Academic literature on the topic 'Internet – Access control – Cross-cultural studies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Internet – Access control – Cross-cultural studies"
1
Kenrick, Philip. "Open Access and the Society for Libyan Studies." Libyan Studies 44 (2013): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900009705.
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AbstractUK government policy is firmly directed, through the agencies which control university and research funding, towards a situation in which much academic output will be made accessible to all on the Internet without payment. This has far-reaching consequences for all academic publishers, including the Society, by no means all of which have yet been taken into account by the policy-makers. Members of the Society need to understand the issues and to consider how best to adapt to changing circumstances and to defend its position where necessary.
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Baumgartner, Caspar. "Packing an Unfair Advantage? Internet Culture and Commercial Television." Media International Australia 98, no. 1 (February 2001): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0109800111.
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An examination of the strategies of Packer's PBL, owner of Channel Nine and the Internet portal ninemsn, suggests that the commercial agenda of the mass media — and the quest for audiences — has translated into an attempt to control access gateways to the Internet. Strategic alliances with MSN and partners who can provide transaction-driven services, such as Ticketek and Schwab, are core elements to ‘channel’ users through the ninemsn portal. Its exemplary use of interactive capabilities to establish lasting links to Web users reflects a changing notion of audiences as active, globally connected consumers. The dialogue which unfolds between the technological environment of the Internet and the existing culture of the television industry will impact on future digital cultures and upon regulatory responses.
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Michaelson, George. "Intellectual Property Issues on Ip Networks." Media International Australia 101, no. 1 (November 2001): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0110100108.
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Some fundamental behaviours of the current (and foreseeable) global internet do not fit well with the requirements for successful digital rights management (DRM) and for control of access to IP rights-protected content. This has implications for longer term development of regulation in the digital domain. This paper considers some of these behaviours from a broad and unashamedly biased perspective. For the purposes of this paper, it is assumed that effective digital rights management depends on being able to constrain people not to use the network for direct, rights management-avoiding purposes. If we can assume total law-abiding communities, much of this discussion is pointless. The polemic probably lies in the area of suggesting that the value proposition for DRM is weak, and that such claims as are made in respect of ability to limit use are overstated.
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Wang, Yu, Weijia Han, Xiao Ma, Qiuzhi Wang, and Fengsen Chen. "Cross-Layer Optimization-Based Asymmetric Medical Video Transmission in IoT Systems." Symmetry 14, no. 11 (November 19, 2022): 2455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14112455.
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At present, Internet of Things (IoT) networks are attracting much attention since they provide emerging opportunities and applications. In IoT networks, the asymmetric and symmetric studies on medical and biomedical video transmissions have become an interesting topic in both academic and industrial communities. Especially, the transmission process shows the characteristics of asymmetry: the symmetric video-encoding and -decoding processes become asymmetric (affected by modulation and demodulation) once a transmission error occurs. In such an asymmetric condition, the quality of service (QoS) of such video transmissions is impacted by many different factors across the physical (PHY-), medium access control (MAC-), and application (APP-) layers. To address this, we propose a cross-layer optimization-based strategy for asymmetric medical video transmission in IoT systems. The proposed strategy jointly utilizes the video-coding structure in the APP- layer, the power control and channel allocation in the MAC- layer, and the modulation and coding schemes in the PHY- layer. To obtain the optimum configuration efficiently, the proposed strategy is formulated and proofed by a quasi-convex problem. Consequently, the proposed strategy could not only outperform the classical algorithms in terms of resource utilization but also improve the video quality under the resource-limited network efficiently.
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Dal, Aysenur, and Erik C. Nisbet. "Walking Through Firewalls: Circumventing Censorship of Social Media and Online Content in a Networked Authoritarian Context." Social Media + Society 8, no. 4 (October 2022): 205630512211377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20563051221137738.
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The early hopes of the internet as a technology of “liberation” have turned into a reinforcing spiral of control, innovation, resistance, and counter-innovation between authoritarian governments and those that seek to bypass censorship and digital repression. This spiral reflects that even the most robust censorship mechanisms are vulnerable to circumvention, which has become a key concept for illustrating the contemporary online communication experience of citizens. Yet, the scholarship examining the underlying motivations and what influences individuals to employ censorship circumvention technologies (CCTs) in authoritarian contexts remains underdeveloped. We present a theoretical model of how state-sponsored political identity and attitudes about media freedom influence motivated resistance to censorship in the case of using CCTs to access social media and other forms of online content in the networked authoritarian context of Iran. Employing a web-based survey of internet users ( N = 807), we test this theoretical model across a range of censored online content types. Our findings show that regime ideology in Iran indirectly influences CCT use through biasing perceptions of media freedom and how people respond to it in the form of motivated resistance. We discuss theoretical and policy-related implications for resilience to censorship of social media and online content in networked authoritarian contexts.
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Padala, Kalpana, Christina Crawford, Clinton Gauss, Benjamin Wright, Olive Phillips, Richard Dennis, Hillary Lum, and Prasad Padala. "Relationship between Social Determinants of Health and Loneliness during COVID-19 Pandemic." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2724.
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Abstract Background: Older adults are most vulnerable to social isolation and loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to other populations. Risk factors for loneliness include old age, rural living, number of medical comorbidities, and poor social networks. The objectives of this study were to examine the prevalence of loneliness in older adults during COVID-19 and determine the correlation between social determinants of health and loneliness. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in community dwelling older Veterans (N=132). Demographic data were collected along with variables related to social determinants of health. Loneliness data were collected with the 3-item loneliness questionnaire, and social network was assessed using the 6-item Lubben social network scale. Results: Demographic data included: mean age 73.3 (±7.5) years, 93.2% male, 53.5% rural, 84.1% Caucasian, and 13.6% African American. The majority of the participants reported loneliness (65.6%). Mean Lubben social network score was 14.6 (±6.6). There was a strong negative correlation between loneliness and social network (p<0.0001, r=-0.57; 95% CI: -0.67, -0.44). The prevalence of loneliness was significantly greater in those living alone compared to those not living alone (p=0.017; 83.9% vs. 60.6%) and those lacking internet access compared to those with internet access (p=0.025; 86.4% vs. 61.5%). Conclusion: Loneliness was found to be highly prevalent in an older cohort during the COVID pandemic. Routine inquiry about loneliness is important. Social determinants of health are likely correlated with the presence of loneliness in older adults and could be greatly impacted by policy decisions made to control community disease transmission.
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Olum, Ronald, Linda Atulinda, Edwin Kigozi, Dianah Rhoda Nassozi, Alzan Mulekwa, Felix Bongomin, and Sarah Kiguli. "Medical Education and E-Learning During COVID-19 Pandemic: Awareness, Attitudes, Preferences, and Barriers Among Undergraduate Medicine and Nursing Students at Makerere University, Uganda." Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development 7 (January 2020): 238212052097321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2382120520973212.
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Given the dearth need for healthcare workers in the control of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, e-learning has been adopted in many settings to hasten the continuation of medical training. However, there is a paucity of data in low resource settings on the plausibility of online learning platforms to support medical education. We aimed to assess the awareness, attitudes, preferences, and challenges to e-learning among Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB) and Bachelor of Nursing (B.NUR) students at Makerere University, Uganda. An online cross-sectional study was conducted between July and August 2020. Current MBChB and B.NUR students aged 18 years or older constituted the study population. Using Google forms, a web-based questionnaire was administered through the Makerere University mailing list and WhatsApp messenger. The questionnaire was developed using validated questions from previously published studies. Overall, 221 participants responded (response rate = 61%). Of the 214 valid responses, 195 (92.1%) were Ugandans, 123 (57.5% were male, and 165 (77.1%) were pursuing the MB ChB program. The median age was 23 (18 to 40) years. Ownership of computers, smartphones, and email addresses were at 131 (61.2%), 203 (94.9%), and 208 (97.2%), respectively. However, only 57 (26.6%) respondents had access to high or very high quality internet access. Awareness and self-reported usage of e-learning (MUELE) platforms were high among 206 (96.3%) and 177 (82.7%) respondents, respectively. However, over 50% lacked skills in using the Makerere University e-learning (MUELE) platform. About half (n = 104, 49%) of the students believed that e-learning reduces the quality of knowledge attained and is not an efficient method of teaching. Monthly income ( P = .006), internet connectivity quality ( P < .001), computer ownership ( P = .015) and frequency of usage of academic websites or applications ( P = .006) significantly affected attitudes towards e-learning. Moreover, internet costs and poor internet connectivity were the most important barriers to e-learning reported by 199 (93%) and 179 (84%) students, respectively. Sensitization and training of students and faculty on e-learning and use of existing learning platforms are important to improve the attitude and use of e-learning. Blended online and use of offline downloadable learning materials would overcome the challenges related to the variable quality of internet access in the country.
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Dergacheva, Alexandra Cheveleva. "Why is Russian Domestic War Propaganda so Effective?" Global Journal of Cultural Studies 1 (December 19, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2817-2310.2022.01.01.
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This article provides a review of possible causes of the effectiveness of the Russian domestic propaganda campaigns launched in connection with the war in Ukraine and aimed at the domestic consumer, as well as their discussion in academic research and analytical publications. Currently, this phenomenon is much discussed in the oppositional Russian-speaking, Ukrainian, and world media. Nevertheless, the number of short journalistic pieces devoted to specific aspects of this effectiveness significantly prevails over detailed analytical articles or holistic academic studies. The present research aims to partially fill this gap. The article defines the main groups of reasons for the effectiveness of Russian domestic propaganda, identified both in modern studies and in earlier works, and also traces the relationship between these groups. It discusses the organizational and technical prerequisites (the possibility of total control of the media, including access to information via the Internet), cultural issues (the unique situation in Russia, which has developed as a result of its transgenerational traumas), and "political technology" (political manipulation and persuasion) methods. In conclusion, the author makes some suggestions (and assumptions) about further possibilities for studying the phenomenon of Russian domestic propaganda and discusses its social significance.
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Chen, Jue. "Visual Design of Landscape Architecture Based on High-Density Three-Dimensional Internet of Things." Complexity 2021 (May 22, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5534338.
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Since different equipment manufacturers may define a set of data transmission protocols of their own types, the high-density three-dimensional Internet of Things landscape garden landscape platform needs to provide a unified data transmission interface for the business system. It needs to complete the analysis, storage, and reformatting of different data transmission protocols on the high-density three-dimensional Internet of Things landscape service platform. In this paper, based on the conversion analysis between the MLD model of the landscape perception layer of the high-density three-dimensional Internet of Things landscape and the automata scheduling model, the conversion of the MLD model of the entire landscape perception layer of the high-density three-dimensional IoT landscape and the automata scheduling model is realized. Based on the hierarchical automata high-density three-dimensional Internet of Things landscape, this paper studies the global task scheduling and control automata model and the local scheduling automata model in the task, as well as the landscape perception layer rapid scheduling mechanism of independent scheduling strategy. This can be used for different levels of systems to ensure that the perception layer system is orderly, reliable, and fast. They complete the construction of jdk environment, web server, Mongo DB server, MQTT server, JMS server, etc., on the cloud platform. Combined with the landscape, a set of test platforms was built to test the functions and performance indicators of the visualization system cloud platform. The test results show that the cloud platform can realize cross-platform terminal access, end-to-end instant messaging, heterogeneous data processing and storage, etc. It has strong scalability and high processing performance and has application and reference value.
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Hussain, Hassan. "Cyber Tribes." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 14, no. 1-2 (September 28, 2021): 112–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01401009.
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Abstract Tribal identity is an intrinsic part of the histories and cultures of the Gulf. Nonetheless, tribal communities rarely had access or the ability to control what was being said about them in media. The emergence of social media as a platform for sharing information and affirming social identities has transformed the way tribes interact, disseminate information and identify with others. This paper argues that Arab tribes, despite constantly being threatened by modernizing impulses that undercut nomadic ways of life, have enthusiastically embraced social media as an effective tool to revitalize tribal identities in the internet age. Historically, while maintaining nomadic lifestyles and oral literature, they were outside the circles of material literary production, which were usually based in urban areas and among settled populations. However, the internet and social media now allow tribes to overcome societal marginalization and material limitations to self-representation. In this manner, tribal communities no longer need the affirmation of the literate world; they can speak for themselves in a direct manner previously unavailable.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Internet – Access control – Cross-cultural studies"
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GIACOMELLO, Giampiero. "The digital challenge : national governments and the control of the Internet." Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5123.
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Defence date: 17 September 2001Examining Board: Prof. Richard Breen, European University Institute (co-supervisor); Prof. Gary Chapman, University of Texas, Austin; Prof. Giorgio Natalicchi, Università di Firenze; Prof. Thomas Risse, European University Institute (Supervisor)
First made available online on 11 April 2018
Over the last decade, the Internet has transformed how information can be made available-it is now used to transfer information about things as varied as financial transactions and celebrity gossip and to link and coordinate activities between otherwise isolated people, from protest groups to lonely hearts. This unprecedented ease of access to a wealth of information and contacts presents a challenge to national governments who wish to control and restrain some of this activity. In recent years, Internet control has become one of the major indicators to assess the balance between freedom and security in democracies. This book explores and compares how, why, and to what extent, national governments decide to control the Internet and how this impacts on crucial socio-economic activities and fundamental civil rights. The author provides detailed studies on the US, Germany, Italy and further case studies on Brazil, Canada, India, the Netherlands, South Africa and Switzerland, to address topics such cyberterrorism, the protection of information infrastructure, and the impact on individual privacy and freedom of speech. This is the first cross-country, comparative study on the issue of Internet control. It will be of interest to international relations scholars and students, and particularly those with an interest in the Internet.
Books on the topic "Internet – Access control – Cross-cultural studies"
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National governments and control of the Internet: A digital challenge. New York, NY: Routledge, 2005.
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Right to know: Human rights and access to reproductive health information. London: Article 19, 1995.
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T'ot'emijŭm ŭi hŭnjŏk ŭl ch'ajasŏ: Tongmul e kwanhan yasaengjŏk tamnon ŭi kogohak. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Sŏgang Taehakkyo Ch'ulp'anbu, 2009.
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Cyberspace, distance learning, and higher education in developing countries: Old and emergent issues of access, pedagogy, and knowledge production. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
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Assié-Lumumba, N'Dri Thérèse. Cyberspace, Distance Learning, and Higher Education In Developing Countries: Old and Emergent Issues Of Access, Pedagogy, and Knowledge Production (International ... in Sociology and Social Anthropology). Brill Academic Publishers, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Internet – Access control – Cross-cultural studies"
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Elkins, Evan. "Video on Demand." In Locked Out, 73–94. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479830572.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 explores how people engage the ideas of geography and belonging within geoblocked online video-on-demand platforms. A form of regional lockout for the internet age, geoblocking is the practice of barring a user from an online platform based on the user’s geographic location. Through illustrative case studies—geoblocking in Australia and New Zealand, the debates over the geoblocked BBC iPlayer platform, and the European Union’s recent attempt to ban geoblocking among its countries’ borders—this chapter argues that geoblocking represents an arena where consumers, industries, and regulators negotiate the realities of national and regional control over digital entertainment platforms versus fantasies of a globally open internet. The chapter shows that consumers’ vocalized frustrations about lack of access as well as industry and regulatory decisions about distribution and technology are based in ideas regarding the economic and cultural value of certain territories. This chapter illustrates how geoblocking structures inequalities in access to cultural resources.
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St. Amant, Kirk. "International Digital Studies Approach for Examining International Online Interactions." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, First Edition, 1618–22. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-553-5.ch285.
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As global access to the Internet increases, so does the potential for miscommunication in international online interactions (IOIs). Unfortunately, many models for examining cross-cultural communication focus on conventional (offline) interactions or settings. As a result, researchers lack a mechanism for examining how cultural factors could affect online discourse.
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Yap, Alexander, Jayoti Das, John Burbridge, and Kathryn Cort. "A Composite-Model for E-Commerce Diffusion." In Global Information Technologies, 2929–47. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-939-7.ch208.
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Why are some countries successful with e-commerce while others flounder? The purpose of this article is to study the impact of technology, cultural, and socio-economic factors on the global diffusion of e-commerce. While past studies have focused on technology reasons alone, this research includes cultural and socio-economic factors as well. Having access to the Internet does not necessarily translate to e-commerce usage. Fundamentally, culture and socio-economic factors are pivotal in bridging the gap between Internet usage and e-commerce diffusion. The objective is to provide a model that quantifies the aggregated influences of all factors on global e-commerce diffusion. A cross-country regression model analyzes the determinants of e-commerce diffusion and the results used in a cluster analysis to provide further evidence that the propensity for e-commerce depends on the interplay among the different factors. The results can provide firms with an improved understanding of strategies to employ while implementing e-commerce.
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Alarcón-del-Amo, María-del-Carmen, Carlota Lorenzo-Romero, and Efthymios Constantinides. "Application of Social Media Tools by Retailers." In Organizations and Social Networking, 214–35. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4026-9.ch011.
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The chapter explores the factors influencing the adoption process and the degree of engagement of the social media as part of the online marketing strategy by Spanish retailers. A retail industry survey identifies four different segments of retailers depending on the level of implementation of social media marketing strategies. The study examines the antecedents of the social media tools’ adoption process across the dimensions of a Technology Adoption Model (TAM) and assesses various other factors likely to affect the degree of the adoption. One essential conclusion is that the company size is not important but that the level of adoption social media marketing is related to the organizational maturity in the areas of management attitudes, employee empowerment, access to Internet technologies, and technological infrastructure. The study proposes a future research agenda including cross-cultural studies for better understanding the global business attitudes in this area and underlines the need for development of benchmarks and metrics necessary for better assessing the value of social media marketing.
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Alarcón-del-Amo, María-del-Carmen, Carlota Lorenzo-Romero, and Efthymios Constantinides. "Application of Social Media Tools by Retailers." In Cyber Behavior, 941–62. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5942-1.ch049.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter explores the factors influencing the adoption process and the degree of engagement of the social media as part of the online marketing strategy by Spanish retailers. A retail industry survey identifies four different segments of retailers depending on the level of implementation of social media marketing strategies. The study examines the antecedents of the social media tools' adoption process across the dimensions of a Technology Adoption Model (TAM) and assesses various other factors likely to affect the degree of the adoption. One essential conclusion is that the company size is not important but that the level of adoption social media marketing is related to the organizational maturity in the areas of management attitudes, employee empowerment, access to Internet technologies, and technological infrastructure. The study proposes a future research agenda including cross-cultural studies for better understanding the global business attitudes in this area and underlines the need for development of benchmarks and metrics necessary for better assessing the value of social media marketing.
Conference papers on the topic "Internet – Access control – Cross-cultural studies"
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De Silva, Shelton G. "Knowledge of Arctic and EQQ Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Multiple Applications." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11477.
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The rapid change in climate conditions, and the present demand for political and commercial interest in the Arctic region will cause considerable implications on the environment, ecosystem, security, and on the social system in the region. Today, governments, scientists and researchers understand that there is a huge gap of knowledge in the Arctic region and this must be addressed prior to development of the region, or there will be devastating environmental consequences in the future. Existing studies concluded by various organizations including Lloyd’s of London, US Geological Survey and other institutes emphasize that in order to ensure sustainable development in the Arctic, it is important to close the existing gap of knowledge by obtaining accurate scientific data, and make available this data to scientists, researchers and policy makers, for them to take sound decisions on both Arctic challenges and future economic opportunities. The scientists understand that existing lack of knowledge is mainly due to insufficient information in the Arctic and the inability to obtain sufficient scientific data to understand the Arctic region in-depth. Main challenges will be, the vast area of the Arctic, inaccessibility to complex and remote areas, long cold dark winters and short summers, rapid changes of weather conditions etc. Presently, existing satellites provide extremely valuable scientific data, however scientists emphasize that this data would be further analyzed (due to inaccuracy) and collaborated with data on actual close observations, physical sea–ice samples, ice core samples, data from surface and bottom of the sea-ice, glacial ice etc. Collecting data from high altitudes using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are not new to the Arctic region, and have been used for number of years. The AMAP, (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program Workshop), Oslo October, 2008, recommended that it is of great importance that scientists use unmanned aerial vehicles in the Arctic to obtain important environment measurements. Further, added to the AMAP work plan for 2011–2013, is to develop safety guidelines and cross-jurisdictional flight pilot projects, to demonstrate the use of unmanned aerial service (UAS) in the Arctic Environmental Monitoring Plan. The Canadian Government also completed the feasibility study to build a “High Arctic Research Station” in the high north to serve the entire world, for scientists to have an opportunity to share data and support the knowledge for researchers to conclude their investigations. The government is further considering purchasing, three large high-altitude Global Hawk drones for Arctic surveillance, and seeking small snowmobiles and remote control aircrafts to monitor the extreme complex landscape of the Arctic. At present, there is no method to obtain accurate surface and atmospheric data in complex and remote areas, and this requirement has become the highest priority and should be addressed urgently. In order to obtain sufficient accurate data from the Arctic surface and atmosphere, EQQUERA Inc. innovated, is designing and developing multipurpose, multifunctional SG EQQ Unmanned Aerial Vehicles that are able to access remote and complex areas in the Arctic, and operate in challengeable weather conditions such as cold long dark nights.
Reports on the topic "Internet – Access control – Cross-cultural studies"
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, Raja M. Ali Saleem, Mahmoud Pargoo, Syaza Shukri, Idznursham Ismail, and Kainat Shakil. Religious Populism, Cyberspace and Digital Authoritarianism in Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. European Center for Populism Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/5jchdy.
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Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, Raja M. Ali Saleem, Mahmoud Pargoo, Syaza Shukri, Idznursham Ismail, and Kainat Shakil. Religious Populism, Cyberspace and Digital Authoritarianism in Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp0001.
Full textAbstract:
Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.