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Journal articles on the topic 'International trade – Europe'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Hamilton, Carl B., L. Alan Winters, Gordon Hughes, and Alasdair Smith. "Opening up International Trade with Eastern Europe." Economic Policy 7, no. 14 (April 1992): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1344513.

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2

Frensch, Richard. "International Trade and Restructuring in Eastern Europe." Comparative Economic Studies 38, no. 2-3 (July 1996): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ces.1996.22.

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3

Cieślik, Andrzej, Jan Jakub Michałek, and Jerzy Mycielski. "Social Development and International Trade in Central Europe." Equilibrium 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2012.008.

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In this paper we study the impact of social development on international trade in Central and Eastern Europe using the generalized gravity model. Many previous empirical studies which explored the determinants of trade flows, concentrated only on traditional gravity variables, such as the size of trading partners, factor abundance, technology differences or distance. In our study, in addition to the standard set of gravity variables, we examine the role of aggregate social development indicators such as Human Development Index and its components. Our results show that both aggregate and disaggregate measures of social development affect the volume of international trade flows. In particular, the education indexes seem to be positively related to bilateral trade flows.

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4

Milner, Susan. "The International Labour Movement and the Limits of Internationalism: the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres, 1901–1913." International Review of Social History 33, no. 1 (April 1988): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000008610.

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SummaryDespite an abundance of literature on the Second International relatively little is known about the work of the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres (ISNTUC). Foundect in 1901 by the German and Scandinavian labour leaders, this exclusively trade union International (the forerunner of the post-war International Federation of Trade Unions) included representatives of most of the major labour movements of Europe and the USA. Under German leadership it occupied itself with exclusively trade union issues, a limitation which was contested by revolutionary labour federations. Study of the ISNTUC therefore reveals much about conceptions of internationalism within the internationally organized labour movement.

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5

Pirtskhalava, Nana, and Aleksandr Karpov. "INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FOREST INDUSTRY." Forestry Engineering Journal 9, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2019.4/18.

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Russia is the richest country with forest resources. It accounts for 22 % of the world's forest cover and half of the world's coniferous wood reserves. According to forecasts, the demand for commercial wood will increase by about 150 million cubic meters by 2030. There is only one real source – Russia's reserves. Reserves today amount to more than 83 billion cubic meters. For enterprises of the Arkhangelsk region, the main markets for woodworking products are China, the USA, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Egypt. Based on this, the study has formed a logistic export system for three transportation options. In addition, studies have been carried out on the basis of UNCTAD, EUROSTAT and FAO materials, as well as SEARATES technical and economic data. When choosing a logistics system option, an integrated economic assessment of costs by components has been used: material flow, information flow, and logistics intermediaries. The study has examined six potential routes for delivering timber between ports in East Asia (Shanghai) and Europe (Rotterdam). Based on the results of the research, the following conclusions can be drawn. The study has addressed the issue of transportation along the Northern Sea Route (HIAR). Transportation along this route is possible only in the event of global warming and accelerated retreat of the Arctic sea ice. The economic strength for distance savings from Asia to Europe makes the northern route a likely driver of change in transportation networks

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6

Naghshpour, Shahdad, and Bruno S. Sergi. "The economics of international trade in south-eastern Europe." SEER 11, no. 2 (2008): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2008-2-199.

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7

Diebold, William. "American Trade Policy and Western Europe." Government and Opposition 22, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017257x00700066.

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The eve of a major multilateral trade negotiation is a time to meditate. This is not because the atmosphere is beauteous, calm and free. Nor is it about to become so because major governments, after years of haggling, are ready — more or less — to enter the round. Indeed, the Conventions of trade negotiation are antithetical to a calm and clear understanding of what combination of aspiration and realism will do most to improve the conditions of international trade. In such negotiations, the general objective — the reduction of trade barriers — is referred to as a concession to others. ‘Standing firm’ and other forms of negativism are praised. Brinkmanship is encouraged— at least among those strong enough to do damage.

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8

Anthony, Ian. "The arms trade and Europe." International Affairs 72, no. 2 (April 1996): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624384.

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9

GORINA, Ganna, Yuliia BOCHAROVA, Tetiana KOZHUKHOVA, Natalia IVANOVA, and Galina BOHATYRYOVA. "THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN TOURISM SERVICES IN EUROPE." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 43, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 1091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.43330-924.

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European tourism suffered the greatest crisis on record in 2020-2021 following an unprecedented health, social and economic emergency with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine restrictions. Thus, the aim of the article is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on international trade in tourism services in Europe, as well as determining the development trends of international trade in tourism services in the regions of Europe and EU countries in the pre- and post-coronavirus period. To achieve the goal of the scientific research a quantitative research method, literature review method, retrospective analysis, statistical analysis has been used. In the study, secondary data of the international tourist arrivals in Europe, export/import of tourism services by European regions and EU in the pre-coronavirus and post-coronavirus period has been analyzed. The following trends have been identified: 1) an undulating trend in tourism exports in Europe in general, and European regions in particular, characterized by regional differentiation; 2) an alternation of peaks and troughs in the volume of imports of tourism services in Europe and a reversal of the main upward downward trend in all regions of Europe in 2020; 3) a differentiation of the response of European regions to the challenges of 2020 - regions with a passive trade balance showed a reduction in the deficit, while regions with an active trade balance, on the contrary, reduced its surplus; 4) a differentiation of the share of import/export of tourism services of total trade in services by regions of Europe with a gradual upward trend and a rapid downward trend break in 2020.

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10

DEBAERE, PETER. "Small fish–big issues: the effect of trade policy on the global shrimp market." World Trade Review 9, no. 2 (April 2010): 353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474561000011x.

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AbstractIt is a well-established theoretical result that the trade policy of a large country can directly affect its own and other countries' welfares by affecting international goods' prices. However, there exist very few empirical studies that analyze the effect of trade policy on international prices. With detailed data on unit values and tariffs, I show how policy actions in Europe disrupted the global shrimp market in a non-negligible way and set the stage for the anti-dumping case in the United States. The loss of Thailand's preferential trade status in Europe and the international differences in food-safety standards during the antibiotics crisis shifted especially Thai, Vietnamese, and Chinese shrimp exports away from Europe toward the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s. I document how those shifting markets have decreased US prices for shrimp significantly compared to those in Europe.

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11

Spaulding, Robert Mark. "German trade policy in Eastern Europe, 1890–1990: preconditions for applying international trade leverage." International Organization 45, no. 3 (1991): 343–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300033130.

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Over the past century, Germany has repeatedly attempted to use trade as a tool of foreign policy vis-à-vis Imperial Russia, the Soviet Union, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. Against the background of continual German economic superiority, this article analyzes Germany's ability to apply trade leverage in terms of four other factors: the nature of the prevailing international trade regime, government views of trade leverage as a tool of statecraft, the degree of German state autonomy in setting trade policies, and the availability of an effective bureaucratic mechanism for controlling German imports and exports. The historical record demonstrates that beyond economic superiority, the application of trade leverage requires a permissive international trade regime, state acceptance of trade-based economic statecraft, an autonomous domestic regime, and a rigorous trade control bureaucracy. Surprisingly, this conjunction of factors, as they applied to Eastern Europe, occurred during both the Nazi period and the early years of the Federal Republic. The article closes by pointing out how two important factors—the politicized nature of the East-West trade regime and the Federal Republic's high degree of state autonomy in setting Eastern trade policy–are being eroded by political and economic change in Eastern Europe.

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12

Claeys, Jos. "Christelijke vakbonden van hoop naar ontgoocheling : Het Wereldverbond van de Arbeid en de transformatie van het voormalige Oostblok na 1989." Trajecta. Religion, Culture and Society in the Low Countries 29, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 49–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tra2020.1.003.clae.

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Abstract The implosion of Communism between 1989 and 1991 in Central- and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the following socio-economic transitions had a strong impact on Western European social movements. The international trade union movement and trade unions in Belgium and the Netherlands were galvanized to support the changing labour landscape in CEE, which witnessed the emergence of new independent unions and the reform of the former communist organizations. This article explores the so far little-studied history of Christian trade union engagement in post-communist Europe. Focusing on the World Confederation of Labour (WCL) and its Belgian and Dutch members, it reveals how Christian trade unions tried to recruit independent trade unions in the East by presenting themselves as a ‘third way’ between communism and capitalism and by emphasizing the global dimensions of their movement. The WCL ultimately failed to play a decisive role in Eastern Europe because of internal disagreements, financial struggles and competition with the International Confederation of Trade Unions.

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13

Pisani, Michael J., and Jane LeMaster. "Commerce, International Trade and Management Before the “Discovery” of Europe." Latin American Business Review 1, no. 4 (December 2000): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j140v01n04_06.

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14

Egger, Peter. "Intermediate goods trade and international wage convergence in Central Europe." Empirica 33, no. 4 (September 23, 2006): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-006-9000-5.

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15

Tvrdoň, Oldřich, and Radmila Presová. "Barter trade operations in the EU intracommunity area." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 6 (2007): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755060187.

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The article deals with trading possibilities through the barter trade companies which are widely spread especially in USA and Wester Europe. It shows the essence of commercial and cooperative companies engaged in barter-trading business. It also introduces the International Reciprocal Trade Assiciation worldwide company (IRTA). Shows results of czech barter company LQA, ltd., which trades requisitions and other goods by jointing demands since 2000. By the help of balance sheet method it reproaches values of offered and demanded requisitions in 2007.

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16

García, Magaly Rodríguez. "Constructing Labour Regionalism in Europe and the Americas, 1920s–1970s." International Review of Social History 58, no. 1 (December 18, 2012): 39–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859012000752.

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AbstractThis article provides an analysis of the construction of labour regionalism between the 1920s and 1970s. By means of a comparative examination of the supranational labour structures in Europe and the Americas prior to World War II and of the decentralized structure of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), I attempt to defend the argument that regionalism was a labour leaders' construct that responded to three issues: the quest for power among the largest trade-union organizations within the international trade-union movement; mutual distrust between labour leaders of large, middle-sized, and small unions from different regions; and (real or imaginary) common interests among labour leaders from the same region. These push-and-pull factors led to the construction of regional labour identifications that emphasized “otherness” in the world of international labour. A regional labour identity was intended to supplement, not undermine, national identity. As such, this study fills a lacuna in the scholarly literature on international relations and labour internationalism, which has given only scant attention to the regional level of international labour organization.

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17

Shchodra, Olha. "THE SLAVIC AGE IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION: THE ECONOMIC RISE OF THE SLAV-INHABITED BALTIC SEACOAST IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES." Problems of slavonic studies, no. 68 (2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2019.68.3068.

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Abstract Background. The article attempts to explore the reasons of the economic rise in the Slav-inhabited Baltic Sea region, including the role of geographical factors; the impact of international trade on the economic development of the Slavic region; the role of the coastal Slavs in developing the Baltic trade routes as well as the network of river and land communications in Central and Eastern Europe. The paper mainly focuses on the participation of the Slavs in the formation of transcontinental trade routes and the development of trade between Europe and the Arab East. Purpose. To explore medieval written sources, archaeological sources and historical literature on the economic development of the Baltic Slavs; identify the main factors of their economic rise, including the establishment of cities and the development of trade. Results. The following conclusions are made in the article: the first early medieval cities in the southern Baltic were founded by the Slavs; as early as in the VII century in the Oder river basin alone there were about a hundred settlements in the lands of lutych tribes. The cities founded by the Slavs on the southwest coast of the Baltic were large trade centers such as Veligrad (ger. Mecklenburg), Volyn (ger. Yumna), Staryhrad (ger. Oldenburg), Kolobreg, Shchetin, Arkona and others. According to the German chronicler Adam Bremensky the Slavic city of Volyn located on the island at the mouth of the Oder river, was one of the largest early medieval cities in Europe and a major international trading center. The emergence of early cities was stimulated by economic development in the Baltic Slavic region, including agriculture and crafts. However, trade was the main factor in the economic rise of the Slav-inhabited Baltic sea region. The favorable geographical location contributed to the formation in its territory of a network of waterways and landways, which were branches of international trade highways. Contrary to established views of the Slavs as exclusively agricultural people, sources indicate that the main occupation of the coastal Slavs was trade. They also engaged in the maritime piracy, the centers of which were the islands of Fembra (ger. Femarn) and Ruyan (ger. Rügen). The coastal Slavic tribes were pioneers in paving the first trade routes and in developing international trade in the Baltic region. Trade activities of the coastal Slavs to a large extent ensured the establishment of trade links between different regions of Europe and the development of transcontinental trade between Europe and the Arab East. The transcontinental water and land routes passed through the lands inhabited by the Slavs (Slavonia). An important role in its development in the early Middle Ages also belongs to the Danube Slavs (the state of Samo, Great Moravia) and Rus. Key words: early Medieval Age, Baltic Slavs, obodrytes, lutyches, ruyans, international trade routes, trade with the Arab East.

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18

Bojan, Matkovski, Zekic Stanislav, Savic Mirko, and Radovanov Boris. "Trade of agri-food products in the EU enlargement process: Evidence from the Southeastern Europe." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 8 (August 30, 2018): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/134/2017-agricecon.

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Since the last decade, significant changes have occurred in the trade flows of agri-food products of the Southeastern European countries (SEE) due to adjustment to international market. Namely, as all countries of the SEE strive to be full members of the EU; market opportunities have been changing, primarily because of the reduced barriers on trade with the EU, as well as with the regional countries. In order to investigate the effects of the liberalization process of the agri-food sector of the SEE countries on their export, as well as the total foreign trade, a gravity model based on panel data in the period 2005–2015 has been estimated. According to the results, liberalization of the market in the SEE countries, as a consequence of the EU enlargement process, as well as regional integrations, had positive effects on the total foreign trade of agri-food products. Despite the positive liberalization effects on the agri-food trade, all SEE countries have a lower level of competitiveness than the EU countries, so an organized access to products which possess comparative advantages will be an important condition for the achievement of their particular positions at the international market.

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19

Hong, Chaopeng, Hongyan Zhao, Yue Qin, Jennifer A. Burney, Julia Pongratz, Kerstin Hartung, Yu Liu, et al. "Land-use emissions embodied in international trade." Science 376, no. 6593 (May 6, 2022): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj1572.

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International trade separates consumption of goods from related environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and land-use change (together referred to as “land-use emissions”). Through use of new emissions estimates and a multiregional input-output model, we evaluated land-use emissions embodied in global trade from 2004 to 2017. Annually, 27% of land-use emissions and 22% of agricultural land are related to agricultural products ultimately consumed in a different region from where they were produced. Roughly three-quarters of embodied emissions are from land-use change, with the largest transfers from lower-income countries such as Brazil, Indonesia, and Argentina to more industrialized regions such as Europe, the United States, and China. Mitigation of global land-use emissions and sustainable development may thus depend on improving the transparency of supply chains.

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20

Schott, Jeffrey J. "America, Europe, and the New Trade Order." Business and Politics 11, no. 3 (October 2009): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1263.

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Over the last 60 years, the multilateral management of trade through the GATT and subsequently through the WTO has been led by the United States and Europe. Since the turn of the new millennium, however, developing countries have increasingly used their leverage to insist that talks on agriculture receive priority attention, deny the inclusion of investment and competition policy on the negotiating agenda, and block agreement on negotiating modalities for agriculture and non-agricultural market access (NAMA). Cooperation between the United States and the European Union is still essential, but no longer sufficient, for successful multilateral negotiations. Specifically, the “BRICKs” (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Korea) are likely to be pivotal in directing the course and contributing to the success or failure of the WTO.

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21

TODD, DAVID. "JOHN BOWRING AND THE GLOBAL DISSEMINATION OF FREE TRADE." Historical Journal 51, no. 2 (June 2008): 373–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x08006754.

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ABSTRACTThe international diffusion of ideas has often been described as an abstract process. John Bowring's career offers a different insight into the practical conditions that permitted a concept, free trade, to spread across national borders. An early advocate of trade liberalization in Britain, Bowring promoted free trade policies in France, Italy, Germany, Egypt, Siam, and China between 1830 and 1860. He employed different strategies according to local political conditions, appealing to public opinion in liberal Western Europe, seeking to persuade bureaucrats and absolute rulers in Central Europe and the Middle East, and resorting to gunboats in East Asia. His career also helps to connect the rise of free trade ideas in Europe with the ‘imperialism of free trade’ in other parts of the world. Bowring upheld the same liberal ideals as Richard Cobden and other luminaries of the free trade movement. Yet unlike them, he endorsed imperial ascendancy in order to remove obstacles to global communications and spread civilization outside Europe.

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22

Vlčková, Jana, Vojtěch Nosek, Josef Novotný, and Antonín Lupíšek. "Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade in Central Europe between 1995 and 2008." Moravian Geographical Reports 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2015-0020.

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Abstract Climate change and environmental policies are widely discussed, but much less is known about emissions embodied in goods traded internationally, and the distinction between emission producers and consumers. The carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade in Central European countries are subject to examination in this paper. As a result of industrial restructuring and environmental legislation, air pollution has improved significantly in Central European countries since the 1989 transition. On the other hand, economic growth has been accompanied by a rise in consumerism. Despite the increasing role of exports, the Visegrad group countries have become net importers of carbon dioxide emissions between 1995 and 2008. This seems to be the ‘standard trajectory’ of a country’s transition toward a more developed and consumption-oriented economy. The global patterns of carbon dioxide emissions embodied in manufacturing exports are also mapped, using network analysis and constructing ‘product space’. The analysis confirms that industrial re-structuring played an important role in lowering the production of carbon dioxide emissions in the Visegrad countries.

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23

Barnes, Samuel H. "Christian Trade Unions and European Integration." Relations industrielles 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2014): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021649ar.

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Summary Christian trade unions of the countries of « Little Europe » have established organizations to coordinate their European activities and to represent their interests before the agencies concerned with European economic integration. They have been forced to seek allies in order to increase their influence. In this search they have two major alternatives: they can work closely with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, or they can try to increase their influence within the Christian Democratic political milieu. This article describes the supranational structure of the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions and analyses the problems of orientation with which its supranational activities has confronted it. The present article was suggested by a broader study of Christian trade unionism in the world. A grant from the Social Science Research Council enabled the author to visit several European countries during the summer of 1959, and this assistance is gratefully acknowledged. Additional research was accomplished in Europe in the summer of 1961.

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24

Heinrich, Sarah, Adam Toomes, and Jordi Janssen. "Legal or unenforceable? Violations of trade regulations and the case of the Philippine Sailfin Lizard Hydrosaurus pustulatus (Reptilia: Squamata: Agamidae)." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 18532–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7269.13.6.18532-18543.

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The Philippine Sailfin Lizard (Agamidae: Hydrosaurus pustulatus) is a nationally protected Philippine endemic species. It is threatened by habitat destruction, pollution and overexploitation for the domestic pet trade, yet less is known about the international component of the trade. Here we investigate the international trade in Hydrosaurus spp. (H. weberi, H. amboinensis, and H. pustulatus) with an emphasis on H. pustulatus. We analysed international seizures combined with international online sales and trade data for the United States of America (USA). The export of H. pustulatus from the Philippines has been prohibited since 1991, except under special circumstances, yet they continue to be traded internationally, and we found evidence for trade in Asia, Europe, and North America. Most of these animals, however, were declared to be captive-bred. While imports to and exports from the US consisted mostly of other species of Hydrosaurus, H. pustulatus was by far the most coveted species online, with prices significantly higher for H. pustulatus than any of the other species. While not many seizures have occurred outside the Philippines, even wild-caught individuals were found to be ‘legally’ imported to the USA – in apparent violation of the Lacey Act. We recommend H. pustulatus to be listed in CITES Appendix III, in order for countries other than the USA to have a legal basis to seize wild-caught animals trafficked from the Philippines and to monitor trade in captive-bred specimens. Further, we suggest the use of automated cross-referencing between imported species and the national protection status of the species’ native range states to ensure that legislation violations are detected at the point of import.

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White, John B., Morgan P. Miles, and E. James Randall. "Innovative Financial Technologies To Facilitate Trade With Eastern Europe." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 8, no. 3 (October 4, 2011): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v8i3.6150.

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The European Economic Community is overshadowing the great market potential of the emerging, newly liberated Eastern Bloc countries. Entering these formerly communist markets is challenging because of a lack of sound economies and weak currencies. This paper develops a model whereby North American businesses enter these markets and accept local currencies for products and services, purchase local goods with the local currency and then sell these goods through international commodity exchanges.

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26

Johnson, Ronald. "Terms of Trade Shifts and International Macroeconomic Fundamentals." Review of Black Political Economy 21, no. 3 (March 1993): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02701706.

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This paper focuses on the relationship between developing-country terms of trade and underlying economic fundamentals in the industrial economies. The focus is limited to the terms of trade of the five developing-country regions (Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the Western Hemisphere). The analysis is based on a version of the arbitrage pricing model, which is used extensively in the literature on capital market analysis. This model links developing-country terms of trade to indicators of international macroeconomic fundamentals. In this model the terms of trade are characterized as the price of a hedge portfolio consisting of a long position in exports and a short position in imports. The primary finding is that there does not appear to be an important link between developing-country terms of trade and underlying fundamentals in the industrial countries.

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27

Rowe, David M. "World Economic Expansion and National Security in Pre–World War I Europe." International Organization 53, no. 2 (1999): 195–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081899550869.

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Profound and rapid changes in the costs and risks of international trade are now widely acknowledged to be a potent source of domestic political conflict. By altering the relative prices of goods available from world markets, these changes alter the rewards that flow to different factors of production from different economic activities. These distributional consequences of changing levels of trade, in turn, alter the configuration of interests in the domestic political economy, strain existing political alignments, and enable the construction of new political coalitions. Thus, global changes in the economy, such as the transportation and telecommunications revolutions in the nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries or the collapse of international trade and finance during the interwar years, will have global consequences as they reverberate within and through the domestic politics of all countries that trade on world markets.

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28

Goodison, Paul. "The Future of Africa's Trade with Europe: ‘New’ EU Trade Policy." Review of African Political Economy 34, no. 111 (March 2007): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240701340480.

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29

Suzuki, Noriko. "Brexit’s Impact on Japan’s Trade with Europe." International Studies 58, no. 2 (April 2021): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00208817211002374.

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In the context of globalization, the Japanese government emphasizes the importance of reinforcing the free trade system. Due to European Union’s (EU) reluctance, the free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations between Japan and the EU took 4 years to conclude. However, Brexit prompted the conclusion of Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the EU as to maintain the economic interests of both sides after the British exit from the EU. The UK wants to maintain economic relations with Japan and to become a ‘Global Britain’ in the post-Brexit era. This article analyses both Japan–EU and Japan–UK FTAs. The core of the article looks at the impact of Brexit on Japan’s access to the European single market through a review of Japanese sectors and large corporations, particularly the automobile industry.

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30

Majocchi, Antonio, and Roger Strange. "Trade and Market Liberalisation in Eastern Europe." Journal of East-West Business 13, no. 2-3 (April 2007): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j097v13n02_01.

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31

Sokolov, V. "Trends of Development of International Trade in Goods in 1990–2008." World Economy and International Relations, no. 2 (2011): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-2-36-47.

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In today's world there are three centers of industrial production: Western Europe, North America and East Asia. These regions account for the lion's share of world exports of industrial products. The financial crisis of 2008-2009 exerted major negative impact on the growth of international trade in these products. The article examines the trade in certain branches of engineering products in 1990-2000, the influence of the global crisis on international trade, as well as the balance of payments problems of major countries and regions of the world.

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32

Jensen, Camilla. "Formal Integration: FDI and trade in Europe." Baltic Journal of Economics 5, no. 1 (September 2004): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1406099x.2004.10840415.

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33

Weintraub, Sidney. "Part III: New Perspectives on International Migration to Europe: International Comparisons and International Relations: North American Free Trade and the European Situation Compared." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 506–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600217.

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While both the EC and NAFTA are designed to provide trade preferences to the member countries, the two groupings differ markedly in other respects. The Treaty of Rome, establishing what is now the EC, consciously used economic means to foster political cohesion in Western Europe; whereas, the NAFTA negotiations seek free trade rather than more comprehensive economic integration precisely to minimize political content. The EC contains many social provisions absent from the NAFTA discussions, the most important of which is the right of migration from one EC country to another. However, migration between Mexico and the United States, both legal and undocumented, is more extensive than between any of the EC countries. This migration is unlikely to diminish in the near to medium term because of the great disparity that exists in the levels of income of the two countries. However, a reduction in the pressure to emigrate from Mexico over the long term requires sustained economic growth there, to which free trade with the United States can contribute.

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Bates, Robert H., Philip Brock, and Jill Tiefenthaler. "Risk and trade regimes: another exploration." International Organization 45, no. 1 (1991): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300001375.

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An analysis of a small sample of countries shows that the higher the level of termsof-trade risk that a nation faces in international markets, the more likely it is to increase barriers. The analysis also shows that the greater the availability of social insurance programs mounted by a nation's government, the less likely it is to block free trade. In comparison with the small open economies of Western Europe, therefore, developing countries may remain protectionist because they lack the resources to mount internal programs of transfer payments as a means of coping with risk from international markets.

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Bridgford, Jeff, Michal Košt'al, Dušan Martinek, Yuliya Simeonova, and Janusz Zabiega. "Trade union education in Central and Eastern Europe." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 6, no. 3 (August 2000): 486–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600311.

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The changes in Central and Eastern Europe that were set in motion at the end of the 1980s threw up a variety of challenges for trade union organisations and placed new demands on their officers and representatives, which in turn produced a range of new training needs. This article intends to start a process - gaining a better understanding of trade union education provision in Central and Eastern Europe. Evidence from four case studies - KNSB (Bulgaria), ČMKOS (Czech Republic), KOZ SR (Slovak Republic) and NSZZ Solidarność (Poland)- shows that trade union organisations have continued to consider education as an integral part of their development strategy, and have established structures for the aggregation of training needs and for the delivery of training within their organisations. In the absence of systematic funding from the state or of agreements with employers' organisations, trade unions carry the financial burden themselves, on occasions with support from western trade union organisations and European or international organisations. The pattern of trade union education provision is generally structured so as to ensure a 'stepped' pathway for the learner, and emphasis is placed, unsurprisingly, on capacity-building. The twin-track approach undertaken by ETUCO provides a response to certain specific needs articulated by CEEC trade unions and also enables a limited number of CEEC trade union officers and representatives to participate in pan-European trade union education activities. However further resources will be needed to increase the number of training activities to the level required to respond adequately to the training needs of ETUC-affiliated organisations in the CEECs.

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Prica, Ivana. "Financial services liberalization and international integration in South Eastern Europe." Ekonomski anali 53, no. 178-179 (2008): 122–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0879122p.

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The first part of this paper analyses the regulatory framework for international trade in financial services within the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO), with special attention paid to the open issues including the scope of prudential measures and capital mobility limitations. The process of the international integration of the South Eastern Europe (SEE) countries is mainly dictated by their goal of EU integration. With regard to the services' sectors, a major liberalization step on the way is WTO accession. Of the countries in the region only Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro are still not WTO members and in order to become members significant liberalization commitments will be demanded of them. For this reason the second part of the paper deals with concrete financial liberalization commitments undertaken by the original WTO members in SEE and the newly WTO acceded SEE member countries. The last part of the paper provides a quantitative analysis of these commitments by means of the measurement of liberalization indices in the banking sectors in SEE countries. This is to provide a general idea of the scope of liberalization that may be required from a SEE country in order to achieve WTO membership on the road to EU integration.

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Kaar, Alexandra. "The “Golden City” under Embargo: Prague's International Trade during the Hussite Wars, 1420–1436." Central European History 54, no. 3 (September 2021): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938921000431.

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AbstractAfter the outbreak of the First Hussite Wars (spring 1420), the Hussite capital Prague faced—at least in theory—a total embargo on all trade and commerce. However, trade evidently continued in spite of this embargo. The present article systematically assesses our knowledge on this trade and highlights articles, geographical structures and agents of long-distance trade to and from the Czech metropolis during the war, thus furthering our knowledge about the economic history of early fifteenth-century Central Europe in general. Furthermore, the author uses the example of the anti-Hussite embargo to address important and hitherto largely-neglected methodological questions concerning the analysis of medieval trade prohibitions in general.

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Ćurčić, Mihailo, Radan Kostić, and Ivica Matejić. "Foreign trade of Serbia and Africa." Odrzivi razvoj 3, no. 2 (2021): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/odrraz2102007c.

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When it comes to defining the foreign trade relations between Africa and the Republic of Serbia, it should be pointed out that our country achieves the least international trade cooperation with the countries of this continent. According to the data of the Parliamentary Budget Office (2018), Serbian foreign trade is mostly focused on Europe, given that as much as 93% of total exports were directed to European countries, and 80% of imports of goods from Europe. The exchange with African countries is almost negligible: on both the import and import side, Africa took part in less than 1% of the total Serbian foreign trade. Infrastructure development accelerates the pace of economic progress, by strengthening more productive activities, and leads to lower costs for conducting internal and external trade.

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Sokolov, V. "Mechanical Engineering Clusters in International Division of Labor." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2013): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2013-5-31-40.

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The article considers the proportions of mutual deliveries of goods in the triangle USA – Western Europe – East Asia in the recent decade. It is shown that the USA remained to be a net importer of industrial products while West European and East Asian countries were the net providers. The US deficit in goods’ trade with China and Germany exceeded the pre-crisis level. Still, the integral trade deficit of the USA remained lower than before the crisis, in particular because of lesser deficit in trade with oil producing countries and Japan. Reduction of China’s and Eurozone countries’ surplus in comparison to 2007-2008 can be explained by the dynamics of their trade with third countries (in particular, with the suppliers of energy resources which the prices turned back to high levels in post-crisis period). The same relate to a lesser extent to Japan which the surplus in trade with the USA did not reach the pre-crisis level. The author concludes that even during crisis and post-crisis periods the changes in balance of payments of the leading suppliers of mechanical engineering goods were mostly determined by their trade with the suppliers of raw materials rather than by the mutual trade.

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Sapir, André. "Trade Regionalism in Europe: Towards an Integrated Approach." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 38, no. 1 (March 2000): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00213.

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Jensen, Carsten Strøby. "Trade Unionism: Differences and Similarities - a Comparative View on Europe, USA and Asia." Journal of Industrial Relations 48, no. 1 (February 2006): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185606059314.

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The article presents an outline of characteristics regarding trade unions in three different parts of the world, focusing on Europe, USA and Asia. The intention is to describe and discuss differences and similarities between trade unionism in these three parts of the world focusing on some selected countries. The conclusion in this article is that it is possible - on a very abstract and generalizing level - to identify some differences in the social and institutional basis of trade unions in Europe, Asia and the USA.

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MOHAMMED, REZGAR, and YUQING ZHENG. "INTERNATIONAL DIFFUSION OF FOOD SAFETY STANDARDS: THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC CERTIFIERS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 49, no. 2 (April 19, 2017): 296–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2017.2.

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AbstractWe examined the cross-national adoption of six major private food safety standards, focusing on the role of certifiers and international trade. Results show that the number of certification bodies existing in the domestic country, food exports, and the proportion of food exports to North America had positive effects on a country's adoption of food safety standards. Distance leads to product differentiation for the standards and therefore disadvantages developing countries in Africa and Asia for adopting the standards, which are all based in the United States or Europe. Providing these countries with better access to certifiers can alleviate this geographic disadvantage.

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Athukorala, Prema-chandra. "Product Fragmentation and Trade Patterns in East Asia." Asian Economic Papers 4, no. 3 (October 2005): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2005.4.3.1.

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International product fragmentation—the cross-border dispersion of component production/assembly within vertically integrated production processes—is an important feature of the deepening structural interdependence of the world economy. This paper examines the implications of this phenomenon for global and regional trade patterns, with special emphasis on countries in East Asia, using a new data set culled from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database. It is found that, while “fragmentation trade” has generally grown faster than total world trade in manufacturing, the degree of dependence of East Asia on this new form of international specialization is proportionately larger than that of North America and Europe. The upshot is that international product fragmentation has made East Asian growth increasingly reliant on extra-regional trade, strengthening the case for a global, rather than a regional, approach to trade and investment policymaking.

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Bach, Daniel C. "Europe-Afrique : des acteurs en quête de scénarios." Études internationales 22, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702842ar.

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With the marginalization of Africa in international trade, previous models for operationalizing relations with Europe have become obsolete. There is increasingly a trend towards uncoupling between North Africa, the Republic of South Africa, and Black Africa. North Africa has broken away to the point of regarding itself as a hinterland of Europe. South Africa is likely to become both a crossroads and a transit point in trade between Europe, Africa, and the Pacific region. In Black Africa, the only current scenarios for reconnection with the rest of the world seem to amount to pointing out this subregion's capability to do harm if it were ever abandoned.

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Seok, Hwayoon, and Yoonjae Nam. "A Social Network Analysis of International Creative Goods Flow." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 4463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084463.

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This study used social network analysis to examine the structure of the international trade of creative goods. The results showed that the US, Canada, Europe, and certain Asian countries (e.g., China, the Republic of Korea, Japan, and Thailand) ranked high in terms of out-degree/in-degree, eigenvector, and betweenness centrality compared to other countries in the international creative goods trade network. A quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) revealed interrelations between each creative goods networks. In particular, the new media network strongly interacted with the design and art crafts network. Furthermore, multiple regression confirmed that each country’s gross domestic product (GDP), gross national income (GNI) per capita, population, inbound tourism expenditure, and gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) influenced their international trade of creative goods.

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Raharjo, Timbul. "INDONESIAN CRAFT IN THE WORLD TRADE." Ars: Jurnal Seni Rupa dan Desain 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/ars.v21i3.2899.

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Some international craft exhibitions focus on home accessories, gifts, and furniture. The exhibition aim as craft product branding at the national and international market, for example 2016 JIFFINA exhibition. Indonesian craft commodity maintains market share in several export destination countries because Indonesian products offer special characteristics and moreover, Indonesian exporters are enthusiastic in promoting the products in international exhibitions. In Asia level, Canton Fair held in Guangzhou International Convention & Exhibition Center China is one of the biggest programs where a big number of buyers look for products they want to purchase. In Asia, exhibition series peak in Guangzhou in March and in Shanghai in October. These exhibitions are visited by importers from Europe, America, Africa, The Middle East, Australia, etc. They come to buy Asian furniture. Some exhibitions in several countries are intentionally organized within a short time in sequence to grab buyers coming to South East Asian area. It is when the commission products from Indonesian producers, in form of retails or projects. Indonesian stakeholders respond this opportunity by organizing two big exhibitions, namely Indonesia International Furniture Expo (IFEX) in Jakarta and Jogja International Furniture and Craft Fair (JIFFINA) in Yogyakarta

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Sidorov, V. N., and E. V. Sidorova. "UNITED NATIONS ACTION IN THE FIELD OF TRADE FACILITATION." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 12 (March 14, 2021): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.76.12.095-110.

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Trade is defined as one of the key enabler of implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030. Trade facilitation is important trend of trade in sustainable development, as expected will promote of growth acceleration and international trade and also will enhance economic, ecological and social aspects of sustainable development. In article is offered to consider the main activities of the United Nations in the trade facilitation. In the article it is offered to consider the main activities of the UN in the sphere simplification of procedures of trade The article considers the work of the United Nations in the of trade facilitation field, in particular the work of the United Nations, sustainable development, trade facilitation, International law, United Nations Commission on International Trade law, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Network of Experts for Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific.

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Berg, Andrew, Jeffrey Sachs, Richard E. Baldwin, and John Flemming. "Structural Adjustment and International Trade in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland." Economic Policy 7, no. 14 (April 1992): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1344514.

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Lynch, Michael, and Jonathan P. Stern. "International Gas Trade in Europe: The Policies of Exporting and Importing Countries." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 4, no. 3 (1985): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3324218.

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Campbell, Robert W. "International gas trade in europe. The policies of exporting and importing countries." Journal of Comparative Economics 9, no. 2 (June 1985): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(85)90043-5.

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