Journal articles on the topic 'International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)'
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1
Biswajit Jena, A.K. Senapati, Lipilipsa Priyadarshinee, and Anamita Sen. "Efficacy of T harzianum isolates in plant growth promotion and BLB management in rice." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 20, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.20.1.0298.
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Rice crop is highly vulnerable at all stages of growth to different pathogens that affect the quality and quantity of its yield. Among the different diseases, Bacterial blight of rice (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae), a deadly bacterial disease is among the most destructive affliction of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima). In severe epidemics, crop loss may be as high as 75 percent, and millions of hectares of rice are infected annually. Biological control based on antagonism is a potential, non-chemical and eco-friendly approach for managing plant diseases. Biocontrol agents like Trichoderma spp. are acclaimed as effective, eco-friendly and cheap, nullifying the ill effects of chemicals. The present study involved five different isolates of Trichoderma harzianum viz. IRRI-2, IRRI-3, IRRI-4, IRRI-5, IRRI-6 obtained from International Rice Research Institute. Variations were observed while comparing the efficacy of different Trichoderma harzianum isolates, IRRI-5 and IRRI-2 isolates exhibited superior anti-bacterial activities in vitro. Rice crop was raised from Trichoderma treated seeds and further challenge inoculates with Xoo to induce disease in plants. All the T. harzianum treated plants had lower incidence of diseases and higher yield than the untreated plant. Yield attributing characters like plant height, days of active tillering, panicle initiation and maturity, total number of grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle was positively influenced by Trichoderma harzianum application. However, there were variations among the treatment, isolate IRRI-5 was found most effective followed by IRRI-2, IRRI-4, IRRI-3 and IRRI-6 respectively.
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Xie, Fangming, Longbiao Guo, Guangjun Ren, Peisong Hu, Feng Wang, Jianlong Xu, Xinqi Li, Fulin Qiu, and Madonna Angelita dela Paz. "Genetic diversity and structure of indica rice varieties from two heterotic pools of southern China and IRRI." Plant Genetic Resources 10, no. 3 (October 14, 2012): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147926211200024x.
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Investigation of genetic diversity and the relationships among varieties and breeding lines is of great importance to facilitate parental selection in the development of inbred and hybrid rice varieties and in the construction of heterotic groups. The technology of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is being advanced for the assessment of population diversity and genetic structures. We characterized 215 widely cultivated indica rice varieties developed in southern China and at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) using IRRI-developed SNP oligonucleotide pooled assay (OPA) to provide grouping information of rice mega-varieties for further heterotic pool study. The results revealed that the Chinese varieties were more divergent than the IRRI varieties. Two major subpopulations were clustered for the varieties using a model-based grouping method. The IRRI varieties were closely grouped and separated clearly from the majority of the Chinese varieties. The Chinese varieties were subclustered into three subgroups, but there was no clear evidence to separate the Chinese varieties into subgroups geographically, indicating a great degree of genetic integration of alleles and shared ancestries among those high-yielding modern varieties.
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Pain, Adam. "Agricultural Research in Sri Lanka: An Historical Account." Modern Asian Studies 20, no. 4 (October 1986): 755–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00013718.
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An underlying premise of much of the comment on developing countries' agricultural research organizations and capabilities, has been that they are weak, and have been unsuccessful in generating new technologies and meeting farmers' needs. Indeed, one of the very justifications for the setting up of the series of international research institutes, such as the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was that national research programmes were seen to lack sufficient strength and organization to be able to respond to the urgent needs of food production that were identified in the 1960s. It was argued that a primary role of the International Centres would be to support and develop such national research programmes both through training and the provision of new plant varieties and technologies, and that the building up of local research capability in developing countries would come only after the International Research Centres had developed and transferred the new technologies.
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Biswas, A., S. Akter, S. Mondal, HN Barman, S. Pervin, MME Ahmed, MS Rahman, and R. Yasmeen. "Phenotyping Rice Germplasm Associated With Salinity Tolerance Under Hydroponics System." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 25, no. 1 (November 22, 2022): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v25i1.62828.
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Screening of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasms or breeding lines is a continuous effort to identify the promising source. A series of experiments (20) were undertaken to identify promising materials for five years of salinity screening from 2015 to 2019. The materials included total of 3,195 rice germplasm and breeding lines, out of which Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) developped 2, 295 germplasms, 193 advanced breeding lines from BRRI, and 707 advanced breeding lines from International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines. From this study, the genotypes were categorized as 122 tolerant, 220 moderately tolerant, 1,207 sensetive, and 1,646 highly sensetive. Among the BRRI germplasms, most of the materials (61%) had sensitive responses against salinity, while only 2 and 3% of rice germplasm exhibited tolerant and moderately tolerant, respectively. BRRI lines comprised 44% sensetive and 35% highly sensetive rice genotypes. In the tolerance level, 4% appeared as tolerant and 17% moderately tolerant against salinity. Likewise, IRRI lines also showed relatively higher tolerance (9%) than the BRRI germplasm and lines. They were classified into 9 % tolerant and 16 % moderately tolerant rice genotypes.
Bangladesh Agron. J. 2022, 25(1): 37-45
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Phillips, Ronald L. "Norman Ernest Borlaug. 25 March 1914 — 12 September 2009." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 59 (January 2013): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2013.0012.
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Norman Ernest Borlaug has commonly been called the father of the ‘Green Revolution’ because of his tireless efforts, beginning in the early 1940s, to make Mexico self-sufficient in wheat production, and his subsequent saving of millions of people in India, Pakistan and elsewhere from starvation through high-yielding wheat varieties. By 1963, Mexico was an exporter of wheat, and wheat yields in Pakistan and India nearly doubled between 1965 and 1970. Similarly, ‘miracle rices’ developed at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) by Hank Beachell and colleagues significantly raised the yields of rice and benefited poor people across Asia.
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ZEIGLER, R. S. "THE RAINFED LOWLAND RICE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM: A MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES IN ASIAN RICE-BASED SYSTEMS." Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 2 (April 1999): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479799002070.
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Input-responsive, high yielding rice varieties and associated technologies responsible for the doubling of yields on irrigated lands in Asia have not suited the area of more than 40 million hectares of Asian rainfed lowland rice. These environments are home to some of the poorest rural populations in South and Southeast Asia, and the rice crops are subject to drought, prolonged submergence from uncontrolled flooding and nutrient deficiencies. Farmers grow unimproved varieties and these, combined with abiotic stresses and low inputs, result in grain yields often less than 2 t ha−1. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) have recently joined to form the Rainfed Lowland Rice Research Consortium in order to identify, prioritize and execute strategic research that addresses critical yield and productivity constraints. Principal intervention points for achieving sustainable yield increases are in developing drought- and submergence-tolerant germplasm with good yield potential, improved nutrient management under stress conditions, water use-efficient crop establishment practices, and understanding farmers' approaches to risk management. Multidisciplinary teams of IRRI and NARS scientists execute research at sites selected across the region to represent the key sets of constraints.
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Cabauatan, Pepito Q., Ulrich Melcher, Koichi Ishikawa, Toshihiro Omura, Hiroyuki Hibino, Hiroki Koganezawa, and Ossmat Azzam. "Sequence changes in six variants of rice tungro bacilliform virus and their phylogenetic relationships." Journal of General Virology 80, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 2229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-80-8-2229.
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The DNA of three biological variants, G1, Ic and G2, which originated from the same greenhouse isolate of rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), was cloned and sequenced. Comparison of the sequences revealed small differences in genome sizes. The variants were between 95 and 99% identical at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Alignment of the three genome sequences with those of three published RTBV sequences (Phi-1, Phi-2 and Phi-3) revealed numerous nucleotide substitutions and some insertions and deletions. The published RTBV sequences originated from the same greenhouse isolate at IRRI 20, 11 and 9 years ago. All open reading frames (ORFs) and known functional domains were conserved across the six variants. The cysteine-rich region of ORF3 showed the greatest variation. When the six DNA sequences from IRRI were compared with that of an isolate from Malaysia (Serdang), similar changes were observed in the cysteine-rich region in addition to other nucleotide substitutions and deletions across the genome. The aligned nucleotide sequences of the IRRI variants and Serdang were used to analyse phylogenetic relationships by the bootstrapped parsimony, distance and maximum-likelihood methods. The isolates clustered in three groups: Serdang alone; Ic and G1; and Phi-1, Phi-2, Phi-3 and G2. The distribution of phylogenetically informative residues in the IRRI sequences shared with the Serdang sequence and the differing tree topologies for segments of the genome suggested that recombination, as well as substitutions and insertions or deletions, has played a role in the evolution of RTBV variants. The significance and implications of these evolutionary forces are discussed in comparison with badnaviruses and caulimoviruses.
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Gregory, Peter J. "Dennis James Greenland. 13 June 1930—23 December 2012." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 66 (January 30, 2019): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2018.0030.
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Dennis Greenland was an outstanding soil scientist who combined the analytical rigour of a chemist with the practical application of an agricultural scientist. His early research employed X-ray diffraction and other emerging analytical techniques to determine the surface properties of clay minerals and their interactions with organic components of soils. This, in turn, led to research to understand the forces leading to aggregate and structural stability (and instability) in soils of the UK, Australia, Nigeria and the tropics generally. Simultaneously, Dennis engaged with the practical problems faced by farmers in the tropics to maintain the fertility of their soils and ensure long-term crop production; his early work (with Peter Nye) on shifting cultivation is regarded as a classic of the soil science literature. These two elements of his research came together during his periods as deputy director general, with responsibility for research, at the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Nigeria (1974–1976) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in The Philippines (1979–1987). At both institutions he sought to improve the research in natural resources so that the genetic gains delivered by crop breeding could be achieved by farmers on their fields. At IRRI he encouraged research on rice-growing environments and improved water management taking account of catchment uses, and he promoted integrated approaches to nutrient management that combined organic and inorganic sources. This passion for integrated approaches to soil management led to his championing, and eventually chairing, the International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM), in which he played a major role in forming networks of multi-location experiments with many institutions.
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Simmonds, N. W. "Field Problems in Tropical Rice. By staff of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Los Baños, Philippines: IRRI (1983), pp. 171, US$5.00 plus postage (airmail $3.25, surface $1.00)." Experimental Agriculture 21, no. 1 (January 1985): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700012333.
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Awala, Simon K., Kudakwashe Hove, Vistorina Shivute, Johanna S. Valombola, Pamwenafye I. Nanhapo, Yoshihiro Hirooka, Osmund D. Mwandemele, and Morio Iijima. "Growth and Productivity Assessment of Short-Duration Rice (Oryza sativa L. and Upland NERICA) Genotypes in Semiarid North-Central Namibia." Advances in Agriculture 2021 (February 28, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6676081.
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In semiarid regions, drought is the major threat to crop production, but climate change and variability often bring floods to the regions, forming seasonal wetlands causing damage to local, drought-adapted staple grains and, hence, low yields and food deficit. Introduction of the semiaquatic crop rice (Oryza spp.) to these semiarid wetlands could complement the dryland crop low yields and overcome the food shortage problem. A field experiment was carried out at the University of Namibia-Ogongo Campus during the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 cropping seasons to assess the growth and yield of rice genotypes. Twelve short-duration rice genotypes, nine from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and three locally grown upland NERICA genotypes, were used. Parametric analysis of variance was performed to test their effects on crop growth and yield characters. The results showed significant genotype by year interaction for days to heading, plant height, the number of tillers per m2, shoot biomass, the number of panicles per m2, 1000-grain weight, harvest index, and grain yield. The IRRI genotypes produced a higher number of tillers, shoot biomass, and grain yield than the NERICA ones, which were early maturing, were taller, and had higher 1000-grain weight across the years. Generally, most of the genotypes had lower grain yield and higher shoot biomass in the first year, due to the prevailing cool, rainy, and seemingly cloudy weather conditions associated with lower temperature and lower solar radiation. Grain yield was positively correlated with most characters but negatively correlated with the 1000-grain weight. These results demonstrate the yield superiority of IRRI genotypes over their early-maturing NERICA counterparts. However, further studies on morphological characters and drought tolerance of the IRRI genotypes are warranted to ascertain production sustainability under semiarid environments.
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Senanayake, N., R. E. L. Naylor, and S. K. De Datta. "Effect of nitrogen fertilization on rice spikelet differentiation and survival." Journal of Agricultural Science 127, no. 3 (November 1996): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600078461.
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SUMMARYExperiments were conducted in glasshouses at the Agronomy Department, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines, in 1987 and 1988 to test the effects of small amounts of additional N applied at different times during the vegetative and reproductive phases of growth on rice yield components and on spikelet differentiation and survival.The results showed that an additional 10 kg/ha of N fertilizer had the largest effect on maximum spikelet number when applied at growth stage (GS) 1·9 but was too low to sustain the survival of the differentiated spikelets. Applications after panicle initiation did not lead to an increased survival of spikelets. Foliar N application at GS 5·5 did increase spikelet survival.The results confirm the role of limited N supply in restricting yields of rice. Altering the timing of N inputs seems unlikely to improve spikelet survival.
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Singh, R. K. "Genetic resource and the role of international collaboration in rice breeding." Genome 42, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-042.
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The international efforts in rice research have led to self-sufficiency and surpluses in many of the south and southeast Asian countries. The trend must continue to meet the growing demand for rice. The global partnership in plant genetic resources has played a significant role in ensuring long-term preservation of and access by researchers to the gene pool worldwide. Large numbers of high-yielding varieties with resistance to diseases and insect pests have been released by the collaborating countries and have both increased national average yields and stabilized rice production. Now, the yields must increase further, as more rice needs to be produced from less land with less labour and pesticides. The new plant type being developed at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) seems to have the potential to produce 20-25% more grain than the best of our modern varieties. With the growing complexity of problems, the demand for diverse genetic materials is also increasing. It is no wonder that some of the recently released varieties have genes from as many as 60 or more diverse donors. These developments owe a lot to the free exchange of germplasm among breeders. However, the ever-increasing restrictions on the flow of genetic materials due to political and plant-health requirements pose serious threats to future varietal-improvement programs. Similarly, the problem of genetic erosion continues, and shrinking research support reduces the flexibility of programs. This paper reviews and discusses some of these and other related issues and their implications for rice breeding in the future.Key words: genetic resource, new plant type, marker-aided selection, pedigree complexity, International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER).
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Dixit, Shalabh, Anshuman Singh, and Arvind Kumar. "Rice Breeding for High Grain Yield under Drought: A Strategic Solution to a Complex Problem." International Journal of Agronomy 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/863683.
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Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect rice production in rainfed areas. Recent trends in climate change have predicted a further increase in drought intensity, making the development of new drought-tolerant rice cultivars critical to sustain rice production in this ecosystem. The use of grain yield as a selection criterion at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), through proper population development and precise phenotyping techniques, has allowed the development of several high-yielding rice cultivars that have been released in major rainfed rice-growing areas. This strategy has also allowed the identification of several major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that show large effects under drought across environments and genetic backgrounds. These QTLs are being pyramided together to develop drought-tolerant versions of popular drought-susceptible varieties. The near-isogenic lines (NILs) developed can replace the popular, high-yielding but drought-susceptible varieties in rainfed areas prone to drought. Additionally, these NILs serve as suitable genetic material for the study of molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying these QTLs. This may provide a better understanding of plant functions responsible for high grain yield under drought and lead to the identification of new traits and genes.
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SUSANTO, UNTUNG, UMI BAROKAH, AKHMAD HIDAYATULLAH, SATOTO SATOTO, and MALIKARJUNA SWAMY. "Yield and Zn content of biofortified rice genotypes in an Indonesian rice agro-ecosystem." Nusantara Bioscience 9, no. 3 (December 26, 2017): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n090308.
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Susanto U, Barokah U, Hidayatullah A, Satoto, Swamy M. 2017. Yield and Zn content of biofortified rice genotypes in an Indonesian rice agro-ecosystem. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 288-294. Approximately one-third of the world's population suffer from Zn deficiency causing significant socio-economic losses as a result of stunting and compromised immune system function. One strategy to overcome the problem is by developing rice cultivars with high grain Zn content (Zn Rice) to improve dietary intake.This study reports the yield and Zn content of 22 rice genotypes developed at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and the Indonesian Centre for Rice Research (ICRR).The experiment was conducted in the Cirebon district of West Java province during the 2013 wet season (2013WS). Yield and grain Zn content (using an XRF machine) were measured. Five lines demonstrated higher yield (ranging from 7.0 to 8.9 t/ha) than the check variety Ciherang (5.2 t/ha), but had similar grain Zn content to the check variety Ciherang (23.4 ppm), ranging from 19.0 to 24.8 ppm. On the other hand, seven lines had higher grain Zn content (ranging from 30.0 to 34.2 ppm) compared to Ciherang, and five of these lines had comparable yield to Ciherang. The selected lines had acceptable agronomic traits, and are suitable for further testing and utilization, in addition to providing a foundation for future improvement in the dual goals of increasing the yield and nutritional value of rice.
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Syu, Chien-Hui, Ting-Iun Nieh, Meng-Ting Hsieh, Yu-Ching Lo, Pei-Rong Du, Yu-Wen Lin, and Dong-Hong Wu. "Uncovering the Genetic of Cadmium Accumulation in the Rice 3K Panel." Plants 11, no. 21 (October 22, 2022): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212813.
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Because Cadmium (Cd) is harmful to humans, and most non-smokers are exposed to Cd mainly through rice consumption, low-Cd rice breeding is urgently needed. It might not be possible to apply variation created using gene editing technology to breeding directly, so it is important to explore genetic variation in this trait in a natural population. In this study, variation in 4 genes was identified among 3024 accessions from the International Rice Research Institute 3000 Rice Genome Project (IRRI 3K-RGP) and 71 other important varieties, and the relationships between the variants and plant Cd accumulation were validated with hydroponic and pot experiments. Variants in OsNRAMP1, OsNRAMP5, OsLCD, and OsHMA3 were grouped into two, four, three, and two haplotypes, respectively. Fourteen combinations of these haplotypes, which were referred to as Cd-mobile types, were found in the collection. Of these, type 14 was shown to have the greatest potential for low-Cd accumulation, and functional markers for this type were designed. The results of this study provide an important resource for low-Cd rice breeding and highlight an effective strategy for pre-breeding programs.
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Khoiruddin, Mohtar, Apri Junaidi, and Wahyu Andi Saputra. "Klasifikasi Penyakit Daun Padi Menggunakan Convolutional Neural Network." Journal of Dinda : Data Science, Information Technology, and Data Analytics 2, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/dinda.v2i1.341.
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Rice (Oryza sativa) is a grain that comes in third place among all grains after corn and wheat. 80 percent of Indonesians eat rice as a staple diet, especially in Southeast Asian countries, but the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) reports that farmers lose 37 percent of their rice crops each year owing to pests and illnesses. Based on this study, it is critical to investigate the detection of rice pests and illnesses. Using the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) technique, an automatic classification system to identify and predict plant illnesses has been developed. A study titled Classification of Rice Leaf Diseases was undertaken by the author. The CNN Algorithm is being used to help farmers learn how to combat rice leaf diseases. Bacterial leaf blight, Rice blast, and Rice tungro virus were among the rice leaf types classified in this study. There are 6000 datasets in all, with 80% of them being training data, 10% being validation data, and 10% being testing data. The accuracy of the results obtained for epochs 25, 50, 75, and 100 varies. The best training accuracy results come from epoch 100, which has a 98% accuracy rate, and testing using a confusion matrix has a 98% accuracy rate. In diagnosing rice leaf diseases, the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm delivers great accuracy.
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Pandey, R. K., and J. W. Pendleton. "Soyabeans as Green Manure in a Maize Intercropping System." Experimental Agriculture 22, no. 2 (April 1986): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700014253.
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SUMMARYTwo experiments were conducted over a two year period at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines to evaluate the effect of a soyabean green manure intercrop on the grain yield of maize. Three rows of soyabeans were interplanted at 50 cm spacing between maize rows 1.5 m apart. Forty two days after planting the two outside soyabean rows were ploughed into the maize rows in a traditional ‘hilling up’ operation. At the zero and lower nitrogen rates, the soyabean green manure resulted in significantly larger maize yields than when maize was grown without green manure, providing the equivalent of 28 kg N ha−1 on the zero nitrogen plots. A response to green manure was also seen at 25 and 50 kg N ha−1. Allowing the central soyabean row to grow to maturity provided additional yield and protein.
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K. C., Bigyan, Rishav Pandit, Bishnu Prasad Kandel, Kanchan Kumar K. C., Arpana K. C., and Mukti Ram Poudel. "Scenario of Plant Breeding in Nepal and Its Application in Rice." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (June 30, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5520741.
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Rice, the number one staple food crop of Nepal, contributes nearly 20% to the agricultural gross domestic product, almost 7% to gross domestic product, and supplies with 40% of the food calorie consumption of Nepalese people. Despite of increasing production, the national demand of rice cannot be fulfilled, and billions of rupees are spent yearly for importing rice from India. This article reviews history, recent scenario, prospects, and importance of rice breeding research in Nepal for self-sufficiency. Though plant breeding inception point in Nepal was 1951, the systematic research in rice was started from 1972 after the establishment of the National Rice Research Program. Introduction and evaluation of high yielding exotic germplasm of rice was the initial rice breeding activities. After analysing several foreign materials, CH-45 variety of rice was first recommended in 1959. Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC), the leading organisation for rice varietal improvement to date, has been doing rice research activities such as germplasm conservation, exchange, varietal development, verification of technologies, and knowledge updates in collaboration with various organizations. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), since 1966, has been playing an important role in Nepal’s rice research. Major plant breeding achievements are introduction of exotic materials and their evaluation, local landraces identification, collection and analysis, crossing of local landraces with exotic genetic materials, heterosis breeding, tissue culture technology, genetic marker technology, and National Genebank. RAPD and SSR, DNA-based markers, are mostly used for diversity appraisal and selecting desirable genotypes. Integration of advanced tools such as genetic engineering, bioinformatics, protoplast fusion, and SNP markers could not be still applied in rice research and development. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the capacity and abilities of the rice scientists and should release more short duration, drought, and submergence-tolerant rice varieties by optimum utilisation of local landraces combining modern and conventional breeding.
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Lee, Jae-Sung, Dmytro Chebotarov, Kenneth L. McNally, Valerien Pede, Tri Deri Setiyono, Rency Raquid, Woong-Jo Hyun, Ji-Ung Jeung, Ajay Kohli, and Youngjun Mo. "Novel Sources of Pre-Harvest Sprouting Resistance for Japonica Rice Improvement." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081709.
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Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), induced by unexpected weather events, such as typhoons, at the late seed maturity stage, is becoming a serious threat to rice production, especially in the state of California, USA, Japan, and the Republic of Korea, where japonica varieties (mostly susceptible to PHS) are mainly cultivated. A projected economic loss by severe PHS in these three countries could range between 8–10 billion USD per year during the next 10 years. Here, we present promising rice germplasm with strong resistance to PHS that were selected from a diverse rice panel of accessions held in the International Rice Genebank (IRG) at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). To induce PHS, three panicle samples per accession were harvested at 20 and 30 days after flowering (DAF), respectively, and incubated at 100% relative humidity (RH), 30 °C in a growth chamber for 15 days. A genome-wide association (GWA) analysis using a 4.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) marker set was performed to identify loci and candidate genes conferring PHS resistance. Interestingly, two tropical japonica and four temperate japonica accessions showed outstanding PHS resistance as compared to tolerant indica accessions. Two major loci on chromosomes 1 and 4 were associated with PHS resistance. A priori candidate genes interactions with rice gene networks, which are based on the gene ontology (GO), co-expression, and other evidence, suggested that a key resistance mechanism is related to abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), and auxin mediated signaling pathways.
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Acharya, Ashok, Prabin Ghimire, Dhurba Raj Joshi, Kishor Shrestha, Govinda Sijapati, and Siddha Lal Bohara. "Efficacy of Different Level of Systemic Fungicides on Management of Rice Blast at Baitadi, Nepal." Geographic Base 7 (December 31, 2020): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v7i0.34267.
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Rice blast (Pyriculariaoryzae Cavara) is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the rice crop in across the world. Systemic fungicides are used for the suppression of blast diseases caused by fungal pathogens. Propiconazole and Carbendazim are commercial chemical control products available in markets for the control of the fungal pathogen. An experiment was conducted to examine the effectiveness of systemic fungicide on suppression of rice blast incidence in farmers' field during wet seasons in 2016. The treatments consisted of the use of different levels of propiconazole and Carbendazim on ‘Rato Basmati’ a landrace rice variety. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The disease was scored according to the standard scale developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Disease severity and Area under Disease Progressive curve (AUDPC) was computed based on that scale score. Propiconazole and Carbendazim at different levels reduce disease development than no treatment (control). But its efficacy was not consistent. The magnitude of disease suppression by Propiconazole was high as compared to Carbendazim. The application of propiconazole at the rate of 1.5 ml effectively reduced disease severity and AUDPC at different dates. So propiconazole at the rate of 1.5 ml thrice at weekly intervals is effective to reduce the disease development
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Arunachalam, Subbiah, and Kailash C. Garg. "Science on the periphery — a scientometric analysis of science in the ASEAN countries." Journal of Information Science 12, no. 3 (April 1986): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016555158601200303.
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A scientometric analysis of papers published over a two-year period from the five ASEAN Countries, viz. Indonesia (182), Malaysia (452), the Philippines (241), Singapore (258) and Thailand (447), and covered in Science Citation Index 1979 and 1980; and citations to them in the international literature of science as seen from SCI 1979-1983 reveals that despite the relative economic affluence, science in these countries is still on the periphery. Except in the Philippines, the thrust in these countries seems to be in medical research as is evident from the large number of papers published in medical journals. In the Philippines, medicine comes a close second to agriculture, which leads, largely thanks to the contributions of the Interna tional Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Prolific authors, and institutions and journals often used by ASEAN scientists, and the better-cited papers are identified, Most papers are pub lished in low-impact journals and are rarely cited.
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Roobini, M. S., Talluri Pramod Sai, Thatavarthi Sri Krishna Kamal, Anitha Ponraj, A. Sivasangari, and R. Vignesh. "Paddy Leaf Disease Analysis with Hybrid Algorithms Using Deep Learning Techniques." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 3491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9216.
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According to the standards of India the financial, political and social security depend legitimately just as in a roundabout way on the yearly creation of rice. Wellspring of pay of hundred a large number of individuals relies just upon rice creation and nothing else included according to the report of International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 37% of the rice yield misfortune is because of illnesses. In a general public the rancher can deal with crop on-time with suitable treatment. By a yield shrewd rice is the hugest humanoid sustenance on the planet, which can be taken care of legitimately than some other gather. Sequentially, the fundamental target of cultivating is to yield and feed nourishment to the country. In this way, these leaf ailments in any structures in rice crop will in general reason decrease in quality, yield and financial movement separately. This venture reports a novel methodology for recognition and distinguishing proof of rice leaf infections by utilizing different propelled calculations, for example, VGG16, Alex net, and so on to expand the precision to more prominent level. To apply misfortune minimization procedure, for example, straight out cross entropy to build the precision. It expands precision with utilization of mixture calculations by performing tweaking. Just as proposes the kind of substance compost to be utilized when any sort of malady gets distinguished. Just as proposes the sort of compound compost to be utilized when any kind of sickness gets recognized.
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Li, He, Dongjie Fu, Chong Huang, Fenzhen Su, Qingsheng Liu, Gaohuan Liu, and Shangrong Wu. "An Approach to High-Resolution Rice Paddy Mapping Using Time-Series Sentinel-1 SAR Data in the Mun River Basin, Thailand." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 3959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233959.
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Timely and accurate regional rice paddy monitoring plays a significant role in maintaining the sustainable rice production, food security, and agricultural development. This study proposes an operational automatic approach to mapping rice paddies using time-series SAR data. The proposed method integrates time-series Sentinel-1 data, auxiliary data of global surface water, and rice phenological characteristics with Google Earth Engine cloud computing platform. A total of 402 Sentinel-1 scenes from 2017 were used for mapping rice paddies extent in the Mun River basin. First, the calculated minimum and maximum values of the backscattering coefficient of permanent water (a classification type within global surface water data) in a year was used as the threshold range for extracting the potential extent. Then, three rice phenological characteristics were extracted based on the time-series curve of each pixel, namely the date of the beginning of the season (DBS), date of maximum backscatter during the peak growing season (DMP), and length of the vegetative stage (LVS). After setting a threshold for each phenological parameter, the final rice paddy extent was identified. Rice paddy map produced in this study was highly accurate and agreed well with field plot data and rice map products from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The results had a total accuracy of 89.52% and an F1 score of 0.91, showing that the spatiotemporal pattern of extracted rice cover was consistent with ground truth samples in the Mun River basin. This approach could be expanded to other rice-growing regions at the national scale, or even the entire Indochina Peninsula and Southeast Asia.
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Zhang, Yunbo, Qiyuan Tang, Shaobing Peng, Danying Xing, Jianquan Qin, Rebecca C. Laza, and Bermenito R. Punzalan. "Water Use Efficiency and Physiological Response of Rice Cultivars under Alternate Wetting and Drying Conditions." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/287907.
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One of the technology options that can help farmers cope with water scarcity at the field level is alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Limited information is available on the varietal responses to nitrogen, AWD, and their interactions. Field experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) farm in 2009 dry season (DS), 2009 wet season (WS), and 2010 DS to determine genotypic responses and water use efficiency of rice under two N rates and two water management treatments. Grain yield was not significantly different between AWD and continuous flooding (CF) across the three seasons. Interactive effects among variety, water management, and N rate were not significant. The high yield was attributed to the significantly higher grain weight, which in turn was due to slower grain filling and high leaf N at the later stage of grain filling of CF. AWD treatments accelerated the grain filling rate, shortened grain filling period, and enhanced whole plant senescence. Under normal dry-season conditions, such as 2010 DS, AWD reduced water input by 24.5% than CF; however, it decreased grain yield by 6.9% due to accelerated leaf senescence. The study indicates that proper water management greatly contributes to grain yield in the late stage of grain filling, and it is critical for safe AWD technology.
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Sinha, D. D., A. N. Singh, and U. S. Singh. "Site Suitability Analysis for Dissemination of Salt-tolerant Rice Varieties in Southern Bangladesh." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-961-2014.
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Bangladesh is a country of 14.4 million ha geographical area and has a population density of more than 1100 persons per sq. km. Rice is the staple food crop, growing on about 72 % of the total cultivated land and continues to be the most important crop for food security of the country. A project "Sustainable Rice Seed Production and Delivery Systems for Southern Bangladesh" has been executed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in twenty southern districts of Bangladesh. These districts grow rice in about 2.9 million ha out of the country’s total rice area of 11.3 million ha. The project aims at contributing to the Government of Bangladesh’s efforts in improving national and household food security through enhanced and sustained productivity by using salinity-, submergence- and drought- tolerant and high yielding rice varieties. Out of the 20 project districts, 12 coastal districts are affected by the problem of soil salinity. The salt-affected area in Bangladesh has increased from about 0.83 million ha in 1973 to 1.02 million ha in 2000, and 1.05 million ha in 2009 due to the influence of cyclonic storms like "Sidr", "Laila" and others, leading to salt water intrusion in croplands. <br><br> Three salinity-tolerant rice varieties have recently been bred by IRRI and field tested and released by the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) and Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA). These varieties are BRRI dhan- 47 and Bina dhan-8 and - 10. However, they can tolerate soil salinity level up to EC 8−10 dSm<sup>−1</sup>, whereas the EC of soils in several areas are much higher. Therefore, a large scale dissemination of these varieties can be done only when a site suitability analysis of the area is carried out. The present study was taken up with the objective of preparing the site suitability of the salt-tolerant varieties for the salinity-affected districts of southern Bangladesh. Soil salinity map prepared by Soil Resources Development Institute of Bangladesh shows five classes of salinity. viz., non-saline with some very slight saline soil, very slightly saline with some slight saline soil, slightly saline with some moderately saline soil, strongly saline with some moderately saline soil, and very strongly saline with some strongly saline soil. The soil EC level of different classes range from 2 dSm<sup>−1</sup> to >16 dSm<sup>−1</sup>. The soil map was geo-referenced and digitized using Arc GIS. Salinity tolerance characteristics of the rice varieties were matched with the soil characteristics shown on the map. Three suitability classes were made; soils suitable for salt-tolerant varieties, not suitable for salt-tolerant varieties due to high soil salinity, and suitable for other high yielding varieties due to slight salinity. The <i>mauza</i> (smallest revenue unit) boundary provided by the Bangladesh Agriculture Research Council was also geo-referenced and digitized in the same projection. Overlaying and intersecting the <i>mauza</i> boundary on the soil suitability map provided the suitable and not suitable <i>mauza</i>. A total of 4070 mauzas in the 12 salinity-affected districts were listed and maps showing suitability of <i>mauza</i> prepared. About 0.6 million ha out of total 0.87 million ha salinity affected area were found suitable for growing the salinity-tolerant BRRI dhan-47, Bina dhan-8 and -10 in these districts. The maps and other generated information have helped the Dept. of Agriculture Extension (DAE) of Bangladesh in large scale dissemination of seeds of the salinity-tolerant rice varieties in different districts during the past two years.
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Yarahmadi, Saeid, Mohammad Sohani, Ali Ebadi, and Masumeh Kheirgoo. "Tagging of four Rf genes with selective genotyping analysis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Genetika 49, no. 3 (2017): 809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1703809y.
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Wild abortive type of cytoplasmic male sterility (WA-CMS) is commercially used for hybrid rice seed production. The linked markers can be used for selection of plants with desirable traits. Tagging of Rf genes was carried out using recessive and dominant class analysis in a large F2 population from the cross IR58025A?IR42686R. Pollen fertility and seed setting were evaluated at the flowering and maturity stages, respectively. Forty-seven highly sterile and 23 fertile homozygous plants were selected from F2 population for molecular marker assay. Four Rf genes identified in a good restorer line with high-quality derived from a random mating composite population at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The genetic distance from Rf3 locus with flanking markers RM443 and RM315 on chromosome 1 was 3.7 and 21.2 cM, respectively. RM258, RM591, RM271 and RM6737 on the long arm of chromosome 10 were linked with the Rf6 gene with distance of 7.4, 22.6, 6 and 2.9 cM, respectively. Rf6 was flanked by RM6737 and RM591. The Rf4 gene located on chromosome 7 was linked with RM6344 at a genetic distance of 10.6 cM. RM519 and RM7003 were linked with other Rf gene on chromosome 12 at a genetic distance of 8.5 and 20.8 cM, respectively. Closely linked markers identified in this study could be used for marker assisted selection in a hybrid rice breeding program. A new Rf locus on chromosome 12 that designated Rf7 was linked with RM7003 and RM519.
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ZHONG, X., S. PENG, J. E. SHEEHY, R. M. VISPERAS, and H. LIU. "Relationship between tillering and leaf area index: quantifying critical leaf area index for tillering in rice." Journal of Agricultural Science 138, no. 3 (May 2002): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601001903.
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A field study was conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines during the dry seasons of 1997 and 1998 under irrigated conditions. The objectives of this study were to quantify the critical leaf area index (LAIc) at which tillering stops based on the relationship between tillering rate and LAI, and to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) on LAIc in irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop. Results showed that the relative tillering rate (RTR) decreased exponentially as LAI increased at a given N input level. The coefficient of determination for the equation quantifying the RTR-LAI relationship ranged from 0·87 to 0·99. The relationship between RTR and LAI was affected by N input level, but not by planting density. The N input level had a significant effect on LAIc with a high N input level causing an increase in LAIc. Tillering stopped at LAI of 3·36 to 4·11 when N was not limiting. Under N limited conditions LAIc reduced to as low as 0·98. Transplanting spacing and number of seedlings per hill had little effect on LAIc. Results from this study suggest that LAI and plant N status are two major factors that influence tiller production in rice crops. The possibility that LAI influences tillering by changing light intensity and/or light quality at the base of the canopy where tiller buds and young tillers are located is discussed.
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Conrad, Ralf, Pengfei Liu, and Peter Claus. "Fractionation of stable carbon isotopes during acetate consumption by methanogenic and sulfidogenic microbial communities in rice paddy soils and lake sediments." Biogeosciences 18, no. 24 (December 21, 2021): 6533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6533-2021.
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Abstract. Acetate is an important intermediate during the degradation of organic matter in anoxic flooded soils and sediments. Acetate is disproportionated to CH4 and CO2 by methanogenic or is oxidized to CO2 by sulfate-reducing microorganisms. These reactions result in carbon isotope fractionation, depending on the microbial species and their particular carbon metabolism. To learn more about the magnitude of the isotopic enrichment factors (ε) involved, acetate conversion to CH4 and CO2 was measured in anoxic paddy soils from Vercelli (Italy) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI, the Philippines) and in anoxic lake sediments from the northeastern and the southwestern basins of Lake Fuchskuhle (Germany). Acetate consumption was measured using samples of paddy soil or lake sediment suspended in water or in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), both in the absence and presence of sulfate (gypsum), and of methyl fluoride (CH3F), an inhibitor of aceticlastic methanogenesis. Under methanogenic conditions, values of εac for acetate consumption were always in a range of −21 ‰ to −17 ‰ but higher in the lake sediment from the southwestern basin (−11 ‰). Under sulfidogenic conditions εac values tended to be slightly lower (−26 ‰ to −19 ‰), especially when aceticlastic methanogenesis was inhibited. Again, εac in the lake sediment of the southwestern basin was higher (−18 ‰ to −14 ‰). Determination of εCH4 from the accumulation of 13C in CH4 resulted in much lower values (−37 ‰ to −27 ‰) than from the depletion of 13C in acetate (−21 ‰ to −17 ‰ ), especially when acetate degradation was measured in buffer suspensions. The microbial communities were characterized by sequencing the bacterial 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) genes as well as the methanogenic mcrA and sulfidogenic dsrB genes. The microbial communities were quite different between lake sediments and paddy soils but were similar in the sediments of the two lake basins and in the soils from Vercelli and the IRRI, and they were similar after preincubation without and with addition of sulfate (gypsum). The different microbial compositions could hardly serve for the prediction of the magnitude of enrichment factors.
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Balingbing, Carlito, Nguyen Van Hung, Ampy Paulo Roxas, Daniel Aquino, Mary Grace Barbacias, and Martin Gummert. "An Assessment on the Technical and Economic Feasibility of Mechanized Rice Straw Collection in the Philippines." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 7150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177150.
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The increasing utilization of rice combine harvesters in the Philippines has made collection of scattered rice straw difficult and laborious. While there are high demands for using rice straw, e.g., for feed or mushroom production, rice straw is predominantly burned in the field due to labor shortages and the high manual cost of collection, particularly for scattered rice straw harvested by combine harvesters. This study conducted an assessment and evaluated the feasibility of mechanized collection of rice straw by comparing the performance of two types of baler (i.e., roller and piston type) for two seasons—2019 wet and dry seasons at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and in Nueva Ecija, the Philippines. The study collected data on fuel consumption, manpower requirements, and field capacity by operating the balers to collect scattered rice straw in the field and piled rice straw that was left in the field after threshing. The round baler operated at 35% lower effective field capacity (EFC) on piled rice straw than on scattered rice straw, while the square baler operated at 2.33 times and 5.79 times higher EFC compared with the round baler on piled and scattered rice straw, respectively. The square baler used for collecting scattered rice straw is more appropriate under Philippine conditions, with a significantly lower baling cost by about 68% and an average EFC that is 4.43 times higher compared to the round baler. With the increasing demand for rice straw as feedstock for ruminants and for other alternative uses, using mechanical balers to gather scattered rice straw in the field is a sustainable option for farmers to utilize the straw for value-adding purposes. This is a foremost study conducted in the Philippines to guide policy makers, development workers, and end-users on the suitability of either square balers or round balers to gather scattered rice straw in the field after rice harvesting with combines.
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Rahman, L., M. S. Khanam, and H. J. Koh. "QTL analysis for yield related traits using populations derived from an indica-japonica hybrid in rice (Oryza sativaL.)." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 44, No. 3 (November 4, 2008): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/16/2008-cjgpb.
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Introgression has been achieved from a wild species Oryza minuta (2n = 48, BBCC, Acc No.101141) into O. sativa subsp. indica IR71033-121-15. This introgression line was developed at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) through embryo rescue as well as three backcrosses using IR31917-45-3-2 as a recurrent parent. These two IR lines resemble each other but differ in several important agronomic traits, which can be attributable to O. minuta introgressions. Out of 530 STS markers tested for introgression analysis, at least 14 introgressed chromosomal segments from O. minuta were detected throughout 12 chromosomes. Most of the introgressed segments were quite small in size, as they were detected by single markers and flanking markers were negative for introgressions. A population from the cross between japonica cultivar Junambyeo and introgressed indica line IR71033-121-15, consisting of 146 plants, was evaluated for ten agronomic traits. Genotyping of F2 lines and phenotyping from both F<sub>2</sub> and F<sub>3</sub> were considered for QTL analysis. A total of 11 single-locus QTLs (S-QTLs) were identified for ten traits, i.e. days to heading (DTH), panicle number (PN), spikelet fertility (SF), panicle length (PL), spikelet per panicle (SPP), grain length (GL), grain width (GW), grain length to width ratio (GLW) and grain thickness (GT) in both populations. The O. minuta derived alleles of QTLs, spp6, gl3, glw3, glw5 and t12 were detected in both populations indicating robust QTLs for these traits. QTLs from O. minuta introgression could be new sources of natural genetic variation for genetic improvement of rice.
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Yuliani, Dini, Untung Susanto, and Sudir Sudir. "Ketahanan Galur Isogenik IRBBN dan Galur Harapan Padi terhadap Patotipe Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Dominan pada Tanaman Padi di Indonesia." Buletin Plasma Nutfah 23, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/blpn.v23n1.2017.p23-32.
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<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The resistance genes in IRBB near isogenic lines (NILs) which was introduced from International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) have been known. It could be used as source of resistance to the dominant Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) pathotype in Indonesia. The purpose of this research was to evaluate IRBBN NILs and promising lines to the dominant Xoo pathotype in Indonesia i.e. pathotype III, IV, and VIII. Research was conducted at Sukamandi exprerimental field station in Subang, West Java, at dry seasons (DS) 2012 and wet seasons (WS) 2012/2013. The experiment was conducted following Factorial Randomized Completely Block Design with three replications. The first factor were three pathotype Xoo that was pathotype III, IV, and VIII, while the second factor were 20 IRBB lines, 6 promising lines, and 6 refferer varieties such as Conde, Lusi, Logawa, Java 14, Angke, dan Inpari 1. The result showed that three isogenic lines i.e. IRBB 21, IRBB 50, and IRBB 52 were resistant to Xoo pathotype III, IV, and VIII at DS 2012. At WS 2012/2013 was obtained five isogenic lines i.e. IRBB 52, IRBB 53, IRBB 54, IRBB 56, and IRBB 57 resistant to Xoo pathotype III, IV, and VIII. IRBB 52 was consistently resistant to the three Xoo pathotypes in two cropping seasons. It could be recommended to be used as donor in developing new resistant varieties to bacterial leaf blight.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Galur isogenik IRBB introduksi dari International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) telah diketahui gen ketahanannya dan dapat digunakan sebagai sumber ketahanan terhadap patotipe Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) dominan di Indonesia. Kegiatan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi ketahanan galur isogenik dan galur harapan terhadap patotipe Xoo dominan di Indonesia, yaitu patotipe III, IV, dan VIII. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Sukamandi, Subang, Jawa Barat pada musim kemarau (MK) 2012 dan musim hujan (MH) 2012/2013. Penelitian dilakukan dengan Rancangan Faktorial Acak Kelompok dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah tiga patotipe Xoo, yaitu patotipe III, IV, dan VIII, sedangkan faktor kedua yaitu materi yang diuji sebanyak 20 galur IRBB, 6 galur harapan padi, dan 6 varietas pembanding, yaitu Conde, Lusi, Logawa, Java 14, Angke, dan Inpari 1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa galur isogenik IRBB 21, IRBB 50, dan IRBB 52 bereaksi tahan terhadap Xoo patotipe III, IV, dan VIII pada MK 2012. Pada MH 2012/2013 diperoleh lima galur isogenik IRBB 52, IRBB 53, IRBB 54, IRBB 56, dan IRBB 57 bereaksi tahan terhadap Xoo patotipe III, IV, dan VIII. Galur isogenik IRBB 52 konsisten tahan terhadap Xoo patotipe III, IV, dan VIII pada dua musim tanam. Oleh karena itu, galur tersebut dapat direkomendasikan untuk dijadikan tetua tahan untuk perakitan varietas tahan HDB.</p>
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Rohila, Jai S., Jeremy D. Edwards, Gioi D. Tran, Aaron K. Jackson, and Anna M. McClung. "Identification of Superior Alleles for Seedling Stage Salt Tolerance in the USDA Rice Mini-Core Collection." Plants 8, no. 11 (November 5, 2019): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110472.
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Salt stress is a major constraint to rice acreage and production worldwide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the natural genetic variation available in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) rice mini-core collection (URMC) for early vigor traits under salt stress and identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seedling-stage salt tolerance via a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Using a hydroponic system, the seedlings of 162 accessions were subjected to electrical conductivity (EC) 6.0 dS m−1 salt stress at the three-to-four leaf stage. After completion of the study, 59.4% of the accessions were identified as sensitive, 23.9% were identified as moderately tolerant, and 16.7% were identified as highly tolerant. Pokkali was the most tolerant variety, while Nerica-6 was the most sensitive. Adapting standard International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) protocols, eight variables associated with salt tolerance were determined. The GWAS of the URMC, using over three million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), identified nine genomic regions associated with salt tolerance that were mapped to five different chromosomes. Of these, none were in the known Saltol QTL region, suggesting different probable genes and mechanisms responsible for salt tolerance in the URMC. The study uncovered genetic loci that explained a large portion of the variation in salt tolerance at the seedling stage. Fourteen highly salt-tolerant accessions, six novel loci, and 16 candidate genes in their vicinity were identified that may be useful in breeding for salt stress tolerance. Identified QTLs can be targeted for fine mapping, candidate gene verification, and marker-assisted breeding in future studies.
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Alberto, AMP, LH Ziska, CR Cervancia, and PA Manalo. "The Influence of Increasing Carbon Dioxide and Temperature on Competitive Interactions Between a C3 Crop, Rice (Oryza sativa) and a C4 Weed (Echinochloa glabrescens)." Functional Plant Biology 23, no. 6 (1996): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9960795.
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Many of the most troublesome weeds in agricultural systems are C4 plants. As atmospheric CO2 increases it is conceivable that competitive ability of these weeds could be reduced relative to C3 crops such as rice. At the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines, rice (IR72) and one of its associated C4 weeds, Echinochloa glabrescens, were grown from seeding to maturity using replacement series mixtures (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, % rice:%weed) at two different CO2 concentrations (393 and 594 μL L-1) in naturally sunlit glasshouses. Since increasing CO2 may also result in elevated growth temperatures, the response of rice to each CO2 concentration was also examined at daylnight temperatures of 27/21 and 37/29�C. At 27/21�C, increasing the CO2 concentration resulted in a significant increase in above ground biomass (+47%) and seed yield (+55%) of rice when averaged over all mixtures. For E. glabrescens, the C4 species, no significant effect of CO2 concentration on biomass or yield was observed. When grown in mixture, the proportion of rice biomass increased significantly relative to that of the C4 weed at all mixtures at elevated CO2. Evaluation of changes in competitiveness (by calculation of plant relative yield (PRY) and replacement series diagrams) of the two species demonstrated that, at elevated CO2, the competitiveness of rice was increased relative to that of E. glabrescens. However, at the higher growth temperature (37/29�C), growth and reproductive stimulation of rice by elevated CO2 was reduced compared to the lower growth temperature. This resulted in a reduction in the proportion of rice:weed biomass present in all mixtures relative to 27/21�C and a greater reduction in PRY in rice relative to E. glabrescens. Data from this experiment suggest that competitiveness could be enhanced in a C3 crop (rice) relative to a C4 weed (E. glabrescens) with elevated CO2 alone, but that simultaneous increases in CO2 and temperature could still favour a C4 species.
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Simmonds, N. W. "Publications on International Agricultural Research and Development. Sponsored by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and the International Rice Research Institute (1984). Los Bănos, Philippines: IRRI, pp. 539, $US 10.20, including surface mail." Experimental Agriculture 22, no. 2 (April 1986): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700014332.
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F. Galvez, Allan. "Warehouse and Distribution Management of National Food Authority (NFA) Rice in the Philippines: Best Practices." International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 1, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54476/iimrj398.
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This study aims to assess, establish, or strengthen best practices in warehousing and distribution processes of the National Food Authority (NFA) rice. Good Warehouse and Distribution system includes protection from insects, rodents and birds, ease of loading and unloading, efficient use of space, ease of maintenance and management, and prevention of moisture re-entering the grain after drying. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) mentioned in a Journal dated July 2017 that 25 to 50 percent of the total grain value (Quantity and Quality) was lost between harvest and consumption in developing countries. Proper storage is vital to the stability of the country’s grain supply. To achieve this end-goal, good warehouse management must be pursued. The National Food Authority (NFA) is one of the most important policy instrumentalities of the Philippine Government with respect to Agricultural price policy and Food security. The study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative design and methodological that obtained credible evidence and conclusion achieved. Quantitative data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire survey between variables as attested by Saunders et al. (2010) Qualitative data, on the other hand, were gathered through the open interview questions with the respondents to acquire a detailed and comprehensive data about sustainability practices in the supply chain management of NFA rice. The result of the study shows that warehouses whether where it is located, Region III or Region XIII and what type, Owned or Lease do not have a Relative Humidity monitoring device. This device is important in monitoring the moisture content of the warehouse. Maintaining a trucker’s equipment checklist are industry practice. It is important to avert any delays that might happen in the distribution of rice.
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Sobrizal, Sobrizal, Masdiar Bustamam, Carkum Carkum, Ahmad Warsun, Soeranto Human, and Yoshimichi Fukuta. "IDENTIFICATION OF A MAJOR QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS CONFERRING RICE BLAST RESISTANCE USING RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 1 (May 16, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v11n1.2010.p1-10.
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Blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae is one of the limiting factors for rice production world wide. The use of resistant varieties for managing blast disease is considered as the most eco-friendly approaches. However, their resistances may be broken down within a few years due to the appearance of new virulent blast races in the field. The objective of the present study was to identify the quantitative trait locus (QTL) conferring resistance to blast disease using 126 recombinant inbred (RI) lines originated from a crossing of a durably resistant upland rice genotype (Laka) and a highly susceptible rice accession cultivar (Kencana Bali). The RI population was developed through a single seed descent method from 1997 to 2004. Resistance of the RI lines was evaluated for blast in an endemic area of Sukabumi, West Java, in 2005. Disease intensity of the blast was examined following the standard evaluation system developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). At the same year the RI lines were analyzed with 134 DNA markers. Results of the study showed that one major QTL was found to be associated with blast resistance, and this QTL was located near RM2136 marker on the long arm of chromosome 11. This QTL explained 87% of the phenotypic variation with 37% additive effect. The map position of this QTL differed from that of a partial resistant gene, Pi34, identified previously on chromosome 11 in the Japanese durably resistant variety, Chubu 32. The QTL, however, was almost at the same position as that of the multiple allele-resistant gene, Pik. Therefore, an allelic test should be conducted to clarify the allelic relationship between QTL identified in this study and the Pik. The RI lines are the permanent segregating population that could be very useful for analysing phenotypic variations of important agronomic traits possibly owned by the RI lines. The major QTL identified in this study could be used as a genetic resource in improvement of rice varieties for blast resistance in Indonesia
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Marshall, Adrian G. "Anon. 1984. Publications on international agricultural research and development. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. 539 pages. ISBN 971-104-122-7. Price US $10.20 (includes air-mail postage, available from Publications Department, IRRI, PO Box 933, Manila, Philippines)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 1, no. 2 (May 1985): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400000201.
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Dar, Manzoor H., Showkat A. Waza, Sarvesh Shukla, Najam W. Zaidi, Swati Nayak, Mosharaf Hossain, Arvind Kumar, Abdelbagi M. Ismail, and Uma S. Singh. "Drought Tolerant Rice for Ensuring Food Security in Eastern India." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 2214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062214.
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Drought and limited availability of water serve as the serious limitation for rice production in rainfed ecosystems. Among the major rainfed rice-cultivating areas, states of eastern India occupy one of the largest drought-prone ecologies in the world. Cultivating drought tolerant rice varieties can serve as the most coherent approach to ensure food security in these areas. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), along with its national collaborators, has developed drought tolerant rice varieties possessing high yield along with desirable grain quality. One such conventionally bred line, IR74371-70-1-1, has been released with different names in the different countries: in India as Sahbhagi Dhan, in Nepal as Sukha Dhan 3, and in Bangladesh as BRRI Dhan 56. This indicates the suitability of this line to show better performance across the wide range of environments. Sahbhagi Dhan is a short duration variety that has genetic drought tolerance and is more efficient at extracting available moisture from the soil. During drought years, farmers cultivating Sahbhagi Dhan obtained the yield advantage of 0.8 to 1.6 t ha−1 over currently grown long duration as well as traditional varieties. In 2012, when the paddy crop was hit by drought, Sahbhagi Dhan revealed the yield advantage of more than a t ha−1, which reduced to 0.78 and 0.56 t ha−1 during non-drought years of 2013 and 2014, respectively. Data taken from head to head trials during 2017 showed that Sahbhagi Dhan exhibited better performance over the existing rice varieties grown by farmers even under non-drought conditions. The important feature of Sahbhagi Dhan is its evident impact under drought and no yield penalty under favorable conditions over the counterfactual varieties of the same duration. Along with better yield under drought, the important advantage of Sahbhagi Dhan is the short maturity duration of this variety. This allows the farmers to advance the succeeding crop and creates an opportunity for accommodating an additional crop under favorable rainfed ecology, thereby enhancing the cropping intensity. Since the majority of the farmers living in drought prone ecologies are socio-economically under privileged, Sahbhagi Dhan, along with other drought tolerant varieties, can serve as one of the most viable and deliverable technologies for eradicating poverty from these ecologies dependent on rainfed rice.
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Niklander-Teeri, Viola. "Uusia ominaisuuksia kasveihin geenitekniikan avulla." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 19 (January 31, 2004): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.76246.
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Ensimmäiset geeniteknisesti muunnellut (GM) kasvit raportoitiin 20 vuotta sitten. Siitä lähtien on siirtogeenitekniikkaa kehitetty ja käytetty hyväksi monien tärkeiden kasvilajien (mm. tärkeimmät viljakasvit) ominaisuuksien jalostamiseen. Aluksi ominaisuudet käsittivät erilaisia viljelyteknisiä parannuksia, joista tunnetuimmat ovat USA:n markkinoilla jo monta vuotta olleet hyönteisresistenssit maissilajikkeet ja rikkakasvihävitteitä kestävät soijalajikkeet. Seuraavan sukupolven siirtogeenisten kasvien arvoidaan hyödyntävän suoranaisemmin myös kuluttajaa, esimerkkeinä ovat terveellisemmät kasviöljyt, aminohappokoostumukseltaan parannetut ruokakasvit sekä lääkeaineiden tuotto kasveissa. Ehkä kuuluisin esimerkki tällä hetkellä kehitteillä olevasta toisen sukupolven GM-kasvista on ns. ’Kultainen riisi’, joka on kehitetty geeniteknisin menetelmin tuottamaan A-vitamiinin esiastetta, beta-karoteenia (estää mm. sokeutumista) riisissä, joka on tärkein ravintokasvi monissa Aasian köyhissä maissa. Tammikuussa 2001 IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) Filippiineillä aloitti Kultaisen riisin kehittämisen paikallisiin viljelysolosuhteisiin sopivaksi risteyttämällä sitä paikallisiin riisilajikkeisiin ja testaamalla sitä kenttäkokeissa. Kolmannen sukupolven GM-ominaisuuksien arvioidaan tulevaisuudessa liittyvän mm. kasvin parannettuihin yhteyttämis- ja ravinteiden sitoutumiskykyihin.Vaikka siirtogeenitekniikka kasvinjalostuksessa on jo pitkälle kehitetty ja käytetty menetelmä USA:ssa, on sen käyttöön Euroopassa suhtauduttu varauksella. Varauksellisuus johtuu ennen kaikkea siitä, että eräät EU:n jäsenvaltiot haluaisivat selkeästi jäljittää ja merkitä GM-tuotteet, saada lisätietoa GM-tuotteiden pitkäaikasvaikutuksista ja parantaa kansalaisten kuulemista asiassa. Tästä johtuen Euroopassa ei ole hyväksytty viljelyyn tai käyttöön yhtään uutta GM-tuotetta vuoden 1998 jälkeen (ns. de facto moratorium). Uuden direktiivin 2001/18/EY myötävaikutuksella jäljitettävyys ja merkintäasiat sekä kansalaisten kuuleminen GM-lupa-asioissa ovat selvästi parantuneet ja aikalisä on loppumassa. Lisäksi tutkimustietoa ja mielipidemittauksia on ehtinyt kertyä huikeasti lisää viiden vuoden aikana. Uusille tuotteille EU-viljelyyn ja EU-markkinoille onkin viime aikoina haettu kymmeniä lupia, niiden joukossa jo toisen sukupolvenkin GM-kasveja.
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Parveen, S., and E. Humphreys. "Influence of Water Stress on Canopy Temperature and Yield Contributing Characteristics of Wet Seeded Rice." Bangladesh Rice Journal 25, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v25i2.62708.
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Canopy temperature (CT) is one of the indices for evaluating water stress. The study has been taken to correlate water stress with CT and to evaluate effect of water stress on crop and yield performance of wet seeded rice (WSR). The canopy temperature of rice at vegetative and flowering stages were investigated under different soil water stresses. The field experiment was conducted at IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) during dry season, 2011. Three levels of water stress (-10, -20 and -40 kPa) were applied at 3-leaf (3L) to panicle initiation (PI), PI to flowering (FL) and FL to physiological maturity (PM) stages. One non -stressed treatment, i.e., continuously flooded puddled transplanted rice (PTR-CF) was used as a control. Soil water tension was measured using a 30-cm long gauge tensiometer and a handheld infrared thermometer was used to measure CT. Canopy temperatures were recorded from 3L to PI and PI to FL stages. In both the stages, CT was within the range of marginal stress. Canopy temperature depression (CTD) was higher in the stressed condition than that of the nonstressed. At the PI stage, leaf area index (LAI) was significantly lower in WSR than PTR -CF. LAI was comparatively lower in WSR with -20 kPa and -40 kPa than WSR with -10 kPa and PTR-CF when water stress imposed during PI-FL. Decreasing grain yield was observed when irrigation threshold increased from -10 to -40 kPa during PI to FL and FL to PM, but the differences were not significant. Yield components of WSR with different stresses were not significantly different. But spikelet fertility (%) and grain weight (g) of WSR was significantly higher than that of PTR-CF. The yield of PTR-CF was similar to the yield of WSR. Panicle/m2 correlated negatively with CT under a stressed condition. Yield and all yield components ex cept spikelet per panicle were positively correlated with CT at 60 days after seeding (CT 60). Under stressed condition, CT correlated negatively with the grain yield. Results revealed that CT correlated positively with grain yield under non-stressed condition (CT35 and CT60). Spikelet fertility percentage (SF%) correlated negatively with CT35 and CT46. It has been concluded that CT and CTD may be used for water stress evaluation. Bangladesh Rice J. 25 (2) : 69-76, 2021
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Sobrizal, Sobrizal, Masdiar Bustamam, Carkum Carkum, Ahmad Warsun, Soeranto Human, and Yoshimichi Fukuta. "IDENTIFICATION OF A MAJOR QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS CONFERRING RICE BLAST RESISTANCE USING RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 1 (May 16, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v11n1.2010.1-10.
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Blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae is one of the limiting<br />factors for rice production world wide. The use of resistant<br />varieties for managing blast disease is considered as the most<br />eco-friendly approaches. However, their resistances may be<br />broken down within a few years due to the appearance of new<br />virulent blast races in the field. The objective of the present<br />study was to identify the quantitative trait locus (QTL) conferring<br />resistance to blast disease using 126 recombinant inbred<br />(RI) lines originated from a crossing of a durably resistant upland<br />rice genotype (Laka) and a highly susceptible rice accession<br />cultivar (Kencana Bali). The RI population was developed<br />through a single seed descent method from 1997 to 2004.<br />Resistance of the RI lines was evaluated for blast in an endemic<br />area of Sukabumi, West Java, in 2005. Disease intensity of the<br />blast was examined following the standard evaluation system<br />developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).<br />At the same year the RI lines were analyzed with 134 DNA<br />markers. Results of the study showed that one major QTL was<br />found to be associated with blast resistance, and this QTL was<br />located near RM2136 marker on the long arm of chromosome<br />11. This QTL explained 87% of the phenotypic variation with<br />37% additive effect. The map position of this QTL differed<br />from that of a partial resistant gene, Pi34, identified previously<br />on chromosome 11 in the Japanese durably resistant variety,<br />Chubu 32. The QTL, however, was almost at the same position<br />as that of the multiple allele-resistant gene, Pik. Therefore, an<br />allelic test should be conducted to clarify the allelic relationship<br />between QTL identified in this study and the Pik. The RI lines<br />are the permanent segregating population that could be very<br />useful for analysing phenotypic variations of important agronomic<br />traits possibly owned by the RI lines. The major QTL<br />identified in this study could be used as a genetic resource in<br />improvement of rice varieties for blast resistance in Indonesia
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Silitonga, Tiur S. "The use of Biotechnology in the Characterization, Evaluation, and Utilization of Indonesian Rice Germplasm." Jurnal AgroBiogen 6, no. 1 (August 4, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v6n1.2010.p49-56.
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<p>Penggunaan Bioteknologi dalam Karakterisasi, Evaluasi,<br />dan Pemanfaatan Plasma Nutfah Padi Indonesia. Tiur S.<br />Silitonga. Beras merupakan makanan pokok penduduk<br />Indonesia yang terus meningkat kebutuhannya. Untuk memenuhi<br />kebutuhan beras nasional, peningkatan produktivitas<br />varietas padi terus diupayakan melalui peningkatan potensi<br />hasil dengan cara merakit varietas tipe baru dan padi<br />hibrida yang berdaya hasil tinggi dan genjah, tahan terhadap<br />cekaman biotik dan abiotik. Sejak tahun 2006 sampai saat<br />ini jumlah varietas yang dihasilkan sebanyak 31 varietas.<br />Perakitan varietas itu semua dilakukan dengan menggunakan<br />plasma nutfah. Sampai saat ini plasma nutfah yang dilestarikan<br />di Bank Gen Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan<br />Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian<br />(BB-Biogen) berjumlah sekitar 4.000 aksesi yang terdiri atas<br />varietas padi lokal, varietas padi unggul lama, varietas unggul<br />tipe baru, galur-galur elit, dan kerabat spesies padi liar.<br />Untuk menjaga keselamatan koleksi, sebanyak 2.500 aksesi<br />dilestarikan di Balai Besar Penelitian Padi sebagai koleksi<br />duplikat. Di samping itu, sebagai mitra kerja sama internasional,<br />koleksi ini juga disimpan di pusat pelestarian plasma<br />nutfah padi International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) sebanyak<br />lebih dari 8.900 aksesi. Plasma nutfah ini memiliki<br />peranan yang sangat besar sebagai sumber gen dalam<br />program pemuliaan padi. Untuk mempermudah pemanfaatannya,<br />koleksi ini telah di karakterisasi, dievaluasi, dan didokumentasikan<br />di dalam database. Karena plasma nutfah<br />memiliki nilai potensial dan nilai aktual bagi kehidupan manusia,<br />maka sangat penting untuk melestarikannya baik<br />secara in situ, ex situ, dan lekat lahan (on farm). Pada tulisan<br />ini diuraikan status koleksi plasma nutfah, bagaimana dikoleksi,<br />karakterisasi, evaluasi, dan didokumentasikan dalam<br />database dan dimanfaatkan dalam program pemuliaan<br />padi serta dalam pertukaran plasma nutfah padi. Dalam pemanfaatan<br />dan pertukaran plasma nutfah, Indonesia telah<br />meratifikasi perjanjian pertukaran sumber daya genetik dan<br />mengimplementasikannya dengan menggunakan Standard<br />Material Transfer Agreement (sMTA) melalui UU No. 4 Tahun<br />2006.</p>
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Milbourn, G. M. "Wheat, Barley and Triticale Abstracts. Farnham Royal, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB) and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) (1984), Volume 1, £143.00 ($255.00), annually for six parts. - Maize Abstracts. Farnham Royal, UK: CAB and CIMMYT (1985), Volume 1, £117.00 ($204.00), annually for six parts. - Rice Abstracts. Farnham Royal, UK: CAB and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) (1986), Volume 9, £80.00 ($143.00), annually for six parts." Experimental Agriculture 22, no. 4 (October 1986): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700014769.
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Cruz, F. C. StA, M. I. Boulton, R. Hull, and O. Azzam. "International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines." Journal of Phytopathology 147, no. 11-12 (December 1999): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.1999.00452.x.
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Anderson, Robert S. "The origins of the International Rice Research Institute." Minerva 29, no. 1 (1991): 61–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01096298.
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Karmakar, B., MA R. Sarkar, MA Ali, and SM Haefele. "Optimizing plant density of promising Rice genotypes in northwest Bangladesh." Bangladesh Rice Journal 18, no. 1-2 (April 17, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v18i1-2.22993.
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A study was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, regional station farm, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, during 2010 and 2011 wet seasons to determine the effect of plant density on the performance of different genotypes. Three plant densities (20- × 15-, 20- × 20- and 25- × 15-cm spacing) and six genotypes (BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan57, IR83377-B-B-93-3, IRRI 123, IR83381-B-B-6-1 and Binadhan-7) were tested in a strip-plot design with three replications, placing planting densities in the vertical plots and genotypes in the horizontal plots. Planting density × genotype produced significant effect on grain yield in 2011 but not in 2010. BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan57 and IR83381-B-B-6-1 produced the highest grain yield in 20- × 15-cm spacing, while the other genotypes (IR83377-B-B-93-3, IRRI 123 and Binadhan-7) produced the higher yields in 25- × 15- or 20- × 20-cm spacing. In both years, genotypes had significant effects on grain yield, all yield components, growth duration, plant height, tillers hill-1 and tillers m-2, but not on straw and biological yield. Among the genotypes, IR83377-B-B-93-3 gave the highest mean grain yield (5.11 t ha-1) followed by IRRI 123 (4.97 t ha-1). The lowest mean yield (4.04 t ha-1) was found in BRRI dhan57 followed by IR83381-B-B-6-1 (4.14 t ha-1). Planting density had significant effects on grain yield, panicles hill-1, panicles m-2, tillers hill-1 and tillers m-2, and closer spacing reduced the number of days to flowering and maturity. Short duration rice genotypes achieved higher grain yields in closer spacing while longer duration genotypes produced higher grain yields in wider spacing. Results of this investigation suggest that the optimal plant density is dependent on varietal characteristics, and that current fixed planting densities used in many rice cropping systems are probably not adequate.Bangladesh Rice j. 2014, 18(1&2): 1-7
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KATO, Yoichiro, and Keiichi HAYASHI. "Japan and IRRI: Contributions to International Rice Research for Sustainable Development, Lessons Learned and Ways Forward." Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 55, Special (December 1, 2021): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.6090/jarq.55.483.
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Chakhonkaen, Sriprapai, Keasinee Pitnjam, Wachira Saisuk, Kittipat Ukoskit, and Amorntip Muangprom. "Genetic structure of Thai rice and rice accessions obtained from the International Rice Research Institute." Rice 5, no. 1 (2012): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1939-8433-5-19.
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Kurniawan, Anton, Elfi Indrawanis, and Chairil Ezward. "MORPHOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS OF PANICLES AND FLOWER TWELVE GENOTYPES LOCAL RICE OF KUANTAN SINGINGI." Jurnal AGROSAINS dan TEKNOLOGI 5, no. 2 (January 4, 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/jat.5.2.87-98.
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Germplasm is a very useful genetic resource for assembling a variety. The preservation of germplasm accompanied by characterization is an effort to provide useful genes. The aims of the research is to identify and characterize 12 genotypes local rice in Kuantan Singingi. This research was used purposive random sampling method. Data were collected by identifying the characteristics of 12 genotypes local rice in Kuantan Singingi directly into the field. Data observations were carried out on samples based on the guidelines for the characterization and evaluation system for rice plants, the National Commission for Germplasm (2003) and Bioversity International, IRRI and WARDA (2007). The characters observed were qualitative and quantitative characters on panicle and flower organs. Observation data were processed using Ms. software. Excel and (NTSYS-pc) version 2.02. The results showed that the diversity of the morphological characters of flowers and panicles, where in the 75% similarity coefficient there are 2 groups, namely group I (PL01 with PL05) and group II (PL03 with PL11).
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Prasetiyono, Joko, Tasliah Tasliah, Nurul Hidayatun, Tintin Suhartini, and Ida H. Soemantri. "Analisis Molekuler dan Uji Daya Hasil Galur-Galur Pup1." Jurnal AgroBiogen 12, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v12n1.2016.p1-10.
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<p>Perbaikan varietas padi untuk daerah yang memiliki masalah dengan ketersediaan P sangat penting dilakukan mengingat harga pupuk P yang semakin mahal, dan ketersediaan P di alam yang semakin sedikit. Lokus <em>Pup1</em> sebagai lokus yang berisi gen-gen yang berperan dalam penangkapan P telah dipetakan dengan baik dan marka-marka untuk seleksi sudah dibuat. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya telah diperoleh galur-galur BC<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8</sub> persilangan Dodokan x Kasalath, Dodokan x NIL-C443, Situ Bagendit x Kasalath, Situ Bagendit x NIL-C443, Batur x Kasalath, dan Batur x NIL-C443. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi galur-galur BC<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8</sub> secara molekuler dan melihat potensi hasil pada dua lokasi yang berbeda. Penelitian berlangsung mulai bulan Nopember 2013 s.d. Juni 2014. Penelitian molekuler dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Molekuler, Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian (BB Biogen), Bogor dan International Rice Research Institue (IRRI), Filipina, sedangkan penelitian lapang dilakukan di KP Taman Bogo, Lampung dan lahan petani di Sukabumi, Jawa Barat. Berdasarkan analisis molekuler diperoleh hasil seluruh galur-galur BC<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8</sub> mengandung lokus <em>Pup1</em><em>, </em>namun ada tiga galur (BC<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8</sub> Situ Bagendit x Kasalath #5, BC<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8</sub> Situ Bagendit x NIL-C443 #2, dan BC<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8 </sub>Batur x NIL-C443 #2) yang mengandung lokus <em>Pup1</em> dalam kondisi heterozigot. Sebagian besar galur-galur <em>Pup1</em> susunan genomnya masih mengikuti genom tetuanya, kecuali BC<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8</sub> Situ Bagendit x Kasalath #7, BC<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8</sub> Batur x NIL-C443 #4, dan #5. Pada percobaan di lapang menunjukkan galur-galur <em>Pup1</em> pada kondisi P tersedianya kurang mengalami pertumbuhan vegetatif jauh lebih besar dibanding dengan pada kondisi yang P nya cukup tersedia. Namun, pada tahap pengisian biji terjadi variasi hasil, dimana masalah tersebut masih diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut. Galur-galur BC<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8 </sub>Situ Bagendit x Kasalath #2, #3, #6, BC<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8</sub> Situ Bagendit x NIL-C443 #1, #2, BC<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8 </sub>Batur x Kasalath #4, #6, #7, BC<sub>2</sub>F<sub>8</sub> Batur x NIL-C443 #3, #4, dan #5 memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan di daerah dengan P tersedia sedikit ataupun banyak.<strong></strong></p>