Academic literature on the topic 'Internet in public administration – Botswana – Case studies'

Internet public opinion events at universities in China occurred frequently, creating painful repercussions for reputation and stability of colleges and universities. To better cope with the problem, this paper explores an evolutionary mechanism of the university Internet public opinion events. Firstly, we discuss the interactions and behavior of three key participants: an Internet medium, university students as a whole, and administration. Secondly, we construct a tripartite evolutionary game model consisting of an Internet medium, student group, and university administration and then analyze and obtain the differential dynamic equations and equilibrium points. Subsequently, the evolutionary stable equilibrium is further analyzed. Finally, we employ numerical studies to examine how the tripartite behavior choices affect evolutionary paths and evolutionary equilibrium strategies. Results are derived as follows: under certain conditions, there exists an asymptotically stable equilibrium point for the tripartite evolutionary game. On the one hand, appropriate penalties and rewards should be provided to foster objectives and fair behaviors of the network medium. On the other hand, university students should be educated and guided to deal rationally with negative effects of Internet public opinion events. Moreover, online real-name authentication is an important and necessary measure. Finally, the university administration should release truthful, timely, and comprehensive information of Internet public opinion events to mitigate potential negative impacts.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the evolution of a common approach to impact assessment across the Global Libraries (GL) portfolio of grants. It presents an overview of two systems, the Performance Metrics (PMs) and the Common Impact Measurement System (CIMS). By providing a standard set of definitions and methods for use across countries, these systems enable grantees to collect data that can be compared and aggregated for the purpose of collective learning, improvement, accountability, and advocacy. Design/methodology/approach – The PMs offer a standard methodology to collect library project performance management data, whereas the CIMS is a standard survey of public library users. The paper describes how the PM and CIMS data are being visualized and used, with examples of findings and lessons learned. Findings – The paper cites examples of the type of PM and CIMS data available, with a focus on employment, gender, and case studies from Botswana and Indonesia. These highlights illustrate how libraries’ user demographics differ from other types of public internet access venues and how libraries can contribute to strong employment and growth. Research limitations/implications – The measurement systems rely on different partners collecting data for the same metrics across different countries; while each grantee adheres to a standard methodology, small procedural, and methodological differences are inevitable. Future research could focus on conducting similar studies elsewhere, outside the cohort of countries in the GL portfolio of grants. Practical implications – The paper offers insights and lessons for library agencies or institutions interested in implementing a common measurement system. Recognizing that few library projects have the resources to track a comprehensive set of indicators, a case study is presented about how smaller initiatives can adapt these systems to their needs. Social implications – The indicators described in this paper enable public libraries to shift their focus from services provided to the outcomes they help individuals and communities realize, potentially increasing the potency of their programming and advocacy. Originality/value – Common measurement systems are not new, but their application in the public library field is novel, as is the Data Atlas, a platform grantees use to compare results across metrics, track progress, and conduct advocacy.

An emerging empirical regularity suggests that older people use and respond to social media very differently than younger people. Older people are the fastest-growing population of Internet and social media users in the US, and this heterogeneity will soon become central to online politics. However, many important experiments in this field have been conducted on online samples that do not contain enough older people to be useful to generalize to the current population of Internet users; this issue is more pronounced for studies that are even a few years old. In this paper, we report the results of replicating two experiments involving social media (specifically, Facebook) conducted on one such sample lacking older users (Amazon’s Mechanical Turk) using a source of online subjects which does contain sufficient variation in subject age. We add a standard battery of questions designed to explicitly measure digital literacy. We find evidence of significant treatment effect heterogeneity in subject age and digital literacy in the replication of one of the two experiments. This result is an example of limitations to generalizability of research conducted on samples where selection is related to treatment effect heterogeneity; specifically, this result indicates that Mechanical Turk should not be used to recruit subjects when researchers suspect treatment effect heterogeneity in age or digital literacy, as we argue should be the case for research on digital media effects.

This article analyses media representations of LGBT social movements, taking the case of Saint Petersburg LGBT pride parades. The analysis is developed through the use of framing theory, which views the media as an arena where interest groups promote their own interpretations of particular issues. Frames juxtapose elements of the text in such a way as to provide the audience with a scheme within which to perceive the message. Social movements are viewed as interest groups that introduce new frames in public debate. Two types of frames can be distinguished: collective action frames and status quo frames. In this study, the usage of two collective action frames (equality frame and victim frame), and two status quo frames (morality frame and propaganda promoting homosexuality frame) were examined. Additionally, the sources of quotes used in news stories were analyzed. The study focuses on articles dedicated to Saint Petersburg LGBT pride marches in the years 2010–2017 in the most popular local Internet websites. The analysis shows that the coverage of LGBT pride marches can be divided into two distinct periods: 2010–2013 and 2014–2017. In the first period, LGBT activists dominated the coverage, quoted about twice as much as government officials. Equality and victim frames were prevalent. In the second period, activists were cited significantly less often, with the propaganda promoting homosexuality frame dominating the discourse. However, contrary to findings of previous studies on social movement representation, across the whole period under consideration, LGBT activists were quoted more often than government representatives. This finding calls for a further exploration of the conditions which allowed for such coverage in the context of political heterosexism and homophobia.

Purpose To better understand the use intensity of e-government service offerings among citizens, a considerable number of studies have examined correlations between various attitudinal constructs related to such offerings and citizens’ service adoption (intentions). This investigational paper aims to take a different angle by exploring associations between a set of 11 objectively identifiable household and individual behavioral and socio-demographic characteristics on the one side and three levels of e-government services use on the other. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis is based on survey responses of a random sample of 17,012 individuals residing in Germany. Findings Ordinal logistic regression analysis suggests that citizens with low use levels of public e-service offerings are most likely younger male persons with low levels of computer literacy, internet affinity and education, who have a migration background and live in small mid-level-income households located in rural communities. Practical implications The findings imply that public institutions may find it difficult to rapidly raise e-government acceptance by distributing only “technocratic” information explaining various service options. Public authorities should consider supplementing “pure” information programs by measures which ensure that the software of e-government service platforms is designed in a way guaranteeing a very high level of “usability”. Furthermore, they should analyze whether the benefits of providing e-government services in specific foreign languages outweigh the costs of such a service extension. If this is the case, an easy-to-use software menu item should be introduced which enables citizens to switch to another common foreign language. Originality/value The contribution of this paper results from the analysis of a set of objective predictors of e-government service use in a large random sample of citizens residing in Germany, whereas most prior studies are based on surveys of small convenience samples in other countries.

Urban bus networks play an important role, when the capacity of urban public services is evaluated. With recent advancements in Internet and Communication Technologies, there is an emerging interest in building an urban bus network model through open big data. This has rarely been investigated and exposes several challenges in the provision of transportation services in urban planning. On the one hand, it is necessary to combine bus stations based on spatial distance constraints due to their ambiguous definition in open big data; on the other hand, it is difficult and time-consuming to relocate and build new stations, but the optimization of bus lines is relatively easy to implement. This study aimed to develop an explicit methodological framework for building and analyzing two different types of urban bus network model using open big data. Thereafter, the framework was applied in two case studies in China, within a county-level administration and in a region including three county-level administrations. The key result shows that there was a shortage of urban bus services across these different administrations. This paper contributes to the body of research methodologies into public transport networks and to understanding the sharing of urban public services across administrations, improving the management of urban bus networks, and highlighting the importance of examining the characteristics of urban bus network in county-level administrations rather than just in large cities in China.

The continuing proliferation of transnational private regulatory governance challenges conceptions of legal authority, legitimacy and public regulation of economic activity. The pace at which these developments occur is set by a coalescence of multiple regime changes, predominantly in commercial law areas, but also in the field of internet governance, corporate law and labor law, where the rise to prominence of private actors has become a defining feature of the emerging transnational regulatory landscape. One of the most belabored fields, the transnational law merchant or, lex mercatoria, has gained the status of a poster child, as it represents a laboratory for the exploration of “private” contractual governance in a context, in which the assertion of public or private authority has itself become contentious. The ambiguity surrounding many forms of today's contractual governance in the transnational arena echoes that of the far-reaching transformation of public regulatory governance, which has been characteristic of Western welfare states over the last few decades. What is particularly remarkable, however, is the way in which the depictions of “private instruments” and “public interests” in the post-welfare state regulatory environment have given rise to a rise in importance of social norms, self-regulation and a general anti-state affect in the assessment of judicial enforcement or administration of contractual arrangements. A central challenge resulting from case studies such as the transnational law merchant is from which perspective we ought to adequately study and assess the justifications, which are being offered for a contractual governance model, which prioritizes and seeks to insulate “private” arrangements from their embeddedness in regulated market contexts, on both the national and transnational level.

PurposeThis paper seeks to identify some of the most important drivers of Portuguese local government transparency in their activities over time. The recent literature on good governance has repeatedly identified transparency as central to promoting accountability, preventing corruption and mismanagement and stimulating greater civic engagement. As local government is the main provider of many primary services to the population, evaluating its transparency is especially relevant given that misconduct or maladministration will have a strong impact on the population's well-being. Given increased diffusion of European good governance norms and practices, the authors believe the Portuguese case to be relevant across the EU.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop a dynamic panel data model to evaluate the simultaneous influence of both political and contextual variables on the municipal transparency index (MTI) in 308 Portuguese municipalities during the period from 2013 to 2017.FindingsThe results suggest support for previous studies that found increased Internet enabled transparency in municipalities with low levels of indebtedness (per capita), are more highly populated, are governed by left-wing parties, demonstrating higher levels of financial efficiency. The urban/rural status, measured by population density, is not a significant predictor.Originality/valueThe paper seeks to confirm earlier analyses of these same data over a longer period of years to substantiate the validity of those findings. This is important especially in the context of the political variable, to demonstrate it was not necessarily a particular collection of left-wing mayors, but that the relationship holds over time, across administrations, because the dataset covers two election periods.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the mechanisms behind the development of e-democracy. The contrasting cases of Italy and Hungary are selected as the case studies. With the development of new information and communication technology, more and more elements of domestic politics have been transferred to the internet-based platforms. As a response to the deep financial, economic and political crisis that Europe endured over the period 2010-2015 and as a result of the disappointment with traditional parties, new political movements and parties were created. In this paper, the Italian Five Star Movement (M5S) and the Hungarian Lehet Más a Politika (“Politics Can Be Different”) and Momentum are examined to trace the specific mechanisms that led to their establishment. Design/methodology/approach The research is based on mixed method approach, using primary and secondary data to identify and examine mechanisms conducive to the emergence of e-democracy. It uses quantitative analysis along with discourse analysis and social media analysis. The research is based on the analysis of respective parties’ social media communication. The social media analysis has been carried out by the SentiOne social listening software within the time frame of February 2018 and the end of 2019. Along different types of democracy measurements, Italy and Hungary have been analysed between 2017 and 2019. Findings The paper identifies the key preconditions for the emergence of e-democracy. These are freedom, gender gap, inequality and corruption. It also then elaborates on mechanisms, such as social media activity and citizen engagement, which lead to the emergence of e-democracy. The thesis of this article is that in Hungary (compared to Italy), elements of high-quality standards for a democracy are still missing to establish a successful political party which uses the sustainable concept for e-democracy. In Hungary, the examined parties use social media only as media representation without exploiting the possibilities lying in social media platforms. They mostly rely on these networking sites during elections and no strong sentiments can be identified in their communication. Italy is a more developed democracy where online platforms are used to engage citizens regularly. M5S actively communicates through these platforms, which is reflected in the amount of comments and strong social media activity even out of election period. Originality/value The originality of the paper is the social media analysis to test the use of social media in the parties’ political communication. The paper defines key factors and mechanisms concerning the establishment of e-democracy through inductive analysis of two contrasting cases. Italy and Hungary are two member states of the European Union (EU) with different development, their current preparation and situation regarding e-democracy give insights on how the quality of democracy determines their attitude towards cyber parties. While Italy being a founding member of the EU has become an established democracy, Hungary, after the transition, has developed into a new democracy.

This study allocates the issue of democratization in Tanzania and Botswana between 1961-2015. The purpose is to explain why Tanzania’s democratization process between 1961 and 2015 has not developed into a solid democracy. Nine factors, both internal and external that has affected the countries democratization process has been highlighted and compared in a macro-perspective in order to find explanatory factors the aim. A qualitative, theory consuming approach is used, where methodological understandings such as the method of difference and the congruence method are applied. Furthermore an analytical framework is used to pinpoint important differences between the two countries democratization processes that are considered being valid explanations to why contemporary Tanzania is not considered being a full-scale working democracy. The comparative conclusion showed that there are three explanatory factors to Tanzania’s present democracy status. The lack of free values, an economic development and authoritarian divisions within the country has proven being vital in the failure of consolidating a democracy.

This study assessed the digital preservation capability maturity readiness within the context of e-government in Botswana Public Service with a view to developing a strategic framework that ensures digital continuity. There some studies that have been conducted in Botswana regarding digital preservation but they did not provide a framework which could be used as an assessment to check their capability in digital preservation as e-government progresses so that digital information is continuously being used for decision making over time. The study adopted a pragmatic paradigm and embedded mixed method approach; whereby a cross sectional survey and case study were deployed in each of the 6 selected ministries as a unit of analysis. The target study respondents comprises of 5 Senior Managers, 4 Managers - Human Resources and Administration, 6 ICT Managers, 40 Records Management Officers,12 Information Technology Officers, 1 Performance Improvement Coordinator, 1 Project Manager, 8 Archivists, 1 Assistant Deputy Manager and 1 Deputy Managers- Management Services. The data was collected through interviews, questionnaires, personal observations, and documents analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected sequentially and simultaneously where one form of data supported or complemented each other so as to have one form of data play a supportive role to the other. Data analysis was achieved through the triangulation of both qualitative and quantitative data in order to yield a single interpretation and conclusion drawn. The findings of the study showed that the Botswana Public Service has no unified national information systems used to manage public sector records leading to some ministries adopting their own electronic records management systems. Currently few ministries have implemented the electronic records management system and majority of the digital records are not preserved due to lack of preservation guidelines and strategies. The study further established the lack of preservation policies and skills in managing and preserving digital records in Botswana Public Service. In that regard, the study developed a strategic framework for digital preservation capability maturity readiness in the context of e-government in the Botswana Public Sector. The ultimate aim of the framework is to ensure digital continuity and make sure that e-government is sustained for the benefit of an open government and increased participatory citizenry.
Information Science
D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

Luk, Ching Yuen.
Thesis submitted in: November 2007.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 251-281).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.viii
Table of Contents --- p.xi
Abbreviations --- p.xvii
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Background Information about E-government --- p.1
Chapter 1.3 --- Current E-govemnient Literature and Research Gaps --- p.1
Chapter 1.4 --- Research Questions of This Study --- p.4
Chapter 1.5 --- The Layout of This Study --- p.5
Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review on E- Government --- p.6
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.6
Chapter 2.2 --- Background on E-government --- p.7
Chapter 2.3 --- Definitions of E-government and E-government Stage Models --- p.8
Chapter 2.4 --- Literature Review --- p.11
Chapter 2.4.1 --- The Studies of E-government Websites --- p.11
Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Studies of E-government Services --- p.16
Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- The Importance of Studying E-government Services --- p.22
Chapter 2.4.3 --- The Studies of E-government in Asia --- p.26
Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- The Importance of Studying E-government in Asia --- p.28
Chapter 2.4.3.1.1 --- The First Reason: Local Variations Between Western and Asian Countries --- p.28
Chapter 2.4.3.1.2 --- The Second Reason: Outstanding E-government Performance of the Four “Little Dragons´ح in Asia --- p.33
Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- The Importance of Studying Hong Kong E-government --- p.34
Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusion --- p.40
Chapter Chapter 3: --- The Development of Hong Kong E-Government --- p.41
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.41
Chapter 3.2 --- Background on the Rise of E-government Worldwide --- p.42
Chapter 3.3 --- The Government Information Technology Initiatives in the Colonial Era --- p.42
Chapter 3.4 --- The Development of E-Government in the HKSAR --- p.46
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Three “Digital 21´ح IT Strategy Documents --- p.47
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Institutional Arrangements for the Development of E-Government --- p.50
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Categories of E-Government Projects --- p.54
Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- The Category of Government-to-Business (G2B) --- p.55
Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- The Category of Government-to-Employee (G2E) --- p.55
Chapter 3.4.3.3 --- The Category of Government-to-Government (G2G) --- p.56
Chapter 3.4.3.4 --- The Category of Government-to-Citizen (G2C) --- p.56
Chapter 3.5 --- The Performance of the Hong Kong E-government --- p.61
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Local Measurements --- p.61
Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- The Measurement of E-government Programme: Realizable Savings and Notional Benefits --- p.62
Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- The Measurement of GIC Portal: the Total Number of Page Views and the Average Monthly Page Views --- p.62
Chapter 3.5.1.3 --- "The Measurement of the ESD Scheme: the Target for Providing E-option for 90% of Public Services, the Number of Hit, the Number of E-government Transactions, and the Take-up Rate of ESD Services" --- p.63
Chapter 3.5.1.4 --- The Household Opionion Survey on E-Government --- p.65
Chapter 3.5.2 --- International Benchmarking --- p.66
Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Accenture Reports: The Measurement of E-government Leadership --- p.66
Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Taylor Nelson Sofres: The Study of Government Online (GO) --- p.67
Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Brown University: Global E-government Survey --- p.68
Chapter 3.5.3 --- International Awards --- p.68
Chapter 3.6 --- Problems about Current Measurements of the Performance of E-government --- p.68
Chapter 3.6.1 --- Local Measurement: the Problem about Realizable Savings and Notional Benefits --- p.69
Chapter 3.6.2 --- Local Measurement: the Problem about E-option and the Number of Online Public Services --- p.70
Chapter 3.6.3 --- Local Measurement: the Problem about Hit Rate --- p.72
Chapter 3.6.4 --- The Disadvantages of Current Local Measurements --- p.73
Chapter 3.6.5 --- What the International Measurements Cannot Tell --- p.73
Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusion --- p.75
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Theoretical Framework --- p.77
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.77
Chapter 4.2 --- Research Questions of This Study --- p.77
Chapter 4.3 --- The Theoretical Framework of Leadership and Stakeholders --- p.79
Chapter 4.3.1 --- The Theoretical Framework of Leadership --- p.79
Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- The Definition of Leadership --- p.80
Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Leadership versus Management --- p.81
Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Leadership Theories --- p.83
Chapter 4.3.2 --- The Theory of Stakeholders --- p.84
Chapter 4.4 --- The Success/ Failure of E-government Services --- p.88
Chapter 4.5 --- Research Hypotheses --- p.90
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Leadership --- p.90
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Stakeholders --- p.98
Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.111
Chapter Chapter 5: --- Research Design and Data --- p.112
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.112
Chapter 5.2 --- Research Methodology: Comparative Case Studies --- p.113
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Reasons for Choosing E-stamping Service of IRD and Online Application for Renewal of Vehicle Licence Service of TD as Case Studies --- p.114
Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- The First Reason: Limited Counter Services Being Put Online --- p.114
Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- The Second Reason: Having Different Leadership and Stakeholders --- p.119
Chapter 5.3 --- The Conduction of Comparative Case Studies: Data Collection --- p.119
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Documentation --- p.120
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Archival Records --- p.122
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Direct observation --- p.123
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Interviews --- p.124
Chapter 5.4 --- The Methodology for Studying the Data: Content Analysis --- p.125
Chapter 5.5 --- The Operationalization of Hypotheses --- p.128
Chapter 5.5.1 --- Operationalizing the Concept of Leadership --- p.128
Chapter 5.5.1.1 --- Articulating and Promoting Acceptance of Vision and Strategy --- p.128
Chapter 5.5.1.2 --- Facilitating the Development of E-government Service and Structuring Implementation Effectively --- p.129
Chapter 5.5.2 --- Operationalizing the Concept of Stakeholders --- p.130
Chapter 5.5.3 --- Operationalizing the Concept of Service Quality of E-government Services --- p.131
Chapter 5.6 --- Results of Data Collection --- p.132
Chapter 5.6.1 --- Documentation --- p.132
Chapter 5.6.1.1 --- Documents of the Legislative Council --- p.132
Chapter 5.6.1.2 --- Publications and Press Releases from the Websites of IRD and TD --- p.133
Chapter 5.6.1.3 --- Newspaper Clippings --- p.134
Chapter 5.6.1.4 --- University Libraries --- p.134
Chapter 5.6.2 --- Archival Records --- p.134
Chapter 5.6.3 --- Direct Observation --- p.135
Chapter 5.6.4 --- Interviews --- p.136
Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.138
Chapter Chapter 6: --- Research Findings --- p.139
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.139
Chapter 6.2 --- Research Findings --- p.145
Chapter 6.2.1 --- E-stamping Service --- p.145
Chapter 6.2.1.1 --- Leadership of IRD --- p.145
Chapter 6.2.1.2 --- Stakeholders of IRD --- p.157
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Online Application for Renewal of Vehicle Licence Service --- p.167
Chapter 6.2.2.1 --- Leadership of TD --- p.167
Chapter 6.2.2.2 --- Stakeholders of TD --- p.178
Chapter 6.3 --- Conclusion --- p.182
Chapter Chapter 7: --- "Discussion, Implications and Conclusion" --- p.185
Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.185
Chapter 7.2 --- Discussion and Implications --- p.187
Chapter 7.2.1 --- About Leadership --- p.188
Chapter 7.2.2 --- About Stakeholders --- p.191
Chapter 7.2.3 --- The Intertwined Relationship between Leader and Stakeholders --- p.194
Chapter 7.2.4 --- The Debate of Local Variations Between Western and Asian Countries/ --- p.198
Chapter 7.3 --- Conclusion and Future Studies --- p.198
Appendices --- p.201
Appendix 2.1 Distribution of Articles about E-government Websites and E-government Services in 11 Journals of Public Administration and Information Systems and Communication (2002-2006) --- p.201
"Appendix 2.2 Number of E-government Articles on Western Countries, Asian Countries, and Comparative Studies Incorporating Asian Countries in 11 Journals of Public Administration and Information Systems and Communication (2002-2006)" --- p.205
Appendix 2.3 Details of E-government Articles in 11 Journals of Public Administration and Information Systems and Communication (2002-2006) --- p.207
Appendix 2.4 The Booklist of E-government and the Categories of Books about E-government --- p.211
"Appendix 2.5 The Survey Result of Journal Articles about E-government in the Four “Little Dragons""" --- p.217
Appendix 3.1 List of Home Pages of Departments/Branches and Government Related Organizations Up to July 5，1996 --- p.218
Appendix 3.2 The 1998 “Digital 21 Strategy´ح： 18 Initiatives in Four Areas --- p.219
Appendix 3.3 The 2001 “Digital 21 Strategy´ح： 23 Initiatives in Five Key Result Areas (KRAs) --- p.220
Appendix 3.4 The 2004 “Digital 21 Strategy´ح： 45 Initiatives in Eight Main Areas --- p.221
Appendix 3.5 A List of 22 Relevant Papers on the Development of E-government (1998-2006)/ --- p.223
Appendix 3.6 E-government Services Provided by Ten Government Departments and Agencies under the First Phase of the Electronic Service Delivery Scheme --- p.227
Appendix 3.7 Breakdown of the Per Year Savings Generated from the Computerization Projects in Various Stages of Funding in 2001-02 --- p.229
Appendix 3.8 Usage of some Representative ESD Services --- p.230
"Appendix 3.9 Focus, Methodology, and Research Findings of International E-government Reports" --- p.231
Appendix 3.10 Illustration on Setting E-government Target --- p.236
Appendix 3.11 50 Most Popular and Frequently Used Public Services Provided With An E-option --- p.237
"Appendix 3.12 Comparison Data for Hits, Page Views and Visitor Sessions (6 months)" --- p.239
Appendix 4.1 Stakeholder Definitions Arranged in Chronological Order --- p.240
Appendix 4.2 Shareholder Groups in the Three Case Studies --- p.245
Appendix 5.1 Flow Chart for Existing Stamping Process´ؤTenancy Agreement --- p.246
Appendix 5.2 Flow Chart for Existing Stamping Process´ؤOther Documents (Including Lease) --- p.247
Appendix 5.3 The Flow Chart for Existing Stamping Process´ؤ Property Transfer Documents --- p.248
Appendix 5.4 The Interview Schedule --- p.249
"Appendix 6.1 Total Number of Instruments Stamped, Number of Stamped Documents Per Post, and Average Number of Callers Per Day at the Stamp Office" --- p.250
Bibliography --- p.251

The phenomenon of conflict is the problem that principals are faced with in their respective schools. The aim of this study was to explore the role that innovative leadership could play in managing conflict at the selected schools in Botswana. For the purpose of this study, a qualitative research approach was adopted. It included interviews, during which the informants responded to open-ended questions; observations, where the researcher visited the schools and interacted with the informants; and document analysis. These methods were employed to determine the perceptions of participants regarding the nature, extent, and causes of conflict at the selected schools. The study indicated that a number of factors could significantly contribute in managing conflict. Employing innovative educational leaders, benchmarking, using bottom-up communication skills, and the engagement of policy analysts, are some of the key recommendations made for avoiding further conflict within schools and between schools and the Ministry of Education.
Educational Leadership and Management
D. Ed. (Educational Management)

This research sets out to ascertain the application of e-governance in five selected African countries, (namely South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Ethiopia) and whether it has the potential to contribute to good governance. In the 21st century, globalisation has changed the way countries relate politically, socially, and economically in the global arena. This has been driven by many factors, but the most notable being technological advancements. According to the 2003 World Public Sector Report, the advancement in Information Communications Technologies (ICTs) has presented new opportunities to integrate networking to improve the efficiency of how business is carried out and how services are provided. The use of ICTs such as computers, electronic databases and other technologies have been in use for a number of years within the public sector to organise, manage and disseminate information to the public as well as to facilitate day-to-day communication in government offices. In this context, the value of the use of ICTs has been to assist and streamline government operations. Alongside the growing application of ICTs in government operations, good governance is more and more regarded as the ideal manner in which to govern and provide public services. Grindle (1) points out that good governance is about the state's capacity to be able to design and implement appropriate public policies that in a way ensures equitable administering of resources with values such as accountability, transparency, efficiency, effectiveness, representativeness, public participation and responsiveness. This study makes a comparison between the developing countries of South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Ethiopia in order to determine the extent to which they are adopting e-governance practices as well as ascertaining whether these contribute to the good governance mandate. Findings from the study reveal that although e-governance has been promoted as an initiative to improve public service delivery, it is not an end but rather a possible means to an end to improve service delivery. This is attributed to the fact that there are still some hindrances to the implementation and application of e-governance in the five countries discussed. Such include the widespread prevalence of digital divides. Despite this, the overall implication for the use of ICTs in governance can be of some benefit in enhancing the requirements of good governance. With the rapid advancement of ICTs and continuous nascent nature of e-governance, the progress the countries discussed have made shows that the implementation and application of e-governance is and will be a continuous process. As a result, the state of e-governance may therefore improve. (1) Grindle, M.S. 1997. Getting Good Government: Capacity Building in the Public Sectors of Developing Countries. Harvard University Press: Harvard Institute for International Development. p.5.
Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

The need for a regional framework for information security in e-Government for the East African Community (EAC) has become more urgent with the signing in 2009 of the EAC Common Market Protocol. This protocol will entail more electronic interactions amongst government agencies in the EAC partner states which are Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Government to Government (G2G) transactions are the backbone of e-Government transactions. If a government wants to provide comprehensive services that are easy to use by citizens, employees or businesses, it needs to be able to combine information or services that are provided by different government agencies or departments. Furthermore, the governments must ensure that the services provided are secure so that citizens trust that an electronic transaction is as good as or better than a manual one. Thus governments in the EAC must address information security in ways that take into consideration that these governments have limited resources and skills to use for e-Government initiatives. The novel contribution of this study is an information security framework dubbed the TOG framework, comprising of technical, operational, governance, process and maturity models to address information security requirements for G2G transactions in the EAC. The framework makes reference to standards that can be adopted by the EAC while taking into consideration contextual factors which are resource, legislative and cultural constraints. The process model uses what is termed a ‘Plug and Play’ approach which provides the resource poor countries with a means of addressing information security that can be implemented as and when resources allow but eventually leading to a comprehensive framework. Thus government agencies can start implementation based on the operational and technical guidelines while waiting for governance structures to be put in place, or can specifically address governance requirements where they already exist. Conversely, governments using the same framework can take into consideration existing technologies and operations while putting governance structures in place. As a proof of concept, the proposed framework is applied to a case study of a G2G transaction in Tanzania. The framework is evaluated against critical success factors.
Computing
D. Phil. (Computer Science)

Many low-income countries desire to implement and adopt digital government as a springboard for economic and social development but face many challenges. The United Nations identifies that Africa has especially lagged consistently in digital government development and adoption. Most scholars largely attribute the challenges to infrastructure and skills, and often rhetorically cite culture as playing a strong role. This study specifically examined the role of indigenous African culture (‘spirituality’, ‘communalism’ and ‘respect for authority and elders’) and internet access on the adoption of digital government services (e-filing and e-payment of taxes) by Small and Micro Enterprises (SMEs) in Zambia, with the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technologies (UTAUT) as the underpinning theoretical lens. Data analysis was done using Structural Equation Modelling with principal attention given to the moderating and mediating influence of indigenous African culture. The influence of internet access on the intention to adopt digital government was also examined. The findings from the cross sectional study of 401 tax registered SMEs suggests that ‘spirituality’, ‘African communalism’ and ‘respect for authority and elders’ have significant negative moderating effects on the adoption of e-filing but not on e-payment; and ‘spirituality’, ‘African communalism’ and ‘respect for authority and elders’ are all significant mediators of the intention to adopt both e-filing and e-payment. This means that indigenous African culture plays a significant role in explaining Africa’s position in digital government development and adoption. The findings also showed a negative influence of internet access on the intention to adopt digital government services despite the measures that government has put in place. These results make a novel contribution to Information Systems (IS) theory in identifying a critical yet often overlooked indigenous cultural influence on the adoption of digital innovations in low-income countries. The findings also calls for finding new or adapted IS theories that take into account such unique cultural constructs. The thesis recommends that the research is extended to other low-income countries as well as other contexts that exhibit strong indigenous cultural values.
School of Computing
Ph. D. (Information Systems)

Many scholars lament of poor infrastructure to manage and preserve digital records within the public sector in South Africa to support electronic government (egovernment). For example, in South Africa, the national archives’ repository and its subsidiary provincial archives do not have infrastructure to ingest digital records into archival custody. As a result, digital records are left to the creating agencies to manage and preserve. The problem is compounded by the fact that very few public sector organisations in South Africa have procured systems to manage digital records. Therefore, a question is how are digital records managed and stored in these organisations to support e-government? Do public organisations entrust their records to the cloud as an alternative storage given the fact that both physical and virtual storages are a problem? If they do, how do they ensure accessibility, governance, security and long-term preservation of records in the cloud? Utilising the Digital Curation Centre (DCC) Lifecycle Model as a guiding framework, this qualitative study sought to explore digital curation of records in the cloud to support e-government services in South Africa with the view to propose a framework that would guide the public sector to migrate records to the cloud storage. Semi-structured interviews were employed to collect data from the purposively selected Chief Information Officers in the national government departments that have implemented some of the electronic services such as the Department of Arts and Culture, Department of Home Affairs, Department of Higher Education and Training and the Department of Basic Education. Furthermore, the National Archives and Records Services of South Africa was also chosen as it is charged with the statutory regulatory role of records management in governmental bodies. So is the State Information Technology Agency (SITA), a public sector ICT company established in 1999 to consolidate and coordinate the state’s information technology resources in order to achieve cost savings through scale, increase delivery capabilities and enhance interoperability. Interview data were augmented through document analysis of legislation and policies pertaining to data storage. Data were analysed thematically and interpreted in accordance with the objectives of the study. The key finding suggests that although public servants informally and unconsciously put some records in the clouds, government departments in South Africa are sceptical to entrust their records to the cloud due to a number of reasons, such as lack of policy and legislative framework, lack of trust to the cloud storage, jurisdiction, legal implications, privacy, ownership and security risks. This study recommends that given the evolution of technology, the government should regulate cloud storage through policy and legislative promulgation, as well as developing a government-owned cloud managed through SITA in order for all government departments to use it. This study suggests a framework to migrate paperbased records to cloud storage that is controlled by the government.
Information Science
D.Lit. et Phil. (Information Science)

The chapter explores and describes community participation in the National Development Plan through Primary Health Care by using case studies of LGBT organizations in South Africa. Post-Apartheid and democratic South Africa has endorsed community participation as one of the fundamental pillars of the public Primary Health Care approach in its governance structures. This chapter focuses on the current major health issue in South Africa, the HIV epidemic, which is one of the leading causes of death in the country. Particular attention is paid to members of the LGBT community because of their discrimination in public healthcare facilities on grounds of their sexual orientation. The chapter relies on secondary sources of data collection from extant literature, textbooks, journal articles, and internet sources. Challenges to address LGBT community discrimination in HIV testing, prevention, treatment, care, and support were identified and solutions to uphold their human rights were proffered. These solutions are based on the principles of social justice, inclusion, diversity, and equality.

Persisting absence of human rights, widening inequality, and social justice in healthcare delivery systems within and between countries present significant challenges to the focus and practice of contemporary public health. This chapter compares how cases of human rights, equity, and social justice are integrated in America's and Nigeria's healthcare policies. Qualitative research and case study design were adopted. Data were collected from secondary sources, such as reviewed literature, textbooks, journal articles, government reports, and internet. Content and critical case studies analysis methods were utilized to analyze, explain, and compare America's and Nigeria's health policies. Findings reveal absence of human rights, equity, and social justice among sub-groups in healthcare service delivery in America and Nigeria. The chapter concludes by suggesting that human rights, equity, and social justice should be integrated into health policies of America and Nigeria in order to make access to healthcare service delivery a right for citizens.

The advances in information and information technology provide companies with both speed and optimal benefit by using the internet intensively for every stage of their commercial activities and for all kinds of transactions. In order to reduce tax losses, it is necessary to utilize information technologies to develop new audit methods and techniques and to follow new practices in the world. It has become compulsory for public institutions to keep pace with the evolving information technology and to form the necessary information infrastructure. E-applications prevent tax evasion and ensure tax incomes of countries not only to increase the quality of public service but also increase the taxpayer's transaction speed. With the transfer of taxpayers to electronic book and electronic document in order to conduct an effective tax audit and to obtain tax revenue studies on the establishment of a structure that is effective, fast working and using computer technologies well in the struggle with the informal economy are carried out by the tax administration. In our work, electronic tax applications and tax audit in Turkey are explained under general headings and the process of transition to electronic tax audit is taken as basis on the basis of applications in the world. As a result, the contribution of computer and internet technology to the effectiveness of tax audit is an unquestionable reality.