Academic literature on the topic 'Interpretation of history'

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Journal articles on the topic "Interpretation of history"

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Sarma, Arup Jyoti. "Self-Other Relationship, History and Interpretation." Culture and Dialogue 5, no. 2 (December 4, 2017): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683949-12340033.

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Abstract This paper offers a critical appraisal of Gadamer’s dialogical philosophy of the self-other relationship within the context of interpretation and historical consciousness. According to Gadamer hermeneutics is a theory of interpretation or, rather, the art of interpretation. The task of philosophical hermeneutics is to narrate an ontology of human understanding with the ethical intent of restoring to interpretation a greater sense of “integrity.” The “hermeneutic universe” belongs to the individual worldviews whose structure and content are constructed on the basis of historical precedents. Gadamer situates these precedents in historicity and the tradition of culture, which are resources for their unique interpretations. Gadamer claims that interpretative understanding encounters the other in the dialogical “play” (Spiel) of an ever-unfinished event. The self and the other belong to the horizon of historical consciousness, and it is through this common horizon that the alterity of the other comes into expression.
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Martens, Peter W. "Book Review: A History of Biblical InterpretationA History of Biblical Interpretation." Theological Studies 66, no. 4 (December 2005): 882–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004056390506600407.

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Kuriloff, Emily. "History Means Interpretation." Contemporary Psychoanalysis 48, no. 3 (July 2012): 367–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2012.10746509.

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ROBERTS, R. H. "HISTORY WITHOUT INTERPRETATION?" Journal of Theological Studies 39, no. 2 (1988): 460–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/39.2.460.

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Carroll, Noël. "Interpretation, History and Narrative." Monist 73, no. 2 (1990): 134–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/monist199073218.

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Wight, Randall D. "Interpretation? Yes. History? No." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 41, no. 2 (February 1996): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/002723.

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Pillow, Kirk. "Hegel, History, and Interpretation." Owl of Minerva 31, no. 2 (2000): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/owl20003129.

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Skopp, Douglas R. "History: Narration—Interpretation—Orientation." History: Reviews of New Books 33, no. 3 (January 2005): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2005.10526607.

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Lawrence, Louise. "History of Biblical Interpretation." Expository Times 116, no. 7 (April 2005): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001452460511600704.

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Elliott, Mark W. "History of Biblical Interpretation." Expository Times 123, no. 6 (February 20, 2012): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0014524611433947.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interpretation of history"

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Bond, Helen Katharine. "Pontius Pilate in history and interpretation." Thesis, Durham University, 1994. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/967/.

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zur, Loye Tobias Percival 1985. "History of a Natural History: Max Ernst's Histoire Naturelle, Frottage, and Surrealist Automatism." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10700.

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x, 144 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
When André Breton released his Manifesto of Surrealism in 1924, he established the pursuit of psychic automatism as Surrealism's principle objective, and a debate concerning the legitimacy or possibility of Surrealist visual art ensued. In response to this skepticism, Max Ernst embraced automatism and developed a new technique, which he called frottage , in an attempt to satisfy Breton's call for automatic activity, and in 1926, a collection of thirty-four frottages was published under the title Histoire Naturelle. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of Histoire Naturelle by situating it in the theoretical context of Surrealist automatism and addresses the means by which Ernst incorporated found objects from the natural world into the semi-automatic production of his frottages. All previous scholarship on the subject is consolidated and critically examined, and the development of frottage is traced from its earliest manifestations to its long-lasting influences.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Sherwin Simmons, Chair; Dr. Joyce Cheng; Dr. Charles Lachman
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Turner, Seth. "Revelation 11:1-13 : history of interpretation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:57efe3b3-7c61-412f-9001-5269860a896d.

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The thesis provides a descriptive survey of the history of interpretation of Revelation 11:1-13. Prior to 1000 AD it aims to be comprehensive, but after this date concentrates on Western interpretation. Ch. 1 - Prior to 1000 AD. Rev 11:1-13 is examined in relation to the wider complex of traditions concerning Antichrist and the return of Enoch and Elijah. The commentary tradition on Revelation is examined, including an extensive reconstruction of Tyconius. The passage is applied in two ways: 1. to two eschatological figures, usually Enoch and Elijah. 2. to the Church from the time of Christ's first advent until his return. Ch. 2 -1000-1516 Exegesis similar to that of chapter 1 is found. There is new exegesis from Joachim of Fiore, who believes that the two witnesses will be two religious orders, and Alexander Minorita, who reads the entirety of the Apocalypse as a sequential narrative of Church history, arriving at the sixth century for 11:1-13. Ch. 3 -1516-1700 Protestants interpret the beast as the papacy/Roman Church, and the two witnesses as proto-Protestants prior to the Reformation, often interpreting their 1260 day ministry as 1260 years. Catholics respond by applying the passage either to the eschatological future or the distant past. Ch. 4 -1701-2004 Protestants continue to see the 1260 days as 1260 years, although this interpretation declines markedly in the nineteenth century. Both Catholics and Protestants apply the passage to the distant past of the early Church. Historical critical exegesis introduces a new exegesis, where John is regarded as having incorrectly predicted the return of two individuals shortly after his time of writing. Applications to the entirety of the time of the time of the Church increase in popularity in the twentieth century.
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Hoehner, David M. "Genesis 15:6 a history of interpretation /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.

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顏惠芳 and Hue-phuong Amy Nhan. "An interpretation strategy for Robe." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42181483.

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Brosseau-Liard, Patricia Elisabeth. "Preschool children's interpretation of others' history of accuracy." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1310.

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Over the past 25 years, there has been tremendous interest in the development of children’s ability to reason about others’ mental states, or “theory of mind”. Much research has explored children's understanding of situational cues that lead to knowledge, but only recently has research begun to assess children's understanding of person-specific differences in knowledge. A number of studies (Birch, Vauthier & Bloom, 2008; Jaswal & Neely, 2006; Koenig, Clément & Harris, 2004) have recently demonstrated that at least by age 3 children pay attention to others' history of accuracy and use it as a cue when deciding from whom to learn. However, the nature and scope of children's interpretations of other's prior accuracy remains unclear. Experiment 1 assessed whether 4- and 5-year-olds interpret prior accuracy as indicative of knowledge, as opposed to two other accounts that do not involve epistemic attributions. This experiment revealed that preschool children can revise their tendency to prefer to learn from a previously accurate informant over an inaccurate one when presented with evidence regarding each informant's current knowledge state. Experiment 2 investigated how broadly a person's history of accuracy influences children's subsequent inferences, and showed that 5-year-olds (but not 4-year-olds) use information about an individual's past accuracy to predict her knowledge in other related domains as well as her propensity for prosocial or antisocial behaviour. Overall, children's performance in these experiments suggests that both 4- and 5-year-olds interpret others' history of accuracy as indicative of knowledge; however, 4-year-olds make a more restricted attribution of knowledge while 5-year-olds make a more stable, trait-like attribution. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for research on theory of mind and more broadly on children's social and cognitive development.
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Forsyth, Graeme Neil. "The Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history, 1800-1914." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3412.

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The nineteenth century saw the revival and widespread propagation in Scotland of a view of Scottish history that put Presbyterianism at the heart of the nation's identity, and told the story of Scotland's history largely in terms of the church's struggle for religious and constitutional liberty. Key to this development was the Anti-Burgher minister Thomas M'Crie, who, spurred by attacks on Presbyterianism found in eighteenth-century and contemporary historical literature, between the years 1811 and 1819 wrote biographies of John Knox and Andrew Melville and a vindication of the Covenanters. M'Crie generally followed the very hard line found in the Whig- Presbyterian polemical literature that emerged from the struggles of the sixteenth and seventeenth century; he was particularly emphatic in support of the independence of the church from the state within its own sphere. His defence of his subjects embodied a Scottish Whig interpretation of British history, in which British constitutional liberties were prefigured in Scotland and in a considerable part won for the British people by the struggles of Presbyterian Scots during the seventeenth century. M'Crie's work won a huge following among the Scottish reading public, and spawned a revival in Presbyterian historiography which lasted through the century. His influence was considerably enhanced through the affinity felt for his work by the Anti- Intrusionists in the Church of Scotland and their successors in the Free Church (1843- 1900), who were particularly attracted by his uncompromising defence of the spiritual independence of the church. The steady stream of historical works from Free Church ministers and laymen during the lifetime of the church corresponded with a very weak output of academic history, and in consequence the Free Church interpretation was probably the strongest single influence in forming the Scots' picture of their history in the late nineteenth century. Much of this interpretation, - particularly the belief in the particularly Presbyterian nature of the Scottish character and of the British constitution, was accepted by historians of the other main branches of the Presbyterian community, while the most determined opposition to the thesis was found in the work of historians of the Episcopal Church. Although the hold of the Presbyterian interpretation was weakened at the end of the century by factors including the merger of most of the Free Church in 1900 and the increasing appearance from 1900 of secular and sometimes anti-Presbyterian Scottish history, elements of it continued to influence the Scottish national self-image well into the twentieth century.
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Tivy, Mary. "THE LOCAL HISTORY MUSEUM IN ONTARIO 1851-1985: AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2821.

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This thesis is a study of the changing model of the local history museum in Ontario, Canada and the consequential changing interpretations of the past in these institutions.

Beginning in 1879, local history museums in Ontario developed largely from the energies of local historical societies bent on collecting the past. While science museums used taxonomy and classification to mirror the natural state of the world, history museums had no equivalent framework for organizing collections as real-world referents. Often organized without apparent design, by the early 20th century a deductive method was used to categorize and display history collections into functional groups based on manufacture and use.

By the mid-twentieth century an inductive approach for interpreting collections in exhibits was promoted to make these objects more meaningful and interesting to museum visitors, and to justify their collection. This approach relied on the recontextualization of the object through two methods: text-based, narrative exhibits; and verisimilitude, the recreation of the historical environment in which the artifact would have been originally used. These exhibit practices became part of the syllabus of history museum work as it professionalized during the mid-twentieth century, almost a full century after the science museum. In Ontario, recontextualizing artifacts eventually dominated the process of recreating the past at museums. Objects were consigned to placement within textual storylines in order to impart accurate meaning. At its most elaborate, artifacts were recontextualized into houses, and buildings into villages, wherein the public could fully immerse themselves in a tableau of the past. Throughout this process, the dynamic of recontextualization to enhance visitor experience subtlety shifted the historical artifact from its previous position in the museum as an autonomous relic of the past, to one subordinate to context.

Although presented as absolute, the narratives and reconstructions formed by these collecting and exhibiting practices were contingent on a multitude of shifting factors, such as accepted museum practice, physical, economic and human resources available to the museum operation, and prevailing beliefs about the past and community identity. This thesis exposes the wider field of museum practice in Ontario community history museums over a century while the case study of Doon Pioneer Village shows in detail the conditional qualities of historical reconstruction in museum exhibits and historical restoration.
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Kuswanto, Cornelius. "A reformed interpretation of the Song of Songs in light of the history of interpretation." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.

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Batten, Bronwyn. "From prehistory to history shared perspectives in Australian heritage interpretation /." Thesis, Electronic version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/445.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Macquarie University, Division of Society, Culture, Media and Philosophy, Warawara - Dept. of Indigenous Studies, 2005.
Bibliography: p. 248-265.
Introduction and method -- General issues in heritage interpretation: Monuments and memorials; Museums; Other issues -- Historic site case studies: Parramatta Park and Old Government House; The Meeting Place Precinct - Botany Bay National Park; Myall Creek -- Discussion and conclusions.
It has long been established that in Australia contemporary (post-contact) Aboriginal history has suffered as a result of the colonisation process. Aboriginal history was seen as belonging in the realm of prehistory, rather than in contemporary historical discourses. Attempts have now been made to reinstate indigenous history into local, regional and national historical narratives. The field of heritage interpretation however, still largely relegates Aboriginal heritage to prehistory. This thesis investigates the ways in which Aborigianl history can be incorporated into the interpetation of contemporary or post-contact history at heritage sites. The thesis uses the principle of 'shared history' as outlined by the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation, as a starting point in these discussions.
Electronic reproduction.
viii, 265 p., bound : ill. ; 30 cm.
Mode of access; World Wide Web.
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Books on the topic "Interpretation of history"

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Reventlow, Henning. History of biblical interpretation. Leiden: Brill, 2009.

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Reventlow, Franziska. History of biblical interpretation. Leiden: Brill, 2009.

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Franziska, Reventlow. History of biblical interpretation. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009.

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History: Narration, interpretation, orientation. New York: Berghahn Books, 2004.

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Reventlow, Henning. History of biblical interpretation. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009.

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Franziska, Reventlow. History of biblical interpretation. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009.

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Pittock, Joan H., and Andrew Wear, eds. Interpretation and Cultural History. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21272-9.

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Scripture: History and interpretation. Collegeville, Minn: Liturgical Press, 2008.

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Henning, Reventlow. History of biblical interpretation. Leiden: Brill, 2009.

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Hebrew Bible: History of interpretation. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Interpretation of history"

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Bann, Stephen. "Meaning/Interpretation." In Critical Terms for Art History, 128–42. Berkley, California: University of California Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/book5.14.

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Gellner, Ernest. "Economic Interpretation of History." In The World of Economics, 187–97. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21315-3_26.

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Gellner, Ernest. "Economic Interpretation of History." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–8. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_176-1.

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Gellner, Ernest. "Economic Interpretation of History." In Marxian Economics, 148–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20572-1_22.

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Gellner, Ernest. "Economic Interpretation of History." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 3352–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_176.

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Tosh, John. "Writing and interpretation." In The Pursuit of History, 127–52. 7th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003023340-6.

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Helrich, Carl S. "Spin and Its Interpretation." In History of Physics, 185–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79268-8_9.

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Reynolds, Rachel R., and Greg Niedt. "Visual History, Visual Culture, Ideology." In Essentials of Visual Interpretation, 49–72. New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003045274-3.

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Sewell, Keith C. "Technical History." In Herbert Butterfield and the Interpretation of History, 112–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230000933_8.

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Boetzkes, Amanda. "Phenomenology and Interpretation beyond the Flesh." In Art History, 34–55. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444324716.ch3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Interpretation of history"

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Curulli, Irene. "Industrial Wastelands: Interpreting the Urban Heritage. History and Memory." In Urban Heritage: Research, Interpretation, Education. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House Technika, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/uh20070925.32-39.

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Gulrajani, Sunil N., Mark G. Mack, and Jack Elbel. "Pressure History Inversion for Interpretation of Fracture Treatments." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/36439-ms.

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Liner, Christopher L., Bryan Flynn, and Jianjun Zeng. "Case History: Spicing up mid‐continent seismic interpretation." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2010. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3513085.

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Vasilieva, Ekaterina, Olga Kolpetskaya, and Irina Shkredova. "Performing Interpretation as a Phenomenon of History and Culture." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icassee-19.2019.106.

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Williams, Ryan, and Rachael Moore. "Determining depositional history through use of cognitive interpretation workflows." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2016. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2016-13870448.1.

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Branco, Vasco, Francisco Providência, Helena Barbosa, Nuno Dias, Joana Quental, Álvaro Sousa, Gonçalo Gomes, et al. "Developing an Interpretation Centre for Portuguese Design - CIDESP.PT." In 9th Conference of the International Committee for Design History and Design Studies. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/despro-icdhs2014-0044.

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Zhou, Y., H. Xu, W. Liu, and L. Wang. "Integrated Interpretation of Gravity And Magnetic Surveys - A Case History." In 62nd EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.28.d51.

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Jenei, B., and R. Manasipov. "Numerical interpretation of SCAL data with automated history matching tool." In Saint Petersburg 2018. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201800261.

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Tamborrino, Rosa, and Fulvio Rinaudo. "Digital urban history as an interpretation key of cities' Cultural Heritage." In 2015 Digital Heritage. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/digitalheritage.2015.7419503.

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Chang, Jeannine, John Ivory, and Mike London. "History Matches and Interpretation of CHOPS Performance for CSI Field Pilot." In SPE Canada Heavy Oil Technical Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/174466-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Interpretation of history"

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Robertson, Stephen, and Lincoln Mullen. Arguing with Digital History: Patterns of Historical Interpretation (annotated version). Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31835/ma.2021.01.

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Klassen, R. A. A preliminary interpretation of glacial history derived from glacial striations, central Newfoundland. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/193847.

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Theriault, P., and B. Beauchamp. Preliminary Interpretation of the Depositional History and Tectonic Significance of the Carboniferous To Permian Canyon Fiord Formation, West - Central Ellesmere Island, Arctic Archipelago. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132551.

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Ross, Robert, Roy F. Pellerin, Norbert Volny, William W. Salsig, and Robert H. Falk. Stress wave timing nondestructive evaluation tools for inspecting historic structures : a guide for use and interpretation. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-119.

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Silbernagel, Janet, Jiquan Chen, Margaret R. Gale, Kurt S. Pregitzer, and John Probst. An interpretation of landscape structure from historic and present land cover data in the Eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nc-gtr-192.

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Slotiuk, Tetiana. CONCEPT OF SOLUTIONS JOURNALISM MODEL: CONNOTION, FUNCTIONS, FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11097.

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The article examines the main features, general characteristics and essence of the concept of solutions journalism. The basic principles of functioning of this model of journalism in the western press and in Ukraine are given. The list and features of activity of the organizations, institutes and editorial offices supporting development of journalism of solutions journalism. The purpose of the publication is to describe the Solutions Journalism model: its features, characteristics and features of functioning, to find out the difference in the understanding of the concept of «solutions journalism» and «constructive journalism» in general. The task of the publication was to conceptualize the main trends in the development of solutions journalism in the Western and Ukrainian information space; show the main characteristics, formats of functioning and analyze the features of the concepts of «solutions journalism» and «constructive journalism». Applied research methods: at the stage of research of the history of formation of the concept of Solutions Journalism the historical method is used. The hermeneutic method of research helped in the interpretation of basic concepts, the phenomenological approach was applied in the context of considering the essence of the phenomenon of solutions journalism. At the stage of generalization of the features of the concepts of Solutions Journalism and «constructive journalism» a comparative method was used, which gave an understanding of the common components in their essence. The method of analysis allowed to expand the understanding of the purpose of Solutions Journalism as a type of social journalism and its main tasks. With the help of synthesis it was possible to comprehensively understand the concept of Solutions Journalism and understand its features. In Ukraine, this type of journalism is just emerging, but its introduction into the editorial policy of the media may have a national importance. These are regional and local media that can inform their communities about the positive solution of certain problems in other communities, and thus thanks to this model can save local journalism. In the scientific context, there is a need to outline the main differences in the understanding of the concepts of decision journalism and constructive journalism, to understand the socio-psychological need to create good news.
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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
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