Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Internazionale privato'
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Vinci, Pierpaolo. "L'interpretazione del contratto internazionale." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4612/1/Vinci_Pierpaolo_tesi.pdf.
Full textThe reasearch focuses on the analysis of a number of clauses, contained in international commercial contracts, which seem aimed at providing in advance a methodology for the intepretation of the contract. The study therefore analyzes the validity and efficacy of specific types of clauses, such as “entire agreement clauses”, “no oral modification clauses”, clauses containing definitions, and the like, in light of the rules of law applicable to the contract, being it a national law, an international convention of substantive law, or further rules of so-called soft law, such as the Unidroit Principles on international commercial contracts. The research has therefore revealed that, contrary to what it may appear at first sight, a number of the above-mentioned clauses do not affect interpretation issues, whereas they rather involve issues of evidence and form of the contracts. The study finally contains some preliminary observations on general theory of law.
Vinci, Pierpaolo. "L'interpretazione del contratto internazionale." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4612/.
Full textThe reasearch focuses on the analysis of a number of clauses, contained in international commercial contracts, which seem aimed at providing in advance a methodology for the intepretation of the contract. The study therefore analyzes the validity and efficacy of specific types of clauses, such as “entire agreement clauses”, “no oral modification clauses”, clauses containing definitions, and the like, in light of the rules of law applicable to the contract, being it a national law, an international convention of substantive law, or further rules of so-called soft law, such as the Unidroit Principles on international commercial contracts. The research has therefore revealed that, contrary to what it may appear at first sight, a number of the above-mentioned clauses do not affect interpretation issues, whereas they rather involve issues of evidence and form of the contracts. The study finally contains some preliminary observations on general theory of law.
Contaldi, Gianluca. "Il trust nel diritto internazionale privato italiano /." Milano : A. Giuffrè, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009968773&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Full textMellone, Marco <1982>. "Il diritto internazionale privato in materia matrimoniale." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2751/1/mellone_marco_tesi.pdf.
Full textMellone, Marco <1982>. "Il diritto internazionale privato in materia matrimoniale." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2751/.
Full textCASIGLIA, STEFANIA. "La protezione del lavoratore marittimo tra diritto internazionale pubblico e diritto internazionale privato." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1045543.
Full textGallese, Chiara <1982>. "La riforma del diritto internazionale privato in Giappone." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/11969.
Full textMonaco, Francesca <1977>. "La conclusione del contratto informatico nella contrattazione internazionale." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2532/1/monaco_francesca_tesi.pdf.
Full textMonaco, Francesca <1977>. "La conclusione del contratto informatico nella contrattazione internazionale." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2532/.
Full textLAI, ANDREA. "La Sovranità Internazionale ed i suoi agenti politici." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/260799.
Full textMariottini, C. M. G. "INADEMPIMENTO CONTRATTUALE E RISARCIMENTO DEL DANNO NEL DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE PRIVATO." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/153107.
Full textdi, Napoli Ester. "I criteri di collegamento personali nel diritto internazionale privato europeo della famiglia." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423051.
Full textNegli ultimi anni il diritto internazionale privato dell’Unione ha conosciuto uno sviluppo significativo, anche nel settore familiare. Le esigenze della “famiglia postmoderna” si riverberano sulla struttura della norma di conflitto, che si appresta a seguirla nel suo dinamismo. La famiglia odierna partecipa del fenomeno di mobilità attraverso le frontiere, “costituzionalmente” garantito dai Trattati, intrattiene col territorio un rapporto frammentato, precario: la famiglia si stabilisce nel tessuto sociale dello Stato d’accoglienza, vi si integra, riparte. Così, nell’epoca del retour des sentiments, l’uomo postmoderno è eclettico, “soffre” di un pluralismo identitario: è ancorato alle tradizioni dei propri avi, si inserisce nel tessuto sociale del diverso paese in cui è stabilito, si riconosce nella comunità di quanti credono nella religione che ha abbracciato. Le norme di conflitto che disciplinano la materia familiare in Europa – distribuite su più “livelli” (interno, convenzionale, sovranazionale) – rispondono così a schemi articolati, attraversate dalla più ampia tendenza alla specializzazione, alla flessibilizzazione ed alla materializzazione del diritto internazionale privato, che interessa ogni settore. L’evoluzione dell’impiego nel tempo dei criteri di collegamento personali della cittadinanza, del domicilio e della residenza abituale mostra come il diritto internazionale privato non resti insensibile agli sviluppi politici, sociali ed economici della società. Il legislatore dell’Unione, nella fase genetica, e l’interprete, nella fase applicativa della norma di conflitto, devono soddisfare multiple esigenze. Da una parte, le politiche dell’Unione (di cui la libertà di circolazione costituisce lo “scheletro”), l’integrazione sociale della persona nell’ordinamento dello Stato d’arrivo; dall’altra, la tutela dell’identità culturale dell’individuo “mobile”. Questa tensione assiologica, che nel macro-contesto si traduce nella ricerca di un equilibrio tra il “diritto alla mobilità internazionale” ed il valore del rispetto delle proprie origini, si manifesta nel micro-contesto nell’impiego di alcuni criteri di collegamento personali da parte delle norme di conflitto preposte alla disciplina dei rapporti e delle situazioni familiari, nel contesto sovranazionale. È soprattutto il criterio di collegamento basato sulla residenza abituale che parafrasa questo gioco di equilibri. Il legislatore dell’Unione ha trasposto “a Bruxelles” questa espressione, tratta dal linguaggio “dell’Aja”, plasmandolo in parte su “bisogni” propri dell’ordinamento europeo: il criterio di collegamento della residenza abituale dimostra di soddisfare, più dei criteri del domicilio e della cittadinanza, gli obiettivi cui è informato il diritto internazionale privato dell’Unione, strumentale, a sua volta, al raggiungimento delle politiche dell’Unione. La residenza abituale solleva delicate problematiche ricostruttive, che ne lasciano intendere una natura complessa, composita, che va oltre al mero fatto (come originariamente intesa nel “diritto dell’Aja”). Le questioni che circondano questo concetto e l’impiego diffuso che ne fanno le norme dell’Unione (che lo elevano a criterio di collegamento, nonché a titolo di giurisdizione principale anche nei regolamenti in corso di adozione in materia familiare), rispecchiano in parte lo sviluppo che fronteggia il diritto internazionale privato dell’Unione nel suo insieme. Questa evoluzione, con le sue dinamiche attuali, osservata dal micro-contesto, dalla prospettiva dei criteri di collegamento personali impiegati dalle norme di conflitto in materia familiare, ci inducono riflettere con rinnovato interesse sulle competenze dell’Unione nella disciplina internazionalprivatistica, sulla natura del diritto internazionale privato dell’Unione
SANNA, PIETRO. "La tutela del passeggero nel diritto internazionale privato e processuale dell'Unione europea." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1060333.
Full textSerrano', G. "Il riconoscimento dei provvedimenti e degli altri atti amministrativi nel diritto internazionale privato e nel diritto comunitario." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/65563.
Full textVallar, G. M. "GLI ASPETTI DI DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE PRIVATO E PROCESSUALE DEL FALLIMENTO DI GRUPPI BANCARI MULTINAZIONALI." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/232399.
Full textMAOLI, FRANCESCA. "Il diritto internazionale privato delle successioni nell'Unione Europea e l'introduzione di un Certificato Successorio Europeo." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/929371.
Full textIAFRATE, PAOLO. "L'evoluzione del diritto di famiglia in Tunisia: il minore nello Statuto personale e nel diritto internazionale privato." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/824.
Full textThis work is addressed to those who are attracted by the Islamic world or are simply interested in this reality that increasingly is "Europeanizing" even if the basic principles remain unchanged. The sharia discipline, that regulates the family institution, is based on values and common juridical rules that the Koran considers intangible and unchangeable. The aim is to promote the position of the weakest components of the family, such as women and children, in order to make the rights and duties of the couple equal. The sharia precepts have been reformulated and assimilated in the family law codes of the muslim countries and are called "Personal Statute." The doctoral thesis entitled "The evolution of the familyan law in Tunisia: The minor in the Code of the Personal Statute and in the Private International Private Law", is divided into four chapters. The first Chapter, â The Origins and the Personal Statute", is about the roots of Tunisia, making short references to the situation of the Country in the constitutional, social and cultural level. Then, after a brief historical and close examination, the chapter deepens the Personal Statute Code from 1956 to the last reforms of March 2008. The second chapter talks about the relationship between the Tunisian Judge and the codification in the field of Personal Statute. The paragraphs emphasize that sometimes the reasoning of the Court is an accordance with the classical muslim law and sometimes this is in contrast with it. The chapther shows a traditional conservatism and, in particular, the reaction of the Judge that relates increasingly to the social context, facing many issues and changing his own orientation with the passing of time. Besides, the other paragraphs deal with the old issue of the acknowledgement of paternity, through Dna testing, with particular reference to the law of 28 October 1998, analysing the advantages and disadvantages, the possible measures taken by the law - maker. Finally, the last chapter deepens the role of the minor inside the Personal Statute and the Tunisian International Private Law. In the first paragraphs of this chapter, the consecration of the minor in the Personal Statute, is based on a more umanitarian dimension, on dignity and on equality. On the contrary, the further paragraphs underline the safeguard of the childâ s interest inside the International Private Law, that is a fundamental principle in all the judgeâ s decisions.So, the judge has to analyse the financial, emotional, psichological, educational and sanitary factors concerning the child. In the end, the attention is addressed to the examination of a practical case, the marriage of a tunisian woman and egyptian man. In brief, you can see that, even if the Tunisian family aspires to a nuclear model, it preserves the main features of the traditional family.
FANNI, SIMONA. "La donazione dei materiali biologici umani ai fini della ricerca biomedica nell'ambito del diritto internazionale e del diritto dell'Unione Europea." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/285097.
Full textLOLLI, DORELISA. "L'arbitrato nei rapporti internazionali ed ordinamento di riferimento." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/287512.
Full textVANIN, OMAR. "Il trattamento processuale delle norme sui conflitti di leggi dell'Unione europea." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427274.
Full textL’indagine intende interrogarsi sui problemi che sorgono in sede di applicazione delle norme sui conflitti di leggi di matrice dell’Unione europea nel processo civile italiano. Dapprima, da un lato, si prende atto di quali siano le peculiarità di quel particolare contesto applicativo di una norma che è il processo civile. Dall’altro lato, si esamina come il diritto dell’Unione europea orienti l’interpretazione delle norme dell’ordinamento interno e, in particolare, le norme processuali. Si accerta quindi l’esistenza di un obbligo di interpretare le norme processuali anche alla luce dell’effetto utile assegnato alle norme di diritto internazionale privato dell’Unione europea. Successivamente l’analisi si focalizza sui diversi strumenti di diritto internazionale privato dell’Unione europea, tentando di enuclearne i principi ricorrenti idonei a comporre un sistema di diritto internazionale privato. L’attenzione, poi, si sposta al merito dell’indagine, ripercorrendo le dinamiche che presiedono all’applicazione della norma di conflitto nel processo civile italiano, dalla introduzione della questione da essa regolata nel dibattito processuale sino alla sindacabilità, in sede di impugnazione, della sua applicazione. In questa sede, in particolare, si offre una possibile soluzione a ciascuno dei problemi laddove la norma di conflitto che il giudice civile debba applicare appartenga all’ordinamento dell’Unione europea. Infine, si tenta di elaborare un metodo che permetta di pervenire, nell’interpretazione delle norme considerate, a un esito che riduca al minimo le frizioni tra i due sistemi normativi, distinguendo a seconda che la disposizione processuale interna si presti ad almeno un’interpretazione coerente con il diritto internazionale privato dell’Unione europea o che la norma non offra alcun significato conforme allo stesso.
SERRANO', GIUSEPPE. "Il riconoscimento dei provvedimenti e degli altri atti amministrativi nel diritto internazionale privato e nel diritto comunitario." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/47090.
Full textAQUIRONI, Ilaria. "Il carattere integrale del diritto internazionale privato dell'Unione europea - L'interazione delle norme riguardanti la competenza giurisdizionale, i conflitti di leggi, l'efficacia delle decisioni e la cooperazione tra autorità." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487871.
Full textCHIRICALLO, Nicola. "Verso un ordine pubblico europeo delle successioni? L’impatto del Regolamento 650/2012 sul diritto successorio materiale, tra principi UE e tradizioni nazionali." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2502851.
Full textThe first chapter of this work, starting from a civil law perspective, examined the substantive impact of the adoption of European Regulation No 650/2012 on the private international law of succession. To this end, after briefly outlining the Italian rules of private international law of succession previously in force, contained in Article 46 et seq. of Law No 218 of 1995, a brief historical reconstruction of the institution of international public policy in the logic of Law No 218 of 1995 was carried out: on this occasion, this exception was also compared with another fundamental limitation on the application of foreign law, represented by the rules of necessary application. Subsequently, once this diachronic reconstruction was accomplished, we proceeded with the analysis of some important profiles of the impact of Regulation 650 on the substantive law of succession, highlighting how the Regulation itself appears to affect the substantive law of succession from at least three different points of view: the so-called "European" agreement as to succession - which is the only one that can be considered as a "European" agreement - and the "European" agreement as to succession. European" agreement as to succession - which is expressly regulated in Art. 25 of the Regulation -, the European Certificate of Succession and, above all, the public policy clause contained in Art. 35, the importance of which is considered such that it requires separate discussion. In the second chapter, therefore, the concept of public policy within the meaning of Regulation 650/2012 was examined. To this end, we first examined the case law of the European Court of Justice, which has progressively constructed an autonomous notion of 'European public policy' on the basis of the fundamental principles of the European Union legal order, which in turn are to be found in the fundamental freedoms laid down in the Treaties and in the fundamental rights enshrined in the Nice Charter. Starting from this assumption, an attempt was then made to reconstruct the role of public policy in the systematics of Regulation 650/2012: thus, through an analysis that correlated European Union law with the law of succession, it was shown how public policy under Art. 35 of the Regulation requires the non-application of foreign law only in exceptional cases, which can be verified only with regard to the application of the law of a non-Member State; with reference, on the other hand, to the application of the law of another Member State, the law of the European Union appears to be able to act mainly in the opposite direction, preventing the non-application of the law itself on the ground that it conflicts with the fundamental principles of the State of the forum, which, taken together, form the basis of what may be defined, in alterity with European public policy, as the "national public policy" of successions. In Chapter Three, therefore, the analysis focuses on the Italian legal system, assessing whether the necessary succession may constitute, specifically, an institution of international public policy. To this end, after a few diachronic outlines of the institution and highlighting some of the most significant aspects of the discipline, which contribute to making the Italian system of protection of legitimators among the strictest in the European scenario, and which appear to persist despite several attempts at reform, an attempt was made to identify the possible constitutional basis of the institution. At the end of this procedure, the conclusion was reached that it is not the necessary succession in itself that is possibly endowed with constitutional value, but the so-called material necessary succession, i.e. the fact that the circle of the deceased's closest family members is guaranteed some form of protection in the event that they are in a state of need.
NORI, GIOVANNI MARIA. "L’Arbitrato ICSID e la tutela internazionale degli investimenti esteri. Il concetto di investimento estero.." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/273434.
Full textPurpose and structure of the work. Never before have foreign investments and related regulatory incentive and disincentive regimes been discussed so often as in recent years. Starting from the trade war of the Tariffs engaged between the United States and China, up to the agreements between Italy and China on the infamous new Silk Road, the issues of international trade and, more specifically, foreign investment have returned to the center of political, media and economic attention
VASYLIUK, ROKSOLANA. "La risoluzione delle controversie attraverso l’istituto giuridico internazionale e culturale della mediazione. Il contesto e i regimi della regolamentazione in alcuni Stati post sovietici (nella Federazione Russa, nella Georgia e nell’Ucraina)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/313152.
Full textRICCI, Mena. "La responsabilità delle imprese multinazionali per crimini internazionali." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11695/66350.
Full textThe research activities within the framework of the PhD "People, businesses or jobs: domestic law to the international" made it possible to study and discuss a new subject of international law, i.e. "the responsibility of transnational corporations for international crimes". The research project has been structured on three sections devoted respectively to legal subjectivity of various MNEs liability profiles that may be related to transnational corporations and, finally, the criminal liability that may be disputed. As regards the first chapter, "The multinational enterprise as a multiform reality", the analysis focused primarily on the notion of multinational enterprise and its problem of eligibility of legal personality under international law of multinational enterprises. The Definitory profile has been the subject of an argumentative process that moved along the analysis of sources of international law and the modus operandi of the multinational companies. In light of this, the survey definition ended inclinations for a notion of multinational enterprise must be specified in concrete terms through its constituent elements. Ultimately, the multinational firm is an organization that carries on his production activity in countries other than the country of origin through affiliated companies, which, although they are classified as satellites of multinational companies, have legal personality and legal autonomy. Fixed issue Definitory, the investigation has focused on a complex issue, which has prompted the intervention of the most authoritative doctrine. On the other side of the debate that has been doctrinaire, currently you might lean towards the legal personality of multinational enterprises. The recognition that resulted was determined by a series of "symptomatic criteria". It is not limited to the reference to their participation in court proceedings and arbitral tribunals to ensure that the statutory rights (example you can indicate in the establishment of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal dating from 1981, which was the subject of the report of the High Commissioner for human rights of the United Nations, where it has been explicitly declared guilty of multinational enterprise that is tolerant or ignores the facts private human rights criminals.). The first chapter is an introduction to the second chapter entitled "international legal regulation of the activities of transnational corporations". The second part of the thesis had such a scope object of investigation rather extended, which was not difficult to monitor because the underlying problems have found adequate responses through a doctrinaire, but especially through the intervention of the law and the work of the legislature. The activity of multinational enterprises is bound inexorably with the issue of social responsibility of multinational companies (referred to by the acronym CSR, Corporate Social responsibility). The only instruments capable of providing an adequate response to the conduct of disciplinary multinational enterprises can be found in the codes of conduct, also called ethical codes. The most important examples of codes of conduct, which were the subject of a detailed analysis, are to be found in the ILO Tripartite Declaration on multinational enterprises and social policy (1977/2000/2006), in the OECD Guidelines for multinational enterprises (2000-2011) and the United Nations Global Compact (2000/2010). For the sake of completeness, the second chapter systematically took account also of the so-called private codes of conduct, which documents voluntarily undertaken by transnational corporations involving non-binding standards and principles designed to govern the conduct of business on the market. It remains to consider the central part of the thesis that focuses on international responsibility of transnational corporations for international crimes. The third, fourth and fifth chapter are at the heart of the doctoral thesis, which refer to an international law which is unexplored and concentrate the many concerns of national and international doctrine. The research activity has been following a certain thread of investigation taking into account also that the research project is part of the doctoral cycle entitled "People, businesses or jobs: domestic law with international law". In other words, the survey took account of the responsibility of the criminal multinationals from the internal legislation of the Italian law, which as you know is marked by d.lgs. No. 231 of 2001. Beyond the structural choice that marks the third, fourth and fifth chapter, it is good to point out that the criminal responsibility of transnational corporations was allegedly operating scope defined. Indeed, the investigation has focused primarily on the admissibility of criminal liability of multinational corporations to international crimes, on particular toxins the tort and criminal disvalue. It is good to point out that international crimes are, generally, the exclusive jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, without prejudice to the application of the principle of universal criminal jurisdiction. This ensures the jurisdiction of domestic Courts, which can review the unlawfulness of conduct offensive. In principle, there would be obstacles to recognise the criminal liability of multinational corporations to international crimes. But, in practice, the concerns persist. The first problem that has been addressed as far as the regulatory coverage. The analysis made it possible to compose an appropriate regulatory milieu, starting with the draft statute of the International Criminal Court and by authoritative doctrine and completing with the 2013 report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Then, the problem pertaining to legislation coverage is resolved, but what aroused immediate fix was the identification of the constituent elements of criminal responsibility of transnational corporations and, consequently, on charges of human rights violations. The responsibility of transnational corporations for international crimes, currently, you can resolve in a twofold way: 1. do not use the instrument of sanctions, but that would mean leaving unpunished the conduct of multinational enterprises; 2. report the conduct of transnational corporations to the host State. In this second case, are well known the consequence arising, suffice it to note that the international offence materially detrimental to the rights of individuals shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the State which is the author. On the other hand, as regards the first profile you run the risk of making go unpunished the conduct of multinational companies indirectly violating the principle of legality and the principles governing the international community. In other words, if the international law system propels the tools foreseen by examined above legislation protecting human rights can determine a double violation to the detriment of the latter. As a result, the need to activate suitable instruments under international law meant that we could use a suitable tool to experience the direct eligibility of multinational enterprises, i.e. the interpretation. It is known that the penal system rejects the analogy, but at the same time allows for broad interpretation. Using the interpretation the interpreter can use tools that are contained in the 2001 Draft, which takes into account the responsibility of the State. As a result, even for multinational enterprises will encounter as a result of the interpretation, the existence of the constituent elements of the tort. Therefore, it also configures in Chief for multinational enterprises the objective element of the violation of international standards and the subjective element relating to objectionable material behavior directly attributable. Thus both elements can be traced back directly to the conduct of multinational enterprises, which, as repeatedly explained, can be understood as active behaviour or conduct of omission. In other words, the conduct can be activated when companies violate directly for a profit its legal provisions for the protection of human rights, causing accident effects on individuals, who are placed firmly in the area where multinational enterprises operate; Instead, the conduct is of omission, when multinational companies fail to adopt prevention measures (which might correspond to so-called compliance programs) designed to reduce or eliminate offensive consequences resulting from their conduct to the detriment of human rights. Ultimately, ensured that the activity of multinational enterprises is covered by law from international organizations and acts deemed eligible for the interpretation of the essential elements constituting the tort State, multinational companies may be responsible for international crimes. In conclusion, the positive outcome was the result of a reconstruction that took the moves primarily by examples of national laws and found its ratio in the draft statute of the International Criminal Court, but nevertheless the choice event is not intended to be exhaustive of a subject that has significant operational and scope that was found to be connected with various factors (economicpolitical and social), not always easy to understand.
GULIZZI, ELISA. "PREVENIRE LA CORRUZIONE: NUOVE STRATEGIE REGOLATORIE TRA PUBBLICO E PRIVATO." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/78875.
Full textThe aim of the research is to study interaction between different levels of governance in the anti-corruption sector. Firstly, the domestic law, especially in the anti-corruption field is strongly influenced by international instruments. The Italian system, for example, starts out from the Anti-Corruption Law, Law No. 190 (the so called "Severino Law", approved by Parliament on 6 November 2012, entering into force on 28 November 2012, and implemented by several regulations). This Law was adopted to implement the UN Convention against Corruption. Secondly, the research aims to study interaction between public and private sector: fundamental concepts for corruption prevention, such as risk management, have been borrowed from one sector to another. Finally, there many players in the anti-corruption sector who are able to create rules (lawmakers, stakeholders, Authorities): the question is if they are part of a virtuous circle in which regulation and enforcement are closely linked. In order to prevent corruption, the law-making process must be based on specific criteria such as flexibility, stakeholder participation and ongoing evaluation of its effectiveness.
Pace, Tommaso. "Il diritto del venditore di rimediare alla consegna di un bene non conforme nei rapporti tra parti commerciali: analisi comparativa del right to cure tra prassi, esperienze di diritto positivo e diritto internazionale materiale uniforme." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422791.
Full textIl presente contributo si prefigge di esaminare il diritto alla correzione dell'inadempimento ("right to cure") del venditore, con specifico riguardo alla consegna di un bene affetto da vizi di conformità nei contratti di vendita domestici e transnazionale. Dopo aver stabilito le premesse metodologiche e dottrinali della ricerca, viene esaminata nel dettaglio la nozione di garanzia redibitoria a partire dalle sue origini romanistiche e agli albori del diritto anglo-americano, fino all'attuale disciplina nell'ordinamento italiano. La ricerca prosegue approfondendo specificamente il right to cure nell'ottica del diritto inglese e statunitense, e negli scambi transfrontalieri tra imprese, segnatamente la disciplina sancita dall'art. 7.1.4 dei Principi Unidroit, dagli artt. 37 e 48 della Convenzione di Vienna del 1980, e nei principali progetti di unificazione del diritto privato in ambito europeo. Da ultimo, si esamina la compatibilità tra il right to cure, quale rimedio a disposizione del venditore in caso di emergenza di vizi nella res empta dopo il perfezionamento del negozio, e i classici istituti relativi alle garanzie redibitorie nel diritto italiano, al fine di verificare se e in che misura siffatto istituto possa trovare spazio nel nostro ordinamento.
IBBA, CRISTINA. "FATTI ILLECITI E «IRREGOLARITA'» NEI PROCEDIMENTI ADOTTIVI." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/684.
Full textThe research aims to delve into “irregularities” in the procedures of the International adoption. The previous mentioned phrase is used in the National specific provisions in reference to activities carried out by accredited bodies, entitled to apply adoption procedures of foreign minors. The thesis is an attempt to reconstruct a broader notion of “irregularity” than those one in the legislation in force, favoring an interdisciplinary approach. Firstly, the dissertation offers an historical perspective on “irregularities”, or rather upon the morphology which they have assumed for years, referring to the discipline which has been in force in Italy since the Sixties of the Twentieth Century. The gist of the thesis is the presentation of such “irregularities”, including both some criminal, administrative, unlawfulness and criticality in standard procedures. Finally, the research presents some good practices in order to prevent such “irregularities” in the International adoption procedures, as well as some de iure condendo proposals of the legislation in force. A specific attention has been paid to the matter of the reform of crimes of adoption, or rather disposals that basically has ceased to be applied since Eighties in the Twentieth Century.
Floris, Antonella <1984>. "I contratti di finanziamento non tipicamente bancari e il credito all'esportazione." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3962.
Full textThis research aims to give a legal analysis of some agreements which are widespread in international trade to finance and to facilitate exports. With the exception of some restricted area, they are not ruled by the Italian law, so that the interpreters have to face to the issue about the types they belong to and abut their regulation. The first part of this work concerns the investigation of the notion of “causa” of the contract through the various attempts to draft a uniform code of the law of the contract, both at an European level and at an international one. In the second part the author deals with the contracts of forfaiting, project financing and international factoring. They are deeply different agreements – which have been sometimes objects of international conventions – that, however, appear connected by a common purpose of financing.
MARENGHI, CHIARA. "LA LEGGE APPLICABILE AL DANNO DA PRODOTTO NELL'UNIONE EUROPEA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/771.
Full textThe thesis examines the conflict of laws aspects of product liability, with particular regard to recent developments of EU Member States’ legislation. Product liability law as a distinct body of law – at least partially independent from general tort law – is a relatively new phenomenon. It arose during the 1960s in the Unites States of America. In that period US courts and scholars started to deal with choice-of-law issues in product liability cases. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the most significant events relating to product liability history, from both a domestic and international point of view. The need for a special conflicts rule – pointed out first by the US commentator Albert Ehrenzweig – led to the adoption of the 1973 Hague Convention on the law applicable to product liability, the first regulation of the topic in private international law, which is analysed in Chapter 2. Finally, Chapter 3 examines European Community legislative interventions in the field of product liability (Council Directive 85/374/EEC, amended by Directive 1999/34/EC, and Regulation 864/2007/EC) with the aim of assessing the present state of the law in EU Member States. Different sources are currently competing to regulate the issue of the law applicable to product liability in the EU context and this chapter analyses the relationships between them.
LUNETTI, CHIARA TERESA MARIA. "ACTIONS DERIVING DIRECTLY FROM INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS AND CLOSELY LINKED WITH THEM UNDER REGULATION EU 848/2015 ON INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/710018.
Full textHistorically, the topic of individual actions directly deriving from and closely linked with insolvency proceedings (hereinafter referred to as “Annex Actions”) has been addressed in the European scenario with reference to the scope ratione materiae of the Brussels Convention dated 1968 on the jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (the “Brussels Convention”). In the absence (at that time) of Community rules on cross-border insolvencies, in the Gourdain judgment the ECJ interpreted the notion of Annex Actions under the prism of the exception relating to “bankruptcy, proceedings relating to the winding-up of insolvent companies or other legal persons, judicial arrangements, compositions and analogous proceedings”, set forth by Article 1(2)(2) Brussels Convention. It was on that occasion that the Court held that actions which are related to insolvency proceedings are excluded from the scope of the Brussels Convention (now the Brussels 1a Regulation), with the proviso that they derive directly from insolvency proceedings and are closely linked with them (thus coining what has been called, over the years, the “Gourdain Formula”). The interpretative uncertainties arising from such an ambiguous wording - at the time referring only to the scope of application of the Brussels Convention - were not removed (and possibly were even exacerbated) by the introduction of the European regime on insolvency proceedings. Indeed, the Regulation (EC) 1346/2000 (the “Insolvency Regulation”), on the one hand, revealed a serious regulatory gap, since it did not provide for a rule on the jurisdiction of Annex Actions and, on the other hand, even where it mentioned them (for purposes other than jurisdiction), it laconically restated the Gourdain Formula, with no further clarifications. The nebulous legislative framework described above has been partly clarified by Regulation (EU) 2015/848 (the “Recast Regulation”), which has remedied the aforementioned omission, expressly providing for the (halved) European vis attractiva concursus. According to that principle, the courts of the Member State in the territory of which insolvency proceedings are opened, are vested with the jurisdiction to hear and determine Annex Actions. The impact of the reform over the “dynamic” profile of the vis attractiva concursus must be positively assessed since it has dispelled many of the doubts concerning the allocation of jurisdiction on Annex Actions. Yet, the problem of the autonomous definition of Annex Actions remains partially unsolved, because also under the Recast Regulation, the contours of that concept continue to be defined by the vague Gourdain Formula. Only partial indications can be drawn from Recital 35 Recast Regulation and, above all, from the extensive case-law of the ECJ. The latter, however, allows only to some extent to draw a systematic notion of Annex Actions, as it substantially reveals a wavering orientation, which does not permit to trace (yet) a general criterion, certain and shared on this point. It is suggested that, for the purposes of the European legislation, Annex Actions are those actions underpinning a right or obligation which stems from the opening of insolvency proceedings, whose DNA, we might say, is ontologically linked to insolvency proceedings. They would count a very small number of actions such as (predictably) avoidance actions, liability actions against the trustee and other bodies of the procedure, and actions arising from the termination of contracts exercised by the trustee by virtue of the express powers conferred upon him by insolvency law. On the contrary, all other actions in respect of which the procedure is a neutral (legal) event should not be characterised as Annex Actions (e.g. actions that have only an occasional link with insolvency proceedings and those that existed in the legal sphere of the insolvent debtor prior to the opening of the procedure). However, considerable doubts remain with respect to the characterisation of some actions, which can be placed in an uncertain twilight-zone at the crossline between civil, commercial law and bankruptcy law. Although the legal foundation of those action exists even before insolvency proceedings, they prove to be affected by the opening of the procedure to such an extent that they may be considered as different actions. In the wake of these preliminary observations, the thesis aims to specifically analyse the topic of Annex Actions under the European regime of cross-border insolvencies. Not only it investigates the procedural aspects of the issue (in particular, the jurisdiction), but it also assesses whether it is possible to draw an autonomous notion of Annex Action and elaborate a catalogue of actions, which, despite the differences inherent in each national system, reveal a jus commune europaeum that allows to trace them back under the umbrella of the Recast Regulation.
La thèse intitulé « les actions qui découlent directement de la procédure d’insolvabilité et qui y sont étroitement liées dans le cadre du Règlement UE 2015/848 sur les procédures d'insolvabilité » se concentre sur les critères de détermination des juridictions compétentes en matière de litiges découlant de la procédure d’insolvabilité dans le contexte de procédures transfrontalières. Selon son Article 1(1)(b), les procédures d’insolvabilité sont exclues du Règlement (UE) n° 1215/2012 concernant la compétence judiciaire, la reconnaissance et l’exécution des décisions en matière civile et commerciale (« Règlement Bruxelles ») et devraient relever du champ d’application du Règlement (UE) n° 848/2015 relatif aux procédures d’insolvabilité (« Règlement Refondu »). Pour cette raison, en principe, l’interprétation de deux susmentionnés Règlements devrait, autant que possible, combler les lacunes entre les deux instruments. Le texte du nouvel article 6 du Règlement Refondu prévoit désormais que les juridictions compétentes en vertu de son article 3 soient compétentes également pour toutes les actions qui découlent directement de la procédure d’insolvabilité et y sont étroitement liées. Toutefois, ce principe (appelé la vis attractiva concursus européenne), malgré quelques clarifications ont été fournies par la Cour de Justice, ne résoudre pas la question et l’interprétation du champ d’application du Règlement Refondu par rapport au Règlement Bruxelles est encore douteuse, car il y a encore beaucoup de zones grises dans l’interprétation de cette règle. L'objectif de la thèse est d'analyser quel type d'actions doit être considéré comme « découlant directement » et « étroitement lié » aux procédures d'insolvabilité, et d'analyser les cas où il est controversé de savoir si l'action doit entrer dans le champ d'application du Règlement Refondu plutôt que dans celui du Règlement Bruxelles.
Tomasi, L. "La tutela comunitaria della vita familiare tra mercato interno e spazio di libertà, sicurezza e giustizia." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/52020.
Full textPapaux, Alain. "Essai philosophique sur la qualification juridique : de la subsomption à lảbduction ; lẻxemple du droit international privé /." Bruxelles : Bruylant [u.a.], 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/368649989.pdf.
Full textMOI, MARTINA. "I contratti di rete." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266818.
Full textCinti, Letizia. "Private Military Companies e Private Security Companies. Problemi di responsabilità internazionale degli Stati." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427198.
Full textMarchetti, Carolina <1990>. "Private Military/Security companies: la regolamentazione italiana nel contesto internazionale." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8244.
Full textGUGEL, MARIA. "Diritti umani dei lavoratori nelle convenzioni internazionali il diritto di pari opportunità in trattative collettivi." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/201702.
Full textMartin, Chiara <1996>. "ONLINE VIOLENCE: A LEGAL STUDY OF THE INTERNATIONAL, EUROPEAN AND ITALIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ON COUNTERING HATE SPEECH AND NON-CONSENSUAL DISSEMINATION OF INTIMATE PRIVATE PHOTOS." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19505.
Full textPiccolo, Giorgia <1997>. "Tra mecenatismo privato e politica estera statunitense: le fondazioni Ford e Rockefeller in Arabia Saudita negli anni Sessanta e Settanta." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20557.
Full textNoventa, Eleonora <1996>. "Private Military and Security Firms: the Clinton administration's longa manus in the Balkans, 1994-1998." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20461.
Full textBeltrami, Chiara. "Verso l’equilibrio di genere nel private equity e venture capital: traduzione dall’inglese all’italiano di un report della Società finanziaria internazionale (IFC)." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
Find full textGraziano, D. "TRIBUNALE UNIFICATO DEI BREVETTI E BREVETTO EUROPEO CON EFFETTO UNITARIO: GIURISDIZIONE E LEGGE APPLICABILE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/465742.
Full textUnified Patent Court and European Patent with unitary effect: jurisdiction and applicable law. This study examines the “UP-UPC package” (agreement no. 2013/C 175/01 on the unified patent court, EU Reg. no. 542/14, which amended EU reg. no. 1215/12 Bruxelles I-bis, and EU Reg. no. 1257/12 and no. 1260/12 on the european patent with unitary effect); with regard to jurisdiction and applicable law, both relevant matters in the light of pursuing a more uniform protection of inventions in Europe. Uniformity is pursued by the package for both the european patent with unitary effect and the already existing european patent without unitary effect, by devolving most portion of litigation to the exclusive competence of the unified patent court. National courts’ competence will thus become residual, mainly referring to contract law, proprietary aspects, and patent holder’s abuse. Furthermore, by amending EU Reg. Bruxelles I-bis, the package confers to the unified patent court a long-arm jurisdiction potentially extended over the territories of countries which are not part of the UPC agreement. With regard to applicable law, the package introduces some uniform rules (applicable not only to european patent with unitary effect, but also to the “traditional” european patent without unitary effect) regarding patent infringement and limitations, which add to the unirofm rules on patent validty and interpretation set forth by the EPC widely extending the scope of the uniform protection. Many areas however will continue to be regulated by national laws, more specifically the matters related to patent application’s enforcement, employees’ inventions, proprietary aspects, prior use, compulsory licenses, joint liability and criminal sanctions. In the light of the above, it appears that the package achieves a sensitive improvement for the european patent without unitary effect, in terms of uniformity of protection. On the other hand, the step forward seems quite limited with regard to the european patent with unitary effect, as too many areas will be left to national law and jurisdiction. Under the new regulation, the protection granted by “old” european patents without unitary effect will not be much different than that assured by “new” patents with unitary effect. Therefore, after the expiration of the transitory period, the patentees’ choice between the two option will essentially depend on a comparison of costs taking into consideration the territories where they seek protection. It is to be noted that entry into force of the package is still at risk after the UK referendum on Brexit. The UPC agreement (at least, the version currently under ratification) prevents non-EU countries from joining the package, but notwistanding this circumstance, the UK Government recently announced that the UK will ratify the UPC agreement. Wether the agreement can be amended in that non-EU countries can be part of it, or in that previous EU countries can continue to be part of it, is a disputed matter, as the Court of Justice stated in opinion n. 1/09 that the previous version of the agreement (which was open to non-EU countries participation) was not compliant with EU treaties. This interpretation of op. 1/09 is not shared by all, and the matter is still unclear. Moreover, it is not clear if there would event be the necessary consensus among the member states to such amendment of the agreement. The future of the UP-UPC package is therefore still uncertain.
FORTI, MIRKO. "La tutela dei diritti fondamentali nel contesto cibernetico. Profili di diritto interno, internazionale e dell'Unione europea." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1006960.
Full textOlivieri, Matteo Fulvio. "La politica internazionale dei tiranni nella Grecia arcaica: il caso di Atene." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425320.
Full textLa ricerca traccia la storia delle attività sul piano internazionale dei tiranni e delle principali famiglie aristocratiche di Atene, dalla fine del VII all’inizio del V secolo a.C. Prese in esame sono sia la sfera privata, ovvero le iniziative e i contatti internazionali di natura interpersonale e familiare, sia la sfera pubblica, ovvero la conduzione della politica estera e della diplomazia interstatale di Atene sotto l’influenza della tirannide. L’analisi verifica la posizione e i moventi tanto dei tiranni, quanto di ogni controparte non-ateniese coinvolta nei contatti: emerge così un quadro delle reti di alleanze, degli ambiti d’interesse e dei centri di potere internazionali, dunque una campione significativo del sistema internazionale della Grecia arcaica. Nel più antico tentativo tirannico di Cilone e in seguito nelle prime attività di Pisistrato si identificano istanze della contesa fra Atene e Megara per il controllo di Salamina. Le prime attestazioni relative a Pisistrato rivelano la rete di contatti e iniziative familiari che gli assicurarono la presa del potere ad Atene; alla tirannide pisistratide si attribuisce una strategia marittima che indirizzò Atene verso il controllo delle Cicladi e dell’Ellesponto. Dopo la morte del padre nel 528/7 a.C. Ippia fu coinvolto nella gestione dei mutamenti e dei tentativi egemonici che interessarono il sistema interstatale e regionale dell’Attica, della Beozia e della Tessaglia. Nel penultimo decennio del VI secolo a.C. l’ostilità fra il tiranno e gli aristocratici ateniesi divenne critica: furono allora attivate le rispettive reti di alleanze personali dei Pisistratidi e degli Alcmeonidi loro avversari; in questa situazione emerge la funzionalità dei tradizionali rapporti fra gli Alcmeonidi e il santuario panellenico di Delfi. La ricerca ripercorre inoltre la storia della tirannide tenuta nel Chersoneso Tracico dalla famiglia aristocratica ateniese dei Filaidi. Fra questi e i tiranni pisistratidi esistette un’intesa interfamiliare volta alla tutela degli interessi strategici internazionali di Atene nell’accesso alla navigazione dell’Ellesponto. La parte finale della sequenza cronologica presa in esame è segnata dall’espansione dell’impero persiano in Europa che sconvolse gli assetti del potere internazionale: i Filaidi reagirono assumendo una posizione antipersiana; invece i Pisistratidi si associarono gradualmente alla Persia. Le conclusioni portano a riflettere sull’indeterminatezza della distinzione fra sfera pubblica e sfera privata nell’operato dei tiranni; in una prospettiva storica di lungo corso si apre infine una questione in merito all’individuazione di fenomeni di continuità fra gli obiettivi della tirannide e gli interessi strategici internazionali dell’Atene democratica nel successivo V secolo a.C.
Volpin, Cristina. "Evidence and Proof in EU Competition Law: Between Public and Private Enforcement." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423677.
Full textLa tesi esamina vari aspetti relativi alla prova nel diritto europeo della concorrenza, riguardo ai quali principi e regole comuni vengono adottate sia dalla Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea che dalle corti nazionali. Attraverso l’analisi delle decisioni in materia di concorrenza, la tesi considera l’influenza esercitata dalla giurisprudenza della Corte di Lussemburgo sulla valutazione delle prove in due giurisdizioni nazionali, quella inglese e quella italiana, sia nel public che nel private enforcement. Il primo capitolo, dopo aver illustrato i regimi probatori applicati dalle diverse autorità, affronta il problema della natura della prova e propone una critica della tradizionale rigida distinzione tra profili sostanziali e procedurali. Il secondo capitolo esplora le ragioni per le quali un considerevole livello di convergenza viene raggiunto tra la giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea e la giurisprudenza delle corti degli Stati membri analizzati, ben oltre il rispetto del principio dell’effetto utile. Secondo la ricostruzione riproposta, il ruolo cruciale giocato dalla prova in questo campo e le peculiarità del sistema europeo della concorrenza sono fattori determinanti nel processo di ravvicinamento delle discipline probatorie. Nel terzo capitolo, l’analisi si sofferma sull’acquisizione e formazione della prova. In fase di raccolta della prova, nonostante la diversità che caratterizza i procedimenti amministrativi nazionali, la convergenza è stimolata, da un lato, dagli strumenti europei che promuovono la libera circolazione della prova e, dall’altro, dalla tutela dei diritti fondamentali che gli Stati membri sono tenuti a rispettare. L’analisi porta a concludere che alcuni principi uniformi in tema di prova nel diritto europeo della concorrenza siano già osservati dai giudici nazionali e che un corpo di norme comuni dovrebbe essere adottato, ad integrazione della scarna disciplina della prova contenuta nel Regolamento (CE) 1/2003.
YILDIRIM, AHMET CEMIL. "Equilibrio contrattuale nei Principi UNIDROIT e nel diritto turco." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/823.
Full textIn this thesis the principle of contractual equilibrium is studied, focusing on two legal systems: Turkish legal system and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts [hereafter refereed as Principles or UNIDROIT Principles]. This thesis is composed of three principal chapters. In the first chapter, the story of evolution of the principle of contractual equilibrium is examined. It starts from classical Islamic Law and the relevant articles of the Mecelle, and continues with the analysis of the evolution of this principle in the roman tradition, until post liberal codifications. In the second chapter, institutions relating to the equilibrium of undertakings at the moment of the conclusion of the contract are studied; whereas in the third chapter institutions relating to the equilibrium of undertakings in the performance phase of the contract are analysed. In the second and third chapters after providing a general overview of the institutions and a brief presentation of the general lines of the relevant regulations in comparative law, international codifications and arbitral case-law are examined. In the following, the provisions of the UNIDROIT Principles are studied on the basis of comparative analyses. This methodology allows us to better evaluate the provisions and the case-law regarding the principle of contractual equilibrium in the context of Turkish Law. The second and the third chapters are concluded with detailed analysis of the evolution and application of the institutions relating to the principle of contractual equilibrium in Turkish Law. Most part of these analyses is dedicated to Turkish case-law with particular regard to the periods of economic crisis when these institutions are most developed. The methodology of the thesis is not only based on the chronological order of the phases of the formation and performance of a contract, but also on the chronological order of the evolution of the principle of contractual equilibrium. The reason why the evolution of this principle is studied until post liberal codifications in the first chapter is that the institutions relating to the original equilibrium in the context of post liberal codifications studied in the second chapter represent the continuation of this evolution. In conformity with this chronological order, the institutions relating to the contractual equilibrium in the performance phase studied in the third chapter represent a further evolution of the principle of contractual equilibrium. In the parts dedicated to Turkish law and case-law, the institutions studied in the parts dedicated to comparative law and international commercial law which had great influence on Turkish Law are often referred. Now let us come to a more detailed analysis of the three principal chapters: In the first chapter the principle of equilibrium of undertakings is briefly studied under Islamic Law and Roman Law in order to show the parallelism between the approaches of these two traditions. This principle is of fundamental character in both systems. However, the influence of liberalism in the 18th and 19th Centuries damaged the evolution of this principle and, as a result, we may find articles which not only deny this principle but also contradict it in the context of the codifications of the era. One of these liberal codifications is the Ottoman Mecelle which brings provisions of the articles 165 and 356 detaching from the classical Islamic Law’s rule of riba. According to these articles, a disparity between the undertakings which is not excessive is always legitimate; moreover, an excessive disparity is also legitimate if not combined with fraud. In the light of the political conditions in which the Mecelle was drafted, this difference between classical Islamic Law and the Mecelle is explained by the influence of liberalism and of French Law. In the second sub-chapter of the first chapter dedicated to the evolution of the principle of contractual equilibrium in the Roman tradition, the impacts of the liberal thought on the codifications of the era are studied in detail. In the second chapter, first, the institutions relating to the original equilibrium in post liberal codifications and the development of the said principle in international commercial law are studied with particular regard to the economical and political conditions of the 20th Century. In the sub-section dedicated to the article 3.10 of the UNIDROIT Principles titled “gross disparity,” it is maintained that this article reflects a sensibility towards contractual justice that emerged in the context of international commercial law in the last decades. In the third and the last sub-chapter of the second chapter, the position of Turkish Law in respect of original equilibrium and the institution of gabin are analyzed with particular regard to recent case-law. Although the article 21 of the Turkish Code of Obligations [C.O.] which regulates this subject was adopted from the Swiss C.O. of 1911, the latter is not studied in a different section for two reasons: first, in order to avoid repetition of the study of provisions which are identical; and second, in order to emphasize the differences between Turkish Law and Swiss Law rather than the similarities. For providing a more comprehensive study of the comparison between Turkish Law and Swiss Law, the points in which they differ are examined in this sub-chapter. Although the provisions regarding the original equilibrium are identical in Turkish and Swiss laws, application of the article 21 of C.O. is very different in Turkish case-law. This article requires an objective element (an evident disparity between undertakings) and one of the subjective elements (distressed situation, improvidence or inexperience of the disadvantaged party) for allowing rescission. The differences between Turkish Law and Swiss Law emerge in subjective elements: first of all, according to Turkish Law two of these elements, improvidence and inexperience are not applicable to commercial transactions. The reason of this that, differing from Swiss Law, Turkish Law makes a distinction between civil transactions and commercial ones. According to the article 20 of the Turkish Commercial Code [T.C.C.] which was adopted from the German Commercial Code, “[e]very businessman shall behave as a foresighted businessman in his affairs.” For this reason, in Turkish Law, a merchant party cannot rely on his own improvidence or inexperience to rescind the contract. The second difference between Turkish Law and Swiss Law is that Turkish judiciary brought another subjective element which is “the conscience of benefiting from the weakness of the other party.” These differences of Turkish law brought it to a more rigid position in the application of the article 21 of the C.O. than the position of Swiss Law. The limits of this rigidity seem to be outrun by the judiciary in periods of economic crisis, in particular, in the economical and financial crisis of 2001. With the influence of the political crisis of 21 February 2001, devaluation in the Turkish Lira had taken place and overnight interests had reached 199% in a night. Banks had increased the interests because of the lack of liquidity; but they did not have enough resources to pay these interests, and their debts were guaranteed by the State. At the beginning of 2000’s, many actions were brought against the banks which could not pay the interests that they had promised. In these actions the banks had revealed that when they promised these interests they were in a distressed situation, and thus, the promised interests constituted gabin in the sense of article 21 C.O. Turkish High Court affirmed this expansive interpretation of “distressed situation” in order to enable the banks to rescind these contracts and a case-law is established on the grounds of this interpretation. The second chapter concludes with a study of this case-law and of the provision of the new draft C.O. regarding the original equilibrium which is drafted in the light of the case-law established in the period of economic crisis. The third -and the last- chapter starts with a study of general theory of the institutions regarding supervening disequilibrium. This chapter is more explanatory than the second chapter, because institutions which emerged in the 20th Century and which are still in evolution are studied. Although there were already some comparative studies on this issue, the recent developments had created a need for a more up-to-date study to include also the 2001 reform in the German Civil Code, the modifications in the 2004 edition of the UNIDROIT Principles, arbitral case-law and Turkish Law. This study is the most detailed study on the relevant provisions of the UNIDROIT Principles so far (Chapter 6.2.), and the first study which covers also the related case-law. In the sub-chapter dedicated to Turkish doctrines regarding supervening disequilibrium, first of all, the influence of German Law and case-law is studied. This influence is mainly based on historical reasons; but the fact that there is no any general provision regarding this issue in Turkish and Swiss codes has also leaded Turkish judiciary to use the German doctrine of Wegfall der Geschäftsgrundlage. This doctrine, called işlem temelinin çökmesi in Turkish, is the most used doctrine regarding supervening disequilibrium in Turkish case-law. However, Turkish judiciary has also followed the model of Swiss judiciary which uses more general institutions such as rebus sic stantibus or good faith in order to give a remedy in the cases of supervening disequilibrium in the absence of a general provision on this issue. This brought to the application of the objective theory, which focuses on the equilibrium of undertakings, with reference to the subjective theory of Wegfall der Geschäftsgrundlage, which focuses, instead, on presumptions of the parties’ assumptions at the time of conclusion of the contract. The only provision in Turkish and Swiss codes regarding supervening disequilibrium is the second paragraph of the article 365 of the C.O. (art. 373 of the Swiss C.O.), which is a specific provision for construction contracts. Differing from Swiss case-law in Turkish case-law this provision is not applied to other types of contracts through analogy. Another difference between the approaches of Swiss and Turkish case laws is that Turkish courts require stricter conditions to apply this paragraph because of the influence of the article 20 of the T.C.C. However, the fact that the economic crises of 1994 and 2001 distorted equilibriums of many long term contracts constrained the Turkish High Court to take a more moderate position. For this reason, the Turkish High Court used the institution of uyarlama (adaptation) especially in letting contracts and in credit contracts, referring to this remedy as a principle, and referring also to other doctrines in comparative law. In the sub-chapter dedicated to Turkish case-law, decisions of the Turkish High Court regarding letting and credit contracts are studied in detail and it is observed that the Turkish judiciary took again a strict position in the application of the doctrines regarding supervening disequilibrium since 2003 because of the stability reached in macroeconomic terms. This chapter concludes with an analysis of the article 137 of the new draft C.O. which regulates supervening disequilibrium. This article is inspired from the new paragraph 313 of the German Civil Code and it will bring Turkish Law one step closer to the UNIDROIT Principles. When this draft will be enacted, this provision will be the first general provision on supervening disequilibrium in Turkish Law. The thesis concludes with the observation that the principle of contractual equilibrium has always been one of the most fundamental principles in both Islamic and Roman legal traditions and on both national and transnational levels; and the relevance of this principle in periods of economic crises is emphasized.
MARICONDA, CLAUDIA GABRIELLA. "HUMAN RIGHTS AND LABOUR RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES. PERSPECTIVES ON PRIVATE MILITARY AND SECURITY COMPANIES." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/11127.
Full textThe study, given the debate about the increasing power of corporations and the attempts to ensure their respect of fundamental human rights, deepens the concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate accountability, framing the analysis within the broader discourse of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), with its economic, technological and social aspects as well as environmental and political issues. International standards in the area of corporations’ human rights obligations are analyzed in addition to legal mechanisms to hold corporations accountable, particularly for corporate complicity in human rights abuses by States, through the jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals and U.S. Courts. Special attention is given to the security sector, i.e. Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs), interested in the last decades by a steady growth. PMSCs, increasingly contracted by governments willing to outsource a typical state function and by companies and NGOs active in difficult contexts, have been operating without proper supervision and accountability. PMSCs activities raise issues concerning potential human rights violations committed by their employees and labour rights abuses their employees might suffer themselves. UN actions aimed at bringing PMSCs out of the legal ‘grey zone’ where they have been operating are tackled alongside with self-regulatory initiatives.
Cangemi, Vincenzo. "Le relazioni industriali nell'era della globalizzazione: gli accordi quadro transnazionali." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426307.
Full textOggetto della ricerca sono gli accordi quadro transnazionali (TCAs), quale forma di regolamentazione privata capace di rispondere al deficit di governance ingenerato, a livello transnazionale, dalla globalizzazione dell’economia. L’assenza di un quadro normativo di riferimento ha determinato una serie di problematiche nella negoziazione degli accordi transnazionali, relative all'individuazione dei soggetti legittimati a sottoscrivere l’accordo, all'ambito di applicazione, all'efficacia giuridica degli accordi. L’idea sviluppata nell'elaborato consiste in una rilettura degli accordi transnazionali alla luce della teoria della pluralità degli ordinamenti giuridici, qualificandoli come struttura di un ordinamento privato, creato dalla direzione della multinazionale e dai lavoratori, per regolamentare la condizione dei lavoratori all'interno del gruppo. In questo contesto, sulla base di argomenti tratti dall'analisi degli accordi sottoscritti in questi anni, viene proposta l’introduzione di un quadro giuridico autonomo settoriale negoziato dalle parti sociali, che possa contribuire a risolvere le questioni aperte riscontrate nella stipulazione di accordi transnazionali. Nel primo capitolo, dopo una breve ricostruzione storica, vengono analizzati gli aspetti principali degli international framework agreements (IFAs) e degli european framework agreements (EFAs): i soggetti firmatari; gli obiettivi perseguiti nelle negoziazioni dalle parti sociali; l’oggetto degli accordi. Nel secondo capitolo viene sviluppata la costruzione degli accordi transnazionali come sistema privato transnazionale attraverso l’esame delle clausole relative all'ambito di applicazione, all'implementazione e alla risoluzione delle controversie. Infine, nel terzo capitolo, si indaga il rapporto tra procedure sindacali e accordi transnazionali al fine di proporre l’adozione di un quadro autonomo di riferimento a livello settoriale per le negoziazioni transnazionali, attraverso la sottoscrizione, da parte delle multinazionali e delle federazioni sindacali, di un accordo multilaterale procedurale sul modello dei documenti sindacali.
CASCARANO, APOLLONIA. "L'ordine pubblico economico tra progresso economico e sviluppo sociale." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/65881.
Full textThe study shows the existence of an European constitutional dimension of values and principles including the CEDU and the national constitutions, establishing the presence of an European public order underlining the display of a constitutional European system. The research tries to prospect the existence of an European integration at juridical level, granting the European juridical pluralism, highlighting the identity of each system, unifying the process of integration and the defense of pluralism, showing a defective juridical situation related to the granting of fundamental rights. The study appeals to the concept of public order that states the unity of juridical systems defining the concept of European constitutional pluralism through the mutual acknowledgment and achievement of a constitutional dimension. Among both the concepts of formal constitution and real constitution, it is preferred that of Verfassung ,real constitution. The concept of public order retains and gives values to the differences and conflicts and becomes the result of the conflict between the retention and promotion of values and fundamental principles. It is added the concept of public economic order as a variable category that marks the beginning of a new law that prevents and settle social conflicts. The public economic order oppose the abstract nature of old orders through the legislation of social categories where the contract is subject to rules of contractual typology and to the legal entity of the parts. The conceptual innovation that brings to the distinction between the two concept of public order and public economic order is the statuale base : the concept of public economic order is based on the forms of social State where the social justifies the public intervention in economy, becoming a legal notion of political and social economy. The relationship between law and economy appears important to better understand the meaning of the category of public and economic order: it is marked the need to create real and non-abstract conceptions of the system and to recover the experience of human relationships and that of the interpersonal communication. The proposal of a general theory in an economic setting reveals the deficiencies of an abstract method together with the need of a “new anthropology” upon which the subsidiary concept is based. The new typology gives value to the autonomy and to the ability of the individual and it is consequence of the natural auto govern of the human person. An analysis of the relationship between the economic order and the juridical system follows: social rules join the subsidiary role of institutions that provide for the deficiencies of procedures. There is a communication between the two subjects through which the concept of communication gains importance, thus supposing a system upon which the subsidiary intervention of institutions that work for the welfare of community life is based. The new concept of public economic order becomes a category that mediate the interrelations among the principles of the Community system and the rules of the Community market. The economic development and the social progress are the two cornerstones of the category, always tending towards a balance between the two purposes , identified at European levels as fundamental values and interpreted from the law of the Court as basic for its decisions. It is underlined the fulfillment of the concept in the Community setting in which the need of defending economic freedom has been associated to the protection of other values. The balance for the achievement of the public economic order lacks in many areas of international law where the concept of free trade prevails over social values and human person.