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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Interpolation Filters

Academic literature on the topic 'Interpolation Filters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

Last updated: 1 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Interpolation Filters"

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Zhou, Xiao, Chengyou Wang, Zhi Zhang, and Qiming Fu. "Interpolation Filter Design Based on All-Phase DST and Its Application to Image Demosaicking." Information 9, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info9090206.

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Based on a deep understanding of all-phase digital filter (APDF) design and all-phase biorthogonal transform (APBT), this paper will further study the windowed all-phase digital filter (WAPDF) and windowed all-phase biorthogonal transform (WAPBT), discuss the principle of the WAPBT, and provide a unified construction method of the all-phase transform (APT). Based on a type of orthogonal transform, i.e., discrete sine transform (DST), an interpolation filter called an all-phase DST (APDST) filter is constructed and used for image demosaicking; it is compared with bilinear interpolation and all-phase inverse discrete cosine transform (APIDCT) interpolation filters, to test its performance in image interpolation and provide analysis and discussion. The experimental results show that APIDCT and APDST filters with a size of 7 × 7 are similar in interpolation performance, but better than the bilinear interpolation method. In addition to its use in image interpolation demosaicking, the low-pass filter designed in this paper can also be widely used in image interpolation, image denoising, image resizing, and other fields of image processing.

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Lim, SuYeon, MinKyeong Choi, and Yunglyul Lee. "Frequency-Based Adaptive Interpolation Filter in Intra Prediction." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031475.

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This paper proposes a method to improve the fractional interpolation of reference samples in the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) intra prediction. The proposed method uses additional interpolation filters which use more integer-positioned reference samples for prediction according to the frequency information of the reference samples. In VVC, a 4-tap Discrete Cosine Transform-based interpolation filter (DCT-IF) and 4-tap Smoothing interpolation filter (SIF) are alternatively performed on the block size and block directional prediction mode for reference sample interpolation. This paper uses four alternative interpolation filters such as 8-tap/4-tap DCT-IFs, and 4-tap/8-tap SIFs and an interpolation filter selection method using a high-frequency ratio calculated from one-dimensional (1D) transform of the reference samples are proposed. The proposed frequency-based Adaptive Filter allows to achieve the overall Bjøntegaard Delta (BD) rate gains of −0.16%, −0.13%, and −0.09% for Y, Cb, and Cr components, respectively, compared with VVC.

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Savinykh, I. S., and D. A. Chemasov. "Computing efficiency of the three-stage interpolated low pass filters." Radio industry 28, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2018-28-4-21-27.

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Undoubted advantages of finite impulse response filters are their unconditional stability, the absence of limit cycles and the possibility of implementing a filter that does not introduce phase distortion. The disadvantage of such filters is the large cost required to compute the response. This paper considers three-stage interpolated finite impulse response low-pass filters. The maximum values of the interpolation factors are determined. Dependences of the coefficient of computational efficiency and the coefficient of increase in the registers of the three-stage interpolated low-pass filter on the values of the interpolation factors, the widths of the passband and the transition band are obtained. Relations for determining the optimal values of interpolation factors corresponding to the maximal value of computational efficiency coefficient are obtained. In addition, the dependencies of the maximum coefficient of computational efficiency and the optimal coefficient of increase in the registers of the three-stage interpolated low-pass filter on the widths of the passband and the transition band at the optimum values of the interpolation factors are obtained. Considered three-stage interpolated low-pass filters should be used in the case when the required stopband is significantly less than the sampling rate. In this case, three- stage interpolated filters require less computational resources for calculating the response than the two-stage interpolated filters or filter implemented by the transversal structure.

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Naghizadeh, Mostafa, and Mauricio D. Sacchi. "f-x adaptive seismic-trace interpolation." GEOPHYSICS 74, no. 1 (January 2009): V9—V16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3008547.

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We use exponentially weighted recursive least squares to estimate adaptive prediction filters for frequency-space [Formula: see text] seismic interpolation. Adaptive prediction filters can model signals where the dominant wavenumbers vary in space. This concept leads to an [Formula: see text] interpolation method that does not require windowing strategies for optimal results. In other words, adaptive prediction filters can be used to interpolate waveforms that have spatially variant dips. The interpolation method’s performance depends on two parameters: filter length and forgetting factor. We pay particular attention to selection of the forgetting factor because it controls the algorithm’s adaptability to changes in local dip. Finally, we use synthetic- and real-data examples to illustrate the performance of the proposed adaptive [Formula: see text] interpolation method.

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Dilip, Pawar Ashwini, K. Rameshbabu, Kanase Prajakta Ashok, and Shital Arjun Shivdas. "Bilinear Interpolation Image Scaling Processor for VLSI Architecure." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 3, no. 3 (November 1, 2014): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v3.i3.pp104-113.

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We introduce image scaling processor using VLSI technique. It consist of Bilinear interpolation, clamp filter and a sharpening spatial filter. Bilinear interpolation algorithm is popular due to its computational efficiency and image quality. But resultant image consist of blurring edges and aliasing artifacts after scaling. To reduce the blurring and aliasing artifacts sharpening spatial filter and clamp filters are used as pre-filter. These filters are realized by using T-model and inversed T-model convolution kernels. To reduce the memory buffer and computing resources for proposed image processor design two T-model or inversed T-model filters are combined into combined filter which requires only one line buffer memory. Also, to reduce hardware cost Reconfigurable calculation unit (RCU)is invented. The VLSI architecture in this work can achieve 280 MHz with 6.08-K gate counts, and its core area is 30 378 <em>μ</em>m2 synthesized by a 0.13-<em>μ</em>m CMOS process.

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Shan, Bao Tang, and Fa Nian Wang. "Design and Application of a Multi-Phase Interpolation Filter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 4518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.4518.

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Multi-phase Interpolation Filters are used widely in wireless communication. Based on the requirements of a high data rate satellite modem, this paper analyses the basic design principle of a multi-phase interpolation filter. A new design scheme of multi-phase interpolation filter is presented and implemented with VHDL TOP-DOWN method on FPGA. Finally, part simulation and application test results are given.

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Begon, Mickaël, and Patrick Lacouture. "Accuracy of 3-D Reconstruction with Occlusions." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 26, no. 1 (February 2010): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.26.1.104.

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A marker has to be seen by at least two cameras for its three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction, and the accuracy can be improved with more cameras. However, a change in the set of cameras used in the reconstruction can alter the kinematics. The purpose of this study was to quantify the harmful effect of occlusions on two-dimensional (2-D) images and to make recommendations about the signal processing. A reference kinematics data set was collected for a three degree-of-freedom linkage with three cameras of a commercial motion analysis system without any occlusion on the 2-D images. In the 2-D images, some occlusions were artificially created based on trials of real cyclic motions. An interpolation of 2-D trajectories before the 3-D reconstruction and two filters (Savitsky–Golay and Butterworth filters) after reconstruction were successively applied to minimize the effect of the 2-D occlusions. The filter parameters were optimized by minimizing the root mean square error between the reference and the filtered data. The optimal parameters of the filters were marker dependent, whereas no filter was necessary after a 2-D interpolation. As the occlusions cause systematic error in the 3-D reconstruction, the interpolation of the 2-D trajectories is more appropriate than filtering the 3-D trajectories.

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Won, Chee Sun. "Grid adaptive interpolation filters." Electronics Letters 49, no. 3 (January 2013): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2012.2481.

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Vesma, Jussi, and Tapio Saramaki. "Polynomial-Based Interpolation Filters—Part I: Filter Synthesis." Circuits, Systems & Signal Processing 26, no. 2 (April 2007): 115–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00034-005-0704-8.

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Preatto, Stefania, Andrea Giannini, Luca Valente, Guido Masera, and Maurizio Martina. "Optimized VLSI Architecture of HEVC Fractional Pixel Interpolators with Approximate Computing." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 10, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea10030024.

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High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the latest video standard developed by the Joint Video Exploration Team. HEVC is able to offer better compression results than preceding standards but it suffers from a high computational complexity. In particular, one of the most time consuming blocks in HEVC is the fractional-sample interpolation filter, which is used in both the encoding and the decoding processes. Integrating different state-of-the-art techniques, this paper presents an architecture for interpolation filters, able to trade quality for energy and power efficiency by exploiting approximate interpolation filters and by halving the amount of required memory with respect to state-of-the-art implementations.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interpolation Filters"

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Curry, William. "Interpolation with prediction-error filters and training data /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Turek, Daniel B. (Daniel Bernard) 1980. "Design of efficient digital interpolation filters for integer upsampling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/18010.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 44).
Digital signal interpolation systems can be implemented in a variety of ways. The most basic interpolation system for integer upsampling cascades an expander unit with an interpolation low-pass filter. More complex implementations can cascade multiple expander and low-pass filter pairs. There is also flexibility in the design of interpolation filters. This thesis explores how digital interpolation systems for integer upsampling can be efficiently implemented. Efficiency is measured in terms of the number of multiplications required for each output sample point. The following factors are studied for their effect on system efficiency: the decomposition of an interpolation system into multiple cascaded stages, the use of recursive and non-recursive interpolation filters, and the use of linear-phase and minimum-phase interpolation filters. In this thesis interpolation systems are designed to test these factors, and their computational costs are calculated. From this data, conclusions are drawn about efficient designs of interpolation systems for integer upsampling.
by Daniel B. Turek.
M.Eng.

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Chan, Tai Wai. "Applications of spatial varying filter on image interpolation, demosaicing and video denosing [i.e. denoising] /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECED%202006%20CHANT.

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Tang, Weiran. "Frequency merging for demosaicking /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECED%202009%20TANGW.

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Fatine, Steven Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Electronics. "Design and VLSI implementation of CMOS decimation and interpolation half-band FIR digital filters." Ottawa, 1996.

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Cheng, Hai-Ling Margaret. "3D spatio-temporal interpolation of of digital image sequences using low-order 3D IIR filters." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20866.pdf.

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Piskin, Hatice. "Design And Implementation Of Fir Digital Filters With Variable Frequency Characteristics." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606853/index.pdf.

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Variable digital filters (VDF) find many application areas in communication, audio, speech and image processing. This thesis analyzes design and implementation of FIR digital filters with variable frequency characteristics and introduces two design methods. The design and implementation of the proposed methods are realized on Matlab software program. Various filter design examples and comparisons are also outlilned. One of the major application areas of VDFs is software defined radio (SDR). The interpolation problem on sample rate converter (SRC) unit of the SDR is solved by using these filters. Realizations of VDFs on SRC are outlined and described. Simulations on Simulink and a specific hardware are examined.

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Hunter, Matthew. "DESIGN OF POLYNOMIAL-BASED FILTERS FOR CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE SAMPLE RATE CONVERSION WITH APPLICATIONS IN SYNTHETIC INSTRUMENTATI." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2120.

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In this work, the design and application of Polynomial-Based Filters (PBF) for continuously variable Sample Rate Conversion (SRC) is studied. The major contributions of this work are summarized as follows. First, an explicit formula for the Fourier Transform of both a symmetrical and nonsymmetrical PBF impulse response with variable basis function coefficients is derived. In the literature only one explicit formula is given, and that for a symmetrical even length filter with fixed basis function coefficients. The frequency domain optimization of PBFs via linear programming has been proposed in the literature, however, the algorithm was not detailed nor were explicit formulas derived. In this contribution, a minimax optimization procedure is derived for the frequency domain optimization of a PBF with time-domain constraints. Explicit formulas are given for direct input to a linear programming routine. Additionally, accompanying Matlab code implementing this optimization in terms of the derived formulas is given in the appendix. In the literature, it has been pointed out that the frequency response of the Continuous-Time (CT) filter decays as frequency goes to infinity. It has also been observed that when implemented in SRC, the CT filter is sampled resulting in CT frequency response aliasing. Thus, for example, the stopband sidelobes of the Discrete-Time (DT) implementation rise above the CT designed level. Building on these observations, it is shown how the rolloff rate of the frequency response of a PBF can be adjusted by adding continuous derivatives to the impulse response. This is of great advantage, especially when the PBF is used for decimation as the aliasing band attenuation can be made to increase with frequency. It is shown how this technique can be used to dramatically reduce the effect of alias build up in the passband. In addition, it is shown that as the number of continuous derivatives of the PBF increases the resulting DT implementation more closely matches the Continuous-Time (CT) design. When implemented for SRC, samples from a PBF impulse response are computed by evaluating the polynomials using a so-called fractional interval, µ. In the literature, the effect of quantizing µ on the frequency response of the PBF has been studied. Formulas have been derived to determine the number of bits required to keep frequency response distortion below prescribed bounds. Elsewhere, a formula has been given to compute the number of bits required to represent µ to obtain a given SRC accuracy for rational factor SRC. In this contribution, it is shown how these two apparently competing requirements are quite independent. In fact, it is shown that the wordlength required for SRC accuracy need only be kept in the µ generator which is a single accumulator. The output of the µ generator may then be truncated prior to polynomial evaluation. This results in significant computational savings, as polynomial evaluation can require several multiplications and additions. Under the heading of applications, a new Wideband Digital Downconverter (WDDC) for Synthetic Instruments (SI) is introduced. DDCs first tune to a signal's center frequency using a numerically controlled oscillator and mixer, and then zoom-in to the bandwidth of interest using SRC. The SRC is required to produce continuously variable output sample rates from a fixed input sample rate over a large range. Current implementations accomplish this using a pre-filter, an arbitrary factor resampler, and integer decimation filters. In this contribution, the SRC of the WDDC is simplified reducing the computational requirements to a factor of three or more. In addition to this, it is shown how this system can be used to develop a novel computationally efficient FFT-based spectrum analyzer with continuously variable frequency spans. Finally, after giving the theoretical foundation, a real Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation of a novel Arbitrary Waveform Generator (AWG) is presented. The new approach uses a fixed Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) sample clock in combination with an arbitrary factor interpolator. Waveforms created at any sample rate are interpolated to the fixed DAC sample rate in real-time. As a result, the additional lower performance analog hardware required in current approaches, namely, multiple reconstruction filters and/or additional sample clocks, is avoided. Measured results are given confirming the performance of the system predicted by the theoretical design and simulation.
Ph.D.
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Electrical Engineering PhD

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Lenez, Thierry. "Synchronisation et égalisation en communication numérique : application au modem VDSL." Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPG0058.

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AHMAD, WAQAR. "High-Level Synthesis Based VLSI Architectures for Video Coding." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2665803.

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High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is state-of-the-art video coding standard. Emerging applications like free-viewpoint video, 360degree video, augmented reality, 3D movies etc. require standardized extensions of HEVC. The standardized extensions of HEVC include HEVC Scalable Video Coding (SHVC), HEVC Multiview Video Coding (MV-HEVC), MV-HEVC+ Depth (3D-HEVC) and HEVC Screen Content Coding. 3D-HEVC is used for applications like view synthesis generation, free-viewpoint video. Coding and transmission of depth maps in 3D-HEVC is used for the virtual view synthesis by the algorithms like Depth Image Based Rendering (DIBR). As first step, we performed the profiling of the 3D-HEVC standard. Computational intensive parts of the standard are identified for the efficient hardware implementation. One of the computational intensive part of the 3D-HEVC, HEVC and H.264/AVC is the Interpolation Filtering used for Fractional Motion Estimation (FME). The hardware implementation of the interpolation filtering is carried out using High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools. Xilinx Vivado Design Suite is used for the HLS implementation of the interpolation filters of HEVC and H.264/AVC. The complexity of the digital systems is greatly increased. High-Level Synthesis is the methodology which offers great benefits such as late architectural or functional changes without time consuming in rewriting of RTL-code, algorithms can be tested and evaluated early in the design cycle and development of accurate models against which the final hardware can be verified.

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Book chapters on the topic "Interpolation Filters"

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Su, Kendall L. "Interpolation and Summaries." In Handbook of Tables for Elliptic-Function Filters, 267–85. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1547-6_4.

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Briani, Matteo, Annie Cuyt, and Wen-shin Lee. "Sparse Interpolation, the FFT Algorithm and FIR Filters." In Computer Algebra in Scientific Computing, 27–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66320-3_3.

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Sohl, Anja, and Anja Klein. "Block-IFDMA — Iterative Channel Estimation Versus Estimation with Interpolation Filters." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 123–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2530-2_12.

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Zieliński, Tomasz P. "FIR Filters in Signal Interpolation, Re-sampling, and Multi-Rate Processing." In Starting Digital Signal Processing in Telecommunication Engineering, 257–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49256-4_10.

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Fang, Jun, Bingran Li, Hui Zhang, and Peiqing Ye. "Accurate Interpolation Algorithm Based on FIR Filters with Local Dynamic Adjustment." In Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 226–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6504-5_20.

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Siripool, Nutchanon, Kraithep Sirisanwannakul, Waree Kongprawechnon, Prachumpong Dangsakul, Anuchit Leelayuttho, Sommai Chokrung, Jakkaphob Intha, Suthum Keerativittayanun, and Jessada Karnjana. "Relative Humidity Estimation Based on Two Nested Kalman Filters with Bicubic Interpolation for Commercial Cultivation of Tropical Orchids." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 201–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62509-2_17.

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Ho, D., U. Shaked, M. J. Grimble, and A. Elsayed. "Interpolation Aproach To the H∞ Filter Problem." In Robust Control of Linear Systems and Nonlinear Control, 387–95. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4484-4_37.

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Zhang, Jian, Siwei Ma, Yongbing Zhang, and Debin Zhao. "Fast and Effective Interpolation Using Median Filter." In Advances in Multimedia Information Processing - PCM 2009, 1174–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10467-1_119.

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RajaRao, C., Mahesh Boddu, and Soumitra Kumar Mandal. "Single Sensor Color Filter Array Interpolation Algorithms." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 295–307. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2247-7_31.

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Lam, Suk-Han, and Chi-Wan Kok. "Demosaic: Color Filter Array Interpolation for Digital Cameras." In Advances in Multimedia Information Processing — PCM 2001, 1084–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45453-5_148.

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Conference papers on the topic "Interpolation Filters"

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Ye, Yan, and Alexis Michael Tourapis. "Buffered adaptive interpolation filters." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icme.2010.5583312.

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Willson, Alan N. "Desensitized halfband interpolation filters." In 2007 Joint 50th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) and the IEEE Northeast Workshop on Circuits and Systems (NEWCAS 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwscas.2007.4488739.

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Daum, Fred. "Dimensional interpolation for nonlinear filters." In Optics & Photonics 2005, edited by Oliver E. Drummond. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.610466.

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Shlyakhov, Nikolay, Miroslav Goncharenko, Jon Recker, and Alexei Leonenko. "Recursive interpolation filters for video coding." In 2016 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcs.2016.7906360.

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Shao, Ling, and Meng Zhao. "Order Statistic Filters for Image Interpolation." In Multimedia and Expo, 2007 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icme.2007.4284684.

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Kidani, Yoshitaka, Kei Kawamura, Kyohei Unno, and Sei Naito. "Blocksize-QP Dependent Intra Interpolation Filters." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2019.8803456.

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"PYRAMID FILTERS BASED ON BILINEAR INTERPOLATION." In International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0002076300210028.

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Ye, Yan, Giovanni Motta, and Marta Karczewicz. "Enhanced Adaptive Interpolation Filters for Video Coding." In 2010 Data Compression Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcc.2010.46.

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Minoo, Koohyar, and Jian Lou. "Joint design of bi-predictive interpolation filters." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2014.7025641.

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Liu, Xiaojie, Wenpeng Ding, Yunhui Shi, and Baocai Yin. "Content Adaptive Interpolation Filters for HEVC Framework." In 2016 Data Compression Conference (DCC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcc.2016.28.

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Reports on the topic "Interpolation Filters"

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Ray, Jaideep, Sophia Lefantzi, Habib N. Najm, and Christopher A. Kennedy. Using high-order methods on adaptively refined block-structured meshes - discretizations, interpolations, and filters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/877727.

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Anderson, Gerald L., and Kalman Peleg. Precision Cropping by Remotely Sensed Prorotype Plots and Calibration in the Complex Domain. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585193.bard.

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This research report describes a methodology whereby multi-spectral and hyperspectral imagery from remote sensing, is used for deriving predicted field maps of selected plant growth attributes which are required for precision cropping. A major task in precision cropping is to establish areas of the field that differ from the rest of the field and share a common characteristic. Yield distribution f maps can be prepared by yield monitors, which are available for some harvester types. Other field attributes of interest in precision cropping, e.g. soil properties, leaf Nitrate, biomass etc. are obtained by manual sampling of the filed in a grid pattern. Maps of various field attributes are then prepared from these samples by the "Inverse Distance" interpolation method or by Kriging. An improved interpolation method was developed which is based on minimizing the overall curvature of the resulting map. Such maps are the ground truth reference, used for training the algorithm that generates the predicted field maps from remote sensing imagery. Both the reference and the predicted maps are stratified into "Prototype Plots", e.g. 15xl5 blocks of 2m pixels whereby the block size is 30x30m. This averaging reduces the datasets to manageable size and significantly improves the typically poor repeatability of remote sensing imaging systems. In the first two years of the project we used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), for generating predicted yield maps of sugar beets and com. The NDVI was computed from image cubes of three spectral bands, generated by an optically filtered three camera video imaging system. A two dimensional FFT based regression model Y=f(X), was used wherein Y was the reference map and X=NDVI was the predictor. The FFT regression method applies the "Wavelet Based", "Pixel Block" and "Image Rotation" transforms to the reference and remote images, prior to the Fast - Fourier Transform (FFT) Regression method with the "Phase Lock" option. A complex domain based map Yfft is derived by least squares minimization between the amplitude matrices of X and Y, via the 2D FFT. For one time predictions, the phase matrix of Y is combined with the amplitude matrix ofYfft, whereby an improved predicted map Yplock is formed. Usually, the residuals of Y plock versus Y are about half of the values of Yfft versus Y. For long term predictions, the phase matrix of a "field mask" is combined with the amplitude matrices of the reference image Y and the predicted image Yfft. The field mask is a binary image of a pre-selected region of interest in X and Y. The resultant maps Ypref and Ypred aremodified versions of Y and Yfft respectively. The residuals of Ypred versus Ypref are even lower than the residuals of Yplock versus Y. The maps, Ypref and Ypred represent a close consensus of two independent imaging methods which "view" the same target. In the last two years of the project our remote sensing capability was expanded by addition of a CASI II airborne hyperspectral imaging system and an ASD hyperspectral radiometer. Unfortunately, the cross-noice and poor repeatability problem we had in multi-spectral imaging was exasperated in hyperspectral imaging. We have been able to overcome this problem by over-flying each field twice in rapid succession and developing the Repeatability Index (RI). The RI quantifies the repeatability of each spectral band in the hyperspectral image cube. Thereby, it is possible to select the bands of higher repeatability for inclusion in the prediction model while bands of low repeatability are excluded. Further segregation of high and low repeatability bands takes place in the prediction model algorithm, which is based on a combination of a "Genetic Algorithm" and Partial Least Squares", (PLS-GA). In summary, modus operandi was developed, for deriving important plant growth attribute maps (yield, leaf nitrate, biomass and sugar percent in beets), from remote sensing imagery, with sufficient accuracy for precision cropping applications. This achievement is remarkable, given the inherently high cross-noice between the reference and remote imagery as well as the highly non-repeatable nature of remote sensing systems. The above methodologies may be readily adopted by commercial companies, which specialize in proving remotely sensed data to farmers.

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