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Journal articles on the topic 'International trade – Greece – 19th Century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Atrashkevich, Alexandra. "How conflicts beteen Greece and Turkey in the 19th – early 20th centuries affected the formation of historical memory in both states." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080018177-1.

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Present-day relations between Greece and Turkey cannot be defined as neighborship. One of the main reasons for this is a negative influence of the historical memory of relations (HMR) on the two peoples’ mutual vision. Addressing the HMR from this angle can help to identify the degree of hostilities and assess the prospects for improving relations. Therefore, the authors tried to trace, by means of historical narrative, the eventual determinants of both HMRs in 1821–1923, i.e. during the period when the events most actualized by the HMRs of modern Greeks and Turks took place. In this century,

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Dr., Marios Kyriakidis. ""The Greek Army in Modern History: International Involvement and Diplomatic Alliances"." ISRG Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences (ISRGJAHSS) III, no. I (2025): 347–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14799400.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> <em>This manuscript examines the Greek Army’s multifaceted role in modern history, focusing on its international involvement and the interplay between military actions and diplomacy. From the mid-19th century to the Cold War era, Greece’s military contributions extended beyond national defense, influencing and being influenced by global political dynamics. The study explores three interconnected themes: the Greek Army’s relationships with Allied powers during major conflicts, its participation in international wars and peacekeeping missions, and the

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3

Vlahakis, George. "Oceanography, but not As A Profession: Its Status in Greece During the Late 19th and the Early 20th Centuries." Earth Sciences History 17, no. 1 (1998): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.17.1.g4202571n8k7n4t3.

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Although oceanography in Greece reached international standards only recently, it has its origins as an independent scientific practice in the late 19th century due to the work of Andreas Miaoulis, a brilliant officer of the Hellenic Navy who cooperated with the English admiral Arthur Mansel for the solution of the Euripus problem. During the early 20th century oceanographic studies took a more systematic character under the supervision of the Hellenic Thalassographic Committee and several reports and books were published before World War II, which interrupted the evolution of oceanography in

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WANG, Zi, and Qing WU. "Restructuring Trade: Circulation of Medicinal Materials in East Asia in the 18th Century." Korean Journal of Medical History 32, no. 1 (2023): 279–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2023.32.279.

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In the 18th century, the trade of medicinal materials in East Asia showed a trend of rapid development, and by the second half of the 18th century, it became the largest commodity category in East Asia's international trade. The growth of medicinal material trade during this period was not a simple trade issue, but was closely related to a series of changes in economic fields, such as the market network, trade balance and production. The changes in the international trade environment from the 17th to the 19th centuries greatly increased the demand for medicinal materials. It also affected the

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Krikas, Vangelis. "Curriculum Evaluation in Greece." Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation 6, no. 12 (2009): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.56645/jmde.v6i12.248.

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The role of curriculum in the official educational process is widely recognized by the international scientific community. Beginning in the 19th century, and perhaps even earlier, curriculum research began, not only to be systematized, but to also constitute an autonomous field of study. On the other hand, curriculum evaluation has captured the attention of experts involved in the Science of Education over the last few years. This article will present the results arising from research with respects to curriculum evaluation in Greece along with a micro-model proposed for the evaluation of the C

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6

Lenormand, Marc. "“Defiant communities”? The UK trade union community agenda in historical perspective." Leaves, no. 14 (July 13, 2022): 17–29. https://doi.org/10.46608/leaves.vi14.35.

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This article offers an overview of both the uses of “community” as a political concept in the UK trade union and labour movement, and of what may be termed a trade union “community” agenda based on the mobilisation of community – financial, moral and political – resources. It appears that “community” unionism has not been a constant or dominant orientation in UK trade union and labour history, with the explicit motive of the “community” being used only sparsely and community resources being tapped primarily as a fallback option by marginal groups of workers or by trade unions cornered in a def

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Truong, Anh Thuan, and Thi Vinh Linh Nguyen. "Trade of the Portuguese Royal and Private Traders in India from the 16th to the 19th Century." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no. 4 (2022): 704–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.409.

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The 16th–19th centuries was the period that witnessed the ups and downs development of the trade of the Portuguese Crown and the Portuguese private traders in India. In fact, the maritime trade of the Portuguese Crown only developed significantly in the 16th century; from the 17th century, because of different reasons, it declined gradually. Finally, it had to depend on the British at the end of the 19th century. In contrast with the Portuguese Crown trade, although the commerce of the Portuguese private merchants had to face a lot of difficulties, it continued to expand its role and influence

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Arsahanova, Zina, Tankhum Gilyadov, Ilya Afanasyev, and Shaxnoza Sunatullayeva. "The relationship between trade and migration in the history of the world economy." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 4-1 (2022): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202204statyi07.

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The wage gap between countries creates an economic incentive for labor migration. The neoclassical theory of international trade, created by D. Ricardo in the early 19th century, suggests that trade between countries reduces the wage gap. P. Samuelson and R. Jones expanded the model in 1971 to take into account many production factors: strong export sectors benefit from trade, while sectors competing with imports lose. The Heckscher-Ohlin model, developed in the mid-20th century by B. Ohlin and E. Heckscher, on the other hand, considers various production factors of countries as the only sourc

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Guteneva, A. V. "The evolution of Islamic trade law under the influence of international trade practice: towards the problem of convergence of legal orders." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)) 1, no. 8 (2024): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2024.120.8.224-234.

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The article provides a historical and legal analysis of the development of Islamic trade law under the influence of secular European trade law. It was concluded that until the second half of the 20th century the influence of European trade law on Muslim legal orders was one-sided. Initially, the penetration of secular European trade law into Islamic commercial law was carried out through the law of medieval merchants (lex mercatoria). From the beginning of the 19th century the reception of secular European trade law was determined by the active colonial policy of European states (the model was

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Mulligan, Michael. "Piracy and Empire: The Campaign against Piracy, the Development of International Law and the British Imperial Mission." Journal of the History of International Law 19, no. 1 (2017): 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340079.

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This article will examine the issue of piracy and how the prohibition of piracy developed in international law from the 19th century onwards. The campaigns against piracy in the 19th century influenced the development of international law into the 21st century with the prohibition on piracy achieving the status of peremptory norm ‘jus cogens’ under international law. The anti-piracy campaign of the British led to the signing of treaties which, although ostensibly designed to prohibit the trade, had the effect of consolidating British power and influence over the Gulf States and furthered imper

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Dafisco, Rafli, Serli Wulandari, and Nana Fitriana Arifin. "Gambir, Timber and Coffee: A History of the Trade in Forest and Plantation Products on the East Coast of Sumatra in the 19th Century." Journal of Philology and Historical Review 2, no. 2 (2025): 151–63. https://doi.org/10.61540/jphr.v2i2.99.

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The eastern coast of Sumatra has long been integrated into international trade networks. In the 19th century, a number of forest and plantation products—namely gambier, timber, and coffee—emerged as key export commodities. This article aims to identify the trade patterns of gambier, timber, and coffee, and to analyze the dynamics of commerce along the eastern coast of Sumatra during the 19th century. The research employs historical methodology consisting of four stages: heuristic, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings indicate that gambier, timber, and coffee were

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Arsentyev, Nikolay M., and Anatoly V. Sludnyh. "EXHIBITION ACTIVITY OF RUSSIA’S OPTICAL COMPANIES IN THE 19TH CENTURY." Ural Historical Journal 73, no. 4 (2021): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-4(73)-155-163.

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The relevance of the presented topic is due to the presence of analogies between the heyday of the exhibition movement in the 19th century and the rise of the movement of exhibitions, expositions, forums in the early 2000s. Many modern processes of marketing communication have a prehistory in the exhibition movement of the 19th century. The authors relied on the modernization theory. The exhibitions were considered not from a narrow economic point of view, but in a broader socio-cultural context. Their influence on the development of Russia’s optical industry is analyzed. The following researc

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Molchanova, Elena Gennad'evna. "Trade in Kamchatka in the middle of the 19th century." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 2 (February 2025): 388–96. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2025.2.73674.

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The subject of this work is an analysis of the main problems related to the provision of food and basic necessities to the population of the Kamchatka in the middle of the 19th century, as well as a study of the policy of the Russian authorities in this area. An important place in the study is occupied by the characteristics of the features and main forms of trade in the region. The author notes that merchants in Kamchatka were attracted by the opportunity to exchange goods for furs and products of local crafts. In relatively large settlements, trade was mainly carried out for money, and somet

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Kuorelahti, Elina, and Niklas Jensen-Eriksen. "International Commodity Governance: Softwood Timber Trade 1870–1970." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 65, no. 2 (2024): 467–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2024-0021.

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Abstract This article explores the history of international softwood timber trade from the late 19th century until the 1970s, focusing on governance and the interplay between public and private sectors. By examining the roles of business associations and international networks, it highlights how these entities have influenced market regulation, standardization, and resource distribution, thus representing significant forms of commodity governance. The study contextualizes the evolution of timber trade governance through periods of geopolitical challenges, world wars, and economic shifts, payin

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Abulashvili, Medea. "Greek State in the 19th Century Print Media." PHASIS, no. 17 (January 1, 2014): 7–14. https://doi.org/10.60131/phasis.17.2014.1982.

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The 19th century Georgian print media present unique, so far unexamined materials and may be of remarkable interest for researchers thanks to the following: a.Georgian print journalism originated shortly after the European; b. It was distinguished by broad coverage, readability and relevance of issues covered; c. It provides interesting evidence for the history of journalism as well as for world history; d. It cites reputed foreign periodicals, thereby reflecting the perspectives of its contemporary international print media. This paper aims to reveal how and to what extent the 19th century Gr

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Stepanova, Svetlana V., and Ekaterina A. Shlapeko. "Trends in the development of cross-border trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands." Baltic Region 10, no. 4 (2018): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-4-7.

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This article considers the development of cross-border trade and tourism in the Russian- Finnish borderlands in the 19th/21st centuries. We describe the evolution of cross-border trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands at different stages of the territory’s development. The patterns of cross-border trade have always been depended on the national policies of the two countries. Since the 19th century, cross-border trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands has been the product of two factors. The first one is the demand from local residents for certain imported goods that are either absent or muc

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17

Ru, Sung Hee. "Mapping Transformation of Nineteenth-Century Chinese Cities within China’s Incorporation Process." Comparative Sociology 18, no. 5-6 (2019): 822–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341509.

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Abstract During the 19th century, China’s socioeconomic geography experienced unprecedented spatial changes. Through these spatial transformations, which were caused by the penetration of western capitalism, Chinese cities morphed into epicenters of international trade between Western powers and China. By examining the major transformations having taken place in 19th century Chinese cities, the author investigates unexplained or neglected transformations in three areas: (1) the decline of interdependent inland cities connected by waterways; (2) the simultaneous rise of independent port cities

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Serebrennikova, А. V., and А. V. Staroverov. "Socio-criminological and legal nature of trafficking in human beings (the slave trade, the slave trade)." E-Journal of Dubna State University. A series "Science of man and society -, no. 1 (2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37005/2687-0231-2020-0-2-24-31.

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Human trafficking as a social phenomenon originated in the period of antiquity, the greatest spread reached in the early middle ages. Until the mid-19th century in many countries of the world, and in some countries until the mid-20th century, it was carried out quite legally. Modern trafficking in human beings, committed in the form of the purchase and sale of a person, his recruitment, transportation and concealment, is a criminal act, so it is carried out in disguise or completely hidden. Modern human trafficking dates back to ancient forms of the slave trade, which allows it to be defined a

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19

Barus, Saparudin, Singgih Tri Sulistiyono, Yety Rochwulaningsih, and Endang Susilowati. "Environmental Influences on Trade Activities in the 19th Century East Coast Sumatra." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 07048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207048.

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This study examines the factors supported on the relationship between environmental or regional conditions affected the development of trading activities. To examine this problem, historical methods are used which include four stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Meanwhile, this study used a geostrategic and geopolitical approach. The result shows that the dynamic trade activity in the East Sumatra Region in the 19th century was inseparable from the strategic regional position which faces directly to the Malacca Strait which is the center of the largest mar

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20

Ivanchenko, Oxana V. "Participation of Tanzanian tribes and tribal chiefs in the 19th century slave trade." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016634-4.

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This article summarizes the results of three field studies conducted in Tanzania in 2018–2020 by A.A. Banshchikova, O.V. Ivanchenko and V.N. Bryndina. The research focused on Tanzanians’ memories about the 19th century Arab-Swahili slave trade and its possible impact on the contemporary interethnic relations in the country. More than 160 formal and informal interviews in English and Swahili were taken in Dar es Salaam, Bagamoyo, Kaole, Tanga, Pangani, Zanzibar and several other locations. The choice of informants was carried out maintaining representativeness of the sample by the education lev

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Okimbekov, Ubaid V. "SociAL AND economic life of non-Muslim communities in Afghanistan in the 19th century." Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology), no. 2 (June 6, 2025): 324–39. https://doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2025-2/324-339.

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In the early 19th century, Afghanistan’s population was predominantly composed of Sunni Muslims and various ethno-religious groups practising Shia Islam, including the local Hazara community and the Jamshida and Kyzylbash tribes, who were relocated to the region by different rulers. Additionally, there were adherents of pre-Islamic beliefs — indigenous peoples who maintained ancient religious practices and traditions but were forcibly converted to Islam by Afghan authorities in the late 19th century. Other small non-Muslim groups that migrated to these lands throughout history included Armenia

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Şahin, Emine. "American Medical Missionary Activities in Basra in the Late Ottoman Period: Lansing Memorial Hospital." Osmanlı Araştırmaları 65, no. 65 (2025): 263–94. https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.1719287.

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One of the most important cities of Iraq on the eastern border of the Ottoman Empire was the province of Basra, where international trade was active and which could also be considered as a gateway to India. Basra was also of high importance for the United States of America because it was the trade centre of the East and the gateway to the South Asian market, and because of the presence of oil in the neighbouring province of Khuzestan. In the vacuum created by the Ottoman Empire’s loss of power in the region in the 19th century, America, which wanted to create an area of dominance for itself, c

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Schonhardt-Bailey, Cheryl. "Lessons in Lobbying for Free Trade in 19th-Century Britain: To Concentrate or Not." American Political Science Review 85, no. 1 (1991): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962877.

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I present a modified version of the public choice interest group model that integrates concentrated and deconcentrated interests with successful lobbying. It is argued that effective free trade lobbying required the political fusion of the economic interests representing two fundamental changes in nineteenth-century Britain's economy: (1) geographic concentration of the core export industry (cotton textiles) and (2) deconcentration of the broader export sector both geographically and in terms of industrial structure. Empirical evidence from both national and individual levels firmly supports t

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Huang, Sheng-Yu, Te-Yen Liu, Cheng-Lun Tien, and Amador IV Peleo. "At the World’s End: The British, Takao, and Southeast Asia, 1864–1895." Bandung 7, no. 2 (2020): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21983534-00702002.

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Abstract This paper examines the history of the commercial maritime activities associated with the former British Consulate at Takao (1864–1895) by considering its role as a facilitator of trade and international relations, particularly with Southeast Asia. The Takao Consulate fostered international trade between Southern Taiwan and Southeast Asia through the trading firm Jardine Matheson and contributed to the favorable economic conditions that were further enhanced by the Japanese Empire’s colonial administration of Taiwan from 1895 to 1945. By drawing on Man-Houng Lin’s work on the developm

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Shields, Sarah D. "Regional Trade and 19th-Century Mosul: Revising the Role of Europe in the Middle East Economy." International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, no. 1 (1991): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380003453x.

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During the past two decades, historians of the last Ottoman centuries have produced ground-breaking research documenting the increasing economic interaction between Europe and the Middle East. Relying on information about the empire's trade with Europe, scholars have concluded that the 19th century was a time of transformation–in culture, in politics, and in economics. By thus calling our attention to changing circumstances, these historians, economists, art historians, and sociologists have outlined a general landscape of upheaval and change.1 Monographs on Ottoman cities, focusing on the eff

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ZARINEBAF-SHAHR, FARIBA. "SHIREEN MAHDAVI, For God, Mammon, and Country (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999). Pp. 304." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 2 (2001): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801222065.

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The social and economic history of the Qajar period has not received much attention from Iranian or Western scholars. The present book has partly filled this gap by focusing on the biography of a leading Iranian merchant and entrepreneur, Haj Muhammad Hasan Amin al-Zarb. It complements the few existing studies by Issawi (1971), Ashraf (1980), and Natiq (1992) on the economic history of 19th-century Iran. The author shows that the expansion of foreign trade in Iran benefited many native merchants, who successfully used their entrepreneurial skills, experience of the internal market conditions,

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Bazarov, Komil. "THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF WRESTLING." International conference on multidisciplinary science 1, no. 3 (2023): 67–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434860.

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The history and development of wrestling trace back to ancient times, as evidenced by cave paintings and artifacts. Wrestling was valued by the ancient Greeks as a display of strength and technique, while the Romans emphasized brute strength. Wrestling styles varied across regions, with distinct traditions emerging in different cultures. The Renaissance saw a resurgence of wrestling, particularly among the nobility and military. The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed the sport's popularity in the United States and the establishment of international competitions. The 20th century marked the

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MacCracken, Michael C., and Hans Volkert. "IAMAS: a century of international cooperation in atmospheric sciences." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 10, no. 1 (2019): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-119-2019.

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Abstract. The International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS) was founded in 1919 as the Section of Meteorology of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). Significant advances over human history, particularly during the 19th century, in the gathering, communication, assembly and analysis of observations of the changing weather and in theoretical understanding of the fundamental physical relationships and processes governing atmospheric circulation had been driven by the need for improved weather and climate forecasts to support the expansion of globa

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Rahmat, Syahrul, Amin Suyitno, and Endang Rochmiatun. "The East Coast of Sumatra in the Spice Trade Network in the 19th Century." Criksetra: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah 12, no. 2 (2023): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jc.v12i2.20001.

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This article discusses the dynamics of the spice trade that occurred on the east coast of Sumatra, to be precise in the areas of Singapore and Palembang in the 19th century. The spice trade on the east coast of Sumatra in the 19th century was inseparable from the involvement of many nations in the spice commodity produced in the archipelago. In addition, this article also aims to analyze the impact of the spice trade on the formation of inter-ethnic networks. This study uses historical research methods, starting from heuristics, source criticism, interpretation and writing of history. Analysis

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PARK, Eun-sook. "King Gojong’s illegal red ginseng trade and Korea-China relations in the late 19th century." Association for Korean Modern and Contemporary History 106 (September 30, 2023): 7–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29004/jkmch.2023.09.106.7.

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King Gojong paid attention to red ginseng trade, which could acquire silver, and exercised exclusive authority over red ginseng and red ginseng trade after opening the ports. After allocating most of Posam(포삼, Red ginseng for the trade of envoys) to the royal family in 1884, King Gojong directly controlled the red ginseng trade and collected the trade money. And he also engaged in illegal red ginseng trade. King Gojong’s illegal red ginseng trade had not been revealed because it was conducted in secret. However, it was revealed through slush funds given to Min Young-ik in 1885, illegal t

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Swinnen, Johan, and Giulia Meloni. "Standards, Tariffs and Trade: The Rise and Fall of the Raisin Trade Between Greece and France in the Late Nineteenth Century." Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 4 (2017): 711–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017028.

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There is much debate on the impact of product and process standards on trade. The conceptual arguments are complex and empirical evidence is mixed. We analyse the impact of standards and tariffs on the dramatic rise and fall of the raisin trade between France and Greece in the course of 25 years at the end of the nineteenth century. The case illustrates how product standards can be used to address consumer concerns and to protect producer interests. Economic conditions and French policies first stimulated Greek raisin imports. Later, changing conditions and political pressures led to the intro

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Kazarin, V. N. "Scientific legal heritage of professor Sergey Vladimirovich Shostakovich. To the 120 anniversaries since birth." Siberian Law Herald 4 (2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2071-8136.2022.4.11.

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Are considered scientific heritage of the historian, lawyer and orientalist, professor of the Irkutsk university S. V. Shostakovich. Its role in reconstruction of the higher legal education in Eastern Siberia is noted. The main attention is paid to the analysis of historical and legal questions in research of antique Greece, the countries of the Middle East, Central Asia and China during modern and latest times. It is noted that S. V. Shostakovich made a scientific contribution in studying the legal dependent population and patriarchal family in Ancient Greece, problems of the feudal monarchy

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Hamzin, Ildar R. "The Russian Commercial Fleet in the Treaty Ports of China in the Second Half of the 19th Century." RUDN Journal of Russian History 21, no. 1 (2022): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-1-19-33.

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The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the activity of the Russian merchant fleet in China in the second half of the 19th century. This historical issue is particularly relevant in connection with the active development of modern foreign trade in China and the strengthening of Russian-Chinese trade and economic ties. The historical research is based on the materials of the central archives of Russian Federation (including the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and the Russian State Historical Archive). The methodology is based on a comparative analysis of Russian shipping

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Sekarningrum, Retno, and Hasanuddin Hasanuddin. "DINAMIKA PERDAGANGAN EMAS DAN BUDAK DI GORONTALO ABAD XVIII-XIX." Handep: Jurnal Sejarah dan Budaya 6, no. 2 (2023): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33652/handep.v6i2.239.

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As a hub between major ports such as Malacca, Singapore, Ternate, and Makassar, Gorontalo plays a crucial role in the shipping and trade networks of the northern region of Sulawesi. This condition was strengthened by the availability of numerous commodities, especially gold, and enslaved people. These two essential commodities had been exported, mainly by Bugis and Mandar traders, to the international market since the 16th century. Studies on the development of the Gorontalo port have received less attention from historians who only focused on the role of large ports. This paper focuses on the

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Ma, Shu-yun. "Recent Changes in China's Pure Trade Theory." China Quarterly 106 (June 1986): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000038583.

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The importance of international trade to the Chinese economy has been growing since the formal approval of the open-door policy at the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in 1978. However, trade expansion in China faces three constraints. First, there is the theoretical problem that orthodox ideology makes it illegitimate for a socialist country to have a large foreign trade sector. Secondly, there is the institutional problem that the Soviet-type foreign trade mechanism, characterized by a state monopoly of foreign trade, a centralized foreign tr

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Tsoucalas, Gregory, and Lazaros Vladimiros. "The German-American physician and philologist Achilles Rose (1839-1916), the grand Philhellene." DELTOS 34, no. 52 (2024): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/dj.38285.

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Achilles Rose, a German-American physician of the late 19th century, became famous for his persistent global struggle to promote the Hellenic language as the official language in medicine and science in general. Having studied in Zurich, Jena, and New York, he became a general practice physician. His most well-known medical treatise was “The Carbonic Acid in Medicine”, and he was the author of various works celebrating the Greeks and their vivid language. The Medical Society of Athens elected him as a member of a committee for such a purpose. Although Latin appeared to have won this linguistic

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Rahim, Arif. "Kesultanan Jambi dalam Jaringan Perdagangan Antar Bangsa (1480-1834)." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 21, no. 3 (2021): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v21i3.1771.

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This paper discusses the Jambi kingdom and its existence as a country located on the international trade route. This is interesting to study because the period of its existence coincided with the golden age of trade between nations which involved emporium countries that were located along the trade route from China in the east to the Mediterranean in the western tip. This period is said by historians to be the prosperous era of the Asian emporium. By using a multi-dimensional approach and supported by the application of historical methods that refer to scientific historical research procedures

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KURT, Burcu. "South Marmara Islands as the Center of Arms Trafficking in the Marmara Sea (1890-1914)." Gazi Akademik Bakış 15, no. 30 (2022): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19060/gav.1131188.

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The most important of the South Marmara Islands, namely the Paşalimanı, Avşa and Ekinlik islands are in an extremely strategic point geographically because they are close to the Kapıdağ peninsula and located at the mouth of the Dardanelles. A majority of the population of the islands being non-Muslim and Greek -particularly after Greece broke away from the Ottoman state in 1829- increased the strategic importance of the region even further. In addition to grape and distillery produce, shipping to distant ports and in particular the Greek ports constituted a significant source of the island’s i

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Jeong, Hyeon Goo. "Common Beliefs about the Origin of British Royalty’s Tea Culture in the 17th Century." Korean Tea Society 31, no. 2 (2025): 26–34. https://doi.org/10.29225/jkts.2025.31.2.26.

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This study critically examines commonly held beliefs regarding the origin of tea culture in the British royal court. The results are as follows. First, awareness of tea in England began in the early 1600s, and by the 1650s, tea was consumed by certain social groups. The first documented royal offering of tea dates to 1660, indicating its presence before the arrival of Catherine of Branganza. Second, tea import volumes remained minimal until the late 17th century. Significant growth occurred only after 1685, coinciding with renewed trade with Qing China. This suggests the spread of tea culture

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Shkunov, Vladimir. "Russian-Eastern Trade in the Period of Epidemics, Epizootics and Epiphitotics in the XIX Century." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2023): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080025894-0.

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The paper is devoted to the problems of development of foreign trade ties between the Russian Empire and neighboring countries of the Middle East and Central Asia during periods of epidemics, epizootics and epiphytoties throughout the 19th century. Special attention is paid to the evolution of the sanitary and quarantine policy of the state, the measures of government agencies to check the spread of contagious diseases in highly endemic regions. The author shows how the emergence and spread of infectious diseases affected the dynamics of foreign trade operations, changes in distribution channe

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Bakhash, Shaul. "The Persian Gulf." World Politics 37, no. 4 (1985): 599–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010346.

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The focus and context of the great powers' interest in the Persian Gulf has altered —often subtly, sometimes dramatically —since Britain established its hegemony in the region in the 19th century. Britain engaged in a lucrative trade, but primarily sought to protect imperial communications and the approaches to India. Today, it is oil that gives the region its strategic importance. For a number of years after World War II, Britain remained the paramount power in the area, maintaining maritime peace, handling the external affairs of the Gulf sheikhdoms, mediating local disputes, dominating trad

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Kiskidosova, Tatiana A. "Relationship of Russian Merchants with the Tuvan Population in the Second Half of the 19th - Early 20th Century." RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, no. 1 (2023): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-1-57-71.

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The author identifies the main factors that influenced the relationship between Russian merchants and the Tuvan population in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries taking into account a number of features and attracting new sources. The author studies the influence of debt trade on Russian-Tuvan relations, characterizes the policy of the Tuvan noions towards Russian merchants, determines the role of Chinese capital in the development of Russian trade in Tuva, considers the image of Russian merchant in the view of the Tuvans. In the course of the work, the system approach was used

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Abdrakhmanov, Konstantin A. "Caravan trade of Central Asian merchants with Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 3 (2021): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-3-399-410.

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The article analyzes the everyday business activity of Asian entrepreneurs who participated in caravan trade with the Russian Empire through the cities of Orenburg region in the first quarter of the 19th century. The specifics of foreign trade operations of merchants from Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand during this period were almost completely ignored by Russian historians in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern periods. The source base of this article consists of unpublished archival documents that shed light on the details of the business activities of merchants from Asia. Letters to the regi

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Grant, Kevin James. "Hebridean Gaels and the sea in the early 19th century." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 147 (November 21, 2018): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.147.1249.

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The people of the Hebrides have long been associated with a heroic tradition of seafaring – the image of the medieval birlinn or galley has become emblematic of Norse and Gaelic power. Coastal communities in the 19th century would have been familiar with this tradition as it was a common theme of the song and story which was a ubiquitous part of their lives. However, the waters around the Hebrides in the years around 1800 were largely the preserve of merchantmen or warships of friendly and enemy navies.Gaels who farmed the coasts of the Hebrides could have little influence over this largely En

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Ababakr, Amer. "Global Trade Governance and WTO: Beyond the Model of the Club." Asian Social Science 18, no. 2 (2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v18n2p32.

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Global governance primarily focuses on the management and governance of global affairs that are beyond the ability of the state to solve through formal and informal interactions between local, national, regional, and international actors. The post-cold war era can be called the golden age of the process of global governance. This process has significantly broadened to include more diverse players, networks, institutions, regimes, and mechanisms that apply distributive or regulatory functions that have transnational effects. In parallel with this the global trade governance, which includes the

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Ramadhani, Dahlia, Mikail A. F. Djauhari Amrin, Nur Grace, Serli Aulia, Roys A. Saputra, and Mutmainnah Mutmainnah. "THE INFLUENCE OF COLONIALISM ON THE COASTAL COMMUNITIES IN PARIAMAN THROUGH ADILLA'S NAKHODA PESISIR BARAT." Seshiski: Southeast Journal of Language and Literary Studies 5, no. 1 (2025): 14–21. https://doi.org/10.53922/seshiski.v5i1.81.

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This research aims to examine the impact of colonialism's influence on the lives of the coastal society of Pariaman, West Sumatra, focusing on cultural, social and economic interactions. The research's foundation is Ivan Adilla's short novel Nakhoda Pesisir Barat, which recounts the late 19th-century life of a merchant named Muhammad Saleh under Dutch colonial rule. Examining how colonialism affected trade, education, and local identity, this research used a qualitative methodology with a historical perspective and narrative analysis, drawing on the theories of Frantz Fanon and Immanuel Waller

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Shamshetdin Abdinazimov and Azamat Abdiev. "REGARDING EXPLANATION OF INTERNATIONAL TERM ELEMENTS IN THE UZBEK DICTIONARIES." ANGLISTICUM. Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies 13, no. 1 (2024): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.58885/ijllis.v13i1.12sa.

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This article explores the historical evolution of linguololklore studies, tracing its origins back to ancient Greece and ancient India, where scholars have analyzed language variations in literary and spoken forms. This section discusses the efforts of Greek thinkers to interpret the language of Homer's epics and the work of Indian grammarians such as Panini in distinguishing between Sanskrit and Prakrit. Furthermore, it highlights the contributions of Arab scholars in interpreting Islamic texts and the emergence of linguistics as a distinct field in the 19th century, particularly through the

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Perera, C. T. S. Sathsara. "The Significance of Modern Agreements Between Greece and Egypt as Secondary Readings: the echoes of Herodotus and Thucydides." Journal of Desk Research Review and Analysis 1, no. 1 (2023): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jdrra.v1i1.3.

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Greece and Egypt, developed individually in two continents Europe and Africa, respectively, have maintained long beneficial relations since pre-historic times. The earliest evidence of Greek-Egyptian relations was uncovered from Minoan excavations that date back to 3000 BCE. Considering the literary sources available to examine the nature of contacts between Greece and Egypt, the Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides from the 5th century BCE reveal evidently reliable information on the bilateral agreements that prevailed between the two nations. Historians relate stories on how these two n

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Repetowski, Radosław. "Zmiany w marketingowej orientacji przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych w dobie postępującej globalizacji." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 12 (June 4, 2009): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.12.14.

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Globalization is not a new phenomenon. This process has been initiated by great geographic discoveries. One can say, that the first age of globalization has been started in the 19th century. Continuous reducing of duty caused England to become the trade – open country. It allowed to accelerate the develpment of international business. In the end of the 19th century, innovations were a significant factor for development of globalization. They enabled a boost of efficiency of enterpreneurship through organizing mass production, reducing elementary cost and reducing price of final products. Techn

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Spraakman, Gary P. "A Critique of Milgrom and Roberts' Treatment of Incentives vs. Bureaucratic Controls in the British North American Fur Trade." Journal of Management Accounting Research 14, no. 1 (2002): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2002.14.1.135.

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In their 1992 textbook, Economics, Organization and Management, Milgrom and Roberts used 19th century fur trading companies as examples of effective (the incentive-based North West Company) and ineffective (the bureaucratic-based Hudson's Bay Company) organizations. Findings from detailed examinations of both companies' archives suggest that Milgrom and Roberts were not completely accurate in their depictions of the two companies' incentives and bureaucratic controls. In response to complexities of intercontinental trade, both companies used bureaucratic controls for coordination as well as pr

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