeletal examinations by radiographers have demonstrated encouraging findings, however, the studies have not extended beyond this area of practice and radiographers' diagnostic performance for other more complex investigations has not been established. Comparisons of performance between groups of healthcare practitioners to date, has also been limited. Aim This research programme aimed to investigate the interpretation of clinical imaging examinations by radiographers, and other healthcare practitioners, in the provision of initial interpretations and/or definitive reports of plain imaging ( skeletal and chest) and crosssectional ( magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] – lumbar/thoracic spine, knees and internal auditory meati [IAM]) investigations. Methods The eight studies utilised a variety of methodological approaches and included quasiexperimental and observational studies. One quasi-experimental study compared the performance of radiographers, nurses and junior doctors in initial image interpretation and another similar study included a training intervention; both utilised alternate free-response receiver operating characteristic curve (AFROC) methodology. Three of the observational studies investigated the ability of radiographers to provide definitive reports on a wide range of clinical examinations, including chest and MRI investigations, in a controlled environment. One large multi-centre observational study investigated the performance of radiographers, in clinical practice (A/E: skeletal examinations) during the implementation of a radiographic reporting service. The agreement between consultant radiologists' MRI reports of lumbar/thoracic spine, knee and IAM examinations was investigated in another observational study. The final study compared the reports of trained radiographers and consultant radiologists, with those of an index radiologist, when reporting on MRI examinations of the knee and lumbar spine, as part of a prospective pre-implementation agreement study. Results The first AFROC study demonstrated statistically significant improvements after training, for radiographers (A1=0.55 - 0.72) and nurses (A1=0.65 - 0.63), although the radiographers maintained a better overall performance post training (p=0.004) in providing an initial image interpretation of trauma radiographs of the appendicular skeleton. Radiographers also achieved statistically higher (p<0.01) AUC values (A1=0.75) than nurses (A1=0.58) and junior doctors (A1=0.54) in the second AFROC study. Three studies, which examined 11155 reports, were conducted under controlled conditions in an academic setting and provided evidence of radiographers’ high levels of accuracy in reporting of skeletal A/E (93.9%); skeletal non A/E (92.5%); chest (89.0%); MRI lumbar/thoracic spine (87.2%), knees (86.3%) and IAM (98.4%) examinations. In the multi-centre clinical study, the mean accuracy, sensitivity and specificity rates of the radiographers reports (n=7179) of plain examinations of the skeletal system in the trauma setting was found to be 99%, 98% and 99%, respectively. The considerable range of values for agreement, between consultant radiologists reports of MRI examinations of the thoracic/lumbar spine (k=0 – 0.8), knee (k=0.3 – 0.8) and IAM (k=1.0) was similar to other studies and resulted in a reasonable estimation of the performance, in the UK, of an average non specialist consultant radiologist in MRI reporting. In the final study, radiographers reported in clinical practice conditions, on a prospective random sample of knee and lumbar spine MRI examinations, to a level of agreement comparable with non-musculoskeletal consultant radiologists (Mean difference in observer agreement <1%, p=0.86). Less than 10% of observers' reports (radiographers and consultant radiologists) were found to be sufficiently discordant to be clinically important. Conclusion The outcomes of this research programme demonstrate that radiographers can provide initial interpretations of radiographic examinations of the appendicular skeleton, in the trauma setting, to a higher level of accuracy than A/E practitioners. The findings also provide evidence that selected radiographers with appropriate education and training can provide definitive reports on plain clinical examinations (A/E and non A/E referral sources) of the skeletal system and the chest; and MRI examinations of the knee, lumbar/thoracic spine and IAM to a level of performance comparable to the average non specialist consultant radiologist. Wider implementation of radiographer reporting is therefore indicated and future multi-centre research, including economic evaluations, to further inform practice at a national level, is recommended.
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Westcott, Doug. "On an implementation of abstract interpretation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28354.
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This thesis describes an implementation of abstract interpretation and its application to strictness analysis and termination analysis. The abstract interpretation is performed based on a lattice-theoretical model of abstraction, or translation, of functions expressed in a lambda-calculus notation and defined over a concrete domain into functions defined over a user-specified, application-dependent, abstract domain. The functions thus obtained are then analyzed in order to find their least fixed-points in the lattice which is the abstract domain, using a method which is a simplification of the frontiers algorithm of Chris Clack and Simon Peyton Jones. In order to achieve the required efficiency, this method is implemented using lattice annotation, along with constraints upon the annotations. The implementation is then applied to the problems of strictness analysis and termination analysis, deriving useful pre-compilation information for many functions. The concrete domains over which the functions are defined may or may not include lists.<br>Science, Faculty of<br>Computer Science, Department of<br>Graduate
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Kyeyune, Apolo Peter. "The interpretation and use of mixed methods research within programme evaluation practice." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5349.
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Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>The contemporary evaluation literature advocates for and recommends a pluralistic approach to
programme evaluation, with some writers contending that the use of multiple and/or mixed
methods for the practice is inevitable. The rationale for such an approach encompasses
aspects of both the ‘technical’ and the ‘political’ requirements of evaluation practice. A review of
evaluation research literature underscores the important role of mixed methods research
towards realizing richer evaluation findings, and addressing the pragmatic, democratic and
political facets of the evaluation practice. However, it is observed that there is a dearth of
literature that focuses on how the use of a mixed methods evaluation approach facilitates the
realization of richer conclusions or inferences about programme merit/worth. Thus, the
overarching aim of the thesis is to establish how the perception and implementation of mixed
methods research among evaluation practitioners influences the nature of inferences they
make.
This thesis aims at identifying patterns and relationships within and between conceptions and
practices of mixed methods evaluation through a descriptive process. The selection of cases is
therefore purposive and includes fourteen published evaluation articles on
projects/programmes. An analytical framework is developed on the basis of a literature review
on mixed methods research and background literature on evaluation research. This framework
guides the qualitative content analysis of each case study and the cross-case analysis across
the fourteen studies to identify common patterns.
The findings reveal two prominent perspectives of mixed methods evaluation prevailing among
evaluation practitioners. The first (labeled a ‘strong’ conception) has the intention of and places
emphasis on the integration of the qualitative and quantitative components, with the primary
objective of obtaining richer evaluation inferences. In this conception, the use of the methods
and the data/inferences thereof are synthesized to achieve this goal. This conception is
congruent with mixed methods purposes of: - ‘complementarity’ and ‘triangulation’ and is
responsive to the ‘technical’ needs of evaluation. The second perspective (labeled a ‘weak’
conception) is silent about the integration of the respective methods or data/findings/inferences,
qualifying the use of multiple methods and data in a single study as sufficing for a mixed
methods approach. It resonates with justifications of mixed methods research that address
issues of: - comprehensiveness, multiple view points, inclusiveness and democracy and seems
more tailored to the ‘political’ needs of evaluation. The findings also reveal that the resulting
multiple inferences from this ‘weak’ conception can weaken each other when contradicting or
inaccurate qualitative and quantitative findings result, especially when the complimentary
function of either method is not planned a priori.
Therefore within the context of realizing richer and more valid evaluation findings/inferences, it
is recommended that the purposes and qualification as mixed methods research of the second
perspective be re-considered. It is apparent that in embracing the ‘political’ needs of evaluation
practice, this conception seems to eschew the ‘technical’ requirements initially intended for a
mixed methods approach. This has implications particularly for the mixed methods purpose of
‘expansion’ and rationales of pluralism, inclusiveness and democracy, which are seemingly
popular within programme evaluation practice.
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Perrelle, Valentin. "Analyse statique de programmes manipulant des tableaux." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00973892.
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L'analyse statique de programmes est un domaine crucial en compilation, en optimisation, et en validation de logiciels. Les structures de données complexes (tableaux, listes, graphes,...), omniprésentes dans les programmes, posent des problèmes difficiles, du fait qu'elles représentent des ensembles de données de taille importante ou inconnue, et que l'adressage des données dans ces ensembles est calculé (indexation, indirection). Si la vérification de la validité des accès aux tableaux a été l'une des motivations initiales de l'interprétation abstraite, la recherche de propriétés concernant le contenu des tableaux est quant à lui un sujet récent. La plupart des travaux sur le sujet reposent sur un partitionnement des tableaux. On est ainsi amenés à considérer un certain nombre de fragments de tableau desquels on cherche à trouver des propriétés. Le choix de cette partition est un problème difficile et chacune des méthodes proposées peut être mise en défaut. Par ailleurs, les représentations classiques des partitions de tableau donnent à ces analyses une complexité exponentielle. Nous proposons d'une part de généraliser le concept de partitionnement de tableau à celui de "fragmentation" permettant à la fois le chevauchement des fragments, la manipulation de fragments potentiellement vides et la sélection de relations spécialisées. D'autre part, nous proposons une abstraction de ces fragmentations en terme de graphes appelés "Diagrammes de tranches" ainsi que les opérations pour les manipuler et assurant une complexité polynomiale à l'analyse. Enfin, nous proposons un nouveau critère de fragmentation sémantique inspiré de ceux de la littérature et tentant d'en corriger les défauts. Ces méthodes ont été implémentées dans un analyseur statique. L'expérimentation démontre qu'elles peuvent analyser avec efficacité et précision un certain nombre d'exemples constituant des défis de l'analyse statique de programmes manipulant des tableaux.
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Botbol, Vincent. "Analyse statique de programmes concurrents avec variables numériques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS390.pdf.
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La vérification de systèmes distribués est un problème complexe pour de nombreuses raisons tant théoriques que pratiques, en particulier lorsque ces systèmes sont capables d'effectuer localement des calculs numériques. Le but de cette thèse est de proposer une méthode de vérification formelle de tels systèmes. Nous présentons un modèle général, basé sur l'interprétation abstraite, permettant de construire des analyses statiques pour des systèmes de processus communiquants. Notre méthodologie s'inspire du Regular Model Checking en représentant des ensembles d'états de programmes concurrents sous la forme d'automates de treillis et la sémantique de ces programmes comme la réécriture des langages reconnus par ces automates. Ce modèle nous permet notamment d'exprimer des communications entre processus et des créations/destructions dynamiques de processus. L'utilisation de l'interprétation abstraite nous permet d'obtenir une sur-approximation sûre de l'espace d'atteignabilité des programmes nous permettant ainsi de vérifier des propriétés de sûreté numériques. Nous avons implanté cette méthode permettant d'analyser automatiquement des programmes utilisant la bibliothèque logicielle de calculs distribués MPI/C<br>Verifying distributed systems is a difficult problem on both theoretical and practice levels, in particular when systems are capable of local numerical computations. The goal of this thesis is to provide a formal verification method of such systems. We present a general model, based on abstract interpretation, allowing the construction of static analyses for systems of communicating processes. Our methodology is inspired by Regular Model Checking where the set of program states are represented as lattice automata and the program semantics are encoded using rewriting systems applied on the language recognized by the automata. This model offers the possiblity of expressing communications between processes as well as dynamic creation/destruction of process. Using the abstract interpretation methodology, we are able to provide a sound over-approximation of the reachability set of programs allowing us to verify numerical safety properties. We implemented this method allowing us to automatically analyse programs that use the distributed computation library MPI/C
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Ghorbal, Khalil. "Analyse Statique de Programmes Numériques: Ensembles Affines Contraints." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00643442.
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Nous nous plaçons dans le cadre de l'analyse statique de programmes, et nous nous intéressons aux propriétés numériques, c'est a dire celles qui concernent les valeurs numériques des variables de programmes. Nous essayons en particulier de déterminer une sur-approximation garantie de l'ensemble de valeurs possibles pour chaque variable numérique utilisée dans le programme à analyser. Cette analyse statique est faite dans le cadre de la théorie de l'interprétation abstraite, théorie présentant un compromis entre les limites théoriques d'indécidabilite et de calculabilite et la précision des résultats obtenus. Nous sommes partis des travaux d'Eric Goubault et Sylvie Putot, que nous avons étendus et généralisés. Notre nouveau domaine abstrait, appelé ensembles affines contraints, combine à la fois l'efficacite de calcul des domaines à base de formes affines et le pouvoir ex- pressif des domaines relationnels classiques tels que les octogones ou les polyèdres. Le nouveau domaine a été implémenté pour mettre en évidence l'intérêt de cette combinaison, ses avantages, ses performances et ses limites par rapport aux autres domaines numériques déjà existants. Le formalisme ainsi que les résultats pra- tiques ont fait l'objet de plusieurs publications [CAV 2009, CAV 2010].
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Jurow, Kate. "Making Meaning Together: The role of interpretation during a short-term nature excursion." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1468589329.
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Wood, David. "A critical re-evaluation of the impact of England's Creative Partnerships Programme (2002-11) : evidence, interpretation and clarification." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2014. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/1270/.
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This thesis offers the first and most comprehensive re-evaluation of the UK government’s Creative Partnerships education policy (2002-11) by drawing together my seven contemporaneous evaluation reports about Creative Partnerships and applying a retrospective and reflexive commentary to them. The term of reference explicitly named or implied in all seven evaluation briefs was to measure the ‘impact,’ of the policy. The principal contribution to new understanding in the thesis is the deconstruction and conceptual analysis of impact in the context of Creative Partnerships, drawing on hermeneutics, critical linguistics and policy analysis (Ozga, 2000; Fairclough, 1989). This clarifies and illustrates the ways in which impact was interpreted by those enacting Creative Partnerships, and proposes a fuller understanding of the term. I identify two contrasting approaches to impact adopted by Creative Partnerships’ national leadership: the politically motivated public relations approach and the substantive approach. I argue that the former approach was driven by the zeitgeist of its time: the political party in power (Ward, 2010; Buckingham and Jones, 2001), the recession after 2010 and the contemporary preference for evidence-based practice (Hargreaves, 2007). Research into ‘logical frameworks’ (Harley, 2005; Rosenthal, 2000) reveals them to be an essential corollary to the latter, substantive approach and shows how the lack of a full logical framework for planning and evaluating Creative Partnerships, impoverished the extent to which its impact was recognised and monitored by those enacting the policy. The thesis shows how the imperatives of the political cycle demanded evidence of the policy’s impact well before more valid and reliable longitudinal impact studies could, in principle, be completed. As a possible solution to this conundrum, the thesis argues that my ‘predictive impact model’ offered plausible predictions about the legacy of Creative Partnerships (Wood and Whitehead, 2012). I suggest that this could be further investigated and applied to similar education policies.
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Rupprecht, Melina. "The Paradox of Kenyan Slum Upgrading Programme - An interpretative case study about socio-spatial exclusion in the informal settlement of Kibera." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21788.
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This interpretative case study examines the ways in which socio-spatial exclusion is main-tained though urban planning designs in the informal settlement of Kibera in Kenya. It ap-plies the theoretical and analytical framework of T. Mitchell and A. Church, M. Frost, K. Sullivan to investigate how the urban design of the Kenyan Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP) contributes to the maintenance of socio-spatial hierarchies that allow for the ex-clusion of Kibera’s urban residents. This investigation is a reaction to the lacking considera-tion of implanted structural violence in place and urban development.The study found that persisting socio-spatial exclusion of residents in Kibera is in-deed sustained through KENSUP. The built environment functions as power medium that excludes some people based on their socio-spatial status in the city. The applied framework confirmed that the urban planning programme KENSUP maintains existing forms of eco-nomic, physical, and geographic exclusion, besides the exclusion from facilities through the built environment.The findings suggest that urban planning designs require a shift from the focus on the built environment towards the focus on human rights and inclusive participation in order to reduce the structural influence of socio-spatial city hierarchies.
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Brits, Jeanette. "A framework for the use and interpretation of statistics in reading instruction / Jeanette Brits." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1678.
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Beedell, David C. (David Charles). "The effect of sampling error on the interpretation of a least squares regression relating phosporus and chlorophyll." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22720.
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Least squares linear regression is a common tool in ecological research. One of the central assumptions of least squares linear regression is that the independent variable is measured without error. But this variable is measured with error whenever it is a sample mean. The significance of such contraventions is not regularly assessed in ecological studies. A simulation program was made to provide such an assessment. The program requires a hypothetical data set, and using estimates of S$ sp2$ it scatters the hypothetical data to simulate the effect of sampling error. A regression line is drawn through the scattered data, and SSE and r$ sp2$ are measured. This is repeated numerous times (e.g. 1000) to generate probability distributions for r$ sp2$ and SSE. From these distributions it is possible to assess the likelihood of the hypothetical data resulting in a given SSE or r$ sp2$. The method was applied to survey data used in a published TP-CHLa regression (Pace 1984). Beginning with a hypothetical, linear data set (r$ sp2$ = 1), simulated scatter due to sampling exceeded the SSE from the regression through the survey data about 30% of the time. Thus chances are 3 out of 10 that the level of uncertainty found in the surveyed TP-CHLa relationship would be observed if the true relationship were perfectly linear. If this is so, more precise and more comprehensive models will only be possible when better estimates of the means are available. This simulation approach should apply to all least squares regression studies that use sampled means, and should be especially relevant to studies that use log-transformed values.
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Pietrek, Artur. "TIREX : une représentation textuelle intermédiaire pour un environnement d'exécution virtuel, échanger des informations du compilateur et d'analyse du programme." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780232.
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Certains environnements ont besoin de plusieurs compilateurs, par exemple un pour le système d'exploitation, supportant la norme C/C++ complète, et l'autre pour les applications, qui supporte éventuellement un sous-ensemble de la norme, mais capable de fournir plus de performance. Le maintien de plusieurs compilateurs pour une plateforme cible représente un effort considérable. Il est donc plus facile d'implémenter et de maintenir un seul outil responsable des optimisations particulières au processeur ciblé. Il nous faut alors un moyen de relier ces compilateurs à l'optimiseur, de préférence, en gardant au passage certaines structures de données internes aux compilateurs qui, soit prendraient du temps, soit seraient impossible à reconstruire à partir du code assembleur par exemple. Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons Tirex, une représentation textuelle intermédiaire pour échanger des informations de bas niveau, déjà dépendantes de la cible, entre les compilateurs, les optimiseurs et les autres outils de la chaîne de compilation. Notre représentation contient un flot d'instructions du processeur cible, mais garde également la structure explicite du programme et supporte la forme SSA (Static Single Assignment). Elle est facilement extensible et très flexible, ce qui permet de transmettre toute donnée jugée importante à l'optimiseur. Nous construisons Tirex par extension de MinIR, une représentation intermédiaire elle-même basée sur un encodage YAML des structures du compilateur. Nos extensions de Tirex comprennent: l'abaissement de la représentation au niveau du processeur cible, la conservation du flot de données du programme, ainsi que l'ajout d'informations sur les structures de boucles et les dépendances de données. Nous montrons que Tirex est polyvalent et peut être utilisé dans une variété d'applications différentes, comme par exemple un environnement d'exécution virtuel (VEE),et fournit une base forte pour un environnement d'analyse du programme. Dans le cadre d'un VEE, nous présentons un interprèteur de la forme SSA et un compilateur just-in-time (JIT). Nous montrons comment l'interprétation d'une représentation au niveau du processeur cible élimine la plupart des problèmes liés à l'exécution en mode mixte. Nous explorons également les questions liées à l'interprétation efficace d'une représentation de programme sous la forme SSA.
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Schrammel, Peter. "Logico-Numerical Verification Methods for Discrete and Hybrid Systems." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENM082/document.
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Cette thèse étudie la vérification automatique de propriétés de sûreté de systèmes logico-numériques discrets ou hybrides. Ce sont des systèmes ayant des variables booléennes et numériques et des comportements discrets et continus. Notre approche est fondée sur l'analyse statique par interprétation abstraite. Nous adressons les problèmes suivants : les méthodes d'interprétation abstraite numériques exigent l'énumération des états booléens, et par conséquent, ils souffrent du probléme d'explosion d'espace d'états. En outre, il y a une perte de précision due à l'utilisation d'un opérateur d'élargissement afin de garantir la terminaison de l'analyse. Par ailleurs, nous voulons rendre les méthodes d'interprétation abstraite accessibles à des langages de simulation hybrides. Dans cette thèse, nous généralisons d'abord l'accélération abstraite, une méthode qui améliore la précision des invariants numériques inférés. Ensuite, nous montrons comment étendre l'accélération abstraite et l'itération de max-stratégies à des programmes logico-numériques, ce qui aide à améliorer le compromis entre l'efficacité et la précision. En ce qui concerne les systèmes hybrides, nous traduisons le langage de programmation synchrone et hybride Zelus vers les automates hybrides logico-numériques, et nous étendons les méthodes d'analyse logico-numérique aux systèmes hybrides. Enfin, nous avons mis en oeuvre les méthodes proposées dans un outil nommé ReaVer et nous fournissons des résultats expérimentaux. En conclusion, cette thèse propose une approche unifiée à la vérification de systèmes logico-numériques discrets et hybrides fondée sur l'interprétation abstraite qui est capable d'intégrer des méthodes d'interprétation abstraite numériques sophistiquées tout en améliorant le compromis entre l'efficacité et la précision<br>This thesis studies the automatic verification of safety properties of logico-numerical discrete and hybrid systems. These systems have Boolean and numerical variables and exhibit discrete and continuous behavior. Our approach is based on static analysis using abstract interpretation. We address the following issues: Numerical abstract interpretation methods require the enumeration of the Boolean states, and hence, they suffer from the state space explosion problem. Moreover, there is a precision loss due to widening operators used to guarantee termination of the analysis. Furthermore, we want to make abstract interpretation-based analysis methods accessible to simulation languages for hybrid systems. In this thesis, we first generalize abstract acceleration, a method that improves the precision of the inferred numerical invariants. Then, we show how to extend abstract acceleration and max-strategy iteration to logico-numerical programs while improving the trade-off between efficiency and precision. Concerning hybrid systems, we translate the Zelus hybrid synchronous programming language to logico-numerical hybrid automata and extend logico-numerical analysis methods to hybrid systems. Finally, we implemented the proposed methods in ReaVer, a REActive System VERification tool, and provide experimental results. Concluding, this thesis proposes a unified approach to the verification of discrete and hybrid logico-numerical systems based on abstract interpretation, which is capable of integrating sophisticated numerical abstract interpretation methods while successfully trading precision for efficiency
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Hinz, Christophe. "Analyse und Performance mit der Software "Rubato" : zur Synthese einer computergestützten Interpretation zweier Etüden von Chopin." Osnabrück Electronic Publ, 2006. http://www.epos.uni-osnabrueck.de/music/templates/buch.php?id=67.
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Ribeiro, Manoel Carlos Sampaio de Almeida. "Análise multinível da cobertura vacinal no Município de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-09102014-110929/.
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Vigilância Epidemiológica, é a forma através do qual o SUS busca produzir impacto em termos de controle, eliminação e até erradicação de um conjunto definido de doenças imunopreveníveis. O PNI tem conseguindo bons resultados em termos de cobertura vacinais e controle de importantes doenças, embora ainda com importantes desigualdades regionais e locais. Este estudo busca conhecer os fatores que determinam a efetividade deste programa no município de São Paulo a partir de uma análise mutinível. MÉTODO: Em 2002 o Depto. de Medicina Social da FCMSCSP realizou o Inquérito de Cobertura Vacinal no primeiro ano de vida para a coorte de nascidos entre 1º de novembro de 1999 e 31 de outubro de 2000 residentes no município de São Paulo. Este inquérito domiciliar se baseou no processo de amostragem por conglomerado preconizado pela OPAS. Em cada um dos 41 Distritos de Saúde (DS) foi calculada uma amostra de 210 crianças, num total de 8610 crianças. A importância de variáveis grupais e individuais em relação a cobertura vacinal para esquema completo em crianças com um ano de idade e a participação no Dia Nacional de Vacinação (25/08/2001) foi investigada através de um modelo multinível logístico. Foram estabelecidos nesta análise três níveis: individual, conglomerado, compostos pelos setores censitários e decorrentes do processo de análise e o DS. O modelo multinível foi construído através do software MLWin 2.0. RESULTADOS: O modelo multinível para cobertura com esquema completo em crianças com um ano de idade evidenciou um efeito do DS de 0,15 com um p <0,01; um efeito do conglomerado de 0,07 e p=0,051.A inclusão das variáveis individuais quase não alterou os efeitos aleatórios dos dois níveis. No modelo final as seguintes variáveis mostraram-se associadas ao desfecho: uso de serviço privado OR de 0,64 (IC95%0,50-0,82), pessoas por cômodo um OR de 0,93 (IC95%;0,88-0,98), mãe trabalhar fora e escolaridade da mãe estiveram associadas ao desfecho e apresentaram uma interação.Os dados sugerem uma tendência de aumento da cobertura vacinal conforme aumenta a escolaridade da mãe até a categoria de 9 a 11 anos, voltando a ser menor em crianças com mães um nível de estudo maior. Em relação a participação em campanha de vacinação, o nível do DS apresentou um efeito de 0,32, e nível do conglomerado de 0,18 (p<0,001). Em relação as variáveis individuais, uso de serviço privado para vacinar apresentou um OR de 0,26 (IC95%: 0,21-0,36), mãe trabalha fora de casa um OR de 0,82 (IC95%:0,73-0,92) A escolaridade da mãe, usando a faixa de 9 a 11 anos de escolaridade da mãe por referência, apresentou até a terceira série OR de 0,97 (IC95%: 0,76-1,23), de 4 a 8 anos um OR de 0,86 (IC95%:0,75-0,98) e mais 12 anos de estudo um OR de 0,54 (IC95%:0,44-0,66). A participação em campanha foi maior conglomerados com menor renda média do chefe e no DS com maior proporção de pobres. CONCLUSÕES: Existem diferenças em relação à cobertura vacinal no município de São Paulo que não são totalmente explicadas pelas características individuais e familiares. O DS de moradia destas famílias possui um efeito de contexto sobre a cobertura vacinal. A participação em campanhas de vacinação se revela uma importante estratégia para o acesso dos segmentos menos favorecidos às vacinas. É necessário também aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a cobertura vacinal nos segmentos mais abastados do município<br>INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, the National Immunization Program (PNI), a branch of the National Surveillance System, is the standard approach of the Brazilian Unified Health System to control, eliminate and even eradicate a set of vaccine-preventable diseases. The PNI has attained good results in terms of vaccine coverage and controlling important diseases, although local and regional inequalities persist. This study aimed to identify which factors were influencing the effectiveness of immunization program in São Paulo City, using multilevel analysis. METHODS: In 2002 the Social Medicine Department of Santa Casa School of Medical Sciences (FCMSC) carried out a vaccine coverage survey, among residents of São Paulo City, addressing the vaccines recommended for the first year of life, among children born between November 1 of 1999 and October 31 of 2000. This household survey was done using the cluster sample technique advocated by the PAHO. In each one of the 41 Health Districts (DS) a sample of 210 infants, in a gross one of 8610, was obtained. The role of group and individuals variable levels in the vaccine coverage for the complete schedule among infants of one year of age and the participation in the National Vaccination Day (25/08/2001) were investigated through a logistic multilevel model. The analysis was performed including three levels: individual, cluster and health districts (DS). The cluster was based on the census tracts, defined by the sampling procedures. The multilevel model was performed using MLWin 2.0. software. RESULTS: The multilevel model for complete coverage with the recommended vaccines for the age group (children aged up to one year), identified at the health district (DS) an effect of 0,15 (p-value <0,01) and at the cluster level an effect of 0,07 (p=0,051). Adding individual level variables did not change the random effects of the two other levels. The final model included the following variables associated to the outcome: use of private service , (OR= 0,64, 95%CI: 0,50-0,82), number of persons by room (agglomerate), (OR= 0,93, 95%CI: 0,88-0,98). The employment status of the mother and mother\'s level of education, were both associated to the outcome and presented an interaction. Our data suggests the immunization uptake increases as the mother\'s years of education increases up to 9 to 11 years, decreasing among children whose mothers have greater level than 11 years of schooling. Regarding participation in vaccination campaign, at the DS level, the effect was 0,32, and at the cluster level the effect was 0,18 (p<0,001). At the individual level, the following characteristics were associated to the outcome: use of private clinic for vaccination (OR=0,26, 95% CI: 0,21-0,36), a working mother (OR=0,82, 95% CI:0,73-0,92). To examine the effect of mother\'s education, we used 9 to 11 years of education as the reference category. For children whose mothers had up to 3 years of education the OR was 0,97 (95% CI: 0,76-1,23); from 4 to 8 years of education the OR was 0,86 (95% CI:0,75-0,98) and for more than 12 years of study an OR of 0,54 (95% CI:0,44-0,66). The participation in campaign was bigger in clusters with lower head of household income, and bigger proportion of poor population. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in the immunization uptake in São Paulo City that cannot be fully explained by the family and individual characteristics. The Health District, a geographic area where the household is located, poses a context effect on the vaccine coverage. Vaccine campaigns have an important role in increasing the access to vaccines for the poorest population. It is necessary further studies to a better understanding of the vaccine coverage in the wealthier segments of the town
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Littlefair, Carolyn Joy, and n/a. "The Effectiveness of Interpretation in Reducing the Impacts of Visitors in National Parks." Griffith University. School of Environmental and Applied Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050324.085357.
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With visitation to natural areas increasing, the appropriate management of these areas is important. There are a number of management tools available which endeavour to minimise environmental impacts of visitors. One such management tool is interpretation. Interpretation is widely used as a management tool because: it is perceived to be the most cost effective method; it is a light-handed approach and allows visitors the freedom of choice; and it enhances visitor experiences and satisfaction. However, the ability of interpretation to bring about a reduction in the impacts of visitors to natural areas, has rarely been quantified. This study was designed to determine the extent to which an interpretive program reduced the environmental impacts of visitors to national parks. Fieldwork was undertaken in Lamington National Park, where 41 guided walks were examined. To measure the actual behaviour or resulting impacts of visitors in a national park, three appropriate environmental indicators were chosen: shortcutting of corners, picking up litter already on the track, and noise levels. Five interpretive programs were created, each with a different combination of environmental interpretation, role modelling and verbal appeals. For the shortcutting results, the interpretive program with the combination of environmental interpretation, role modelling by the guide and verbal appeals from the guide, was always the most effective in reducing shortcutting. Visitors in this interpretive program were always, statistically, less likely to shortcut than visitors on all the other interpretive programs. The programs with only environmental interpretation or no environmental interpretation, were always least effective in reducing shortcutting. The interpretive programs with environment interpretation plus role modelling, or verbal appeals, were always in the middle of these extremes. They were more effective than having neither role modelling or verbal appeals, but less effective than having both. Results for the amount of litter picked up found that the inclusion of verbal appeals in an interpretive program was the only factor that influenced whether visitors picked up litter. In addition, there was no difference in the amount of litter picked up, by the interpretive program with environmental interpretation only, and the program with no environmental interpretation. Results for the noise levels of visitors, found that no interpretive program reduced the amount of shouting and talking loudly of visitors. Although not statistically significant, it did appear that there were lower proportions of shouting and talking loudly, following a verbal appeal and/or role modelling. Additionally, there was no influence of the interpretive program on the proportion of time visitors were talking, or quiet, during their walk. Overall, this research found that interpretation can be an effective management tool in reducing visitor impacts. Interpretation is most effective in reducing impacts when those impacts are specifically addressed through verbal appeals, combined with positive role modelling of appropriate behaviours. However, interpretation did not reduce all the impacts studied and therefore is not the solution to all problems. Implications of this study are that those using interpretation as a means of reducing visitor impacts, must ensure that they have a high standard of interpretation, which specifically addresses the impacts that need to be reduced. It also highlights the importance of the role of the guide, and that those employed should be well trained and competent in their position.
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Henry, Julien. "Static analysis of program by Abstract Interpretation and Decision Procedures." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENM037/document.
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L'analyse statique de programme a pour but de prouver automatiquement qu'un programme vérifie certaines propriétés. L'interprétation abstraite est un cadre théorique permettant de calculer des invariants de programme. Ces invariants sont des propriétés sur les variables du programme vraies pour toute exécution. La précision des invariants calculés dépend de nombreux paramètres, en particulier du domaine abstrait et de l'ordre d'itération utilisés pendant le calcul d'invariants. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons plusieurs extensions de cette méthode qui améliorent la précision de l'analyse.Habituellement, l'interprétation abstraite consiste en un calcul de point fixe d'un opérateur obtenu après convergence d'une séquence ascendante, utilisant un opérateur appelé élargissement. Le point fixe obtenu est alors un invariant. Il est ensuite possible d'améliorer cet invariant via une séquence descendante sans élargissement. Nous proposons une méthode pour améliorer un point fixe après la séquence descendante, en recommençant une nouvelle séquence depuis une valeur initiale choisie judiscieusement. L'interprétation abstraite peut égalementêtre rendue plus précise en distinguant tous les chemins d'exécution du programme, au prix d'une explosion exponentielle de la complexité. Le problème de satisfiabilité modulo théorie (SMT), dont les techniques de résolution ont été grandement améliorée cette décennie, permettent de représenter ces ensembles de chemins implicitement. Nous proposons d'utiliser cette représentation implicite à base de SMT et de les appliquer à des ordres d'itération de l'état de l'art pour obtenir des analyses plus précises.Nous proposons ensuite de coupler SMT et interprétation abstraite au sein de nouveaux algorithmes appelés Modular Path Focusing et Property-Guided Path Focusing, qui calculent des résumés de boucles et de fonctions de façon modulaire, guidés par des traces d'erreur. Notre technique a différents usages: elle permet de montrer qu'un état d'erreur est inatteignable, mais également d'inférer des préconditions aux boucles et aux fonctions.Nous appliquons nos méthodes d'analyse statique à l'estimation du temps d'exécution pire cas (WCET). Dans un premier temps, nous présentons la façon d'exprimer ce problème via optimisation modulo théorie, et pourquoi un encodage naturel du problème en SMT génère des formules trop difficiles pour l'ensemble des solveurs actuels. Nous proposons un moyen simple et efficace de réduire considérablement le temps de calcul des solveurs SMT en ajoutant aux formules certaines propriétés impliquées obtenues par analyse statique. Enfin, nous présentons l'implémentation de Pagai, un nouvel analyseur statique pour LLVM, qui calcule des invariants numériques grâce aux différentes méthodes décrites dans cette thèse. Nous avons comparé les différentes techniques implémentées sur des programmes open-source et des benchmarks utilisés par la communauté<br>Static program analysis aims at automatically determining whether a program satisfies some particular properties. For this purpose, abstract interpretation is a framework that enables the computation of invariants, i.e. properties on the variables that always hold for any program execution. The precision of these invariants depends on many parameters, in particular the abstract domain, and the iteration strategy for computing these invariants. In this thesis, we propose several improvements on the abstract interpretation framework that enhance the overall precision of the analysis.Usually, abstract interpretation consists in computing an ascending sequence with widening, which converges towards a fixpoint which is a program invariant; then computing a descending sequence of correct solutions without widening. We describe and experiment with a method to improve a fixpoint after its computation, by starting again a new ascending/descending sequence with a smarter starting value. Abstract interpretation can also be made more precise by distinguishing paths inside loops, at the expense of possibly exponential complexity. Satisfiability modulo theories (SMT), whose efficiency has been considerably improved in the last decade, allows sparse representations of paths and sets of paths. We propose to combine this SMT representation of paths with various state-of-the-art iteration strategies to further improve the overall precision of the analysis.We propose a second coupling between abstract interpretation and SMT in a program verification framework called Modular Path Focusing, that computes function and loop summaries by abstract interpretation in a modular fashion, guided by error paths obtained with SMT. Our framework can be used for various purposes: it can prove the unreachability of certain error program states, but can also synthesize function/loop preconditions for which these error states are unreachable.We then describe an application of static analysis and SMT to the estimation of program worst-case execution time (WCET). We first present how to express WCET as an optimization modulo theory problem, and show that natural encodings into SMT yield formulas intractable for all current production-grade solvers. We propose an efficient way to considerably reduce the computation time of the SMT-solvers by conjoining to the formulas well chosen summaries of program portions obtained by static analysis.We finally describe the design and the implementation of Pagai,a new static analyzer working over the LLVM compiler infrastructure,which computes numerical inductive invariants using the various techniques described in this thesis.Because of the non-monotonicity of the results of abstract interpretation with widening operators, it is difficult to conclude that some abstraction is more precise than another based on theoretical local precision results. We thus conducted extensive comparisons between our new techniques and previous ones, on a variety of open-source packages and benchmarks used in the community
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Tran, Le Bao-Chan. "Penser le curriculum de formation des traducteurs et interprètes à l'université : les enjeux de la professionnalisation au Vietnam." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC012.
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Notre étude porte sur la professionnalisation des étudiants interprètes et traducteurs du français au vietnamien – et inversement et s’insère dans le contexte historique déjà ancien de cette formation au Viêt-Nam. Comment et dans quel cadre former à la complexité de la traduction telle qu’elle est perçue et s’impose aujourd’hui ? Cette question se pose avec acuité dans le contexte universitaire vietnamien qui constitue le champ d’investigation de cette thèse, car la professionnalisation était jusqu’à présent absente de l’horizon universitaire, même si elle est une préoccupation émergente. Nous étudions dans un premier temps, en quoi consiste l’acte de traduire, en vue de discerner sa nature et ses spécificités. Dans un deuxième temps, nous présentons deux enquêtes : l’une conduite dans les établissements universitaires pour étudier les curricula de formation en traduction-interprétation, l’autre réalisée auprès de traducteurs et interprètes professionnels vietnamiens. Dans un troisième temps, nous confrontons les curricula de formation à la réalité du terrain professionnel pour analyser les enjeux et les défis que rencontrerait une formation universitaire et professionnalisante aux métiers de traducteur et interprète<br>Our research focuses on the professionalization of French to Vietnamese - and vice versa - interpretation and translation students is part of the historical context of this training subject in Vietnam. How and in what context can we train students to the complexity of translation as it is perceived and imposed today? This question is particularly involved with the University education context in Vietnam, which is the subject of investigation in this thesis, because translating professionalization has hitherto been absent from the university curriculum, despite of its emerging concern.First, we study what the act of translation consists of, with a view to discerning its nature and specificities. Secondly, we present two surveys: one conducted in academic institutions to study translation-interpretation training curricula, the other conducted with professional Vietnamese translators and interpreters. Thirdly, we will compare the training curricula with the professional practices in reality in order to analyze the difficulties and challenges that would be faced by university education of translating and interpreting professions
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Moore, Lacey Elizabeth. "Source evaluation and selection for interpretation in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2867.
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The purpose of this study is to aid interpreters in evaluation sources (research material) for use in interpretive presentations and programs in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. This was done by illustrating the need for source evaluation and then developing the guidelines for selecting, evaluating, and most effectively using various sources in the development of interpretive programs in the National Parks Services (NPS).
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Besson, Virgile. "L’interprétation causale de la mécanique quantique : biographie d’un programme de recherche minoritaire (1951–1964)." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1014/document.
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L'interprétation causale de la mécanique quantique a été décrite en premier lieu par les historiens comme une conséquence de l'influence croissante du marxisme chez les physiciens des pays occidentaux. En effet, au cours des années 1950, le noyau du groupe de physiciens impliqués dans le programme causal autour de Jean-Pierre Vigier et Louis de Broglie à l'Institut Henri Poincaré est majoritairement constitué soit de membres, soit de sympathisants du PCF. Leurs travaux sont fortement influencés par les critiques soviétiques contre l'interprétation dominante de la mécanique quantique, l'interprétation dite de Copenhague. Entre autres, Vigier critique le pragmatisme qui règne dans la physique de l'après-guerre et pense que le manque de réflexion philosophique est en grande partie responsable de la crise que traverse la physique fondamentale, telle que le problème de la renormalisation. Le groupe a également porté la question de l'interprétation de la théorie au sein du PCF d'où est née une controverse au sein du parti qui a soulevé la problématique de la relation entre le marxisme et la science.La théorie fait également partie d'un programme de recherche plus global lié aux questions contemporaines en physique. Ce point est souvent oublié, ce qui mène à la conclusion erronée que la motivation du groupe IHP est seulement de nature idéologique et, par conséquent, que leur activité est hors de la science. Dès 1957, en collaboration avec des physiciens japonais, le groupe a proposé une théorie des particules élémentaires et un système de classification, à une époque où une théorie consensuelle manque encore<br>The Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics was in the first place described by historians as a consequence of the growing influence of Marxism among physicists in Western countries. Indeed, during the 1950s, the core of the group of physicists involved in the Causal program around Jean-Pierre Vigier and Louis de Broglie at the Institut Henri Poincaré was mainly constituted either of members or sympathizers of the PCF. Their works were strongly influenced by critics from Soviet Union against the mainstream interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, the so called Copenhagen interpretation. Vigier criticized the pragmatism which prevailed in the Postwar physics and thought that the lack of philosophical considerations was in great part responsible for the crisis in fundamental physics, such as the problem of renormalization. They also put the issue of the interpretation of the theory inside the PCF and created a controversy inside the party which raised the relationship between Marxism and science. The theory was also part of a more global research program linked with contemporary questions in physics. This point is often forgotten which leads to the erroneous conclusion that the motivation of the IHP group was only ideological and, therefore, their activity was out of science. As early as 1957, in collaboration with Japanese physicists, the group proposed a theory for elementary particles and a method of their classification, in a period in where a standard theory was still missing
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Baird, David. "Zeitgeist incarnate : a theological interpretation of postapocalyptic zombie fiction." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16978.
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This thesis attempts to take seriously the claims made by many postapocalyptic zombie narratives to represent the world as it truly is, analyzing and then assessing the theological value of their depictions of the human predicament. The approach is both formal and what Gary Wolfe calls transmedial, examining the recurring narrative structures and themes of texts across several media and eras as part of 'a popular aesthetic movement and not just a body of works of fiction on similar themes', with special attention given to the films and television of the new millennium. The aim is twofold: to extend the relevance of postapocalyptic zombie fictions beyond the relatively narrow vogue of a cultural moment, and to prompt a richer appreciation of the significance of the Christian faith within contemporary society. To this end, Chapter One contextualizes the complexity of these texts' relationship to Christianity by examining first the most prominent obstacles and then the implicit promise of these texts for theological reflection. It places special emphasis on the interior tension in many of these fictions between, on the one hand, aggressively emphasizing the apparent absence of the supernatural, while on the other, frequently claiming to disclose a dimension of human experience in excess of what can be ordinarily perceived by the senses. Chapters Two and Three extend this analysis to the complex content of what these stories depict. Chapter Two considers the multilayered symbolism of decline in their conspicuous spectacles of disaster, disintegration, and death. Chapter Three examines the countervailing symbolic motifs of residual integrity and regeneration that are exhibited most prominently by characters who attempt to live genuinely human lives in spite of these circumstances. The first half of the thesis concludes by proposing a composite postapocalyptic view of the human predicament, which represents the world as ambiguous, dramatic and quite possibly, although not certainly, absurd. Chapter Four begins the theological reflection upon this kind of postapocalyptic perspective, proposing how such depictions might be illuminated by Christian theological descriptions, particularly the absurd existential circumstances brought about by the original sin. Chapter Five, reciprocally, suggests some of the ways the dramatic images of these texts might enrich theological reflection by eliciting fresh insights into the significance of the central mysteries of Christianity, especially the paradoxical already-and-not-yet of eschatological expectation. The thesis concludes by offering a final evaluation of whether, all told, the world can be truly considered postapocalyptic from a Christian perspective, arguing that although there are significant differences, postapocalyptic fictions and Christianity put forward strikingly similar pictures of the deeply self-conflicted circumstances of the common human predicament.
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Fagan-Cannon, Amy L. "Culinary Tourism with Anthony Bourdain: Cultural Colonialism, Masculinity and the Exotic "Other"." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/Fagan-CannonAL2009.pdf.
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Damouche, Nasrine. "Improving the Numerical Accuracy of Floating-Point Programs with Automatic Code Transformation Methods." Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0032/document.
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Les systèmes critiques basés sur l’arithmétique flottante exigent un processus rigoureux de vérification et de validation pour augmenter notre confiance en leur sureté et leur fiabilité. Malheureusement, les techniques existentes fournissent souvent une surestimation d’erreurs d’arrondi. Nous citons Arian 5 et le missile Patriot comme fameux exemples de désastres causés par les erreurs de calculs. Ces dernières années, plusieurs techniques concernant la transformation d’expressions arithmétiques pour améliorer la précision numérique ont été proposées. Dans ce travail, nous allons une étape plus loin en transformant automatiquement non seulement des expressions arithmétiques mais des programmes complets contenant des affectations, des structures de contrôle et des fonctions. Nous définissons un ensemble de règles de transformation permettant la génération, sous certaines conditions et en un temps polynômial, des expressions pluslarges en appliquant des calculs formels limités, au sein de plusieurs itérations d’une boucle. Par la suite, ces larges expressions sont re-parenthésées pour trouver la meilleure expression améliorant ainsi la précision numérique des calculs de programmes. Notre approche se base sur les techniques d’analyse statique par interprétation abstraite pour sur-rapprocher les erreurs d’arrondi dans les programmes et au moment de la transformation des expressions. Cette approche est implémenté dans notre outil et des résultats expérimentaux sur des algorithmes numériques classiques et des programmes venant du monde d’embarqués sont présentés<br>Critical software based on floating-point arithmetic requires rigorous verification and validation process to improve our confidence in their reliability and their safety. Unfortunately available techniques for this task often provide overestimates of the round-off errors. We can cite Arian 5, Patriot rocket as well-known examples of disasters. These last years, several techniques have been proposed concerning the transformation of arithmetic expressions in order to improve their numerical accuracy and, in this work, we go one step further by automatically transforming larger pieces of code containing assignments, control structures and functions. We define a set of transformation rules allowing the generation, under certain conditions and in polynomial time, of larger expressions by performing limited formal computations, possibly among several iterations of a loop. These larger expressions are better suited to improve, by re-parsing, the numerical accuracy of the program results. We use abstract interpretation based static analysis techniques to over-approximate the round-off errors in programs and during the transformation of expressions. A tool has been implemented and experimental results are presented concerning classical numerical algorithms and algorithms for embedded systems
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Bailey, Charlene Anne Beaty. "Public interpretation of historic archaeology at historic sites in eastern United States." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/865967.
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Fourteen historic sites in the Eastern United States were evaluated for ways archaeological evidence was used in the development of living history, public education, and other interpretive programs. A wide range of sites, such as outdoor living history museum villages, active urban public archaeology programs, sites associated with well-known archaeologists, and sites where the author had personal experience, were studied.Techniques used to interpret archaeological resources to the public were identified to ascertain which were found to be the most effective in spreading the word about preservation and conservation. Technological advances have expanded interpretive possibilities and allowed innovations not thought possible ten years ago. These advances will continue, and archaeologists will need to stay abreast of innovative techniques in public interpretation in spite of excitement or trepidation. This study may serve as guidelines for museums wishing to establish innovative, but low-budget, interpretive programs.<br>Department of Anthropology
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Journault, Matthieu. "Analyse statique modulaire précise par interprétation abstraite pour la preuve automatique de correction de programmes et pour l’inférence de contrats." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS152.
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Assurer le passage à l’échelle des analyseurs statiques définis par interprétation abstraite pose des difficultés. Une méthode classique d’accélération consiste en la découverte et la réutilisation de contrats satisfaits par certaines commandes du code source. Cette thèse s’intéresse à un sous-ensemble de C qui ne permet pas la récursivité, pour lequel on définit un analyseur modulaire capable d’inférer, de prouver et d'exploiter de tels contrats. Notre analyse est défini au-dessus d’un analyseur C existant et est donc capable de manipuler des types unions, des types structures, des tableaux, des allocations de mémoire (statique et dynamique), des pointeurs, y compris l'arithmétique de pointeur et le transtypage, appels de fonction, des chaînes de caractères, .... La représentation des chaînes de caractère est gérée par un nouveau domaine abstrait défini dans cette thèse. Nous proposons de plus une technique paramétrique de transformation de la sémantique classique des domaines abstraits vers une sémantique d’ensembles hétérogènes. Cette technique ne maintient qu’un seul état abstrait numérique, par opposition au partitionnement. Finalement nous proposons un domaine abstrait capable de représenter des ensembles d’arbres dont les feuilles peuvent contenir des labels numériques. Cette abstraction est basée sur les langages régulier (d'arbre), et délègue une partie de son abstraction à un domaine numérique sous-jacent. Cette thèse s’étant déroulée au sein du projet mopsa, nous donnons donc un aperçu de certains résultats obtenus par l’équipe pendant la thèse<br>Ensuring the scalability of static analyzers defined by abstract interpretation poses difficulties. A classical technique known to speed up analyses is the discovery and reuse of summaries for some of the sequences of statements of the source code. In this thesis we focus on a subset of C that does not allow recursion and define a modular analyzer, able to infer, prove and use (to improve the efficiency) such summaries. Our modular analyzer is built on top of an existing C analyzer and is therefore able to handle unions, structures, arrays, memory allocations (static and dynamic), pointers, pointer arithmetics, pointer casts, function calls, string manipulations, ... . String handling is provided by a new abstract domain defined in this thesis. In this thesis we provide a lifting of classical numerical abstract domains to the representation of heterogeneous sets. This lifting can be used for relational domains and maintains only one numerical abstract state, by opposition to partitioning. The last point of interest of this thesis is the definition of an abstract domain able to represent sets of trees with numerically labeled leaves. This abstraction is based on regular and tree regular languages and delegates the handling of numerical constraints to an underlying domain able to represent heterogeneous sets of environments. As the thesis took place in the mopsa project, we provide an overview of some of the results obtained by the mopsa team during the thesis
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Hurley, James. "Investigating the efficacy of cognitive bias modification for interpretation and the Maudsley Review Training Programme on social anxiety and reasoning biases in individuals with persecutory delusions : a single case series." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/52466/.
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The Threat Anticipation Model (Freeman, 2007) implicates social anxiety and reasoning biases in the formation and maintenance of persecutory delusions. Computerised packages, such as Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation (CBM-I) have been shown to improve social anxiety in psychosis (Turner et al., 2011). Similarly, the Maudsley Review Training Programme (MRTP) has improved reasoning biases associated with delusions (Waller et al.,2011). This study examined the use of both of these treatment packages in people with persecutory delusions. It was hypothesised that CBM-I would reduce social anxiety, but not reasoning biases and that the MRTP would reduce reasoning biases, but not social anxiety. It was also hypothesised that both packages would reduce paranoia. A single case series design with twelve participants from Early Intervention and Recovery services in Norfolk was used. Measures of social anxiety, paranoia and reasoning biases were taken during baseline, package and one-month follow up. Data were analysed according to Kazdin’s (2010) criteria and were inspected for clinical and reliable change. Complimentary analyses were also performed using Simulation Modeling Analysis (Borckardt, 2006) and inferential statistics. Results indicated mixed support for the first hypothesis and moderate support for all other study hypotheses. Paranoia reduced in line with reductions in social anxiety and/or reasoning biases in eight cases. In two cases, no improvement in social anxiety or reasoning biases corresponded with lack of improvement in paranoia. The remaining two cases contradicted any relationship between improved social anxiety, reasoning biases and paranoia. These findings support the Threat Anticipation Model (Freeman, 2007), suggesting that social anxiety and reasoning biases are distinct mechanisms in the formation of paranoia that have unique aetiology and treatment responses. Computerised therapy may help people who are unwilling to engage with services and reduce cost of provision.
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Love, Beverly. "The cycle of relapse and recovery of substance misusing offenders on a community based rehabilitation programme : the impact of childhoods, family, relationships, significant life events and psychological wellbeing : an interpretative phenomenological analysis and approach." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2018. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/845638/.
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Background and aims There is a paucity of research into the relapse and recovery of Class A drug misusing offenders who are part of the Drug Interventions Programme (DIP). The key aims of the DIP, a UK Government criminal justice strategy, are to reduce Class A drug misuse and the [perceived] associated offending behaviour. This group have entrenched and long lasting addictions, with many ‘failed’ attempts at recovery. There is no published research about DIP clients, using a qualitative methodology, which explores childhoods, relationships, psychological health and significant life events and how these might impact on drug use, relapse and recovery from their perspective. The aim of the research was to ask community based DIP clients what they considered to be important factors in their relapse and recovery and to explore how they understand and make sense of these. Theories within the developmental psychology field, some of which have not been extensively applied within the addiction field, have helped to inform the research. Method and participants To address a gap in the field, an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was adapted for use with a focus group design (four Focus Groups, total N= 10), to explore the value and merit of the research question. These findings helped to inform semi-structured interviews (N= 17) using IPA. Participants were adult men and women who were either current or past DIP clients recruited through the DIP teams in England. Findings The following themes were developed from the semi-structured interview study: 1) Experiences of abusive childhoods – links to emotions that were experienced as damaging/harmful and problem behaviours; 2) The divergent and damaged selves – links to substance misuse; and 3) Drug use to cope and survive dangerous events and trauma/responses. Recovery was about managing these in a healthier way. A fourth theme showed how participants’ experiences changed during transitions into and out of recovery, for example the presence or absence of supportive networks. Conclusion The research has implications for theory, policy, practice and future research. This includes the provision of trauma based therapy and supporting clients to manage their emotions as well as their wider mental health problems. The importance of an integrated framework of theories from a developmental attachment, trauma and family systems approach to inform training and practice are highlighted from the findings.
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Boned, Marí María Laura. "Estudio interpretativo del repertorio de Música Española para violín: El caso de las Islas Baleares." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/371440.
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El objeto de investigación es obtener información sobre la casuística de los programas de estudio de los instrumentos de cuerda, centrándose en el de violín ya que dichos programas contemplan como material opcional el estudio de obras de compositores españoles. Por ello, se quiso descubrir si el motivo era la no existencia de dichas obras o la no utilidad pedagógica que pudiesen presentar. El estudio se incluirá en el contexto educativo de las Enseñanzas Artísticas (Música) que se imparten en Conservatorios y Escuelas de Música, centrando el mismo, en el ámbito de la C. A. de las Islas Baleares.
Se trata de una investigación cualitativa ya que se ha indagado sobre la premisa de si existe repertorio español para violín y si éste es lo suficiente variado técnica e interpretativamente para poder elaborar una Propuesta Curricular que englobe los tres niveles de estudios, Grado Elemental, Grado Profesional y Grado (superior) y sus respectivos cursos. El estudio se centra en el paradigma interpretativo puesto que se han estudiado, analizado, clasificado e interpretado los datos y materiales que se han encontrado. También se han formulado unos objetivos, elaborado una serie de instrumentos y en base a los datos introducidos en ellos, se han extraído una serie de conclusiones.
La investigación tiene en cuenta la Ley de Educación vigente en todo el Estado Español concretándose en la ley sobre Enseñanzas Artísticas desarrollada por la Comunidad Autónoma de las Islas Baleares, ya que esta comunidad cuenta con una política curricular propia. Se ha realizado una revisión y análisis de los curricula, centrándose en los de los Conservatorios de Palma de Mallorca, y se ha realizado una concreción de ellos secuenciando los contenidos por Grados (Elemental, Profesional y Grado superior) y por cursos.
Se ha llevado a cabo una amplia recopilación de materiales de música española para violín, concretamente 443 obras, y han sido clasificados como métodos para violín, estudios y caprichos, tratados y obras. Gracias al análisis de los elementos técnicos e interpretativos de dichos materiales y en base a la concreción curricular realizada, se ha podido elaborar una Propuesta Curricular que incluye los mismos apartados con los que han sido clasificados los materiales, además de su clasificación por Grados y cursos.
Una vez finalizada la investigación se cree que ésta ayudará a la difusión y conservación del repertorio violinístico español, además se facilitará a los docentes una herramienta de consulta a la hora de buscar repertorios para sus alumnos y adecuarlo a sus capacidades y a las exigencias curriculares. Concluyendo, este estudio contribuirá a la construcción de conocimiento y será el punto de partida de futuras investigaciones.<br>The main objective of this investigation is to obtain information on the casuistry of the curricula relating to stringed instruments, focusing on the violin. Normally violin programs do not include works by Spanish composers as its basic repertoire. This, in turn, raises the question as to the reason for the absence of such works and whether or not there is educational usefulness to be gained from this material. It is included into the educational context of Artistic Education (namely music), taught in conservatories an music schools, which departs from that stipulated by the Education Act in force throughout the entire Spanish State System focusing on the region of the Balearic Islands.
It is framed within the qualitative investigations, as it is based on the premise whether there is Spanish repertoire for violin and if there is enough technical and interpretatively variety on it so we could develop a Curricular Proposal which comprises the three levels of studies, Elementary, Professional and Superior, and its courses. It also embraces the interpretative paradigm since we had studied, analyzed, classified and interpreted the materials found.
A review of the curricula had been done, concretely the ones from the Conservatories of Palma de Mallorca, with the intention to specify and sequence its content in the three levels of studies (Elementary, Professional and Superior) and its courses.
A large number of Spanish violin materials had been collected, concretely 443 works, and classified into violin methods, studies and caprices, tractates and works. Through the analyses of the technical and interpretative elements of the materials we were able to develop a curricular proposition which includes the same sections with which materials had been classified as well as by levels and courses.
Once the investigation had been finished we believe that it will help into the dissemination and preservation of the Spanish violin repertoire and it will provide educators and musician with a tool to consult when looking for repertoires for themselves or for their students. Concluding, this study will contribute to build knowledge and will open a line for future research.
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Milne, Ian Bertram. "An investigation into the development, principles and practice of environmental interpretation in South Africa: a case study of the National Parks Board." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003486.
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This study looks firstly at the historical background to conservation, particularly in the South African National Parks Board, and relates this to developments in interpretation in the National Parks. These are evaluated against international norms as they appear in the current literature. The aim is to establish a platform upon which future developments in interpretation may be built, avoiding the mistakes of the past, while capitalising on the strong points. Current views of what interpretation is, and what it should be, are reviewed. Knowing who the audience is, in terms of cultural background, education, needs and interests, as well as sound planning, clear objectives and ongoing evaluation of interpretive programmes, emerge as essential prerequisites for effective interpretation. Through reviewing the development and current status of interpretation in the National Parks, the study finds that although the view has been expressed by management, both past and present, that interpretation in the national parks is of great importance, the past and current status of interpretation does not reflect that view. Generally, interpretation appears to be regarded as a non-essential service. This report argues that environmental interpretation should be given a higher status in the National Parks Board and that it should form an important part of the conservation strategy and management plan for the national parks. The researcher contends that a greater investment in interpretation could lead to a decrease in the need for further, increased investment in law enforcement in the parks. The researcher is also of the opinion that interpretation aimed at all levels of personnel of the National Parks Board is at least as important as interpretation aimed at visitors.
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Akridge, Cameron. "Intention Recognition in a Strategic Environment." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/736.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf<br>Bachelors<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Computer Engineering
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Suzanne, Thibault. "Vérification par interprétation abstraite en mémoire faiblement cohérente." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEE013.
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Parmi les méthodes de certification de logiciels critiques, l'analyse statique vise à établir l'absence d'erreurs dans toutes les exécutions possibles d'un programme donné. L'interprétation abstraite fournit un cadre théorique général permettant de concevoir de telles analyses sûres par construction : elles n'oublient aucun comportement de la cible. Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à la vérification de programmes concurrents s'exécutant dans des modèles mémoire dits faiblement cohérents. En plus des exécutions séquentiellement cohérentes générées par les entrelacements des processus, ces modèles autorisent des comportements contre-intuitifs rendant le raisonnement d'autant plus difficile. Nous proposons des domaines abstraits dédiés pour analyser les programmes s'exécutant dans de tels domaines. Résultats expérimentaux à l'appui, nous montrons comment ces domaines permettent, à l'aide de méthodes de calcul adaptées, de vérifier avec précision la correction d'algorithmes classiques de programmation concurrente. Pour permettre un meilleur passage à l'échelle, nous étendons ces travaux à la conception d'une analyse modulaire. Nous montrons par l'expérience comment, en tirant profit d'abstractions spécifiques et d'une stratégie d'itération optimisée, cette méthode permet d'analyser efficacement des programmes comportant un plus grand nombre de processus. Nous définissons finalement des domaines permettant d'inférer avec précision des relations spécifiques au modèle mémoire afin de pouvoir certifier des programmes aux invariants complexes<br>Static analysis aims to certify critical software by establishing the absence of errors amongst every possible execution of a given program. Abstract interpretation provides a general theoretical framework to build such analysis that are soundby- design : they take every possible behaviour of the target into account. In this thesis, we address the verification of concurrent programs that run in weakly consistent memory models. In addition to sequentially consistent executions that match the interleavings of the threads, these models allow counter-intuitive behaviours that further complicate human reasoning. We propose dedicated abstract domains to analyse the programs that run under such models. Supported by experimental results, we show how these domains, by means of adapted iteration methods, allow precisely verifying the correction of typical concurrent programming algorithms. To improve the scaling, we extend this work to the design of a thread-modular analysis. We show by experimentations how, by leveraging specific abstractions and an optimised iteration strategy, this method allows efficiently analysing programs that involve a greater number of threads. We eventually define abstract domains allowing to precisely infer relations that are specific to the memory model, in order to certify programs entailing complex invariants
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Djoudi, Adel. "Binary level static analysis." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX093.
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Les méthodes de vérification automatique des logiciels connaissent un succès croissant depuis le début des années 2000, suite à plusieurs succès industriels (Microsoft, Airbus, etc.). L'analyse statique vise, à partir d'une description du programme, à inférer automatiquement des propriétés vérifiées par celui-ci. Les techniques standards d'analyse statique travaillent sur le code source du logiciel, écrit par exemple en C ou Java. Cependant, avoir accès au code source n'est pas envisageable pour de nombreuses applications relatives à la sécurité, soit que le code source n'est pas disponible (code mobile, virus informatiques), soit que le développeur ne veut pas le divulguer (composants sur étagère, certification par un tiers).Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à la conception et au développement d'une plate-forme d'analyse statique de code binaire à des fins d'analyse de sécurité. Nos principales contributions se font à trois niveaux: sémantique, implémentation et analyse statique.Tout d'abord, la sémantique des programmes binaires analysés est basée sur un formalisme générique appelé DBA qui a été enrichi avec des mécanismes de spécification et d'abstraction. La définition de la sémantique des programmes binaires requiert aussi un modèle mémoire adéquat.Nous proposons un modèle mémoire adapté au binaire, inspiré des travaux récents sur le code C bas-niveau. Ce nouveau modèle permet de profiter de l'abstraction du modèle à régions tout en gardant l'expressivité du modèle plat.Ensuite, notre plate-forme d'analyse de code binaire nommée BinSec offre trois services de base: désassemblage, simulation et analyse statique.Chaque instruction machine est traduite vers un bloc d'instructions DBA avec une sémantique équivalente. Une large partie des instructions x86 est gérée par la plateforme. Une passe de simplification permet d'éliminer les calculs intermédiaires inutiles afin d'optimiser le fonctionnement des analyses ultérieures. Nos simplifications permettent notamment d'éliminer jusqu'à75% des mises à jours de flags.Enfin, nous avons développé un moteur d'analyse statique de programmes binaires basé sur l'interprétation abstraite. Outre des domaines adaptés aux spécificités du code binaire, nous nous sommes concentrés sur le contrôle par l'utilisateur du compromis entre précision/correction et efficacité. De plus, nous proposons une approche originale de reconstruction de conditions dehaut-niveau à partir des conditions bas-niveau afin de gagner plus de précision d'analyse. L'approche est sûre, efficace, indépendante de la plateforme cibleet peut atteindre des taux de reconstruction très élevés<br>Automatic software verification methods have seen increasing success since the early 2000s, thanks to several industrial successes (Microsoft, Airbus, etc.).Static program analysis aims to automatically infer verified properties of programs, based on their descriptions. The standard static analysis techniques apply on the software source code, written for instance in C or Java. However, access to source code is not possible for many safety-related applications, whether the source code is not available (mobile code, computer virus), or the developer does not disclose it (shelf components, third party certification).We are interested in this dissertation in design and development of a static binary analysis platform for safety analysis. Our contributions are made at three levels: semantics, implementation and static analysis.First, the semantics of analyzed binary programs is based on a generic, simple and concise formalism called DBA. It is extended with some specification and abstraction mechanisms in this dissertation. A well defined semantics of binary programs requires also an adequate memory model. We propose a new memory model adapted to binary level requirements and inspired from recent work on low-level C. This new model allows to enjoy the abstraction of the region-based memory model while keeping the expressiveness of the flat model.Second, our binary code analysis platform BinSec offers three basic services:disassembly, simulation and static analysis. Each machine instruction is translated into a block of semantically equivalent DBA instructions. The platform handles a large part of x86 instructions. A simplification step eliminates useless intermediate calculations in order to ease further analyses. Our simplifications especially allow to eliminate up to 75% of flag updates.Finally, we developed a static analysis engine for binary programs based on abstract interpretation. Besides abstract domains specifically adapted to binary analysis, we focused on the user control of trade offs between accuracy/correctness and efficiency. In addition, we offer an original approach for high-level conditions recovery from low-level conditions in order to enhance analysis precision. The approach is sound, efficient, platform-independent and it achieves very high ratio of recovery
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Bart, Anicet. "Constraint modelling and solving of some verification problems." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0031/document.
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La programmation par contraintes offre des langages et des outils permettant de résoudre des problèmes à forte combinatoire et à la complexité élevée tels que ceux qui existent en vérification de programmes. Dans cette thèse nous résolvons deux familles de problèmes de la vérification de programmes. Dans chaque cas de figure nous commençons par une étude formelle du problème avant de proposer des modèles en contraintes puis de réaliser des expérimentations. La première contribution concerne un langage réactif synchrone représentable par une algèbre de diagramme de blocs. Les programmes utilisent des flux infinis et modélisent des systèmes temps réel. Nous proposons un modèle en contraintes muni d’une nouvelle contrainte globale ainsi que ses algorithmes de filtrage inspirés de l’interprétation abstraite. Cette contrainte permet de calculer des sur-approximations des valeurs des flux des diagrammes de blocs. Nous évaluons notre processus de vérification sur le langage FAUST, qui est un langage dédié à la génération de flux audio. La seconde contribution concerne les systèmes probabilistes représentés par des chaînes de Markov à intervalles paramétrés, un formalisme de spécification qui étend les chaînes de Markov. Nous proposons des modèles en contraintes pour vérifier des propriétés qualitatives et quantitatives. Nos modèles dans le cas qualitatif améliorent l’état de l’art tandis que ceux dans le cas quantitatif sont les premiers proposés à ce jour. Nous avons implémenté nos modèles en contraintes en problèmes de programmation linéaire en nombres entiers et en problèmes de satisfaction modulo des théories. Les expériences sont réalisées à partir d’un jeu d’essais de la bibliothèque PRISM<br>Constraint programming offers efficient languages andtools for solving combinatorial and computationally hard problems such as the ones proposed in program verification. In this thesis, we tackle two families of program verification problems using constraint programming.In both contexts, we first propose a formal evaluation of our contributions before realizing some experiments.The first contribution is about a synchronous reactive language, represented by a block-diagram algebra. Such programs operate on infinite streams and model real-time processes. We propose a constraint model together with a new global constraint. Our new filtering algorithm is inspired from Abstract Interpretation. It computes over-approximations of the infinite stream values computed by the block-diagrams. We evaluated our verification process on the FAUST language (a language for processing real-time audio streams) and we tested it on examples from the FAUST standard library. The second contribution considers probabilistic processes represented by Parametric Interval Markov Chains, a specification formalism that extends Markov Chains. We propose constraint models for checking qualitative and quantitative reachability properties. Our models for the qualitative case improve the state of the art models, while for the quantitative case our models are the first ones. We implemented and evaluated our verification constraint models as mixed integer linear programs and satisfiability modulo theory programs. Experiments have been realized on a PRISM based benchmark
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Kabi, Bibek. "Synthesizing invariants : a constraint programming approach based on zonotopic abstraction." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX017.
Full textAbstract:
Les systèmes dynamiques sont des modèles mathématiques pour décrire l'évolution temporelle de l'état d'un système. Il y a deux classes de systèmes dynamiques pertinentes à cette thèse : les systèmes discrets et les systèmes continus. Dans les systèmes dynamiques discrets (ou les programmes informatiques classiques), l'état évolue avec un pas de temps discrets. Dans les systèmes dynamiques continus, l'état du système est fonction du temps continu, et son évolution caractérisée par des équations différentielles. Étant donné que ces systèmes peuvent prendre des décisions critiques, il est important de pouvoir vérifier des propriétés garantissant leur sûreté. Par exemple, sur un programme, l'absence de débordement arithmétique. Dans cette thèse, nous développons un cadre pour la vérification automatique des propriétés de sûreté des programmes. Un élément clé de cette vérification est la preuve de propriétés invariantes. Nous développons ici un algorithme pour synthétiser des invariants inductifs (des propriétés vraies pour l'état initial, qui sont stables dans l'évolution des états du programme, donc sont toujours vraies par récurrence) pour des programmes numériques. L’interprétation abstraite (IA) est une approche traditionnelle pour la recherche d’invariants inductifs des programmes numériques. L'IA interprète les instructions du programme dans un domaine abstrait (par exemple intervalles, octogones, polyèdres, zonotopes), domaine qui est choisi en fonction des propriétés à prouver. Un invariant inductif peut être calculé comme limite possiblement infinie des itérées d'une fonctionnelle croissante. L'analyse peut recourir aux opérateurs d'élargissement pour forcer la convergence, au détriment de la précision. Si l'invariant n'est pas prouvé, une solution standard est de remplacer le domaine par un nouveau domaine abstrait davantage susceptible de représenter précisément l'invariant.La programmation par contraintes (PPC) est une approche alternative pour synthétiser des invariants, traduisant un programme en contraintes, et les résolvant en utilisant des solveurs de contraintes. Les contraintes peuvent opérer sur des domaines soit discrets, soit continus. La programmation classique par contraintes continues est basée sur un domaine d'intervalle, mais peut approximer une forme invariante complexe par une collection d’éléments abstraits. Une approche existante combine IA et PPC, raffinant de façon itérative, par découpage et contraction, une collection d’éléments abstraits, jusqu'à obtenir un invariant inductif. Celle-ci a été initialement présentée en combinaison avec intervalles et octogones. La nouveauté de notre travail est d'étendre ce cadre au domaine abstrait des zonotopes, un domaine sous-polyédrique qui présente un bon compromis en terme de précision et de coût. Cette extension demande de définir de nouveaux opérateurs sur les zonotopes, pour permettre le découpage et la contraction, ainsi que d'adapter l'algorithme générique. Nous introduisons notamment un nouvel algorithme de découpage de zonotopes basé sur un pavage par sous-zonotopes et parallélotopes. Nous proposons également des alternatives à certains opérateurs existants sur les zonotopes, mieux adaptés que les existants à la méthode. Nous avons implémenté ces opérations dans la bibliothèque APRON et avons testé l'approche sur des programmes présentant des invariants complexes, éventuellement non convexes. Les résultats démontrent un bon compromis par rapport à l'utilisation de domaines simples, comme les intervalles et les octogones, ou d'un domaine plus couteux comme les polyèdres. Enfin, nous discutons de l'extension de l'approche pour trouver des ensembles d'invariants positifs et négatifs pour des systèmes dynamiques continus<br>Dynamical systems are mathematical models for describing temporal evolution of the state of a system. There are two classes of dynamical systems relevant to this thesis: discrete and continuous. In discrete dynamical systems (or classical computer programs), the state evolves in discrete time steps, as described by difference equations. In continuous dynamical systems, the state of the system is a function of continuous time, characterized by differential equations. When we analyze the behavior of a dynamical system, we usually want to make sure that it satisfies a safety property expressing that nothing bad happens. An example of a safety property of programs is the absence of arithmetic overflows. In this thesis, we design a framework related to the automatic verification of the safety properties of programs. Proving that a program satisfies a safety property of interest involves an invariance argument. We develop an algorithm for inferring invariants more precisely inductive invariants (properties which hold during the initial state, remains stable under the program evolution, and hence hold always due to induction) for numerical programs. A traditional approach for finding inductive invariants in programs is abstract interpretation (AI) that interprets the states of a program in an abstract domain (intervals, polyhedra, octagon, zonotopes) of choice. This choice is made based on the property of interest to be inferred. Using the AI framework, inductive invariant can be computed as limits of iterations of functions. However, for abstract domains which feature infinite increasing chain, for instance, interval, these computations may fail to converge. Then, the classical solution would be to withdraw that particular domain and in its place redesign a new abstract domain which can represent the shape of the invariant. One may also use convergence techniques like widening to enforce convergence, but this may come at the cost of precision. Another approach called constraint programming (CP), can be used to find invariants by translating a program into constraints and solving them by using constraint solvers. Constraints in CP primarily operate on domains that are either discrete or continuous. Classical continuous constraint programming corresponds to interval domain and can approximate a complex shape invariant by a set of boxes, for instance, upto a precision criterion. An existing framework combines AI and continuous CP inspired by iterative refinement, splitting and tightening a collection of abstract elements. This was initially presented in combination with simple underlying abstract elements, boxes and octagons. The novelty of our work is to extend this framework by using zonotopes, a sub-polyhedric domain that shows a good compromise between cost and precision. However, zonotopes are not closed under intersection, and we had to extend the existing framework, in addition to designing new operations on zonotopes. We introduce a novel splitting algorithm based on tiling zonotopes by sub-zonotopes and parallelotopes. We also propose few alternative operators to the existing ones for a better efficiency of the method. We implemented these operations on top of the APRON library, and tested it on programs with non-linear loops that present complex, possibly non-convex, invariants. We present some results demonstrating the interest of this splitting-based algorithm to synthesize invariants on such programs. This algoritm also shows a good compromise by its use in combination with zonotopes with respect to its use with both simpler domains such as boxes and octagons, and more expressive domains like polyhedra. Finally, we discuss the extension of the approach to infer positive and negative invariant sets for dynamical systems
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Harmim, Dominik. "Pokročilá statická analýza atomičnosti v paralelních programech v prostředí Facebook Infer." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445592.
Full textAbstract:
Nástroj Atomer je statický analyzátor založený na myšlence, že pokud jsou některé sekvence funkcí vícevláknového programu prováděny v některých bězích pod zámky, je pravděpodobně zamýšleno, že mají být vždy provedeny atomicky. Analyzátor Atomer se tudíž snaží takové sekvence hledat a poté zjišťovat, pro které z nich může být v některých jiných bězích programu porušena atomicita. Autor této diplomové práce ve své bakalářské práci navrhl a implementoval první verzi nástroje Atomer jako zásuvný modul aplikačního rámce Facebook Infer. V této diplomové práci je navržena nová a výrazně vylepšená verze analyzátoru Atomer. Cílem vylepšení je zvýšení jak škálovatelnosti, tak přesnosti. Kromě toho byla přidána podpora pro několik původně nepodporovaných programovacích vlastností (včetně např. možnosti analyzovat programy napsané v jazycích C++ a Java nebo podpory pro reentrantní zámky nebo stráže zámků, tzv. "lock guards"). Prostřednictvím řady experimentů (včetně experimentů s reálnými programy a reálnými chybami) se ukázalo, že nová verze nástroje Atomer je skutečně mnohem obecnější, přesnější a lépe škáluje.
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Ganty, Pierre. "The Fixpoint checking problem: an abstraction refinement perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210666.
Full textAbstract:
<P align="justify">Model-checking is an automated technique which aims at verifying properties of computer systems. A model-checker is fed with a model of the system (which capture all its possible behaviors) and a property to verify on this model. Both are given by a convenient mathematical formalism like, for instance, a transition system for the model and a temporal logic formula for the property.</P><p><p><P align="justify">For several reasons (the model-checking is undecidable for this class of model or the model-checking needs too much resources for this model) model-checking may not be applicable. For safety properties (which basically says "nothing bad happen"), a solution to this problem uses a simpler model for which model-checkers might terminate without too much resources. This simpler model, called the abstract model, over-approximates the behaviors of the concrete model. However the abstract model might be too imprecise. In fact, if the property is true on the abstract model, the same holds on the concrete. On the contrary, when the abstract model violates the property, either the violation is reproducible on the concrete model and so we found an error; or it is not reproducible and so the model-checker is said to be inconclusive. Inconclusiveness stems from the over-approximation of the concrete model by the abstract model. So a precise model yields the model-checker to conclude, but precision comes generally with an increased computational cost.</P><p><p><P align="justify">Recently, a lot of work has been done to define abstraction refinement algorithms. Those algorithms compute automatically abstract models which are refined as long as the model-checker is inconclusive. In the thesis, we give a new abstraction refinement algorithm which applies for safety properties. We compare our algorithm with previous attempts to build abstract models automatically and show, using formal proofs that our approach has several advantages. We also give several extensions of our algorithm which allow to integrate existing techniques used in model-checking such as acceleration techniques.</P><p><p><P align="justify">Following a rigorous methodology we then instantiate our algorithm for a variety of models ranging from finite state transition systems to infinite state transition systems. For each of those models we prove the instantiated algorithm terminates and provide encouraging preliminary experimental results.</P><p><br><p><br><p><P align="justify">Le model-checking est une technique automatisée qui vise à vérifier des propriétés sur des systèmes informatiques. Les données passées au model-checker sont le modèle du système (qui en capture tous les comportements possibles) et la propriété à vérifier. Les deux sont donnés dans un formalisme mathématique adéquat tel qu'un système de transition pour le modèle et une formule de logique temporelle pour la propriété.</P><p><p><P align="justify">Pour diverses raisons (le model-checking est indécidable pour cette classe de modèle ou le model-checking nécessite trop de ressources pour ce modèle) le model-checking peut être inapplicable. Pour des propriétés de sûreté (qui disent dans l'ensemble "il ne se produit rien d'incorrect"), une solution à ce problème recourt à un modèle simplifié pour lequel le model-checker peut terminer sans trop de ressources. Ce modèle simplifié, appelé modèle abstrait, surapproxime les comportements du modèle concret. Le modèle abstrait peut cependant être trop imprécis. En effet, si la propriété est vraie sur le modèle abstrait alors elle l'est aussi sur le modèle concret. En revanche, lorsque le modèle abstrait enfreint la propriété :soit l'infraction peut être reproduite sur le modèle concret et alors nous avons trouvé une erreur ;soit l'infraction ne peut être reproduite et dans ce cas le model-checker est dit non conclusif. Ceci provient de la surapproximation du modèle concret faite par le modèle abstrait. Un modèle précis aboutit donc à un model-checking conclusif mais son coût augmente avec sa précision.</P><p><P align="justify">Récemment, différents algorithmes d'abstraction raffinement ont été proposés. Ces algorithmes calculent automatiquement des modèles abstraits qui sont progressivement raffinés jusqu'à ce que leur model-checking soit conclusif. Dans la thèse, nous définissons un nouvel algorithme d'abstraction raffinement pour les propriétés de sûreté. Nous comparons notre algorithme avec les algorithmes d'abstraction raffinement antérieurs. A l'aide de preuves formelles, nous montrons les avantages de notre approche. Par ailleurs, nous définissons des extensions de l'algorithme qui intègrent d'autres techniques utilisées en model-checking comme les techniques d'accélérations.</P><p><P align="justify">Suivant une méthodologie rigoureuse, nous instancions ensuite notre algorithme pour une variété de modèles allant des systèmes de transitions finis aux systèmes de transitions infinis. Pour chacun des modèles nous établissons la terminaison de l'algorithme instancié et donnons des résultats expérimentaux préliminaires encourageants.</P><p><p><br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Weidemann, Arne. "Die Erforschung und Lehre interkultureller Kommunikation und Kompetenz." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-77481.
Full textAbstract:
Um interkulturelle Interaktionen verstehen und erklären zu können, bedarf es eines Ansatzes, der offen für die Selbst- und Weltverhältnisse aller beteiligten Interaktanden ist und sich dementsprechend emischer, nicht etischer, Beschreibungen von Handlungen und damit verknüpften Bedeutungszuschreibungen verpflichtet fühlt. Auf Basis (1) eines Kulturbegriffs, der von der Kulturdurchdrungenheit jeglichen Handelns einerseits und der (an individuelles Handeln gebundenen) Handlungsbedingtheit von Kultur andererseits ausgeht, wie dies in der Kulturpsychologie der Fall ist, und (2) qualitativ-sinnverstehender Methodologie und Methoden empirischer Sozialforschung ist dies möglich. Da das Verstehen von (kulturell fremden) Handlungen als Grundlage interkulturell kompetenten Handelns gelten kann, kommt der Lehre hermeneutisch-sinnverstehender Ansätze in der Ausbildung interkultureller Kompetenz somit eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Diesen Zusammenhängen widmet sich die in drei Großkapitel gegliederte – teilkumulative – Dissertation. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden die Symbolic Action Theory Ernst E. Boeschs, die handlungstheoretisch und kulturpsychologisch fundierte Relationale Hermeneutik Jürgen Straubs und der Grounded Theory-Ansatzes (Glaser/Strauss) im Hinblick auf ihre Eignung für die Erforschung und Lehre interkultureller Kommunikation und Kompetenz beleuchtet, ihre besondere Nützlichkeit für diesen Kontext begründet und zum Verfahren der ‚pragma-semantischen Analyse’ verdichtet. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit sind die acht eingereichten Schriften in Originalfassung abgedruckt. Eine Zusammenfassung der zentralen Inhalte und Forschungsergebnisse sowie eine Darstellung der inhaltlichen und entstehungsgeschichtlichen Zusammenhänge der einzelnen Schriften findet sich in Kapitel 1.3. Vor dem Hintergrund des zentralen Themas der Erforschung und Lehre interkultureller Kommunikation rücken in Teil 2 konkrete Handlungsfelder (Tourismus, internationaler Schüleraustausch und Hochschule) in den Blick, die im Rahmen von Forschungs- und Lehrforschungsprojekten untersucht wurden. „Pragma-semantische Analysen zur Erforschung interkultureller Kommunikation“ (2.1) ist eine Studie, die am Beispiel eines reisebiographischen Interviews – in konsequenter Fortsetzung des ersten Teils der Arbeit – die Leistung des komparativen Vorgehens vorführt. Dem Zusammenhang zwischen touristischen Reisen und interkultureller Kommunikation und Kompetenz ist der Handbuchartikel „Tourismus“ (2.2) gewidmet. Die Studie „Touristische Begegnungen aus der Perspektive einer Psychologie interkulturellen Handelns“ (2.3) basiert auf vom Autor erhobenen Beobachtungs- und Gesprächsdaten in Ladakh (im indischen Teil des Himalaya). Die Studie „Experiences and Coping Strategies of Host Families in International Youth Exchange“ (2.4) basiert auf im Rahmen eines Lehrforschungsprojekts erhobenen narrativ-biografischen Interviews und analysiert Erfahrungen und Umgangsstrategien der Gasteltern im Hinblick auf kulturelle Differenz. Mit der programmatischen Betrachtung „Interkulturell ausgerichtete Studiengänge“ (2.5) beginnt der dritte Themenkomplex (Hochschule), der sich der Fruchtbarmachung der in Teil 1 und im Kapitel 2.1. dargestellten Theorien und Methoden für die Lehre im Bereich ‚Interkulturelle Kommunikation’ sowie für die Ausbildung interkultureller Kompetenz widmet. Im Kapitel „Akteure\" (2.6) wird dies mit Bezug u.a. auf die Anforderungen an Studierende, das Lehrpersonal und an die involvierten Institutionen konkretisiert. Der Text „Lehrforschung und Lehrforschungsprojekte“ (2.7) sowie die aus einem Lehrforschungsprojekt entstandene „Bedarfsanalyse“ (2.8) demonstrieren beispielhaft die enge Verzahnung von Forschung und Lehre, Theorie und Praxis und zeigen, wie das in den Kapiteln 2.5 und 2.6 formulierte Programm in der Lehre umgesetzt werden kann. In Teil 3 der Arbeit werden die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse für die Ausbildung im Bereich interkultureller Kommunikation und Kompetenz an der TU Chemnitz fruchtbar gemacht. Insbesondere der ermittelte Bedarf (2.8) an interkulturell ausgerichteten Studienangeboten an der TU Chemnitz sowie die in Kapitel 3.1 vorgenommene vertiefte Analyse der konkreten Standortfaktoren ermöglicht die empirisch und theoretisch fundierte Entwicklung eines detaillierten Konzepts zur Ausbildung Interkultureller Kommunikation und Kompetenz an der TU Chemnitz, das in Kapitel 3.2. dargestellt ist<br>If one views intercultural competence not as a set of – ultimately parameter-based – skills, but as a result of an understanding of otherness, intercultural competence cannot be taught as such. What can be taught, however, is the way one can make sense of otherness, hermeneutics. Understanding and explaining intercultural interactions requires an approach that is open to the self and world relations of interactants and thus committed to emic, not etic, description of actions and ascription of meaning to actions. This necessitates an understanding of culture that views culture as a result of individual action and all action as steeped in culture. Methodologically, this calls for qualitative interpretive methods. This – partially cumulative – dissertation consists of three parts. The first part discusses in detail two hermeneutic approaches to interculturality: Ernst E. Boesch’s Symbolic Action Theory and Jürgen Straub’s Relational Hermeneutics. Using Grounded Theory (Glaser/Strauss), these two approaches can be turned into a highly useful tool for the investigation of intercultural phenomena: Pragma-Semantic Analysis. The second part contains eight papers and articles. Starting with three papers demonstrating the usefulness of pragma-semantic analysis if applied to authentic ethnographic data, this part also explores interculturality in host families in international youth exchange and the intercultural systematics of tourism. The other four papers address various aspects of teaching the subject of Intercultural Communication at universities – degree structures, teaching/research projects and needs analysis. The recurring theme in these four papers is the necessity of a close interrelation between research and teaching as well as theory and practice. The third part, based on a case study from the second, outlines challenges and opportunities for the development of intercultural study programmes at the University of Chemnitz. The methodology employed here is pertinent to all universities wishing to implement intercultural studies programmes that suit their particular local and institutional requirements
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Cavalcanti, Bianor Scelza. "The "Equalizer" Administration: Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26644.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the managerial â actionâ of public administrators in the management of their organizations within the brazilian context.
It seeks to understand the relationships between managers and formal management mechanisms by exploring the complementary nature of the effective managerial action in the face of structural deficiencies and flaws, considering the possibility of overcoming the structuralism-subjectivism dichotomy present in the construction of the Theory of Organizations.
Initially, the study provides a review of the literature on organizational design. It highlights the â goodness of fitâ proposition on strategic choice issues concerning the main organizational variables design and organizational goal attainment. It also calls special attention to the emerging interest of designing theorists on interpretivist aproachs to the matter, such that of Karl Weick.
A review of the the administrative reforms in Brazil is made from the perspective of the main stream organizational design conceptual framework. It highlights the complex dynamics of a constant search for differenciation and flexibilization subject to patherns of advances and reversals, due to the centrality, streng and pervasiveness of the bureaucratic model. It is concluded that in no single given moment, a public manager and his team, may count on a formal organizational design wich attends the â congruencyâ criteria, devised by organizational design conceptual frameworks, to explain organizational results in different environmental sets. Although this conclusion may explain failure at the public sector, it can not provide understanding on the many instances of significative success attained by government operations in spite of inadequate formal administrative structures. This point calls for a better understanding from the interpretivist aproach, on how public administrators, strongly associated with good organizational results, engage into transformative action, in order to superate administrative structures flaws and disfuncional cultural patherns of conduct, structurally present and constantly reproduced, in vigorous develloping countries, such as Brazil.
The dissertation transcribes the testimony of four outstanding public administrators, doing a deep incursion in the managerial real world of public administration, as subjectivelly defined by them and transformed by their engagement into action.Through the thematic version of the Oral History methodology, full segments of the complete enterviews are
cathegorized into the thirty two managerial strategies captured wich are presented on a recathegorized manner under eight main strategies: (1) Interchanging Frames of Reference; (2) Exploring the Formal Limits; (3) Playing the Bureaucracy Game; (4) Inducing the Inclusion of Others (5)Promoting Internal Cohesion; (6) Creating Shields against Transgressions; (7) Overcoming Internal Restrictions; (8) Letting the Structures Blossom. Each one of these eight blocks of strategies presented, deserves further reflexive interpretation by the author, on the light of the interpretivist aproach to organizational design.
A final effort is made, now on theory building, for improuving understanding on the matter. In order to find a significant meaning underlining all the strategies extracted from the â practical constiounessâ of the enterviweers as revealed in their report, the author resort to a methafor. This methafor helps to: (1) better describe and understand a not adequately treated phenomenon, namely, good results under inadequate structural social and organizational conditions; (2) reveal the logic and the meaning underlining all the strategies adopted to generate results under these unfaithfull conditions; (3) name, accordingly to the nature of the managerial transformative social action envolved, an open ended class of managerial interventions of a pragmatic sort driven by an ethics of results much common to good managers, that is, the concept of â managerial equalizationâ ; and (4) give back to public administrators, represented by the enterviwees, to be incorporated in their â discursive counciousnessâ , something the most effective and experienced public managers already have as tacit knowledge built in their â practical counsciousnessâ , and so, help the education and development of new talents.<br>Ph. D.
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Windsor, Sonja. "An educational programme for critical care nurses on the interpretation of ventilator graphics." Diss., 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10152007-144950.
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"A study of Chinese-English simultaneous interpretation programmes in tertiary institutions from a perspective of comparative education." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1988. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5885947.
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Costa, Alexandra Maria da Silva da Quinta e. "O corpo como linguagem e expressão no ensino do canto." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/19482.
Full textAbstract:
O trabalho de investigação científica que se apresenta, subordinada ao título: O Corpo como Linguagem e
Expressão no Ensino do Canto, tem como princípios orientadores a perceção das interações que se estabelecem
do ponto de vista metodológico no âmbito da pedagogia do Ensino do Canto, tendo como base a interpretação
vocal e corporal de uma peça musical.
Apresentada nos contextos de um Quadro Teórico-Conceptual, e de uma Metodologia Empírica, de análise
qualitativa, pretende refletir sobre o Estado da Arte, onde autores de referência, tais como: Sunberg (1987);
Hemsley (1998); Sousa (1999; 2008; 2010); Waug (2000); Miller (2002; 2011); Hesse (2003); Manresa (2006);
Haruki (2007); Goleman (2010); Furão (2011), entre outros, fundamentam este estudo. A Metodologia Empírica,
de análise qualitativa, é sustentada cientificamente pelo modelo de Relação Pedagógica (RP), de Renald
Legendre (1993; 2005).
Foram Sujeitos (S) de aprendizagem um grupo de quatro Cantoras, com diferentes níveis de experiência nos
domínios do ensino e da aprendizagem do Canto, sendo o Objeto (O) de estudo a interpretação e a gravação de
uma Ária musical. Como Meio (M) envolvente foram escolhidas as instalações da Escola das Artes, da
Universidade Católica Portuguesa.
Através da interpretação da Ária Vedrai Carino, integrada na Ópera Don Giovanni, do compositor austríaco W.
A. Mozart, pretende-se dar a conhecer a transmissão das linguagens sensoriais, percetivas, expressivas e
comunicativas inerentes à sua representação, sendo o corpo o veículo transmissor dessas mesmas mensagens. Os
resultados obtidos através da interpretação deste Programa de Intervenção revelaram-se de grande significado.
As imagens fílmicas e fotográficas, e os registos efetuados num questionário entregue aos Sujeitos (S), após as
gravações, foram instrumentos de pesquisa imprescindíveis, permitindo-nos verificar os graus de pertinência e
de relevância de que se revestem estas manifestações de expressividade corporal, nas suas diferentes dimensões,
enquanto transmissoras de sentimentos e de emoções na performance dos Cantores.
Como conclusão final, pretende-se contribuir para a reflexão acerca de novas metodologias no ensino e
aprendizagem do Canto, em contextos de interpretação vocal e corporal, no âmbito da pedagogia, recorrendo às
melhores técnicas vocais, transmitindo a emotividade e a expressividade inerentes a determinada obra musical.<br>The work of scientific research that is presented, under the theme The Body as Language and Expression in the
Teaching of Singing, has as guiding principles the perception of the interactions that are established from the
methodological point of view as part of the pedagogy of the Teaching of Singing, based on the vocal and body
interpretation of a piece of music.
Presented in the contexts of a Theoretical-Conceptual Framework, and of an Empirical Methodology, of
qualitative analysis, intends to reflect on the State of Art, where reference authors, such as Sunberg (1987);
Hemsley (1998); Sousa (1999; 2008; 2010); Waug (2000); Miller (2002; 2011); Hesse (2003); Manresa (2006);
Haruki (2007); Goleman (2010); Furão (2011), among others, support this study. The Empirical Methodology,
of qualitative analysis, is scientifically supported by The Pedagogical Relationship (RP) model of Renald
Legendre (1993; 2005).
Were learning Subjects (S) a group of four Singers, with different levels of experience in the field of teaching
and learning of Singing, being the Object of study the interpretation and recording of a musical Aria. As
Surroundings (S), were chosen the facilities of the Portuguese Catholic University School of Arts.
Through the interpretation of the Aria Vedrai Carino, integrated in the Opera Don Giovanni, by the Austrian
composer W. A Mozart, it is intended to make known the transmission of sensory, perceptive, expressive and
communicative languages inherent in its representation, being the body the transmitting vehicle of those
messages. The results obtained through the interpretation of this Intervention Program proved to be of great
significance. The movie and photo images, and the records made in a questionnaire given to the Subjects (S),
after the recordings, were indispensable research tools, allowing to verify the degrees of pertinence and
relevance of which are these manifestation of body expressivity, in their different dimensions, while transmitting
feelings and emotions in the Singers’ performance.
As final conclusion, it is intended to contribute to the reflection about new methodologies in the teaching and
learning of Singing, in contexts of vocal and body interpretation, in the course of pedagogy, using the best vocal
techniques, conveying the emotion and the expressiveness inherent in a certain musical work.
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Curtin, Abby. "Rethinking Landscape Interpretation: Form, Function, and Meaning of the Garfield Farm, 1876-1905." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/5852.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>The landscape of James A. Garfield’s Mentor, Ohio home (now preserved at James A. Garfield National Historic Site) contains multiple layers of historical meanings and values. The landscape as portrayed in political biographies, political cartoons, and other ephemera during Garfield’s 1880 presidential campaign reveals the existence of the dual cultural values of agrarian tradition and agricultural progress in the late nineteenth century. Although Garfield did not depend on farming exclusively for his livelihood, he, like many agriculturalists of this era participated in a process of mediation between these dual values. The function of the landscape of Garfield’s farm between 1876 and 1880 is a reflection of this process of mediation. After President Garfield’s assassination in 1881, his wife and children returned to their Mentor home. Between 1885 and c. 1905, Garfield’s widow Lucretia made numerous changes to the agricultural landscape, facilitating the evolution of the home from farm to country estate.
Despite the rich history of this landscape, its cultural complexity and evolution over time makes it difficult to interpret for public audiences. Additionally, the landscape is currently interpreted exclusively through indoor museum exhibits and outdoor wayside panels, two formats with severe limitations. I propose the integration of deep mapping into interpretation at James A. Garfield National historic site in order to more effectively represent the multi-layered qualities of its historic landscape.
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Martelo, Teresa Maria Rosa. "Estágio no Arts Santa Mònica: Coordenação de Exposições e Contributos para Exposição Mirall de Paper." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/59723.
Full textAbstract:
O presente relatório de estágio descreve todas as actividades desenvolvidas no
Arts Santa Mònica entre Outubro de 2017 e Março de 2018, no âmbito da coordenação
da exposição Biblioteques Insòlites e, paralelamente, da criação do levantamento de todas
as publicações editadas pela instituição desde a sua génese, que culminou na realização
da exposição Mirall de Paper, também analisada neste trabalho.
Apresenta, em primeiro lugar, uma contextualização histórica do Arts Santa
Mònica, assim como um enquadramento da instituição no panorama cultural, através da
análise da sua missão e linha programática desde o momento de abertura ao público.
Neste capítulo são ainda introduzidos os espaços expositivos deste centro e identificadas
as suas principais características e possibilidades de utilização. É referida a metodologia
seguida e as funções desenvolvidas ao longo do estágio.
O funcionamento do centro no âmbito da coordenação de exposições apresentase
como tema principal do terceiro capítulo ao identificar todos os procedimentos
seguidos para a produção da exposição Biblioteques Insòlites. Também os contributos
pessoais para o seu desenvolvimento são igualmente indicados.
O trabalho de investigação desenvolvido no âmbito de Mirall de Paper é descrito
ao longo do quarto capítulo e ainda identificada a proposta expositiva concebida para este
projecto. O relatório termina com uma reflexão geral sobre todas as tarefas
desempenhadas durante o estágio.<br>This internship report describes all the activities developed at Arts Santa Mònica
between October 2017 and March 2018, as part of the coordination of the exhibition
Biblioteques Insòlites and, in parallel, the creation of a compilation for all publications
edited by this institution since its genesis, which culminated in the exhibition Mirall de
Paper, also analyzed in this work.
Firstly, it presents an historical context of Arts Santa Mònica, as well as a
framework of the institution in the cultural panorama, through the analysis of its mission
and programmatic line from the moment of opening to the public. In this chapter are also
introduced the exhibition spaces of this center and identified its main features and
possibilities of use. It refers to the methodology adopted and the functions developed
during the internship.
The operation of the center in the coordination of exhibitions is the main theme of
the third chapter, identifying all the procedures followed for the production of the
exhibition Biblioteques Insòlites. Also the personal contributions for its development are
also indicated.
The research work developed within the Mirall de Paper exhibition is described
throughout the fourth chapter and it is also identified the exhibition proposal designed for
this exhibition. The report ends with a general reflection on all the tasks performed during
the internship.
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Foxlee, Jasmine, University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, and School of Social Sciences. "Stories in the landscape : the sorry rock phenomenon and the cultural landscape of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park." 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/39348.
Full textAbstract:
Each day the joint managers of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park receive packages of returned rocks and sand that have been removed from the landscape by visitors as a souvenir of the place. The returned objects are sent from people all over the world as the stories of this phenomenon travel well beyond the Park boundaries. Known within the Park as the ‘sorry rocks’, these returned objects and their accompanying letters of apology reflect the different ways in which people engage with the landscape and interpret their surrounds. In this research, the sorry rocks have been used as a medium for examining the complex relationships that exist between visitors, heritage management and interpretation particularly in cross-cultural settings that recognise Indigenous cultural heritage. THIS THESIS CAN BE VIEWED AT UWS LIBRARY FOR RESEARCH OR PRIVATE STUDY PURPOSES ONLY BY PRIOR ARRANGEMENT.<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)