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Journal articles on the topic 'Interphase'
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1
Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani, Media, Anna-Maria Elert, Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba, Leonardo Agudo Jácome, Korinna Altmann, Dorothee Silbernagl, and Heinz Sturm. "Short- and Long-Range Mechanical and Chemical Interphases Caused by Interaction of Boehmite (γ-AlOOH) with Anhydride-Cured Epoxy Resins." Nanomaterials 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9060853.
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Understanding the interaction between boehmite and epoxy and the formation of their interphases with different mechanical and chemical structures is crucial to predict and optimize the properties of epoxy-boehmite nanocomposites. Probing the interfacial properties with atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based methods, especially particle-matrix long-range interactions, is challenging. This is due to size limitations of various analytical methods in resolving nanoparticles and their interphases, the overlap of interphases, and the effect of buried particles that prevent the accurate interphase property measurement. Here, we develop a layered model system in which the epoxy is cured in contact with a thin layer of hydrothermally synthesized boehmite. Different microscopy methods are employed to evaluate the interfacial properties. With intermodulation atomic force microscopy (ImAFM) and amplitude dependence force spectroscopy (ADFS), which contain information about stiffness, electrostatic, and van der Waals forces, a soft interphase was detected between the epoxy and boehmite. Surface potential maps obtained by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) revealed another interphase about one order of magnitude larger than the mechanical interphase. The AFM-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) technique reveals that the soft interphase consists of unreacted curing agent. The long-range electrical interphase is attributed to the chemical alteration of the bulk epoxy and the formation of new absorption bands.
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Lee, Sang Jin, Chung Hyo Lee, and Jong Hee Hwang. "Toughening of Ceramic Composite Designed by Silica-Based Transformation Weakening Interphases." Key Engineering Materials 287 (June 2005): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.287.358.
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A new concept for achieving graceful failure in oxide composites is introduced. It is based on crack deflection in a weak interphase between a matrix and reinforcement (e.g. fiber), or in a laminated composite. The interphase can be phase transformation weakened by volume contraction and/or unit cell shape change. Microcracking induced by a displacive, crystallographic phase transformation in silica-based interphases resulted in increase in the toughness of the bulk composites. In the present study, mullite/cordierite laminates with b®a-cristobalite (SiO2) transformation weakened interphase, and alumina matrix fibrous monolith with metastable hexacelsian (BaAl2Si2O8) interphases were investigated for interphase debonding behavior. In mechanical test, the laminates showed step-wise load drop behavior dependent on a grain size of b-cristobalite. In particular, in the fibrous monolith design, the load-deflection curve showed unusual plastic-like behavior with reasonable work of fracture.
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Wang, Meng, and Xiaochen Hang. "Finite Element Analysis of Residual Stress Distribution Patterns of Prestressed Composites Considering Interphases." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 5, 2023): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041345.
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New finite element analysis procedures are developed in this study to obtain the precise stress distribution patterns of prestressed composites. Within the FEM procedures, an equivalent thermal method is modified to realize the prestress application, and a multi-step methodology is developed to consider coupling effects of polymer curing and prestress application. Thereafter, the effects of interphases’ properties, including the elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), on the stress distribution patterns are revealed. Analytical methods for residual stress prediction are modified in this study to demonstrate the finite element analysis procedures. From the residual stress results, it is found that the increase in the prestress level tends to contribute to the initiation of interphase debonding. The increase in the elastic modulus or CTE of the interphase results in very large circumferential and axial stress values appearing in the interphase. When the elastic modulus in the interphase is heterogeneous, the predicted stress values in the fiber and matrix are similar to the results predicted with the equivalent elastic modulus of the interphases. However, the heterogeneous elastic modulus results in serious circumferential and axial stress gradients in the interphase.
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Ferrara, Chiara, Riccardo Ruffo, and Piercarlo Mustarelli. "The Importance of Interphases in Energy Storage Devices: Methods and Strategies to Investigate and Control Interfacial Processes." Physchem 1, no. 1 (April 13, 2021): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physchem1010003.
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Extended interphases are playing an increasingly important role in electrochemical energy storage devices and, in particular, in lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries. With this in mind we initially address the differences between the concepts of interface and interphase. After that, we discuss in detail the mechanisms of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation in Li-ion batteries. Then, we analyze the methods for interphase characterization, with emphasis put on in-situ and operando approaches. Finally, we look at the near future by addressing the issues underlying the lithium metal/electrolyte interface, and the emerging role played by the cathode electrolyte interphase when high voltage materials are employed.
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Bian, L. C., W. Liu, and J. Pan. "Probability of Debonding and Effective Elastic Properties of Particle-Reinforced Composites." Journal of Mechanics 33, no. 6 (January 24, 2017): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2017.4.
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AbstractIn this paper, the effective properties of particle-reinforced composites with a weakened interphase are investigated. The particle and interphase are regarded as an equivalent-inclusion, and the interphase zone around the particle is modeled as a linear elastic spring layer. A modified micro-mechanics model is proposed to obtain the effective elastic modulus. Moreover, a statistical debonding criterion is proposed to characterize the varying probability of the evolution of interphase debonding. Numerical examples are considered to illustrate the effect of imperfect interphases on the effective properties of particle-reinforced composites. It is found that the effective elastic properties obtained in the present work are in a good agreement with the existing data from the literatures.
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Lee, Sang Jin, and Sang Ho Lee. "High-Toughening Alumina Composites Weakened by Metastable Hexacelsian Interphases." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.721.
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New laminate design for improved toughness in hexacelsian-alumina composite is introduced. The composite is based on crack deflection in a weak interphase in the alumina matrix and hexacelsian interphase. The strength and toughness of the laminated composite were studied both qualitatively by electronic microscopy and measuring flexure strength. The metastable hexacelsian interphases had partially microcracks to provide crack deflection in the composite, and the crack deflection noticeably proceeded along the meta-stable hexacelsian interphase. Load-deflection curve for the laminate showed improved work of fracture of 2.23 kJ/m2.
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Yoshida, Katsumi, Hiroyuki Akimoto, Akihiro Yamauchi, Toyohiko Yano, Masaki Kotani, and Toshio Ogasawara. "Interface Formation of Unidirectional SiCf/SiC Composites by Electrophoretic Deposition Method." Key Engineering Materials 617 (June 2014): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.617.213.
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C-and BN-interphases on SiC fibers for unidirectional SiCf/SiC composites were formed by EPD process, and their microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. Whereas the C-SiCf/SiC composites showed a pseudo-ductile fracture behavior with large amount of fiber pullout, the BN-SiCf/SiC composites fractured in a brittle manner without fiber pullout in spite of sufficient thickness of BN interphase. It is inferred from the results of EDS that sintering additives would react with h-BN-interphase, and the interphase did not act effectively for toughening the SiCf/SiC composites.
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El Khoury, Diana, Richard Arinero, Jean-Charles Laurentie, Mikhaël Bechelany, Michel Ramonda, and Jérôme Castellon. "Electrostatic force microscopy for the accurate characterization of interphases in nanocomposites." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (December 7, 2018): 2999–3012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.279.
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The unusual properties of nanocomposites are commonly explained by the structure of their interphase. Therefore, these nanoscale interphase regions need to be precisely characterized; however, the existing high resolution experimental methods have not been reliably adapted to this purpose. Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) represents a promising technique to fulfill this objective, although no complete and accurate interphase study has been published to date and EFM signal interpretation is not straightforward. The aim of this work was to establish accurate EFM signal analysis methods to investigate interphases in nanodielectrics using three experimental protocols. Samples with well-known, controllable properties were designed and synthesized to electrostatically model nanodielectrics with the aim of “calibrating” the EFM technique for future interphase studies. EFM was demonstrated to be able to discriminate between alumina and silicon dioxide interphase layers of 50 and 100 nm thickness deposited over polystyrene spheres and different types of matrix materials. Consistent permittivity values were also deduced by comparison of experimental data and numerical simulations, as well as the interface state of silicone dioxide layers.
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Sancaktar, E., and P. Zhang. "Nonlinear Viscoelastic Modelling of the Fiber-Matrix Interphase in Composite Materials." Journal of Mechanical Design 112, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 605–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912653.
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A nonlinear viscoelastic analysis of the carbon fiber-thermoset (or thermoplastic) matrix interphase is presented. The second order nonlinear partial differential equation governing the state of stress at the fiber-matrix interphase is solved by using an iterative scheme involving successive differentiation and Taylor expansions to satisfy the boundary conditions. Additional iteration is used for the case with nonlinear viscoelastic matrix material. The results reveal that the thickness and material properties of the interphase have strong influence in reducing the shear stress magnitudes and distribution along the fiber. The analysis and results provide valuable insight into the application and interpretation of the single fiber tension (fragmentation) test procedure and the design of “tailored interphases.”
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Singh, Manohar, and Jeewan Chandra Pandey. "Probing thermal conductivity of interphase in epoxy alumina nanocomposites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 30 (January 2022): 096739112210774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911221077489.
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The objective of this research is to determine the thermal conductivity of the interphase in epoxy alumina nanocomposites. First, TPS 500 measures the thermal conductivity of epoxy alumina nanocomposite samples. Following that, a numerical model based on the finite element method was developed to estimate the effective thermal conductivity of epoxy alumina nanocomposites over a range of assumed interphase thermal conductivity values. Finally, an algorithm is devised to extract the interphase’s thermal conductivity by combining simulation and experiment results. Interphase was found to have significantly higher thermal conductivity than the base polymer. A comprehensive analysis is presented to shed light on the observed increase in interphase thermal conductivity. The findings of this study will be critical for further investigation of heat transfer in epoxy alumina nanocomposites via modeling and simulation studies.
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Liu, Y. J., N. Xu, and J. F. Luo. "Modeling of Interphases in Fiber-Reinforced Composites Under Transverse Loading Using the Boundary Element Method." Journal of Applied Mechanics 67, no. 1 (September 23, 1999): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.321150.
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In this paper, interphases in unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites under transverse loading are modeled by an advanced boundary element method based on the elasticity theory. The interphases are regarded as elastic layers between the fiber and matrix, as opposed to the spring-like models in the boundary element method literature. Both cylinder and square unit cell models of the fiber-interphase-matrix systems are considered. The effects of varying the modulus and thickness (including nonuniform thickness) of the interphases with different fiber volume fractions are investigated. Numerical results demonstrate that the developed boundary element method is very accurate and efficient in determining interface stresses and effective elastic moduli of fiber-reinforced composites with the presence of interphases of arbitrarily small thickness. Results also show that the interphase properties have significant effect on the micromechanical behaviors of the fiber-reinforced composites when the fiber volume fractions are large. [S0021-8936(00)02501-0]
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Han, Yupei, Ajay Piriya Vijaya Kumar Saroja, Henry R. Tinker, and Yang Xu. "Interphases in the electrodes of potassium ion batteries." Journal of Physics: Materials 5, no. 2 (March 29, 2022): 022001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7639/ac5dce.
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Abstract Rechargeable potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are of great interest as a sustainable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective energy storage technology. The electrochemical performance of a PIB is closely related to the reaction kinetics of active materials, ionic/electronic transport, and the structural/electrochemical stability of cell components. Alongside the great effort devoted in discovering and optimising electrode materials, recent research unambiguously demonstrates the decisive role of the interphases that interconnect adjacent components in a PIB. Knowledge of interphases is currently less comprehensive and satisfactory compared to that of electrode materials, and therefore, understanding the interphases is crucial to facilitating electrode materials design and advancing battery performance. The present review aims to summarise the critical interphases that dominate the overall battery performance of PIBs, which includes solid-electrolyte interphase, cathode-electrolyte interphase, and solid–solid interphases within composite electrodes, via exploring their formation principles, chemical compositions, and determination of reaction kinetics. State-of-the-art design strategies of robust interphases are discussed and analysed. Finally, perspectives are given to stimulate new ideas and open questions to further the understanding of interphases and the development of PIBs.
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Hu, An Jun, and Yi Nuo Li. "A Muti-Functional Artificial Interphase for Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 939 (January 25, 2023): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-9s9iqu.
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The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is the most intimate component affecting Li deposition in lithium metal anode (LMA). In order to guarantee the safety of LMA, the unstable intrinsic SEI needs to be replaced by the functional artificial interphase (ASEI). Herein, tailoring the interphases for realizing substantially enhanced lithium plating/striping behaviors (over 120 cycles for Li||Cu cells) is presented. This favorable ASEI containing Li3N component is in-situ fabricated by cycling after hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) were coated on the LMA surface.
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Bender, B. A., and T. L. Jessen. "A comparison of the interphase development and mechanical properties of Nicalon and Tyranno SiC fiber-reinforced ZrTiO4 matrix composites." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 10 (October 1994): 2670–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.2670.
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The differences in interphase development and mechanical properties between Nicalon and Tyranno fiber-reinforced ZrTiO4 matrix composites were assessed. The composites were reinforced with either uncoated or BN-coated fibers. The microstructure and interphase development were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and analytical electron microscopy. Mechanical behavior was characterized by strength and toughness measurements. Tyranno composites developed thinner interphases due to the differences in the structure and chemistry of the starting fiber resulting from the addition of Ti to the starting polymer precursor. BN-coated fiber composites developed a thicker carbon interphase layer due to incorporation of O into the as-received BN coating. Tyranno composites were weakened by fiber clustering and were not as tough as Nicalon composites due to a lack of thermal debonding.
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El Khoury, D., V. Fedorenko, J. Castellon, M. Bechelany, J. C. Laurentie, S. Balme, M. Fréchette, M. Ramonda, and R. Arinero. "Characterization of Dielectric Nanocomposites with Electrostatic Force Microscopy." Scanning 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4198519.
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Nanocomposites physical properties unexplainable by general mixture laws are usually supposed to be related to interphases, highly present at the nanoscale. The intrinsic dielectric constant of the interphase and its volume need to be considered in the prediction of the effective permittivity of nanodielectrics, for example. The electrostatic force microscope (EFM) constitutes a promising technique to probe interphases locally. This work reports theoretical finite-elements simulations and experimental measurements to interpret EFM signals in front of nanocomposites with the aim of detecting and characterizing interphases. According to simulations, we designed and synthesized appropriate samples to verify experimentally the ability of EFM to characterize a nanoshell covering nanoparticles, for different shell thicknesses. This type of samples constitutes a simplified electrostatic model of a nanodielectric. Experiments were conducted using either DC or AC-EFM polarization, with force gradient detection method. A comparison between our numerical model and experimental results was performed in order to validate our predictions for general EFM-interphase interactions.
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Khanna, Sanjeev K., P. Ranganathan, S. B. Yedla, R. M. Winter, and K. Paruchuri. "Investigation of Nanomechanical Properties of the Interphase in a Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composite Using Nanoindentation." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1543966.
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Glass fiber reinforced polymer composites are widely used as structural materials. These two-component materials can be tailored to suit a large variety of applications. A better understanding of the properties of the fiber-matrix “interphase” can facilitate optimum design of the composite structure. The interphase is a microscopic region around the fiber and hence nano-scale investigation using nano-indentation techniques is appropriate to determine mechanical property variations within this region. In this study the atomic force microscope adapted with a commercial nanoindenter has been used to determine the variation of the elastic modulus across the interphase for different silane coated glass fiber reinforced polyester matrix composites. A comparative study of the elastic modulus variation in the various interphases is reported. The results are discussed in the light of the current limitations of the instrumentation and analysis.
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Benveniste, Y., and G. Baum. "An interface model of a graded three-dimensional anisotropic curved interphase." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 463, no. 2078 (October 4, 2006): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2006.1777.
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A three-dimensional, generally curved, constant thickness interphase whose properties vary across its thickness is considered. This graded interphase is modelled by an interface that is located at its mid-surface and which comes now into direct contact with the media that were adjacent to it. The derivation is carried out in the setting of heat conduction, and appropriate jump conditions for the temperature and normal heat flux across the interface are derived, which characterize the interface model. The inhomogeneity of the interphase becomes a major motivation for its replacement by an interface. This representation is expected to simplify significantly the solution of boundary-value problems that involve thin inhomogeneous regions separating two media. Analytical solutions that are not available for a large class of graded interphases can become readily accessible with the derived interface model.
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Zanjani, Jamal Seyyed Monfared, and Ismet Baran. "Co-Bonded Hybrid Thermoplastic-Thermoset Composite Interphase: Process-Microstructure-Property Correlation." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020291.
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Co-bonding is an effective joining method for fiber-reinforced composites in which a prefabricated part bonds with a thermoset resin during the curing process. Manufacturing of co-bonded thermoset-thermoplastic hybrid composites is a challenging task due to the complexities of the interdiffusion of reactive thermoset resin and thermoplastic polymer at the interface between two plies. Herein, the interphase properties of co-bonded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene thermoplastic to unsaturated polyester thermoset are investigated for different processing conditions. The effect of processing temperature on the cure kinetics and interdiffusion kinetics are studied experimentally. The interphase thickness and microstructure are linked to the chemo-rheological properties of the materials. The interdiffusion mechanisms are explored and models are developed to predict the interphase thickness and microstructure for various process conditions. The temperature-dependent diffusivities were estimated by incorporating an inverse diffusion model. The mechanical response of interphases was analyzed by the Vickers microhardness test and was correlated to the processing condition and microstructure. It was observed that processing temperature has significant effect on the interdiffusion process and, consequently, on the interphase thickness, its microstructure and mechanical performance.
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Zanjani, Jamal Seyyed Monfared, and Ismet Baran. "Co-Bonded Hybrid Thermoplastic-Thermoset Composite Interphase: Process-Microstructure-Property Correlation." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020291.
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Co-bonding is an effective joining method for fiber-reinforced composites in which a prefabricated part bonds with a thermoset resin during the curing process. Manufacturing of co-bonded thermoset-thermoplastic hybrid composites is a challenging task due to the complexities of the interdiffusion of reactive thermoset resin and thermoplastic polymer at the interface between two plies. Herein, the interphase properties of co-bonded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene thermoplastic to unsaturated polyester thermoset are investigated for different processing conditions. The effect of processing temperature on the cure kinetics and interdiffusion kinetics are studied experimentally. The interphase thickness and microstructure are linked to the chemo-rheological properties of the materials. The interdiffusion mechanisms are explored and models are developed to predict the interphase thickness and microstructure for various process conditions. The temperature-dependent diffusivities were estimated by incorporating an inverse diffusion model. The mechanical response of interphases was analyzed by the Vickers microhardness test and was correlated to the processing condition and microstructure. It was observed that processing temperature has significant effect on the interdiffusion process and, consequently, on the interphase thickness, its microstructure and mechanical performance.
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Yang, Yang, Qi He, Hong-Liang Dai, Jian Pang, Liang Yang, Xing-Quan Li, Yan-Ni Rao, and Ting Dai. "Micromechanics-based analyses of short fiber-reinforced composites with functionally graded interphases." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 8 (September 2, 2019): 1031–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319873033.
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A micromechanical model for short fiber-reinforced composites (SFRCs) with functionally graded interphases and a systematic prediction scheme to determine the effective properties are presented. The matrix and the fibers are regarded to be linear elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous. Fibers are assumed to be ellipsoids coated perfectly by functionally graded interphases, which is supposed to be formed chemically or physically by the constituents near the interface. First, to analyze the grading interphase effect, layer-wise concept is followed to divide the functionally graded interphases into multi-homogeneous sub-layers. Next, to take the effect of functionally graded interphases into account, a combination of multi-inclusion method and Mori–Tanaka method is applied to predict effective elastic properties of this unidirectional SFRCs with respect to the content and aspect ratio of the inclusions. By employing coordinate transformation, spatially elastic moduli are obtained. Finally, Voigt homogenization scheme is used to obtain the overall, averaged, symmetrical elastic properties of the SFRCs. Numerical examples and analyses demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method and indicate the influences of graded interphase, orientation, and aspect ratio of inclusions as well as properties and contents of the constituents on the overall properties of SFRCs.
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Yang, Xiao-Qing. "(Invited) An Inorganic-Rich but Low Lif Content Interphase for Fast Charging and Long Cycle Life Lithium Metal Batteries As Well As Evolution and Interplay of Lithium Metal Interphase Components." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 2 (November 22, 2024): 286. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-022286mtgabs.
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The first part of this presentation will be focused on An Inorganic-rich but No LiF Interphase for Fast Charging and Long Cycle Life Lithium Metal Batteries. Li metal battery (LMB) with Li metal anode and LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2 (NMC) cathode represents the next generation high energy density electrochemical energy storage devices. A major challenge facing LMB is finding an electrolyte that is capable of forming good interphases and enabling stable cycling. A common practice is fluorinating the electrolyte to generate anion-derived interphase rich in LiF. Electrolytes based on this strategy can lead to long cycle life. However, they usually have low ionic conductivities and cannot enable the fast-charging capabilities. By using CsNO3 as a dual-functional additive, a good interphases on both NMC cathode and Li metal anode is formed for long cycle life of LMB. Such strategy allows the use of 1,2-dimethoxyethane as the single solvent which guarantees superior ion transport properties and hence fast charging capabilities. The cathode is protected by the nitrate-derived species. On lithium metal anode side, the gigantic Cs+ cations have weak interactions with the solvents, allowing the anions to enter the solvation sheath and contribute to the interphase formation. The resulting interphase is composed of anion-derived species as expected but surprisingly dominated by the inorganic species cesium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, or CsFSI, an interphase component that has never been reported. The active participation of Cs+ in the interphase formation suggests that Cs+ may be doing much more than just serving as electrostatic shield as commonly believed. In addition, the interphase has low content of LiF which is usually regarded as a key component for good interphase. Interestingly, the low content of LiF does not impact the quality of the interphase in any negative way. This is demonstrated by the good performance of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2||Li cell. Even with very high cathode loading (21mg/cm2 or 5mAh/cm2) and a low N/P ratio of 2, LMB cell can be cycled at 1C rate (~8mA/cm2) and retains more than 80% of initial capacity after 200 cycles. This work calls attention to re- examining the role of LiF in the interphase and the role of Cs-containing additive in the electrolyte. The second part of this presentation will be focused on Evolution and Interplay of Lithium Metal Interphase Components of lithium metal batteries. LMBs have high energy densities and are crucial for clean energy solutions. The characterization of lithium metal interphase is fundamentally and practically important but technically challenging. Taking advantage of synchrotron x-ray which has the unique capability of analyzing crystalline/amorphous phases quantitatively with statistical reliability, we have studied the composition and dynamics of LMB interphase for a newly developed important LMB electrolyte that is based on fluorinated ether. Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis revealed the sequential role of anion and solvent in interphase formation during cycling. The relative ratio between Li2O and LiF first increases and then decreases during cycling, suggesting suppressed Li2O formation in both initial and long extended cycles. This work highlights the important role of Li2O in transitioning from anion-derived interphase to a solvent-derived one. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to Dr. Zhiao Yu, Dr. Yuelang Chen, Prof. Zhenan Bao, and Prof. Yi Cui at Stanford University for providing the fluorinated ether based new electrolyte and the valuable scientific discussions, as well as to Dr. Jie Xiao and Jun Liu at pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL) for scientific discussions. The theoretical calculation by Dr. Dacheng Kuai, Dr. Perez-Beltran, and Prof. Perla B. Balbuena is greatly appreciated. This work is supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technology Office (VTO) of the US Department of Energy (DOE) through the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) Program including the Battery500 Consortium under contract no. DE-SC0012704. This research used beamlines 5-ID, 7-BM, 23-ID- 2, 28-ID-2 of the National Synchrotron Light Source II, a US DOE Office of Science user facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Brookhaven National Laboratory under contract number DE-SC0012704. SEM measurements used the resources of the Center for Functional Nanomaterials, a US DOE Office of Science User Facility at BNL, under contract no. DE- SC0012704.
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Hernández-Díaz, David, Ricardo Villar-Ribera, Fernando Julián, Quim Tarrés, Francesc X. Espinach, and Marc Delgado-Aguilar. "Topography of the Interfacial Shear Strength and the Mean Intrinsic Tensile Strength of Hemp Fibers as a Reinforcement of Polypropylene." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13041012.
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The strength of the interphase between the reinforcements and the matrix has a major role in the mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polyolefin composites. The creation of strong interphases is hindered by the hydrophobic and hydrophilic natures of the matrix and the reinforcements, respectively. Adding coupling agents has been a common strategy to solve this problem. Nonetheless, a correct dosage of such coupling agents is important to, on the one hand guarantee strong interphases and high tensile strengths, and on the other hand ensure a full exploitation of the strengthening capabilities of the reinforcements. The paper proposes using topographic profile techniques to represent the effect of reinforcement and coupling agent contents of the strength of the interphase and the exploitation of the reinforcements. This representation allowed identifying the areas that are more or less sensitive to coupling agent content. The research also helped by finding that an excess of coupling agent had less impact than a lack of this component.
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Vallat, M. F., S. Giami, and A. Coupard. "Elastomer-Elastomer Autohesion-Interphase Gradient of Elastic Modulus." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 4 (September 1, 1999): 701–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538827.
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Abstract The effect of migration on the vulcanizing ingredients is considered when two sheets of carbon black reinforced polyisoprene are brought into contact. Two formulations (conventional and efficient ones) are chosen. The formation of macroscopic interphases on both sides of the interface is shown by measurements of local modulus by microindentation. The local concentration of sulfur is determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Near the interface, the modulus is always higher than in the bulk of the sheets although the interfacial strength may be quite low. Co-crosslinking of the chains in the interphase at the molecular level and macroscopic thick interphases are two important aspects of elastomer-elastomer joints.
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Vattathurvalappil, Suhail Hyder, Mahmoodul Haq, and Saratchandra Kundurthi. "Hybrid nanocomposites—An efficient representative volume element formulation with interface properties." Polymers and Polymer Composites 30 (January 2022): 096739112210846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911221084651.
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Reinforcement of polymers with multiple inclusions of varying length scales and morphologies enable enhancement and tailorability of thermo-mechanical properties in resulting polymers. Computational material models can eliminate the trial-and-error approach of developing these hybrid reinforced polymers, enable prediction of interphase properties, and allow virtual exploration of design space. In this work, computational models, specifically representative volume elements were developed for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer reinforced with nanoscale iron oxide particles and micro-scale short carbon fibers. These representative volume elements were used to predict the tensile modulus of resulting polymer nanocomposite with varying particle concentrations, orientations, interphases, and clustering to realistically replicate the actual material as observed in optical and electron microscopy. The interphase elastic modulus was obtained through established analytical formulations and incorporated into the representative volume elements by defining an interphase region around the reinforcements. The tensile modulus estimated using representative volume elements agreed well with the experiments, evidently showing that the effective tensile modulus of the polymer nanocomposite increased with increase in interphase thickness, aspect ratio, and particle content. Clustering was only observed in Fe3O4 nanoparticles but its size did not have any effect on the effective tensile modulus. The developed computational modeling framework and the resultant prediction of tensile modulus offers a design path which can be extended to other polymer nanocomposites containing multiple inclusions.
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Lopez, Jeffrey. "Stabilizing Lithium Metal Anode and Conversion Cathode Interphases for High Energy Density Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 7 (November 22, 2024): 801. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-027801mtgabs.
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Lithium metal batteries offer great promise for higher energy density, but are presently limited by significant side reactions, poor quality deposition, and the potential to form hazardous dendrites. This is especially true when paired with conversion cathodes, which could potentially result in cells with specific energy > 700 Wh/kg. In this presentation, recent advances made toward high energy full cells will be discussed. A particular emphasis will be placed on the electrode-electrolyte interphases that form in these devices in high performance localized high concentration electrolytes (LHCE). Specifically, we employ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to identify radical intermediates and operando surface enhanced IR absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy to clarify electrolyte reduction/oxidation mechanisms. Operando SEIRA provides detailed information about the organic components of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) on lithium metal anodes and FeF2 cathodes respectively. Common SEI components from high Coulombic efficiency fluorinated electrolytes are identified and mechanisms will be discussed in the context of moving toward more environmentally friendly fluorine-free electrolytes. Furthermore, strategies to stabilize FeF2 conversion cathodes through interphase modification to produce more mechanically robust composite electrodes and improve cycling stability will be discussed. With the understanding developed through this holistic approach, we provide new insight into electrolytes and the formation of interphase components that promote stable cycling of lithium metal- FeF2 full cells.
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Ko, Youngmin, Michael Baird, and Brett Helms. "Interphase Design by Localized Super-Concentrated Electrolyte for High-Voltage and High-Power Lithium Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 2 (August 28, 2023): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-012642mtgabs.
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Batteries used in electric aircraft must deliver high-power on take-off and landing, providing in stride the ability to recharge at high voltage to make full use of the cathode capacity. Impedance rise associated with electrode–electrolyte interphases remains problematic with conventional electrolytes, resulting in unacceptable power fade. This is exacerbated when recharging cells at high voltage, which is where interphase generation remains poorly controlled. To address these issues, electrolyte design for high-voltage and high-power batteries should emphasize control over the interphase growth contributing to the impedance rise during charge. To this end, we will describe our recent efforts to alter the activity of various electrolyte components at electrode–electrolyte interfaces, granting access to exquisite control over interphase chemistry. Key to our success is the exploitation of ion clustering in locally super-concentrated electrolytes (LSCEs), which produces aggregates with intrinsically different reactivity than solvated species and from which new interphasial chemistries may be produced in-situ. We find in top-performing compositions that interphase stability is most affected by the activity of ethereal solvents in the formulations, particularly at high voltage, and that it is possible to design additives that suppress solvent activity even up to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+. Li/NMC811 cells cycled with de-novo designed LSCEs maintain 70% of their initial discharge capacity after 1000 cycles with 4 C discharge rate at charge cut-off voltage of 4.35 V, outperforming most reported electrolytes for Li metal batteries. Furthermore, by taking an informatics approach to interphase characterization, we reveal fundamental patterns of reactivity that inform future selection criteria for advanced battery electrolytes.
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Geiss, Paul Ludwig, and Melanie Schumann. "Polymer Interphases in Adhesively Bonded Joints – Origin, Properties and Methods for Characterization." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 2249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.2249.
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Chemically curing adhesives are formulations requiring reactions to convert from liquid to solid. Once cured, these adhesives carry the potential to create strong load bearing joints, resisting even severe detrimental service conditions. In adhesively bonded joints with chemically curing adhesives the term "interphase" relates to the adhesive volume adjacent to the surface of the adherent (interface), which generally will exhibit properties different from those of the adhesive bulk polymer. The properties of these interphases play an important role concerning the performance and durability of structural adhesive joints. Therefore localized strain analysis in the cross-section of shear-loaded adhesive joints was performed by combining a high-precision mechanical testing device with digital microscopy and by developing a method for preparing, marking, and digitally tracking the local deformations in micro shear specimen. Non-uniform shear profiles developing in the cross-section of the adhesive joints after exceeding the yield point serve as a sensitive indication for mechanical surface-affected interphase properties and it could be observed, that deranged crosslinking promotes strain softening of the polymer in the interphase. Infrared analysis of the cross-sectional interphase region in adhesively bonded joints was performed with a Bruker Tensor II Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer equipped with a Hyperion 3000 microscope with a 20x ATR germanium crystal objective and a MCT-Focal-Plane-Array-Detector (FPA), allowing to conduct high resolution chemical imaging and localized chemical analysis.
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Borges, Catarina S. P., Eduardo A. S. Marques, Ricardo J. C. Carbas, Alireza Akhavan-Safar, Christoph Ueffing, Philipp Weißgraeber, and Lucas F. M. da Silva. "Effect of the Interface/Interphase on the Water Ingress Properties of Joints with PBT-GF30 and Aluminum Substrates Using Silicone Adhesive." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 4, 2023): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040788.
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The aim of this work is to analyze the difference between silicone/composite and silicone/metal interphases, both in terms of water diffusion behavior and failure of the aged joints. For that, silicone joints with two different suhbstrates were prepared. The substrates were polybutylene terephthalate with 30% of short glass fiber (PBT-GF30) and 6082-T6 aluminum. It is assumed that the water uptake of the joints is equal to the water uptake of the substrate, adhesive, and interphase. Therefore, knowing the first three, the last could be isolated. To study the water diffusion behavior of the complete joint, rectangular joints were prepared, immersed in water and their water uptake was measured. The water immersion was conducted at 70∘C. It was concluded that the aluminum/silicone joints absorbed more water through the interphase region than the PBT-GF30/silicone joints, since the difference between the expected water uptake and the experimentally measured mass gain is significantly higher, causing adhesive failure of the joint. The same was not observed in the PBT-GF30/silicone, with a more stable interphase, that does not absorb measurable quantities of water and always exhibits cohesive failure.
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Baumgartner, Adi, Christy Ferlatte Hartshorne, Aris A. Polyzos, Heinz-Ulrich G. Weier, Jingly Fung Weier, and Ben O’Brien. "Full Karyotype Interphase Cell Analysis." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 66, no. 8 (April 19, 2018): 595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155418771613.
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Aneuploidy seems to play not only a decisive role in embryonal development but also in tumorigenesis where chromosomal and genomic instability reflect a universal feature of malignant tumors. The cost of whole genome sequencing has fallen significantly, but it is still prohibitive for many institutions and clinical settings. No applied, cost-effective, and efficient technique has been introduced yet aiming at research to assess the ploidy status of all 24 different human chromosomes in interphases simultaneously, especially in single cells. Here, we present the selection of human probe DNA and a technique using multistep fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) employing four sets of six labeled FISH probes able to delineate all 24 human chromosomes in interphase cells. This full karyotype analysis approach will provide additional diagnostic potential for single cell analysis. The use of spectral imaging (SIm) has enabled the use of up to eight different fluorochrome labels simultaneously. Thus, scoring can be easily assessed by visual inspection, because SIm permits computer-assigned and distinguishable pseudo-colors to each probe during image processing. This enables full karyotype analysis by FISH of single-cell interphase nuclei.
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ISHIDA, HATSUO. "Interphase Engineering." Sen'i Gakkaishi 44, no. 2 (1988): P56—P60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.44.2_p56.
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Herrington, C. S., and J. O. McGee. "Interphase cytogenetics." Neurochemical Research 15, no. 4 (April 1990): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00969934.
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Rosy and Malachi Noked. "Multifunctional interphase." Nature Energy 3, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0114-3.
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Stanley, Michael W. "Interphase Cytogenetics." Advances in Anatomic Pathology 2, no. 3 (May 1995): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00125480-199505000-00006.
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Kim, Jung-Hyun. "(Invited) Strategies for Enhancing the Stability of the Electrode-Electrolyte Interphase in Sulfide-Based Solid-State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02170mtgabs.
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In recent years, all solid-state batteries (SSBs) have gained significant attention as the next-generation energy storage device due to their high energy density, improved safety, and enhanced stability. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes (SEs) have garnered significant attention among various inorganic materials for their exceptional properties, including high ionic conductivity and robust mechanical properties. These features make them promising candidates for SSBs, ensuring both manufacturability and long-term cycle life. For example, Li-argyrodites (e.g., Li6PS5X, and X = Cl, Br, I) and Na-thioantimonate (e.g., Na2.88Sb0.88W0.12S4) offer high ionic conductivities (> 10-3 S/cm) that are comparable to those of liquid electrolytes. However, its practical application is still under-achieved due to a few technical challenges. Among the various issues, our focus is on the electrode-electrolyte interphase, which degrades the cycle life of the SSBs. At the cathode-electrolyte interphase, narrow electrochemical window (1.71 V – 2.01 V) of Li6PS5X unwantedly prompt the oxidative decomposition of solid-electrolyte. At the anode-electrolyte interphase, Li-argyrodite SEs can be easily reduced by Li metal or oxidized by cathode active materials because of its narrow electrochemical window (1.71 V – 2.01 V). The resulting byproducts at electrode-electrolyte interphases can unwantedly lead to capacity fading and an increase in cell resistance. Additionally, SSBs made with the Li-argyrodite SEs suffer from Li-dendrite penetration during repeated cycles and consequent internal short circuits. To address these challenges, we propose strategies for passivating the interphases between the cathode and the solid electrolyte, as well as between the metallic anode and the electrolyte in solid-state batteries (SSBs). Through a combinatorial study, we aim to elucidate the extent and severity of interfacial side reactions in solid-state batteries (SSBs). In addition, the optimal coating strategies of LiNbO3 for cathodes and Li3N coating on metallic Li anode will be discussed. The optimized Li3N as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the metallic Li anode enables more than 5000 cycles without failure in symmetrical cells. Furthermore, we will also highlight a strategy for passivating the electrode-electrolyte interphases of Na-based solid-state batteries (SSBs) that employ thioantimoniate as the electrolyte material. The approaches to passivate the cathode and metallic Na anode will be presented. Comprehensive electrochemical and spectroscopic studies will be conducted to identify the source of degradation and elucidate the improvement mechanisms associated with each strategy.
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Liu, Ziqi, and Jeffrey Lopez. "Operando FTIR Characterization of Interphases from Organosulfur Electrolytes in High Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 7 (November 22, 2024): 943. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-027943mtgabs.
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The widespread adoption of renewable energy storage technologies like electric vehicles and grid storage largely relies on the improvements of the energy density of the batteries inside those devices. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are typically used for these applications due to their high energy density,[1] but the operating voltage of LIBs is limited by the electrochemical stability windows of the electrolyte. Resistive interphase layers form as a result of the breakdown of electrolyte molecules and limit LIB cycling stability. However, there is significant difficulty in the study and characterization of both the components and structure of the electrode-electrolyte interphases formed via electrolyte degradation.[2] Traditional characterization techniques provide information on what the interphase layers look like after cell disassembly, but sample preparations are difficult and destructive.[3] Therefore, it is crucial to develop in operando techniques to better understand the relationship between the interphase layers and battery performance. In this work, we develop a custom surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflectance mode (ATR-SEIRAS) setup for in operando studies of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) in organosulfur electrolyte systems. Organosulfur molecules are potential components for high voltage LIBs due to their excellent performance.[4] We apply our custom ATR-SEIRAS setup to study ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS) containing electrolytes and propose possible reduction routes with the help of ex situ and postmortem characterization techniques. We study both SEI and CEI formed and correlate favorable interphase components with contributing molecules to identify important functional groups for novel molecular design. The work provides an opportunity to elevate our understanding of currently elusive electrochemical phenomena like the structure-reactivity relationships of SEI and CEI, and why certain sulfone systems outperform other formulations. Furthermore, it will provide molecular design principle for electrolyte systems in high performing and high voltage LIBs. References S. Chu, Y. Cui, and N. Liu, Nat. Mater., 16, 16–22 (2017). H. Wan, J. Xu, and C. Wang, Nat. Rev. Chem., 8, 30–44 (2024). A. Dopilka, Y. Gu, J. M. Larson, V. Zorba, and R. Kostecki, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 15, 6755–6767 (2023). M. A. Dato et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2303794 (2024).
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Chen, Hsun-Yi, and Cindy Rusly. "Enhancing Performance of Lithium Sulfur Batteries with Electrode-Electrolyte Interphase Engineering." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 7 (November 22, 2024): 1044. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-0271044mtgabs.
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Batteries with high energy density are critical for the clean energy transition of human society. Lithium sulfur (Li-S) batteries with a high theoretical energy capacity is promising for applications such as electric vehicles. However, the commercialization obstacle of Li-S batteries lies on the shuttle effects of dissolved sulfur intermediates and formation of Li dendrite. In this work, we focus on engineering the electrode-electrolyte interphase with functionalized interlayers for enhanced performance of Li-S batteries. In particular, an amide-functionalized protection layer and a cellulose-based separator are employed, respectively. We discovered multifunctionality of these interlayers, including dendrite inhibition and shuttle effect suppression. A more conductive solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) with high stability is demonstrated to form when these interlayers are used, via in-situ X-ray diffraction and impedance spectroscopy investigation. Our work paved a way to engineer electrode-electrolyte interphases in Li metal batteries without electrolyte additives.
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Moradienayat, Monireh, Dania Olmos, and Javier González-Benito. "Airbrushed Polysulfone (PSF)/Hydroxyapatite (HA) Nanocomposites: Effect of the Presence of Nanoparticles on Mechanical Behavior." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040753.
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Nanocomposite films of polysulfone (PSF)—hydroxyapatite (HA) were prepared with a commercial airbrush. Structural, thermal, and mechanical characterization allows obtaining new information to understand the role of the nanofiller–polymer matrix interphase in the final performance of these materials in relation to its possible applications in the restoration of bones. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy shows that there are hardly any structural changes in the polymer when adding HA particles. From thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry), it can be highlighted that the presence of HA does not significantly affect the glass transition temperature of the PSF but decelerates its thermal degradation. All this information points out that any change in the PSF performance because of the addition of HA particles cannot be due to specific interactions between the filler and the polymer. Results obtained from uniaxial tensile tests indicate that the addition of small amounts of HA particles (1% wt) leads to elastic moduli higher than the upper bound predicted by the rule of mixtures suggesting there must be a high contribution of the interphase. A simple model of the nanocomposite is proposed for which three contributions must be considered, particles, interphase and matrix, in such a way that interphases arising from different particles can interact by combining with each other thus leading to a decrease in its global contribution when the amount of particles is high enough. The mechanical behavior can be explained considering a balance between the contribution of the interphase and the number of particles. Finally, a particular mechanism is proposed to explain why in certain nanocomposites relatively high concentrations of nanoparticles may substantially increase the strain to failure.
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Tepavcevic, Sanja, Michael Counihan, Jungkuk Lee, Priyadarshini Mirmira, Pallab Barai, Meghan Burns, Chibueze Amanchukwu, Venkat Srinivasan, and Yuepeng Zhang. "Advancing Li-Transport in Composite Polymer Electrolytes with Functionalized LLZO Nanoparticles." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 8 (November 22, 2024): 1145. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-0281145mtgabs.
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The combination of Li+-conducting ceramics and polymers offers a new pathway to create better electrolytes for solid state batteries with both high ionic conductivity and good (electro)mechanical interfacial properties. Achieving synergy in Li transport between ion-conducting ceramic and polymer in a composite electrolyte has been proven to be difficult. The total Li-ion conductivity of the composite polymer electrolytes is still governed by the polymer matrix due to high interfacial resistance between the garnet particles and the PEO/LiTFSI matrix. We modeled our composite electrolytes with two Li+-conductive phases (PEO and LLZO) and two interphases. The conductive interphase is attributed to the LLZO nanofiller’s disruption of PEO crystallization, essentially acting as a plasticizer. The resistive interphase is attributed to the adsorption of PEO on LLZO and the limited segmental motion of the polymer chains when near the LLZO surface. To disrupt this resistive interphase at ceramic/polymer interface we synthetically modified the surface of LLZO nanoparticles with functional silane chemistries (Figure 1). This simultaneously added surface moieties that interact with the polymer matrix and protected the LLZO surface from continual Li2CO3 formation. The incorporation of functionalized nanoparticles into the composite polymer membrane resulted in lower interfacial impedance, improved conductivity and transference numbers and the cycling characteristics against the lithium anode in addition to significantly improved handleability and processability. 6,7Li solid-state NMR shed the light on the mechanism of enhanced Li-transport and the nature of the resistive interphase. This work revealed a new design strategy for a composite polymer electrolyte with enhanced Li+- transport properties for high-performance Li metal batteries. Figure 1
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Saber-Samandari, Saeed, and Akbar Afaghi Khatibi. "The Effect of Interphase on the Elastic Modulus of Polymer Based Nanocomposites." Key Engineering Materials 312 (June 2006): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.312.199.
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The elastic modulus of interphase in polymer based nanocomposites is investigated. A new three-dimensional unit cell model has been developed for modeling three constituent phases including particle, interphase and matrix. The elastic modulus of the interphase as a function of radius is then evaluated with the help of mathematical models. The average value of interphase elastic modulus is defined and the effect of interphase thickness and particle and matrix elastic modulus on interphase is investigated.
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Wang, Jian Fen, Matthias Weiling, Felix Pfeiffer, and Masoud Baghernejad. "Unveiling the Interfacial Composition of Li-Metal | Polymer Electrolytes during Lithium Plating-Stripping Employing Operando ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 8 (November 22, 2024): 1135. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-0281135mtgabs.
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The Li-metal interphases formed in contact with solid-state (polymer) electrolytes (SSE) during electrochemical plating and stripping influences remarkably the lifespan and safety of solid-state batteries (SSBs). Effective interphases play a crucial role in impeding the continuous decomposition of electrolytes, the growth of dendrites, and consequently, enhancing the overall battery performance. However, the investigation of interphases of solid electrolytes remains a challenge, necessitating development of advanced techniques and methodologies. Moreover, highly sensitive instruments are demanded to detect the extremely thin interphases. Furthermore, real-time monitoring experimentations are needed to capture the interfacial dynamics. Addressing the interphase in solid-state battery under real working conditions is another major complication regarding the signal acquisition of the buried interfacial products between non-transparent electrodes. As a result, there are very limited studies of such a kind, which make our state-of-the-art understanding of interfacial process in SSBs very poor. Towards addressing this, we have developed and operando spectroscopy technique based-on Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) for real time monitoring of interphase composition between Li-metal and solid polymer electrolytes. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique that offers several significant advantages, including rapid data acquisition, applicability for various sample forms, and high sensitivity to trace even small amounts of substances non-destructively. The preservation of the original interphase composition is crucial for the characterization under real working conditions. Moreover, it is rather straightforward to combine the ATR-FTIR measurements with the electrochemical system by utilizing specifically designed spectro-electrochemical cells. Our team has been developing the advanced ATR-FTIR set-up for operando interphase analysis, which has already worked successfully for characterizing the interphases of liquid electrolyte system on Si and Li-metal electrode1. Based on the successful implementation of this technique, we further developed the setup for the analysis the interphases on solid-state electrolytes with lithium metal in anode-free configuration. In our investigation, a well-known system comprising polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), and benzophenone as photoinitiated crosslinker, was chosen for use as a proof of concept. PEO is one of the most extensively used polymer for SSE, its conductivity at room temperature is however relatively low, as its optimated usage temperature is above 60oC. To ensure that our experimental setup remains comparable to contemporary research on PEO electrolytes, a temperature control system was implemented in the design of our spectro-electrochemical cell, besides, pressure controlling is also incorporated to enhance internal material adhesion. Furthermore, the ATR-FTIR instrument is equipped with adjustable incident angles for the IR beam, enabling the characterization of the interphases at different penetration depths. In terms of cell internal configuration, an anode-free setup was opted, which not only facilitates penetration of infrared beam, but is also regarded as a promising configuration for next-generation SSBs. Following the acquisition of IR spectrum during the Li plating-stripping process, it was observed that certain bands exhibited intensity variations, as a result of dynamicity in interfacial composition. Notably, some prominent variations were observed in the IR spectrum around 1500-1750 cm-1, primarily originated from bands associated with benzophenone. The reactions of the crosslinker may undergo within the electrolyte system during electrochemical process are often overlooked, which is due to the lack of techniques with the ability to monitor these reactions. The presented study outlines the need for advanced operando methods to increase the understanding of interphases formed by solid-electrolytes. In future perspectives, efforts will be directed towards further optimizing the cell setups and with the aim of applying this technique to investigate interphases and aging mechanisms in various solid electrolyte systems. Reference: Weiling, Matthias, et al. "Mechanistic Understanding of Additive Reductive Degradation and SEI Formation in High‐Voltage NMC811|| SiOx‐Containing Cells via Operando ATR‐FTIR Spectroscopy." Advanced Energy Materials5 (2024): 2303568.
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Mikata, Yozo. "Stress Fields in a Continuous Fiber Composite With a Variable Interphase Under Thermo-Mechanical Loadings." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 116, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904300.
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Stress fields in a continuous fiber composite with a variable interphase subjected to thermomechanical loadings are studied by using a four concentric circular cylinders model. An exact closed form solution is obtained for the stress field in the interphase in a series form using Frobenius method in a certain case. Numerical results are presented for FP fiber/Al 6061 composite with interphase, and carbon fiber/Al 6061 composite with interphase. It is found that the variableness of the thermoelastic constants in the interphase has significant effects on the stress distributions in the interphase. Therefore, this will, in turn, affect the initiation of cracks in the interphase.
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Zhu, Da Sheng, and Bo Qin Gu. "Micromechanical Analysis of Single-Fiber Pull-Out Test of Fiber-Reinforced Viscoelastic Matrix Composites." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.556.
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A micromechanical model for single-fiber pull-out test of fiber-reinforced viscoelastic matrix composites is established. It includes fiber, interphase and viscoelastic matrix. The formulas to calculate the fiber axial stress, the interphase shear stress, and the matrix axial and shear stress are obtained. Moreover, for Kevlar aramid fiber reinforced viscoelastic matrix composites, the influences of the interphase thickness, the fiber embedded length and volume fraction on the stress distributions of fiber and interphase is studied. Some analysis results show that, with the increase of normalized fiber axial distance, the fiber axial stress increases monotonically, but the interphase shear stress decreases. The stress distributions of fiber and interphase change with the variation of the interphase thickness, the fiber embedded length and volume fraction.
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Chan, I. Tung, Tung Yang Chen, and Min Sen Chiu. "The Influence of Torsional-Rigidity Bounds for Composite Shafts with Specific Cross-Sections." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.674.
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We consider the Saint-Venant torsion problem of composite shafts. Two different kinds of imperfect interfaces are considered. One models a thin interphase of low shear modulus and the other models a thin interphase of high shear modulus. The imperfect interfaces are characterized by parameters given in terms of the thickness and shear modulus of the interphases. Using variational principles, we derive rigorous bounds for the torsional rigidity of composite shafts with cross-sections of arbitrary shapes. The analysis is based on the construction of admissible fields in the inclusions and in the matrix. We obtain the general expression for the bounds and demonstrate the results with some particular examples. Specifically, circular, elliptical and trianglar shafts are considered to exemplify the derived bounds. We incorporate the cross-section shape factor into the bounds and show how the position and size of the inclusion influence the bounds. Under specific conditions, the lower and upper bounds will coincide and agree with the exact torsional rigidity.
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Achenbach, J. D., and H. Zhu. "Effect of Interphases on Micro and Macromechanical Behavior of Hexagonal-Array Fiber Composites." Journal of Applied Mechanics 57, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2897667.
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The effect of interphase stiffness on microstresses and macromechanical behavior has been investigated for transverse loading of an hexagonal-array unidirectional fiber composite. The interphase is modeled by a layer which resists radial extension and circumferential shear deformation. Taking advantage of the periodicity of the medium, the states of stress, and deformation in a basic cell have been analyzed numerically by the use of the boundary element method. The circumferential tensile stress along the matrix side of the interphase and the radial stress in the interphase have been analyzed for various values of the interphase parameters and the fiber volume ratio. The micromechanical results have also been used to determine the effect of interphase stiffness on the effective moduli. The calculated values have been compared with analytical results that were adjusted for interphase stiffness.
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Zhang, Changjun. "Hydroxyl-enabled interphase." Nature Energy 7, no. 7 (July 2022): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01090-x.
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LeBrasseur, Nicole. "Migrating interphase DNA." Journal of Cell Biology 173, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 317a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.1733rr1.
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Freunberger, Stefan A. "Interphase identity crisis." Nature Chemistry 11, no. 9 (August 19, 2019): 761–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0311-0.
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Fink, B. K., and R. L. McCullough. "Interphase research issues." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 30, no. 1 (January 1999): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(98)00118-3.
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Ashworth, Claire. "Interrogating the interphase." Nature Reviews Materials 3, no. 5 (April 24, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41578-018-0013-z.
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Zhang, Changjun. "Repairing the interphase." Nature Energy 5, no. 2 (February 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0568-y.
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