Relevant bibliographies by topics / International rugby teams

Academic literature on the topic 'International rugby teams'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "International rugby teams"

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Dziedzic, Christine E., and Dean G. Higham. "Performance Nutrition Guidelines for International Rugby Sevens Tournaments." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 3 (June 2014): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0172.

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Rugby sevens is an abbreviated version of rugby union, played by teams of seven players over 7-min halves. International competitions are usually played in a tournament format. While shorter in duration, the movement demands of rugby sevens per min of match time are greater than rugby union, resulting in an accentuated load on players. This load can be repeated up to six times over a typical 2- or 3-day competition period. The potential cumulative effect of inadequate carbohydrate, protein and/or fluid intake over the course of a tournament is the greatest nutrition-related concern for players. Nutritional strategies before and during competition are suggested to replenish substrate stores, maintain fluid balance and promote recovery between matches. The use of ergogenic aids known to enhance intermittent, high-intensity activity and/or the execution of motor skills may be advantageous to rugby sevens performance and is discussed. This review provides a best-practice model of nutritional support for international rugby sevens competition based on our current understanding of the sport combined with pragmatic guidelines and considerations for the practitioner.
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Ross, Alex, Nicholas D. Gill, and John B. Cronin. "A Comparison of the Match Demands of International and Provincial Rugby Sevens." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 6 (September 2015): 786–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0213.

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Purpose: To compare the running demands and match activity profiles of international and provincial rugby sevens players. Participants: 84 rugby sevens players, consisting of 16 international players from 1 team and 68 provincial players from 8 teams. Methods: Global positioning system analysis was completed during international and provincial tournament matches. Video analysis was also used to quantify the individual match activities during tournament matches. Results: Trivial to moderate differences were found in the running demands of international and provincial players, with internationals covering a greater distance at very high speed (ES = 0.30) and performing a greater number of sprints (ES = 0.80). Small differences were found between the 2 levels in all but total tackles (ES = 0.07) and defensive ruck effectiveness (ES = 0.64). International matches incurred a greater overall ball-in-play time than provincial matches (proportion ratio = 1.32). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that both physical and technical factors distinguish international and provincial rugby sevens, although overall match demands are similar.
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Kvasnytsya, O. M., and I. M. Kvasnytsya. "Indices analysis of competition activity of national teams at Rugby Championship, 2022 season." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 10(155) (October 26, 2022): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2022.10(155).18.

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The article presents results of pedagogical survey and comparative analysis of the basic components of competition activity in rugby-15 among the best teams of the world, participants of men’s 2022 season of Rugby Championship. Video materials and game reports that were processed, analyzed and studied were used as data for the research. Indices of competition activity of four teams taking part in of Rugby Championship, 2022 season (rugby-15), have been analyzed. The matches were played from August 13, 2022 to September 24, 2022. Overall, 12 matches were analyzed. During the research, we used indices of rugby teams’ competition activity officially registered by the International Rugby Board, IRB. The authors have analyzed the following indices of competition activity: number of points scored; number of points allowed; number of tried made by a team; number of tries allowed by a team; number of tries scored; number of assists ;number semi-standard phases “ruck” and “maul”; percentage of won semi-standard phases “ruck” and “maul”; number of tackles and lineouts; percentage of tackles and lineouts won; number of free kicks; ball carrying; ball kicks during the game; number of percentage of successful grabs; ball possession percentage. Based on statistical data, it has been revealed that by quantitative indices of competition activity players of national team New Zealand and South African Republic statistically prevail over their opponent by the majority of indices. Specifically this refers to indices like overall points scored and allowed during the tournament, movement and ball carrying. These national teams also prevailed in successful tries and tries allowed. Analysis of indices of competition activity in Rugby Championship, 2022 season, proves that rugby players of the national team New Zealand prevail in seven of eight indices of competition activity in rugby-15, which turns into results in the form of leading position in the standings of the 2022 tournament. Further academic research will focus on analysis the aforementioned national teams in Rugby Championship, 2022 season, during semi-standard and standard phases.
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Pulling, Craig, and Matthew Stenning. "Offloads in Rugby Union: Northern and Southern Hemisphere International Teams." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 15, no. 1 (March 2015): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868788.

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Milenković, Slaviša. "The Beginning of Rugby Union in Serbia." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/spes-2019-0014.

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Summary The first direct contact with rugby was made by young men from Serbia during the First World War, after retreating through Albania, watching matches of French and English soldiers. During 1916, some 3,500 Serbian boys were sent to France and the United Kingdom to study. During their education at lyceums, colleges and universities, they were given the opportunity to play various sports, including rugby union. In keeping with their interest and quality, the Serbian boys quickly became involved in the school teams. Most Serbian boys actively participated in playing rugby in three Scottish cities - Edinburgh, Glasgow and Dundee. Their interest in the sport was so much that in Edinburgh and Glasgow they formed special teams made up only of Serbs who played matches with other school teams. The highlight of dealing with Serb rugby in Scotland was the performance by the boys of the George Heriot School at the Rugby 7 tournament on March 9, 1918 in Edinburgh and a victory over the British Colonies selection. This performance can be considered the first appearance of a sports team under the name of Serbia on the international stage. After the end of World War I and the return to the homeland, some of the young men who became acquainted with rugby in France and the United Kingdom actively participated in academic and sports life in their homeland and the result was the establishment of two rugby clubs, in Sabac and Belgrade.
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O’Donoghue, P., D. Ball, J. Eustace, B. McFarlan, and M. Nisotaki. "Predictive models of the 2015 Rugby World Cup: accuracy and application." International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 15, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcss-2016-0003.

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Abstract The current investigation compared 12 models of outcomes of international rugby union matches and then used the most accurate model to investigate performances within the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The underlying linear regression models were used within a simulation package that introduced random variability about performance evidenced by the residual distribution of the regression analyses. Each model was used within 10,000 simulations of the 2015 Rugby World Cup from which match outcome and team progression statistics were recorded. The most accurate model with respect to the actual 2015 tournament was developed using data from all seven previous tournaments rather than restricting cases to the most recent three tournaments. The model was more accurate when the data used violated the assumptions of linear regression rather than transforming variables to satisfy the assumptions. The model included World ranking points as a predictor variable and was more accurate than corresponding models that represented relative home advantage as well. The most accurate model used separate models for the pool and knockout stage matches although the 9 models that separating these match types were less accurate on average than when the two match types were considered together. This model was used to investigate properties of the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The tournament disadvantaged three teams in the World’s top 5 who were drawn in the same pool. Teams ranked in the World’s top 7 did not perform as well as predicted while teams ranked 16th and below performed better than predicted suggesting that the strength in depth in international rugby union is increasing. There was a small effect of having additional recovery days from the previous match compared to the opponents which was worth 4.1 points. The information produced by this research should be considered by those design tournaments such as the Rugby World Cup.
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Vaz, Luis, Sharief Hendricks, and Wilbur Kraak. "Statistical Review and Match Analysis of Rugby World Cups Finals." Journal of Human Kinetics 66, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0061.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the game related statistics and match analysis of rugby world cups finals from 1987 to 2015. Video recordings of all (n = 8 matches) rugby world cup finals were used for the purpose of this study. Games were analysed using the video analysis software (Sports code V8.9, Sportstec, Australia) and supplementary data were collected from the official reports published by the International Rugby Board and from webpages of Rugby World Cups. Magnitude of differences between the winners and losers was assessed mechanistically. Only 5 tries in total were scored in the last 8 rugby world cup finals. The main two modes of scoring points were penalty kicks and drop goals. Winning teams attempted more penalty kicks, yet seemed to miss more. The number of drop goals was similar between winning and losing teams. These findings highlight the significance of having an on form place-kicker and from a defensive perspective, conceding fewer penalties in kickable positions. Winners of the Rugby World Cup final won more scrums and lost few line-outs, emphasising the importance of winning the set-pieces. Further establishment of these variables and their influence on performance may be used to evaluate team performances and plan more effective tactical approaches to competition
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Thomas, Robert James. "An evaluation of the effectiveness of rugby event sponsorship: a study of Dove Men+Care and the Welsh Rugby Union." Journal of Product & Brand Management 23, no. 4/5 (August 18, 2014): 304–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-03-2014-0533.

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Purpose – The aim of this study is to evaluate rugby fans’ attitudes toward financial sponsorship, specifically event sponsorship and Dove Men+Care and its association with the Welsh Rugby Union. The study examines four issues: How do rugby fans perceive event sponsorship? How does such sponsorship affect consumption choices? Do fans engage in long-term relationships with the event’s sponsoring brand? Are relationships affected by the event sponsor’s engagement with other international teams and rugby events? Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a theory-building, exploratory study that utilised a qualitative framework. Data were collected over a 12-month period, incorporating the autumn internationals of 2012 and 2013, with 198 fans participating in focus groups before and after games. Findings – The results reveal a distinct lack of brand awareness on the part of the participants, a collective perception of the sponsor as incongruent given the event and a demonstration of enmity arising from rival sponsorships by the sponsoring brand. Additionally, the findings reveal a reluctance to consume the sponsoring brand in either the short or long term given its incongruence, lack of functionality, pre-existing schematic frameworks and obdurate brand preferences. Research limitations/implications – Given that autumn internationals are held every season by several of the international rugby board (IRB) ranked teams, the findings of this research have an immediate and direct application for brand managers involved or implementing sponsorship programs. The research outlines both short and long term mistakes made by the sponsor as perceived by the fans’ themselves, and suggests that those brands considering becoming involved in sport and event sponsorship instigate a more informed, strategic approach to their sponsorship activities. However, the work is context driven and therefore not generalisable. Practical implications – The findings enable marketing brand managers to effectively evaluate events against the backdrop of strategic fit, as well as fan/consumer expectations, their needs and wants and willingness to engage. Originality/value – Despite rugby union’s growing global presence, little or no research has examined sponsorship within the context of rugby union and none exists that has evaluated event sponsorship, and been driven by fans’ perspectives. This paper fills that void. The research delineates fans attitudes, opinions and brand conceptualisations relating to event sponsorship, incorporating evaluations of identity, congruence and fit. Moreover, the paper highlights what to avoid from a strategic and brand building perspective when considering event sponsorship in a rugby union context.
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Castellar, Carlos, and Francisco Pradas. "Beginnings and development of rugby in Spain." Fizicko vaspitanje i sport kroz vekove 8, no. 2 (2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spes2102033c.

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The annals of rugby in Spain dates from the early years of the 20th century. In its early stages, the influence of countries such as England (due to its industries and commerce) or France (due to its geographical proximity) was very significant. The period of dictatorship (1940-1975) did not aid in developing this sport in Spain, though. Since democracy, rugby has consolidated its progression both in the masculine category and mainly in the feminine. The Spanish female rugby team is recognized as one of the best international teams. In this sense, the number of federative licenses has doubled in the last 20 years, going from 14,000 to more than 33,000 in 2018. In addition, adapted rugby has joined in this trend with the creation of a national wheelchair rugby team and federated competitions.
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Kvasnytsya, O. M. "Standard and semi-standard plays in competition activity of leading rugby-15 national teams." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 12(158) (December 30, 2022): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2022.12(158).13.

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The present article analyzes the results of pedagogical survey and contrastive analysis of competition activity among national teams participating in Rugby-15 Championship 2022 season. It should be noted that the analysis of indices of competition activity at the championship using provided data will help supplement, expand, and substantiate current knowledge in the issue discussed. Indices of competition activity of rugby teams officially approved by the International Rugby Board, IRB were used in our research. Namely, the paper focuses on indices of standard (scrums and line-outs) and semi-standard plays (rucks, mauls) of New Zealand, South African Republic, Argentina, Australia national teams. By the results of analysis of statistical data, it has been revealed that players of national team New Zealand prevailed over their opponents by indices of competition activity, successful scrums and line-outs; players of national teams South African Republic slightly prevailed by indices of rucks and mauls. However, by the most important index as assumed by us, namely the number of successful tackles of ball carrier, team New Zealand also prevailed. Having analyzed the indices of competition activity, namely standard and semi-standard plays in Championship 2022 season we may state that rugby players of national team New Zealand prevail in three out of five indices of competition activity in rugby-15: more successful than other in scrums (87.5%); more successful on line-outs (88.5%); led by the important index of competition activity – tackling of a ball carrier (88.6%). At the same time, the best percentage of successful rucks and mauls was shown by players of South African Republic (94% and 92.3% respectively). According to this, better results of competition activity indices of national team New Zealand undoubtedly influenced on final general result at the aforementioned Championship.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International rugby teams"

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(13126617), Dave Robinson. "Expansive and entertaining or play-safe and dull? An examination of the playing styles of international rugby teams participating in the 1998 Tri-nations Series and the 1998 Five Nations Championship." Thesis, 1999. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Expansive_and_entertaining_or_play-safe_and_dull_An_examination_of_the_playing_styles_of_international_rugby_teams_participating_in_the_1998_Tri-nations_Series_and_the_1998_Five_Nations_Championship/20346798.

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 Considering the large financial investment made by broadcasters and sponsors in the game of rugby union recently, the nature of elite rugby as a spectacle is of great interest to these parties as well as the game's administrators. What style of play characterises international rugby Test matches? Are they exhibitions of the best that rugby has to offer, characterised by an exciting, expansive and inherently risky style of play? Or do their participants reflect a defensive, no -mistakes, safety -first attitude borne of the weight of national expectations and the spectre of losing a high -profile and financially rewarding position in the national team? Is an expansive style of play conducive to winning Test matches? Which national teams exhibited expansive styles of play in their respective international competitions in 1998? 

Studies have been conducted using notational analysis to identify and measure indicators of a team's willingness to play expansive rugby (Carter and Potter, cited in Ackford,1995c; Thomas, cited in Ackford, 1997c). Honan (1996) has identified two indicators of a team's use of an expansive game style. Firstly, the attack ratio calculates number of general play passes (discounting scrumhalf passes) divided by the number of general play kicks. The second indicator counts the number of passes per attack. Eight games from the 1998 Five Nations Championship and all six games of the 1998 Tri- Nations series were analysed. The total number of passes, kicks, runs, successful runs, tries, penalties, conversions and phases were recorded. From this data, each team's attack ratio, number of passes per attack, successful run percentage and run -kick ratio were calculated. 

Two further indicators of a team's style of play were taken and measured from Thomas' study (Ackford, 1997c). These were the percentage of total points scored as tries and the time in the match that these tries were scored. Results revealed that, in their respective international competitions, England (336%), France (345%) and Scotland (304%) had higher attack ratios than New Zealand (257%), South Africa (203%) and Australia (150%). New Zealand, out of the eight countries analysed, had the highest number of passes per attack with 1.64 (and did not win a game in the Tri-Nations series) while Australia had the lowest number of passes per attack with 1.18. 

These results would appear to indicate that the 1998 Tri-Nations series exhibited less expansive rugby than was evidenced in all of the 1998 Five Nations games played by England and Scotland and the majority of games played by France. This suggests either a more effective defensive contribution in 1998 Tri-Nations matches or a greater willingness to attack with the ball -in -hand on the part of England, Scotland and France. In light of England's performances against Australia and South Africa in late 1998 and Scotland's winning of the 1999 Five Nations Championship, this data might have proved a useful predictor of these countries' intended tactical direction.  

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Books on the topic "International rugby teams"

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Chester, R. H. The visitors: The history of international rugby teams in New Zealand. Auckland: Moa Publications, 1990.

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Coffey, John. The Kiwis: 100 years of international rugby league. Auckland, N.Z: Hachette Livre NZ, 2007.

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Chester, R. H. The visitors: The history of international rugby teams in New Zealand. Moa Publications, 1990.

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History of Welsh International Rugby. Provincial Printing & Publishing Co Ltd, 1999.

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Fuller, Colin. Injuries in rugby union. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0050.

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Rugby union is the second most popular team sport in the world with over 100 countries affiliated to the International Rugby Board (IRB) and with the Rugby World Cup the third most popular televised sports event behind only the Olympic Games and the FIFA Football World Cup. Rugby is a full-contact sport played predominantly by men and boys. Although the 15-a-side game continues to be the most common form of rugby played, the faster seven-a-side game is increasing in popularity and is the format of rugby that the IOC adopted as an official Olympic sport (...
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Book chapters on the topic "International rugby teams"

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Sulaiman, Norasrudin, Amirul Aizat Azahan, Rahmat Adnan, and Shariman Ismadi Ismail. "Differences in Game Statistics Between Winning and Losing Teams in 2011 Rugby World Cup." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology 2015 (ICoSSEET 2015), 159–68. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-691-1_17.

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Ismail, Ahmad Naim, Siti Hartini Azmi, and Norasrudin Sulaiman. "The Differences in Selected Performance Indicators Among Top Four and Bottom Four Teams in MASUM Rugby Sevens Tournament." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology, 93–99. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6772-3_12.

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O’Leary, Leanne. "Decision-Making in a Professional Team Sports Competition." In Employment and Labour Relations Law in the Premier League, NBA and International Rugby Union, 289–315. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-159-3_11.

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Muda, Tuan Ainon Tuan, Nurul Ain Muhammad Rafiai, and Norasrudin Sulaiman. "Differences in Selected Performance Indicator Between Winning and Losing Team in Rugby Seven: Case Study on Vancouver World Rugby Seven Series 2015/2016 Season." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology, 159–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6772-3_20.

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"Wartime Rugby and Football: Sports Elites, French Military Teams and International Meets During the First World War." In Sport, Militarism and the Great War, 69–89. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203723593-12.

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Stefani, Raymond T. "The Marketing Implications of International Sports Rating Systems." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, 58–72. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5994-0.ch005.

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Recognized world sports federations appear to have chosen their official rating systems with marketing in mind. 87% of the 105 official rating systems involve the simple accumulation of points, which encourages top competitors to enter as many tournaments as possible. Most of those systems recognize a seasonal champion. A marketer can exploit the importance of the end-of-season events and the appearance of top athletes. To be successful in a combat sport like wrestling, boxing, and judo, physically overcoming the opponent is intensely personal. Top competitors can be advertised in personal terms to encourage the awaiting audience to buy into the upcoming contest on an equally personal level. In other sports such as running, swimming, and rowing, each competitor performs unimpeded by the opponent. Often the best performance for a season is used to crown a yearly champion. A rating in seconds and meters is more tangible than one in points. A marketer can illustrate the small gap between top competitors making every stride important to potential ticket buyers. Some of the object-control sports like basketball, cricket, ice hockey, rugby, soccer, and tennis are rated by point accumulators and some are rated by more sophisticated systems that self adjust, based on the relative strengths of the opponents. Mind sports such as chess and bridge are included because these competitions are recognized by the International Olympic Committee and by SportAccord. The specifics of those rating systems are provided in this chapter as are suggested marketing opportunities.
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Bolsmann, Chris. "Entrenching Apartheid Football and Failed Sports Diplomacy." In Soccer Diplomacy, 159–77. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813179513.003.0009.

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Apartheid policy and practices permeated all aspects of social life in South Africa from 1948 onward, with sport becoming a focal point for the implementation and enactment of apartheid policy. While no laws were passed segregating South Africans on the field of play, a range of apartheid laws meant participating in racially mixed sport was near impossible. White South Africa became an integral part of world sport, particularly in the realms of the Olympic Games and in terms of individual sports such as rugby, cricket, soccer, tennis, and golf. In the aftermath of World War II and the decolonization of Africa, apartheid South Africa increasingly became ostracized from the international sporting community. While a range of different sporting bodies in the country engaged in ultimately successful and unsuccessful attempts to remain within the international sporting fold, white South African soccer authorities in particular embarked on a campaign for recognition within FIFA and thereafter struggled to maintain their membership. South African soccer demonstrates the failed sports diplomacy on the part of white South African sports officials and government functionaries more generally in their struggle to justify and maintain segregation and privilege in sports apartheid in South Africa.
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Antchak, Vladimir, Vassilios Ziakas, and Donald Getz. "Governmental Approach to Major Events in New Zealand." In Event Portfolio Management. Goodfellow Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/978-1-911396-91-8-4187.

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For the past 20 years, New Zealand, a country relatively remote in geographi- cal terms, has been actively communicating with the international visitor market in order to construct a global brand for the country. As a tourist destination, New Zealand offers an impressive range of natural and cultural attractions, out- door activities, urban tourism and a diverse event calendar. In 2017, the country welcomed 3.7m visitors, with the market forecast to grow by 7.5% in 2018. The active role of the Government in the visitor economy makes New Zealand an attractive investment destination. Extensive marketing campaigns, significant expansion of transport connections, private investment in infrastructure and the hotel sector indicate that New Zealand will continue its sustainable tourism growth over the coming years. Major events have been recognised as a powerful and successful instrument that can brand the country directly to the target audience. The ever-increasing numbers of international event visitors to New Zealand, as well as recent success in securing bids for such large-scale international events as 2011 Rugby World Cup, 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup, 2015 FIFA U-20 World cup and 2017 World Master Games, demonstrate the relevance of the employed strategy. This chapter reviews a national event portfolio approach in New Zealand. The approach is characterised by a strong top-down orientation, where the Govern- ment plays the leading role in determining current economic and socio-cultural objectives for the major event industry, implementation of the national event strategy and evaluation of the investment in major events. The data for this chap- ter have been collected by document selection and analysis and by interviewing several industry experts.
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Conference papers on the topic "International rugby teams"

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Cintia, Paolo, Michele Coscia, and Luca Pappalardo. "The Haka network: Evaluating rugby team performance with dynamic graph analysis." In 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asonam.2016.7752377.

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Scott, Andrew, Johnpaul Caia, Riley Forbes, and Vincent Kelly. "Sleep disordered breathing and cephalometric predictors in an Australian rugby league team." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa2345.

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Marani, Ika Novitaria, Iwan Barata, and Rendi Gunawan. "The Influence of Intra-Team Communication on the Attacking Success in Rugby." In 4th International Conference on Sport Science, Health, and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.200214.036.

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Bosetti, Paolo, and Francesco Biral. "Rapid Development of a CNC Software Within Manufacturing Automation Courses." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68420.

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A significant part of a Manufacturing Automation course is devoted to CNC machine tools, their architecture, and the part programming languages (APT, ISO G-code and so on). Nevertheless, it is not trivial to provide the students with a complete understanding of the relationships between the machine dynamics, the path planning strategy, and the control systems. For this reason, a short laboratory course has been developed aimed at the programming of a simplified CNC software with the following functionalities: to parse a part program written in a subset of the ISO G-code; to process the instruction blocks and to generate trapezoidal velocity profiles; to convert the velocity profiles reference trajectory; to interpolate the reference trajectory at the servo loop control frequency. In order to shorten the development time, the following choices have been made. The parser only implements a small subset of the ISO G-code, which is point-to-point positioning (G00), linear interpolation (G01) and full stop (M30). The velocity profiles are calculated as acceleration-limited trapezoidal profiles with zero-feed velocity boundary conditions. Finally, the system is developed in Ruby, which is an object-oriented scripting language, easy to learn and well suited for rapid prototyping of complex software systems. This is why the project has been named RNC (Ruby Numerical Control). At the course start, the overall system architecture is explained and is translated in the set of Ruby classes that have to be developed, and classes interfaces are mandatorily determined. During the laboratory activity, students work in teams, and each team is encouraged to work separately on the development of each Ruby class. At the end of the development phase, the students can interface the RNC they wrote with a machine tool simulator (developed separately) and use the whole software system to test the accuracy of the tool-tip trajectories as a function of the system parameters (servo loop gains, motors torque, masses and dynamic performance of the virtual machine tool). Moreover, thanks to the object-based architecture of RNC and to the common, pre-determined class interfaces, the students can then swap and mix different implementations of the above reported functionalities, as well as enhanced versions provided by the teacher. With respect to other similar Mathlab/Simulink based solutions, the presented laboratory activity brings a more detailed insight into a CNC software still limiting the code complexity thanks to the Ruby language and it is only based on open-source tools.
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