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Rémy, Benjamin. "Exception d'ordre public et mécanisme des lois de police en droit international privé." Paris 1, 2006. http://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://www.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr/pvurl.php?r=http%3A%2F%2Fdallozbndpro-pvgpsla.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr%2Ffr%2Fpvpage2.asp%3Fpuc%3D5442%26nu%3D8.
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L'objet de cette étude est de restaurer un dialogue entre les différents objets du droit international privé. Il convient de dégager une grille de lecture qui permet de comprendre, tant les rapports que l'exception d'ordre public et le mécanisme des lois de police entretiennent avec les autres mécanismes de droit international privé, que les différences qui existent entre ces deux mécanismes. Une telle entreprise est menée en se situant sur le plan des différents intérêts susceptibles de servir de fondement aux règles de droit international privé. L'étude des différentes manifestations de l'exception d'ordre public et du mécanisme des lois de police a permis, ensuite, une double conclusion. L'exception d'ordre public permet de prendre en charge tant l'intérêt des parties à ne pas voir leur système axiologique heurté que l'intérêt étatique à réaliser certaines politiques législatives. Par ailleurs, il y aurait un phénomène de spécialisation de ces deux mécanismes au terme duquel l'exception d'ordre public traduirait le seul intérêt des parties alors que le mécanisme des lois de police prendrait en charge un intérêt étatique. C'est ensuite l'analyse de la distinction entre valeur et objectif, d'une part, et l'étude des relations entre valeurs et normes et entre objectif et norme, d'autre part, qui a permis de préciser ce que les fondements de ces mécanismes exigent exactement d'un point de vue méthodologique. C'est, par ailleurs, l'analyse menée en termes d'intérêts qui permet de comprendre l'articulation des mécanismes étudiés avec les autres méthodes de droit international privé.
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Remy, Benjamin. "Exception d'ordre public et mécanisme des lois de police en droit international privé /." Paris : Dalloz, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb412311990.
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Bihannic, Kévin. "Repenser l'ordre public de proximité : d'une conception hiérarchique à une conception proportionnelle." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D087/document.
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Si la jurisprudence n’a pas définitivement condamné l’ordre public de proximité, son champ d’application ne cesse de se restreindre, à tel point qu’il est devenu possible de s’interroger sur l’existence d’une condamnation implicite de ce mécanisme. Cette situation impose d’envisager son avenir dans la théorie générale du droit international privé. En dépit de la récurrence de sa critique en doctrine, l’ordre public de proximité n’est pas dépourvu d’utilité et il apparaît possible, par une réinterprétation de son fonctionnement d’ensemble, de dépasser la crainte qu’il opère une mutation du rôle dévolu à l’exception d’ordre public et favorise le développement du relativisme culturel. Cette possible réhabilitation de l’ordre public de proximité ne doit pas, cependant, conduire à penser que le mécanisme serait sans défaut. Sa confrontation aux évolutions du droit international privé et à la possible mutation de l’exception d’ordre public rend ainsi compte d’une certaine inadaptation. Surtout, le passage vers une logique hiérarchique, nécessaire afin de dépasser la critique relativiste, fait craindre un désintérêt total pour la norme étrangère. Dès lors, le mécanisme semble se construire en marge de la théorie de l’ordre public et il devient nécessaire d’envisager son dépassement. La reformulation de la théorie de l’effet atténué pourrait se présenter comme une solution efficace. Il conviendra, cependant, de veiller à ce que le raisonnement à l’œuvre soit fondé sur une mise en balance des différents intérêts en cause. Par conséquent, si l’ordre public de proximité ne peut plus exister comme mécanisme autonome, la condition de proximité doit demeurer et contribuer au développement de la proportionnalité comme technique de mise en œuvre de l’effet atténuéAlthough case law has not entirely ruled out the theory of the “ordre public de proximité”, it’s scope has constantly been decreased to the point that it is now impossible to question it’s fall from grace. Hence pushing for a study of it’s future existence in the general theory of privateinternational law. In spite of recurrent criticism from Doctrine sources, the “ordre public de proximité” has not become useless. A renewed interpretation of its overall functioning is needed to overcome the fear of taking over the role of the public policy exception and therefore encouraging cultural relativism.However, considering the rehabilitation of the “ordre public de proximité” should not misguide us into thinking it is flawless. When confronted to the evolution of private interational law and a possible mutation of the public policy exception, the inadaptability of this principle becomesobvious. More specifically when transiting toward a logical ranking of values as necessairy for it’s effective functioning, one may fear a lack of consideration for the foreign norm. As a consequence, the “ordre public de proximité” seems to build itself outside of the public policytheory highlighting the need to consider it’s overcoming. Redefining the theory of the so-called “effet atténué” (limited effect) could represente an effective solution on condition that this system is founded on the balance of interest. In conclusion, if the “ordre public de proximité” cannot exist as an independent mechanism, the proximity condition must remain and support the development of proportionality as the reasoning method for the application of the so-called “effet atténué”
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Adel, Zaher Mina. "L'ordre public dans les relations privées internationales : l'exemple des contrats internationaux devant le juge étatique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3057.
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L’autonomie de la volonté est un principe relatif à la liberté des parties quant au choix de la loi applicable au contrat international. Cependant, ce principe est limité par les règles d’ordre public, et plus généralement les dispositions impératives, réduisant l’étendue de cette autonomie. Afin de perfectionner la mise en application de ces règles tout en garantissant une certaine prévisibilité, il s’avère important d’étudier en détail l’origine et la nature des règles d’ordre public. Une étude comparée avec le droit international privé égyptien s’avère nécessaire pour perfectionner les mécanismes actuels. Le débat conceptuel actuel met en évidence le rôle de la coopération internationale, outre les intérêts purement étatiques, ce qui suscitera un nouvel ordre public transnational, voire supranationalThe freedom of choice is a principle referring to the freedom of the parties concerning the choice of the law ruling the international contract. However, this principle is limited by public policy, which reduce the extent of this freedom. In order to improve the application of these rules with a minimum of predictability, it is important to study in detail the origin and nature of the rules of public policy. A comparative study with Egyptian private international law is needed to take advantage from all current mechanisms. The current conceptual debate highlights the role of international cooperation, in addition to purely State interests, which will tend to create a new transnational, or even supranational, public policy
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Laurichesse, Céline. "La grève en droit international privé." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOD008/document.
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La projection de la grève dans l’ordre international permet d’apprécier la richesse et la diversité de l’expression collective des travailleurs. Son développement à l’échelle internationale a généré une mise en concurrence accrue des différents droits nationaux. L’absence d’une réglementation matérielle traduit la difficulté juridique de maîtriser la notion et engendre un important conflit de lois et de juridictions. La nécessité de l’adoption de règles de conflit déterminant la loi et le juge compétent est donc devenue indispensable afin d’apporter une réponse à cette problématique conflictuelle. Le caractère de droit fondamental de la grève requiert cependant de faire l’objet d’une protection particulière lorsque sa valeur est remise en cause par une loi étrangère désignée par la règle de conflit. A ce titre l’exception d’ordre public classique permet d’évincer utilement la loi étrangère contraire à l’ordre public du for. L’exigence de la présence de liens de rattachement pertinents avec l’ordre juridique du for et d’un certain degré de gravité de la violation alléguée au droit fondamental de grève du for garantissent une intervention pondérée de l’exception d’ordre public. Elle constitue ainsi un moyen efficace de protéger le droit de grève tout en restant un mécanisme dont l’intervention reste exceptionnelleThe development of the strike in the international order can appreciate richness and diversity of the collective expression of workers, it also increased competition from different national laws. The absence of a regulation reflects the difficulty of controlling the legal concept and it creates a conflict of laws and courts. The need for the adoption of rules of conflict, which determines the law and the competent court, has therefore become necessary to provide an answer to this conflict problem. The character of the fundamental right to strike, however, requires to be special protection when its value is questioned by an authority designated by the conflict rule foreign law. As such, the conventional public policy exception allows oust usefully foreign law contrary to public policy. The requirement of the presence of links relevant connecting with the legal order and a certain degree of gravity of the alleged violation of the fundamental right to strike ensures a weighted intervention public policy exception. It constitutes an effective means of protecting the right to strike while remaining a mechanism whose intervention is exceptional
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Potentier, Sophie. "Les frontières de l'ordre public international en droit patrimonial de la famille." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC0003.
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Les orientations récentes de l’ordre public international en droit patrimonial de la famille invitent à se demander s’il existe réellement un ordre public international spécifique au droit patrimonial de la famille ; et plus encore, si l’on peut même parler « d’ordre public » en la matière. L’ordre public international s’attache en effet essentiellement aujourd’hui à protéger les intérêts privés, à défendre l’individu au sein de la famille, plutôt que la famille en elle-même. La construction européenne, entre autres, explique sans doute cette conception resserrée sur les droits fondamentaux de l’individu. La notion d’ordre public international peut être perçue comme un frein à la construction d'une entité supranationale, parce qu'elle autorise des valeurs impératives différentes, propres à chaque pays, qui nuisent à l'unité recherchée. Pour mieux circuler, il semble qu’il faille assouplir les principes du for, et donc rétrécir le contenu de l’ordre public international. Mais à force d’assouplir l’ordre public, ne le vide-t-on pas de sa substance ? Comment dès lors concilier liberté de circulation et préservation de nos principes et valeurs ? L’objet de la thèse est de démontrer que, contrairement aux apparences, l’ordre public international n’est pas forcément un frein à l’harmonie internationale. Une concorde peut s’opérer entre les différents principes fondateurs du droit patrimonial de la famille, et l’harmonie peut être trouvée dans la mise en œuvre même du mécanisme d’ordre public international, à travers la relativisation de son applicationThe recent developments in the domain of international public policy regarding patrimonial family law forces us to wonder if there really exists such a specific concept within patrimonial family law. Nowadays, international public policy seems to address and protect private interests and defend the individual within the family instead of protecting the family as whole. The European integration, amongst other events, explains this conception which is focused on fundamental individual rights. This leads the international public policy notion to be viewed as hindering the development of a supranational entity, given it authorizes a wide variety of values specific to each particular country, which goes against and impedes the intended harmonized unity. With this in mind, for better European flow and mobility, we are confronted with the necessity to loosen general local principals and therefore lessen the application of an international public policy. Nevertheless, by following this path of loosening international public policy don’t we undermine the foundation of its own existence? How can we reconcile freedom of movement with the preservation of our values and principles? The main objective of this thesis is to demonstrate that, contrary to appearance, international public policy is not necessarily a hurdle to international harmony but can be forged to bolster unity and coherence. In order to achieve harmony and consistency we should seek first an alignment between the various founding principles of patrimonial family law followed by a particular mechanism of application that puts into perspective the public policy exception itself
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Zhao, Yi. "La loi de police en droit international privé français et chinois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0001.
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Le mécanisme des lois de police en droit international privé chinois est un produit importé et sa définition législative est influencée par la définition européenne. Bien que la définition française de loi de police et la définition chinoise ne soient pas textuellement identiques, il nous semble que la notion de loi de police ne change pas selon qu’il s’agit de droit français ou de droit chinois. Cependant, n’étant prévu par le droit positif chinois que depuis 2011, le mécanisme des lois de police est relativement jeune, non seulement au regard de ce mécanisme lui-même mais aussi au regard de ses relations avec d’autres mécanismes de droit international privé ayant des liens avec lui, comme l’exception d’ordre public international. Nous chercherons les expériences françaises en la matière et étudierons la notion française et chinoise de loi de police, d’autres mécanismes de droit international privé en lien avec le mécanisme des lois de police et les illustrations des lois de police dans la jurisprudence. Malgré les critiques, l’application immédiate et impérative est toujours le caractère le plus important des lois de police du for dans l’instance directe, mais ce n’est le cas ni pour l’instance indirecte ni pour les lois de police étrangères. Selon la jurisprudence française et chinoise, le non-respect par le juge étranger ou par un tribunal arbitral de la loi de police de l’État requis n’entraîne pas automatiquement le refus de reconnaissance ou d’exécution. Concernant les lois de police étrangères, le texte législatif chinois est muet, mais cela ne signifie pas que l’application ou la prise en considération de la loi de police étrangère est interdite en droit chinoisThe overriding mandatory provisions in Chinese private international law is imported and its legislative definition is incorporated by the European one. Although the French definition of overriding mandatory provisions and the Chinese definition are not textually identical, it seems to us that the notion of overriding mandatory provisions does not change depending on whether it is French law or Chinese law. However, having been provided for by Chinese positive law only since 2011, the overriding mandatory provisions mechanism is relatively young, not only with regard to this mechanism itself but also to its relations with other mechanisms of private international law having links with it, such as the international public policy exception. We will seek French experiences in this area and study the French and Chinese notion of overriding mandatory provisions, other mechanisms of private international law in connection with them and their illustrations in case law. Despite the criticisms, the immediate and mandatory application is always the most important character of the overriding mandatory provisions of the forum in the direct instance, but this is not the case for foreign overriding mandatory provisions or for the indirect instance. According to French and Chinese case law, the non-respect by the foreign judge or by an arbitral tribunal of the overriding mandatory provisions of the requested state does not automatically result in the refusal of recognition or enforcement. Regarding the foreign overriding mandatory provisions, the Chinese legislative text is silent, but this does not mean that their application or take into consideration is prohibited in Chinese law
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Corso, Cécile. "Les conventions bilatérales franco-marocaines à l'épreuve de l'européanisation du droit : Étude de droit international privé de la famille." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3046.
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Les conventions franco-marocaines du 5 octobre 1957 et du 10 août 1981 constituent le socle de la coopération bilatérale entre les États français et marocain en matière familiale internationale. Négociées il y a plusieurs décennies, elles ont pour objectif de garantir aux ressortissants des deux États l’application de leur statut personnel sur le territoire de l’autre État et de mieux assurer la protection des enfants et des créanciers d’aliments. Ces conventions se sont toutefois heurtées à l’hétérogénéité des ordres juridiques français et marocains. L’européanisation croissante du droit international privé de la famille invite à s’interroger sur la place laissée par les droits européens aux conventions bilatérales franco-marocaines. L’applicabilité des conventions franco-marocaines est mise à l’épreuve par l’emprise croissante des règlements européens de droit international privé articulés aux conventions de La Haye. L’enchevêtrement des normes applicables conduit alors à examiner les solutions permettant d’articuler les sources entre elles. Dans les hypothèses où elles demeurent applicables, les conventions franco-marocaines sont là encore soumises aux droits européens. L’influence des droits européens peut alors servir les objectifs conventionnels et porter les conventions franco-marocaines vers plus d’efficacité, ou alors infléchir les obligations bilatérales lorsque les valeurs européennes se trouvent mise en causeThe French-Moroccan agreements of October, 5th 1957 and August, 10th 1981 establish the base of the bilateral cooperation between French and Moroccan States in the field of private international family law. Negotiated several decades ago, they have for objective to guarantee to the nationals of both States the application of their personal status on the territory of the other State and to insure the protection of the children and the maintenance creditors. These conventions however came up against the differences existing between the French and Moroccan legal orders. The increasing Europeanisation of the private international family law invites to wonder about the place left by European laws for the application of the French-Moroccan bilateral agreements. The applicability of the French-Moroccan conventions is put to a test by the increasing influence of the European regulations articulated with the Hague Conference’s conventions. When they are applicable, the French-Moroccan agreements are submitted even there to European laws. Then, the influence of European law can serve the conventional objectives and carry the French-Moroccan agreements towards more efficiency, or bend the bilateral obligations when the European values are questioned
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Mojak, Karolina. "L'avenir du critère de la nationalité en droit international privé." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB191.
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Nous sommes aujourd'hui face à un incontestable déclin du critère de la nationalité en droit international privé. À l'heure de la mobilité croissante des personnes et de l'essor des autres critères de rattachement, il nous faut faire le constat de la marginalisation de la nationalité, pourtant considérée pendant longtemps comme la principale notion en matière de statut personnel, une marginalisation confirmée par les règlements européens et la jurisprudence. Face aux changements dans ce domaine et aux incertitudes qui y sont liées, il est nécessaire d'analyser ces données afin de pouvoir procéder à un bilan et d'énoncer des résolutions pour l'avenir. En effet, l'évolution du droit international privé a conduit à privilégier de nouveaux critères de rattachement, considérés comme plus efficaces et moins discriminatoires que la nationalité, qui sont ainsi plébiscités par le législateur et les juges européens. Il s'agit tout d'abord des critères territorialistes, et particulièrement de la résidence habituelle qui est devenue le rattachement principal, pour la plupart des textes européens, en matière de divorce, de responsabilité parentale ou encore de régime des incapables. L'importance donnée aux individus, reconnus en tant que quasi-sujets de droit international, résultant de l'intervention des droits de l'homme, apparaît comme le principal facteur du déclin de la nationalité. Le principe de non-discrimination et la prise en compte de la volonté des parties, jusqu'à leur désunion et leurs successions, illustrent cet état de fait. Il s'agit alors de savoir, à la lumière des réflexions sur ces nouveaux paradigmes, s'il est encore possible de reconsidérer le rattachement des personnes en revalorisant le critère de la nationalité dans certains domaines, comme cela a été suggéré dernièrement en droit des successions. Nous proposons ainsi une méthodologie permettant aussi bien dans le conflit de lois que dans le conflit de juridictions de déterminer les raisons du déclin de la nationalité. Nous menons également une réflexion sur son irrévocabilité en droit international privéThe decline of the nationality in private international law is nowadays an undeniable reality. The impact of an almost unconditional mobility of European citizens and the emergence of other connecting factors in the personal law result in the weakening of the nationality link, despite its historical role in determining the law applied to an individual. The weakening is confirmed by the modern European legislation and case law. This study seems essential to understand the foundations of nationality as the connecting factor and takes into account the important changes of the nationality and its uncertainty. Indeed, the evolution of the European private international law led to the switch of the connecting factor from nationality toward territorial nexuses. Particular significance is put on the nexus of habitual residence, which is considered to be more efficient and less discriminatory, and is retained by the main European regulations and judgments, not only in case of international divorces or parental authority, but also according to such matters as legal capacity. Furthermore, the superiority of human rights appears to be the essential reason for the acknowledgement of individuals as the quasi-subjects of international law, which resulted in the decline of nationality as a connecting factor. Consequently, the principles of non-discrimination and personal autonomy impact the further fields of personal law, e.g. disunion and heritage. In the light of these new paradigms, it should be questioned if it is possible to overcome the decadence of the nationality and authorize its part in some matters of the European private international law, as it was regulated in the new heritage European regulation. For these reasons, this study propose a methodology that determines the reasons of the fall of nationality as the nexus of the private international law, both in the conflict of laws and in the conflict of jurisdictions, and provides some reflections on its irreversibility
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Cedillo, Corral Erika Marcela. "Arbitration and the public policy exception in Mexico : local exceptions to global standards." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/64224.
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This dissertation examines the tension between globalization and local legal contexts by reference to the interpretation in Mexico of the public policy exception in the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. Globalization has promoted convergence of legal norms and institutions that materialize in international conventions and organizations to facilitate trade. This has forced states to adopt global standards and reform their legal systems to effectively participate in the global trade arena. However, the effects of these dynamics on local legal systems are often disregarded or not considered.
This dissertation demonstrates that the interpretation and implementation in Mexico of the public policy exception under the New York Convention reflect the impact of local legal arrangements on globalized standards. Additionally, it reveals that a pluralistic approach to this exception advances a more inclusive perspective for the implementation of globalized standards while at the same time offering certainty. A pluralistic approach to the public policy exception creates a space to acknowledge and honor the diversity of legal systems coexisting globally and legitimizes local approaches to public policy. Accordingly, local legal systems do not need to import foreign definitions but can define their interpretation of public policy from within by using their local elements.
Using historical, doctrinal, documentary, and qualitative analyses, this study examines the development of international standards, by reference to the public policy exception, and Mexico as an example of a local legal context. For examining local contexts, this study suggests the use of four factors –language, legal tradition, legal context, and legal culture– to understand the local approach to public policy in combination with relevant local elements. In the case of Mexico, the relevant elements examined are legislation, scholarship, court precedents, cases, and the perspective of local legal actors. These factors and elements are used to suggest components to establish a guideline for the interpretation and implementation of the public policy exception in Mexico.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
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Conde, e. Silva Gui J. "Transnational public policy in international arbitration." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2007. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1717.
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Arbitration tribunals rely on public policy principles to exclude or determine the applicable law. At times, the notion of public policy will contain fundamental yardsticks recognised by the world community at large. In such cases public policy may be called transnational or truly international. The thesis expounds the notion and content of transnational public policy as applied by international tribunals. This objective is met by exploring the method, functions and purpose of transnational public policy in international arbitration. The opening chapter sheds light on the origins and concept of public policy and the different levels it has been applied by international tribunals and national courts. It suggests a criteria for the distinction between domestic, domestic-international, regional and transnational public policy. The thesis then gives an in depth analysis of the origins and notion of transnational public policy. It suggests that international tribunals have relied on transnational public policy in their awards and proposes a method to determine its content and sources. Such method is then applied to deduct the content of transnational public policy from decided arbitration awards. The thesis shows that transnational public policy can be relevant at three different stages in international arbitration. At the outset of the proceeding, where the arbitrators determine their jurisdiction; during the arbitration, where it controls the procedure applicable in the arbitration; or at the stage of drafting the final award, where it determines fundamental substantive rules relied upon by the tribunal.
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Shubinski, Julianna. "FROM EXCEPTION TO NORM: DEACCESSIONING IN LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY AMERICAN ART MUSEUMS." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2007. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyarhi2007t00632/SHUBINSKI_THESIS.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Kentucky, 2007.Title from document title page (viewed on September 4, 2007). Document formatted into pages; contains: v, 57 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-56).
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Vafaeian, Leila. "Public policy v. party autonomy in international commercial arbitration." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3436.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine and analyse the scope and extent of judicial involvement in international commercial arbitration, with specific emphasis on its consequences for Iran. As an alternative form of dispute resolution under the jurisdiction of national courts, arbitration involves the establishment of a private jurisdiction over disputes, and is implemented through the creation of commercial contracts that derive their authority from the parties’ free will and autonomy. However, in reality, arbitration is not a separate and free-standing system of justice. It is a system established and regulated pursuant to law, which is never independent from the supervisory authority and control of national courts over the arbitration system. International commercial arbitration involves finding a balance between individual freedom of contract and the sovereign right of states as exercised through their national courts to exert some control and influence over the international arbitration process. Arbitration in practice is essentially a mixture of contract and litigation. The voluntary consent of the parties is a reflection of its contractual bedrock, while its binding character draws elements of the judiciary into it. A richer grasp of the application of the principles of party autonomy and states’ jurisdictional rights in arbitration is therefore vital to a full comprehension of the operation of international commercial arbitration. Thus, this thesis examines and critically analyses the freedom of the parties in arbitration, the limits of the parties’ freedom or autonomy, the role of national laws in setting those limits, and the role of national courts in regulating those limits in both the place of seat and enforcement place. It is frequently emphasized that modern international commercial arbitration needs more freedom from the supervision of the state courts. While many states’ legislations recognise the principle of party autonomy, at the same time, in practice, they also seek to establish a framework for judicial intervention in arbitral proceedings in certain instances, such as public policy. National legal systems have reserved space for the domestic system to restrain the potential excesses of free will, so that party autonomy cannot go beyond it. This thesis advances the concept of ‘nationality’ as an essential aspect of the way in which the modern international arbitral framework seeks to strike a balance between party autonomy and public policy. It concludes that by fixing the nationality, parties are able to identify the primary and secondary jurisdictional authority, mandatory rules and the procedural law applicable to the whole arbitration process. The primary authority exercises its powers to intervene in the arbitration process to provide the necessary assistance and support to arbitration. iii This thesis concludes that the Iranian Civil Procedure Code, legal doctrines, and arbitral practices have generally recognised the party autonomy principle and enforce it in individual contractual relationships. According to Iranian law, the intention and consent of citizens is important in entering into contracts and, without the consent of the parties, there is no valid contract. Iranian legislators also provide the grounds on which party autonomy and parties’ free will are limited.
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De, Souza Bueno Matheus. "Essays on Economic Development, International Trade and Public Policy." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOU10008.
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Le développement économique implique un équilibre entre des objectifs d'efficacité et d'équité, et les politiques publiques sont les principaux instruments pour achever cet équilibre. Cependant, même si des nombreuses politiques publiques ont été démontrées effectives pour contribuer au développement économique de façon individuelle, on n’en sait pas suffisamment sur la manière dont elles peuvent être combinées pour augmenter leurs avantages et réduire leurs coûts distributifs. Cette thèse, en sa majeure partie, présente des évidences sur le rôle de la complémentarité des politiques publiques sur le développement économique dans le contexte des réformes d'intégration au commerce international. Au premier chapitre de cette thèse, je présente des évidences causales que l'accès aux infrastructures de transport a modulé les effets d'un épisode de libéralisation commerciale dans des économies locales au Brésil. Je montre que, même si des réductions tarifaires plus élevées ont emmené une perturbation du marché du travail dans les économies locales, ceux qui bénéficient également d'un accès plus élevé aux corridors routiers ont expérimenté une réallocation des ressources plus forte et une dynamique d'établissements orientée vers une croissance de la productivité plus élevée. Dans le deuxième chapitre, avec mes coauteurs, nous montrons que, dans le même contexte du premier chapitre, l’implémentation de programmes de formation professionnelle qui ont ciblé la demande locale de compétences a été efficace pour reverser les impacts négatifs de l'ouverture commerciale sur la croissance de l'emploi, en particulier pour les travailleurs moins qualifiés. Dans le dernier chapitre, je m'écarte des réformes de commerce international et de la complémentarité des politiques publiques pour analyser un autre aspect du développement économique : les externalités environnementales. Dans ce chapitre, avec ma coauteure, nous analysons l'efficacité d'un système de tarification unitaire (UPS), une forme largement adoptée de la tarification Pigouvienne, sur la réduction de la production de déchets en Italie. En utilisant la méthode de contrôle synthétique, nous montrons que la politique a été efficace, avec une diminution significative du flux de déchets tarifé. Cet effet s'explique par des changements de comportement vers une diminution de la production de déchet et, dans une moindre mesure, d’une augmentation du taux de recyclageEconomic development often involves balancing efficiency and equity objectives, and public policies are the main tools to strike this balance. Yet, even though many policies have been evidenced to individually affect economic development, less is known about how they can be combined to increase their benefits and decrease their distributional costs. This thesis, in most part, provides evidence on the role of policy complementarity on economic development in the context of market integration reforms. In the first chapter of this thesis, I provide causal evidence that access to transport infrastructure modulated the effects of a trade liberalization episode across local economies within Brazil. I show that, while higher tariff cuts similarly led to labor market disruption across local economies, those also benefiting from increased access to road corridors experienced stronger reallocation of resources and establishment dynamics geared towards higher productivity growth. In the second and co-authored chapter, we show that, in the same context of the first chapter, the provision of job training programs that were well-targeted at local skills demand were effective in reverting the negative impacts of trade opening on employment growth, particularly among low-skilled workers. Lastly, I deviate from market integration reforms and policy complementarity to analyze another aspect of economic development: environmental externalities. In the third and co-authored chapter, we analyze the effectiveness of a Unit Pricing System (UPS), a widely adopted form of Pigouvian fee, in reducing waste generation in Italy. Using the synthetic control method, we show that the policy was effective, with a significant decrease of the priced waste stream. This effect was driven by behavioral changes towards waste avoidance and, to a smaller extent, recycling
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Sydorak-Tomczyk, Anna. "The EU and international cooperation in competition policy : public interest or public choice?" Thesis, University of Sussex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508976.
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Arrondelle, Donna. "Whither the public? : a critical policy analysis of the UK government's building public support for international development policy." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10056302/.
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The past two decades have seen tremendous efforts by International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs) and the UK government to increase UK public support for international development. Yet hopes of increasing support for development have not materialised. When measured, poll data indicates that levels of public support have barely shifted, from 1999 to present, remaining around 70% (OECD, 2003; TNS UK, 2010). The most recent polling asserts that UK public concern for global poverty has significantly declined, from 70% in 2011 to 46% in 2014 (Bond, 2016). Findings also demonstrate that levels of support are not commensurate with increased awareness (Glennie et al., 2012; Hudson and van Heerde-Hudson, 2012; Lindstrom and Henson, 2010). This suggests a significant disconnect between public support and public understanding, and the public awareness campaign agendas of INGOs, and the UK government’s policy endeavours to build public support. This thesis is an attempt towards understanding part of this disconnect by focusing on the UK Department for International Development's (DFID) policy endeavours towards public support. My research conducts a critical policy analysis, employing a discourse analytical approach, departing from the existing attitudinal data approaches. Specifically, I apply Bacchi's (2009) ‘What's the Problem Represented to Be' (WPR) framework, together with Foucault's governmentality insights. I look at two time periods, 1997-2003, following the establishment of DFID, and 2010-2015 under the Con-Lib Coalition government's leadership and examine how public support is constructed as a ‘problem', as a means of shedding light on possible reasons for the lack of increased public support. The findings show that public support is constructed as a ‘problem' meriting attention in three main ways: as a ‘problem' of public ignorance; of public accountability; and of emotions. The analysis reveals strikingly, that a number of the discourses operating that comprise the ‘problem of public support' target DFID policy workers, rather than ‘the public'. In fact, the actual public remain out of sight. I demonstrate how this construction of public support as a ‘problem' is an extension of governmental power, which serves to among other things, depoliticise development objects, ‘recipients' and ‘donors', and reinforce existing inequalities, rather than challenge them. In turn, this means these three components of problematisation legitimise the role of DFID. My findings show that these problematisations of public support promoted in DFID's work, if embodied, at best, may stifle public support, and at worst, may reduce it. Therefore, these problematistions require urgent attention if future efforts at building public support are to ‘succeed'.
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Tan, Yvette S. "Public Policy in Adult Relationships in English Private International Law." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532232.
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Kelly, Sonja E. "Why financial inclusion policy and regulation?" Thesis, American University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10103328.
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This dissertation examines the reasons why low- and middle-income countries adopt financial inclusion policy and regulation. It does so starting with a quantitative model and ending with a comparative case study of the India and Mexico contexts. The quantitative model finds evidence that financial inclusion policy and regulation follows a state’s capacity and a state’s engagement with international organizations and peer states. The case of Mexico complicates these findings, challenging the causal direction of engagement with international organizations—Mexico uses international organizations both to emphasize the importance of financial inclusion policy and regulation within the country and to champion its position in the international community. The outlier case of India shows the prioritization of social inclusion at its extreme, displaying the role a social inclusion framework played even decades ago in creating a more inclusive banking sector. The dissertation concludes by articulating a road map for future scholarship, building on practitioner and international organization enthusiasm for the topic.
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Salka, Alison Felter. "Pork, Policy, and Privilege: Presidential Lobbying for NAFTA." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625908.
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Conie, Robert. "Public Policy and Enforcement of International Commercial Awards - Curse or Blessing?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4593.
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Rouidi, Hajer. "Les listes d'infractions : étude en droit pénal français italien et international." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3011.
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La thèse analyse le recours, en droit pénal, à la technique énumérative, particulièrement aux listes d'infractions. Cette figure légistique, jadis utilisée dans les conventions bilatérales d'extradition, est aujourd'hui fortement répandue pour délimiter le champ d'application de règles exceptionnelles. Le droit pénal international, le droit pénal français et le droit pénal italien sont simultanément interrogés sur leurs recours à la technique énumérative. L'intérêt de ce rapprochement est de fournir un corpus d'étude riche et varié mettant en jeu différents systèmes et ordres juridiques. La liste n'est pas considérée sous le seul aspect légistique ; sa fonction politique est également analysée. Opérant une sélection d'infractions soumises à un régime différencié, elle est au service d'une répression aggravée ou innovante.L'utilisation de cette technique législative est évaluée à l'aune des résultats escomptés d'une part et avérés d'autre part. On découvre que l'extension, qui est naturelle à toute énumération, appelle une appréciation tantôt critique, tantôt positive. On regrette la dénaturation des listes d'infractions par des rédacteurs qui en détournent la vocation première. L'évaluation se fonde sur les grands principes du droit pénal, à savoir les principes de légalité et de proportionnalité, dont le respect effectif constitue in fine le remède proposé à la dénaturation des listes d'infractionsThe thesis analyses the utilization of enumeration through the "listing of crimes" as a legislative technique in criminal law. Such a method of legislative drafting was used historically in bilateral conventions, specifically in the area of extradition, but nowadays it is heavily employed in criminal law to delimit the scope of application of exceptional rules. Aiming at providing a rich and solid base of knowledge in a domain that is rarely studied, this work reviews various systems and legal orders. As such, the resort to "listing of crimes" will be examined in international criminal law as well as in French and Italian criminal law. Being a tool to select a group of crimes in order to treat them differently than the common crimes, the listing technique serves the needs of aggravated or innovative repression. In that regard, the "listing" technique is not only considered as a means of legislative drafting, but its political function is also analyzed. The utilization of this technique is assessed in the light of the expected as well as the verified results. The extension of an existing "list of crimes", a normal consequence of resorting to enumeration, is found to be positive in some cases but more or less criticized in other cases where legislatures deviate from the original reason for which this drafting technique has been elaborated. Examined from the perspective of the fundamental principles of criminal law, namely the principle of legality and the principle of proportionality, the usage of this technique is appraised. The respect of these two primordial principles constitutes the ultimate solution proposed for any deviated resort to "listing of crimes" as a legislative tool
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Gehart, Sebastian. "Contemporary International Labour Migration Conflicts of interests as challenges for public policy /." St. Gallen, 2008. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/06608251001/$FILE/06608251001.pdf.
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Brooks, Sally. "Global science, public goods? : tracing international science policy processes in rice biofortification." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487022.
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This thesis explores initiatives in 'biofortification', a term referring to the enhancement of micronutrient levels of staple crops through biological processes, such as plant breeding and transgenics. It traces developments in i'ice bioforiification; fromtwo early initiatives. in iron rice research and 'Golden Rice', to the HarvestPlus 'Challenge Programme', launched by the CGIAR in 2003, with substantial support from the Gates Foundation. It highlights a series of transformations that have punctuated the journey of biof0l1ification research, from its modest beginnings at the outer margins of international crop research, to its re-branding as an exemplar of a new way forward identified for the CGIAR, as 'broker' in heterogeneous, global research networks,_ a.ble to guarantee the 'public goods' status of the _agendas and outputs of such networks. International biof0l1ification initiatives such as HarvestPlus emphasise three, inter-related themes: managing research collaboration through multi-organisational partnerships; tackling complex problems through i11lerdisciplinwy research; and achieving greater impact, as understood within the MDG framework that now dominates international development thinking. This research asks if these evolving modes of organisation, styles of science and framings of impact are indicative of future directions in international agricultural research. These questions have been followed through a multi-sited, ethnographic tracing of science policy processes and institutionalised practices, from the United States to the Philippines and China. Biofortification provides a lens through which to question the idea of 'global science', and the notion, built into the fabric of the CGIAR system, that it can generate generic research outputs as widely applicable, international public goods. This is particularly relevant at a time when donor attention has returned to agriculture, and to the potential of investments in science and technology to stimulate agricultural development. In practice, as biofortification research has become increasingly 'global', attention has shifted upstream, relocating the locus of decision making ever further from the beneficiary groups in whose name such substantial investments are made. These dynamics implicitly sanction a return to top down development; while restricting the space for actors located fUl1her downstream to debate unresolved technical and policy uncertainties.
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Zissimos, Ben. "Issues of international tax and trade policy conflict and co-operation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2665/.
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Chapter 2, titled "Hotelling Tax Competition" shows how competition among governments for mobile firms can bring about excessive differentiation in levels of taxation and public good provision. Hotelling's Principle of Minimum Differentiation is applied in the context of tax competition and shown to be invalid. Instead, when an equilibrium exists, differentiation of public good provision is maximized. Non-existence of equilibrium, which is possible, is a metaphor for intense tax competition. The chapter also shows that, to some extent, perfect tax discrimination presents a solution to the existence problem created by Hotelling tax competition, but that the efficiency problem of Hotelling tax competition is exacerbated. Chapter 3 shows how the institutional rules imposed on its signatories by the GATT created a strategic incentive for countries to liberalize gradually. Ree trade can never be achieved when punishment for deviation from a trade agreement is limited to a 'withdrawal of equivalent concessions' , the most severe form of punishment allowed (Article XXVIII). Retaliation is not allowed to entail higher tariffs than those set by the initial deviant. If, in addition, tariff bindings (Article 11) limit an initial deviation from an agreement in a similar way, then efficient self-enforcing tariff reductions must proceed in a series of steps or 'rounds'. Chapter 4 provides an answer to the question "Why are trade agreements regional? " It argues that free trade agreements (FTAs) are regional because, in their absence, optimal tariffs are higher against (close) regional partners than (distant) countries outside the region. Optimal tariffs shift rents from foreign firms to domestic citizens. Lower transport costs imply higher rents and therefore higher tariffs. So regional FTAs have a higher payoff than non-regional FTAs. Therefore, only regional FTAs may yield positive gains when sponsoring an FTA is costly. To analyze equilibrium, standard theory of non-cooperative networks is extended to allow for asymmetric players. Naive best response dynamics show that 'trade blocks can be stepping blocks' for free trade.
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Everly, Macklin Keith. "Multicultural Public Policy and Homegrown Terrorism in the European Union." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1409088787.
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Stephens, Alexander John, and alex stephens@flinders edu au. "From Phoenix to Firehazard: Perceptions of Japanese Leadership in the Asia Pacific, 1960-2000." Flinders University. Political and International Studies, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20060830.175008.
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From the middle of the 1970s, an increasing amount of scholarly analysis centred around the concept of leadership in international relations at a time when US post-Second World War leadership began to decline. As a major beneficiary of this decline, Japan assumed the mantle of a replacement in the burgeoning field devoted to the study of changes in the international political economy. A major problem became the way in which the study of leadership in international relations became hostage to the singular example of the United States. The conflation between leadership on the one hand, with US interests and responsibilities on the other, rendered much of the analysis flawed. The growing disparities between the supply of international public goods and narrowly conceived US foreign policy interests undermined the overall study of international leadership.
Japan, as the country during the 1980s perceived most likely to supplant the US as the largest and most influential capitalist economy, became the centre of interest in this field. This thesis seeks to more comprehensively measure and analyse Japanese leadership in a more contextual and thorough means through the comparative use of case studies between 1960 and 2000. Through noting the differences in country and regional reactions to Japanese foreign policy, this study demonstrates that leadership perceptions are more often than not driven by national self interest rather than an ideal type of responsible leadership.
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Small, Jarred David. "Discovering Chile: Addressing International Reputation Through the Arts." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1428959484.
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Park, Jaehee. "Determinants of Turnover Intent in Higher Education: The Case of International and U.S. Faculty." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3701.
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In spite of the increase in the number of the international academic workforce and their potential benefits, international status has been relatively under-studied in Public Management and Higher Education literature in comparison with studies of age, gender, and race. Given these realities, the present study identifies characteristics of internal and external variables that influence international and U.S. faculty turnover intentions in a large public South Eastern research university.
To understand the variations in short-term and long-term turnover levels while controlling for various demographic, structural, and external variables, eight Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis were performed using turnover intentions as the dependent variables. Distributive justice has the strongest negative effect on short-term turnover, and communication openness has the strongest negative effect on long-term turnover. After controlling for job satisfaction and organizational commitment, the effect of communication openness on short-term turnover and the effect of distributive justice on long-term turnover are not statistically significant. This suggests that communication openness and distributive justice might affect turnover through job satisfaction and/or organizational commitment. Job satisfaction has the strongest negative effect on short-term turnover and organizational commitment has the strongest negative effect on long-term turnover after controlling for internal and external variables.
In addition, this study aims to analyze the differences in internal and external factors that impact faculty turnover by international status. In achieving this aim, international faculty were compared to the U.S. faculty on the afore-mentioned internal and external factors that were shown in the literature to impact turnover. The result shows that structural variables such as autonomy, communication openness, and procedural justice play a bigger part in how international faculty evaluate their career with the current university than it does for U.S. faculty. On the contrary, kinship ties and job opportunity have stronger effects on U.S. faculty turnover than international faculty turnover. The implications of this study and areas of future opportunities are discussed.
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Arcangeli, Vera. "Les notions d'arbitrabilité, d'ordre public et de public policy comme moyens de contrôle de l'arbitrage commercial international au Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ56454.pdf.
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Girmay, Mehrete. "Understanding the Adjustment Needs of International Graduate Students at Southern Illinois University Carbondale." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1482.
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Mehrete Girmay, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Health Education, presented on September 18th, 2017 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: UNDERSTANDING THE ADJUSTMENT NEEDS OF INTERNATIONAL GRADUATE STUDENTS at SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CARBONDALE MAJOR PROFESSORS: Drs. Sosanya Jones and Juliane Wallace In the recent decades, the United States has attracted the highest numbers of international students to attain an education with the majority of students sojourning from China, India, and South Korea (Valenzuela, Palacios, & Intindola, 2015). It is important that the particular needs of this population are understood and met by the universities that house them, primarily in regards to its effect on the student’s health. Through the offering of both support and services, visiting students are more likely to feel welcomed and valued during their stay. Consequently, retention rates of this population have the potential to also be positively affected as fewer students will drop out of their program prematurely due to adjustment challenges. The international graduate student population is a unique one that has specific needs that differ from domestic students and other acculturating groups. International graduate students face social, financial, and other stressors rooted in language proficiency while dealing with academic performance demands that accompany being a graduate student (Sullivan & Kashubeck-West, 2015). Furthermore, many international students studying at American universities tend to experience major adjustment challenges dealing with the unfamiliarity with American customs and traditions in addition to the lack of emotional and social support provided by individuals within the host culture (Chavajay, 2013; Valenzuela, Palacios & Intindola, 2015). The goals of this qualitative, narrative case study were to first explore the needs of international graduate students in regards to their adjustment in obtaining their graduate degree at Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIUC) and how both their mental and physical health are affected. Currently, at SIUC, there are over 98 countries represented by both undergraduate and graduate students. More specifically, the number of international graduate students studying at SIUC continues to increase. In 2005, there were 882 international students and in 2015 that number grew to nearly 1000 (Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2016). As this number continues to rise in conjunction with shifting societal factors that have the potential to affect the international graduate students experience while at SIUC, it is important that University staff, which include but are not limited to full and part-time employees who work in (on and off) campus housing, student affairs, security, student rights and responsibilities, as well as Carbondale community members, are aware of the particular needs attached to this population and the ways in which they can play a role in fostering a welcoming environment. Secondly, I explored what services SIUC offers to meet these needs. Whether the needs of this population are being met was significant for this particular study, specifically in regards to retention. After speaking with University staff in several departments in an effort to attain retention information on international graduate students, I learned that SIUC does not currently track retention statistics of their graduate student population. This directly speaks to the importance of this study as it can be used to shed light on potential links between retention and the lack of services offered by the University. Lastly, through both the review of literature and data collection process, I hoped to gain insight into the ways in which SIUC might be able to address the needs of their international graduate students. In hearing the participants’ stories, I was enlightened on the varying ways in which stressors have affected them and to what extent. This, in turn, allowed me to offer recommendations to the University regarding addressing these needs. I used the narrative, case study approach to serve as a guide in the research process. After recruiting 15 international graduate students from the SIUC student body and narrowing down to 10, I held two focus group sessions followed by individual interviews with each participant. In order to get the richest data, I asked participants to share their experiences since arriving at SIUC. The primary factors that I focused on in my questioning process were centered on the student’s health and included: 1) academic, social, and financial stressors; 2) social connectedness and support; 3) language proficiency; and 4) culture shock. This study is important for not only the international graduate student population but also for any university that houses or seeks to house international students at their institution. Furthermore, this study’s significance rests in its ability to provide institutions and its select staff who work alongside this population with valuable inputs that they will be able to utilize as they welcome their visiting students. Overall, the goal of this study was to yield results that will open the door to dialogue regarding this population’s needs, the impact that poor acculturation might have on the student’s mental and physical health, and how bridges between the international and non-international communities can be built and more importantly, sustained.
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Zelada, Carlos J., and Dunkelberg Alonso Gurmendi. "Between the shield and the sword: equal marriage from the perspective of international public policy and international human rights law." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109197.
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In the last few years, an ever growing number of States have recognized same-sex marriage. For that reason, it is important to ask what would happen if two same-sex individuals that have legally contracted marriage in another countrywould sue for its recognition in Peru. The authors of this article study the courses ofaction available to legal operators facing this situation, in the context of the public policy exception and International Human Rights Law.For that purpose, they analize European and Inter-American case-law on the matter and offer a way forward on how to solve conflicts between foreign law, domestic law, and human rights.Durante los últimos años, cada vez más ordenamientos jurídicos han regulado el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo. Es importante por ello preguntarse qué sucedería si dos personas del mismo sexo que hayan contraído matrimonio legalmente en otro país exigieran que el mismo fuera reconocido en Perú.Los autores de este artículo indagan sobre las posibilidades de acción de los operadores jurídicos ante esta situación, en el marco del orden público internacional y el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos. Para ello, analizan jurisprudencia tanto europea como interamericana sobre el tema, además de ensayar una solución sobre cómo resolver conflictos entre los ordenamientos extranjeros, la normativa nacional y los derechos humanos.
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Foxcroft, Graham. "Interpol National Central Bureau : an operational policy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50376.
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Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Foreign criminal syndicates are using South Africa as a springboard to commit certain crimes throughout the world. The crimes vary from fraud to murder to dealing in drugs. The South African Police Service does possess the capacity and the means to trace and arrest these criminals but this is not enough. Foreigners arrested in this country are tried and sentenced without any checks being done in order to determine whether the subject is possibly sought by other policing agencies throughout the world. One of the means available to the South African Police Service but which is completely under utilizsed is the component "Interpol", which is based within the Crime Intelligence division at Head Office in Pretoria. One reason for the under utilisation of this component is the absence of an operational policy. The design of a policy document will inform members of the South African Police Service of the environment in which Interpol operates and what contribution it can make in respect of- the investigation of crimes that have an international dimension. The theoretical aspects of the policy environment have been discussed and it was found that it is of importance that the proper goals and objectives are formulated and that policy analyst must be able to differentiate between the two. As progress is made in respect of the policy document the analyst will have to keep abreast with current tendencies and make the necessary adjustments. These changes must not be of such a nature that the goals and objectives of the policy document are changed or altered. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the police, especially in Europe, began to realise that criminals were regularly committing offences in other countries and then returning to their own country. There was nothing that the police could do in this regard as the extradition of a criminal was done applied for in exceptional circumstances. The possibility of establishing an international policing agency in order to assist all policing agencies in combating these "cross-border" crimes was investigated. The first conference was held during 1914 in Monaco. This was the first of many conferences that would lead to the establishment of the international policing agency known as "Interpol". South Africa only joined the organisation in September 1993. It is proposed that an operational policy document be drafted and send to all the divisions of the South African Police Service. This document clearly stipulates how Interpol Pretoria can be of assistance to all the divisions of the South African Police Service. This includes what must be done when foreign nationals are arrested in South Africa and when members of the South African police Service undertake official journeys to foreign countries. The document also includes how the component is managed, its structure and the nature of its duties. Research has proven that there is a need for a policy document for Interpol Pretoria. It is recommended that the operational policy document be accepted. Once accepted, the document must be converted into a national instruction. The advantages of a document of this nature are: ./' The component already exists and no additional funding is required to establish the component. ./' More members of the South African Police Service will be able to make use of the services rendered by the component. Of the disadvantages in this regard, is that it is a long-winded procedure that has to be followed before the document is approved. Visits will have to be undertaken to hold "information sessions" with the commanders within the various provinces. Research has illustrated that policy documents are valuable within the Public Service. The absence of a policy document is not necessarily a disadvantage to certain units within the policing environment but when it comes to available resources not being optimally utilized, the reason therefore could be the absence on an operational policy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika word deur buitelandse misdaadsindikate as afsetgebied gebruik om sekere misdade oor die hele wêreld heen te pleeg. Die misdade wissel van bedrog tot moord tot dwelmhandel. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens beskik weloor bronne en kennis om die misdadigers op te spoor en in hegtenis te neem. Maar dit is nie genoeg nie. Buitelanders wat in hegtenis geneem word, word vervolg sonder dat daar vasgestel word of die persoon deur ander polisie-agentskappe in ander wêrelddele gesoek word. Van die bronne wat tot die beskikking van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens is, maar wat heeltemalonderbenut word, is die "Interpol"-komponent van Misdaadintelligensie, Hoofkatnoor, Pretoria. Een van die redes hiervoor is dat daar geen operasionele beleid vir hierdie komponent bestaan nie. Die opstel van so 'n beleidsdokument sal lede van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens inlig oor die werksmilieu waarbinne "Interpol" werk en watter bydrae die komponent by die ondersoek van misdade met 'n internasionale dimensie kan maak. Die teoretiese aspekte van die beleidsmilieu is bespreek en daar is gevind dat dit van kardinale beland is om behoorlik geformuleerde doelstellings en doelwitte op te stel. Die beleidsanalis behoort ook tussen die twee kan onderskei. Soos die opstel van die document vorder, is dit belangrik dat die analis met nuwe tendense moet tred hou en die nodige verstellings behoort aanbring te word. Dié verstellings behoort nie van so 'n aard wees dat dit die doelstellings en doelwitte van die beleidsdokument verander nie. Teen die middle van die negentiende eeu het die polisie, veral in Europa begin besef dat misdadigers gereeld misdade in ander lande pleeg en dan na hulle eie land terugkeer. Daar was niks wat die polisiebeamptes hieraan kon doen nie aangesien die uitlewering van 'n verdagte slegs in uitsonderlik egevalle aangevra is. Die moontlikheid is ondersoek dat 'n internasionale polisie-organisasie op die been gebring moes word wat alle polisie-agentskappe sou help om "oorgrensmisdade" te bekamp. Die eerste konferensie van dié is in 1914 in Monaco gehou. Dit was die eerste van 'n reeks konferensies wat aanleidign sou gee tot die totstandkoming van die internasionale polisie-organisasie wat vandag as "Interpol" bekend staan. Suid- Afrika het eers in September 1993 lid van dié organisasie geword. 'n Operasionele beleidsdokument word voorgestel wat na al die afdelings van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens versprei moet word. Die dokument gee 'n uiteensetting van hoe Interpol Pretoria ander afdelings van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens van hulp kan wees, soos byvoorbeeld wat van lede in sekere gevalle verlang word, soos waar buitelandse burgers gearresteer word en/of wanneer lede amptelike besoeke aan ander lande aflê. Die dokument gee ook 'n uiteensetting van hoe die komponent bedryf word, asook van sy struktuur en werksaamhede. Die navorsing bewys dat daar 'n behoefte aan 'n beleidsdokument vir Interpol Pretoria bestaan. Daar word aanbeveel dat die operasionele beleidsdokument aanvaar behoort te word. Nadat dit goedgekeur is, behoort dit in 'n nasionale instruksie omskep te word. Die voordele van so 'n dokument is meervoudig, en sluit die volgende in: ./ Die Komponent bestaan reeds en bykomende fondse hoef nie daarvoor bewillig te word nie . ./ Meer lede van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens sal die dienste gebruik wat die komponent verskaf. Van die nadele is dat dit 'n langdurige proses is om so 'n beleidsdokument te laat goedkeur. Besoeke sal aan die verskeie provinsiale kantore gebring behoort te word om 'inligtingsessies' met die bevelvoerders te hou. Die navorsig het weer eens bewys dat beleidsdokumente nog steeds 'n waardevolle plek in die Staatsdiens het. Die gebrek aan 'n beleid is nie noodwendig nadelig vir sekere eenhede binne die polisiemilieu nie, maar wanneer daar gekyk word na die onderbenutting van bestaande bronne, kan dit heel moontlik aan die afwesigheid van 'n operasionele beleidsdokument toegeskryf word.
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Kertzer, Joshua David. "Resolve in International Politics." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1373028838.
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Denton, Ashlie Denée. "Building Climate Empire: Power, Authority, and Knowledge within Pacific Islands Climate Change Diplomacy and Governance Networks." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4401.
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Transnational networks are growing in prevalence and importance as states, nongovernmental, and intergovernmental organizations seek to meet climate change goals; yet, the organizations in these networks struggle between the global, technical and local, contextual sources of power, authority, and knowledge used to influence decision-making and governance. This dissertation analyzes these contestations in Pacific Islands climate change diplomacy and governance efforts by asking: i) What do power relations look like among the Pacific Islands' networked organizations? ii) To what authority do organizations appeal to access sources of power? iii) What sources of knowledge are produced and reproduced by these organizations? and iv) How do these patterns fit within the broader history of the Pacific Islands and climate change? I draw from interviews, document analysis, event participation, and social network analysis of Pacific Island climate change diplomacy and governance. This examination leads me to propose the concept of "Climate Empire," which can be understood as the network of knowledge and communicative services that imagine, build, and administer the globe through a decentralized and deterritorialized apparatus of rule.
In the Pacific Islands, Climate Empire upholds technical bureaucratic and scientific approaches to overcoming climate challenges; however, the global spaces in which these approaches are produced are reconnected with the spaces of local resistance through data collection networks and efforts to relocalize knowledge. Thus, the local/global divisions found in diplomacy and governance in the Pacific Islands collectively produce and reform Climate Empire as organizations interact in the network. Further research is necessary to understand the extensiveness of Climate Empire, as well as to ensure the inclusion and empowerment of Pacific Island voices in climate governance for both justice and efficacy.
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Ma, Winnie (Jo-Mei). "Public policy in the judicial enforcement of arbitral awards : lessons for and from Australia /." Gold Coast, QLD : Bond University, 2005. http://epublications.bond.edu.au/theses/ma.
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Thesis (SJD) -- Bond University, 2005."A thesis submitted to Bond University in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Legal Science"-- t.p. Bibliography: pages 320-340. Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Dodds, Anneliese Jane. "Liberalisation and the public sector : the case of international students' policy in Britain and France." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2688/.
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The spread of liberalisation across both developed and developing countries has become an increasingly important policy trend over the last thirty years. This thesis examines how liberalisation has occurred, at different speeds and in different ways, in the same sector across two different countries. It seeks to explain why, in the market for international students, liberalisation occurred to a greater extent in Britain than in France. This was despite the fact that both countries' governments had espoused very similar policies towards international students from 1979 onwards, promoting a reorientation of recruitment away from developing countries and towards developed and emerging economy countries, and encouraging higher education institutions (HEIs) to compete against each other for international students. The thesis attempts to explain this cross-national difference in the extent of liberalisation through examining which actors pushed for liberalisation, and which factors conditioned their ability to do so. In this case, governments played the most important role in propagating liberalisation, and higher education institutions generally attempted to resist liberalisation, rather than promoting it. Governments' ability to push forward liberalisation was constrained, however, by the extent of coordination of HEIs in sectoral associations, which enabled them to resist government proposals. Whilst in some cases, French governments were able to create new institutions which encouraged a commodification of international students, they proved unable to create new institutions which incentivised HEIs to compete against each other for the recruitment of international students. In contrast, British governments managed to create new institutions which led to both the commodification of international students, and competition for their recruitment. The thesis thus also counsels a more nuanced approach to liberalisation, which recognises that it can consist in different elements (in this case, in both commodification and competition). rather than representing a uniform, and unified, process across countries and sectors.
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Jones, John D. W. "A New World Order| The Trials and Tribulations of American Primacy." Thesis, Georgetown University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10643418.
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Over the past twenty-five years, the United States has moved from optimism to considerable pessimism about its role to do well in the world. Indeed, President George H.W. Bush’s “New World Order” stands unquestionably in stark contrast to today’s reality; from failed states in Africa to aspiring if not un-stabilizing states in Asia. Yet, when faced with such problems the United States does not know what it stands for, or what to do about them. In short, since emerging as a superpower the United States has, until of late, known what role it must play in terms of global leadership; whether it was making the world safer for democracy or in charge of a global economic order. Nevertheless, since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the American led geo-political system, as a whole, has become more unstable not less.
Using a multidimensional approach this thesis sets out a trio of structural factors: (1) Superpower China; (2) A liberal international order that is neither liberal, nor international, nor orderly; (3) Failed American foreign policy. Combined, these three factors have emerged to mean that American primacy is in real danger. This thesis also proposes that for Pax Americana to continue there must emerge a consistency between American values and the grand strategy that it pursues.
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Pedersen, Christian E. Payne Michael A. Gagner Cari. "A Security Strategy for the United States of America." Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1594924.
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This thesis was written as to meet the requirements and specifications of the Pepperdine School of Public Policy National Security capstone course SPP 607.01. Written in the spirit of the official National Security Strategies created by each Presidential administration, this document looks to analyze policy concerns of the United States, surrounding the Russian Federation. Despite the seemingly endless points of contention between both nations where there interests conflict, there are an abundance of opportunities where both nations’ interests align. It is within these concurrent interests that opportunities arise for coordination and cooperation. Policy makers whom adopt a realistic understanding of the Russian Federation, can pragmatically craft policy to advance American interests in the region and more readily protect the Security of the United States.
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Brockmyer, Brandon Isaac. "Global standards in national contexts| The role of transnational multi-stakeholder initiatives in public sector governance reform." Thesis, American University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10242775.
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Multi-stakeholder initiatives (i.e., partnerships between governments, civil society, and the private sector) are an increasingly prevalent strategy promoted by multilateral, bilateral, and nongovernmental development organizations for addressing weaknesses in public sector governance. Global public sector governance MSIs seek to make national governments more transparent and accountable by setting shared standards for information disclosure and multi-stakeholder collaboration. However, research on similar interventions implemented at the national or subnational level suggests that the effectiveness of these initiatives is likely to be mediated by a variety of socio-political factors.
This dissertation examines the transnational evidence base for three global public sector governance MSIs—the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, the Construction Sector Transparency Initiative, and the Open Government Partnership—and investigates their implementation within and across three shared national contexts—Guatemala, the Philippines, and Tanzania—in order to determine whether and how these initiatives lead to improvements in proactive transparency (i.e., discretionary release of government data), demand-driven transparency (i.e., reforms that increase access to government information upon request), and accountability (i.e., the extent to which government officials are compelled to publicly explain their actions and/or face penalties or sanction for them), as well as the extent to which they provide participating governments with an opportunity to project a public image of transparency and accountability, while maintaining questionable practices in these areas (i.e., openwashing).
The evidence suggests that global public sector governance MSIs often facilitate gains in proactive transparency by national governments, but that improvements in demand-driven transparency and accountability remain relatively rare. Qualitative comparative analysis reveals that a combination of multi-stakeholder power sharing and civil society capacity is sufficient to drive improvements in proactive transparency, while the absence of visible, high-level political support is sufficient to impede such reforms. The lack of demand-driven transparency or accountability gains suggests that national-level coalitions forged by global MSIs are often too narrow to successfully advocate for broader improvements to public sector governance. Moreover, evidence for openwashing was found in one-third of cases, suggesting that national governments sometimes use global MSIs to deliberately mislead international observers and domestic stakeholders about their commitment to reform.
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Li, Xinzhu. "Policy Recommendations to Improve Health Care in China." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1181.
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Since the economic reform in 1978, China’s health system moved from a commune-based system to a market-driven system. This drastic change resulted in various market failures, including cost inflation, perverse incentives for providers and supplier-induced demand for unnecessary care, increasing inequality in access across regions based on economic status, and other problems. Though China attempted to correct its policy mistakes and reform its inadequate and unjust health care system in order to provide basic universal health coverage for all over the past decade, not everyone has equal access to the same quality of affordable health care, especially the non-resident workers, the poor urban residents, and the rural population. This research uses the framework of the five intellectual tasks to assess the history of China’s health policies, the political economy factors that have driven and shaped the reform of China’s health system, the likely projections of policy options, and potential alternatives for policymakers.
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Yotova, Rumiana Vladimirova. "International public policy and the settlement of disputes : in search of a general principle of law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708678.
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Waitekus, Crystal Nicole. "Bridges and barriers promoting U.S. international religious freedom policy in the Middle East through public diplomacy /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/501168553/viewonline.
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Gaarder, Christopher. "California's Foreign Relations." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1147.
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Globalization has significantly increased the number of stakeholders in transnational issues in recent decades. The typical list of the new players in global affairs often includes non-state actors like non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, and international organizations. Sub-national governments, however, have been given relatively little attention even though they, too, have a significant interest and ability to shape the increasing flow of capital, goods, services, people, and ideas that has so profoundly influenced the global political economy in recent decades. California, arguably the most significant among sub-national governments – its economy would be seventh or eighth in the world at $2.2 trillion annually, it engages in over $570 billion in merchandise trade, and has a population of nearly 40 million, out of which over 10 million are immigrants – is also one of the most active in transnational issues. The state government has opened and closed dozens trade offices abroad since the 1960s. It set up a multi-billion dollar carbon cap-and-trade system jointly with the Canadian provinces of Québec and Ontario under Assembly Bill 32, one of the most significant pieces of climate change legislation to date. California’s educational, technological, and media hubs – its public and private universities, Silicon Valley, and Hollywood – draw some of the best and brightest from around the world. California also has a long history of involvement in transnational issues. State efforts to undermine growing Chinese then Japanese “menace” immigrant populations from the mid-19th through the mid-20th centuries influenced United States foreign policy.
This thesis first takes a look at the federalism and international relations issues faced by California as it plays a greater role in transnational issues. Then, it examines the main actors and institutions, and the issues at play. The states have some leeway under the Constitution and contemporary political order to use their domestic powers to influence global issues, whether through climate legislation, public pension divestment, or non-binding “Memoranda of Understanding” with foreign governments. Such behavior, while less significant than national policy, can fill gaps in national policy, promote policy change, and deepen global ties, promoting a more complex interdependence among nations. California can also exert a moral, soft power influence in leading by example. The structures promoting California’s growing role in transnational issues are poorly organized. If the Golden State is to better leverage its political, economic, and moral authority internationally, it would do well to more explicitly develop a unified vision for its role in the world.
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Mouron, Fernando. "Public opinion and foreign policy revisited: a Latin American perspective." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-10042018-143030/.
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This thesis seeks to be a contribution to a broader debate on how public opinion builds up its perceptions on foreign policy and foreign affairs. Its two main objectives are to examine: (a) which are the determinants that explain public opinion knowledge on foreign affairs; and (b) whether public opinion is sensitive to framing effects on this issue. The analysis was done by mixing quantitative methods and survey experiments, while its novelty is that brings unprecedent evidence from Latin America. The main findings of the thesis are two-fold. On the one hand, Latin American public opinion knowledge on foreign affairs is low. In this regard, both traditional individual variables and contextual ones, namely the size of the city, are useful to predict a person\'s knowledge. On the other, public opinion perceptions regarding foreign policy, either presented on a general or specific way, are sensitive to framing effects.Esta tese procura ser uma contribuição para um debate mais amplo sobre como a opinião pública constrói suas percepções sobre política externa e assuntos internacionais. Os dois principais objetivos são examinar: (a) quais são os determinantes que explicam o conhecimento da opinião pública a respeito de assuntos internacionais; e (b) se a opinião pública é sensível a efeitos de enquadramento sobre esta questão. A análise foi feita misturando métodos quantitativos e pesquisas de opinião pública experimentais, enquanto sua novidade é que traz evidências sem precedentes da América Latina. As principais conclusões da tese são duplas. Por um lado, o conhecimento da opinião pública latino-americana sobre assuntos externos é baixo. A este respeito, tanto as variáveis individuais tradicionais como as contextuais - o tamanho da cidade - são úteis para prever o conhecimento de uma pessoa. Por outro lado, as percepções da opinião pública em relação à política externa, apresentadas de forma geral ou específica, são sensíveis aos efeitos de enquadramento.
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Powers, Kathleen E. "Beyond Identity: Social Relations for International Conflict and Cooperation." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1436885537.
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Mitchell, A. Chase. "An Audio-Visual Ethnographic Case Study of International, Rural, Nonprofit Public Relations Geared Towards Sustainable Development." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1422.
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This paper analyzes nonprofit public relations and its relationship to development communication. It evaluates previous attempts to integrate the two fields for development purposes. The author then offers an alternative approach, a so-called public relations for community development (PRCD) model.
The PRCD model is then tested in the form of a case studyùincluding digitally recorded video interviews and observationùon Warm Heart Worldwide, Inc. (WHW), an American-founded and operated nongovernment organization (NGO) in Phrao District, northern Thailand. The study aims to identify which elements of the PRCD approach WHW adheres to, and perceived efficacy of community development as a result.
The data suggest that although WHW does maintain an underlying PRCD philosophy, it does not implement public relations practice as outlined in PRCD. In addition to the paper, the audio-visual data have resulted in a video titled Public Relations for Community Development: Warm Heart Foundation in rural northern Thailand .
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Krievans, Liga. "Land of Mercury-Tinted Water: An Investigation of Methylmercury as an International Economic By-Product Pollutant and Local Cultural Detriment in the State of Minnesota." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/610.
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This thesis covers how global mercury emissions are effecting the Great Lakes region, specifically focusing on Minnesota. Minnesota is sensitive to mercury due to its abundant waters and love of fishing. Establishing state regulation and diversifying the State's economy only addresses a small percentage of emitted mercury prominent in Minnesota. Therefore, Minnesota must look to and promote out of State regulation to significantly decrease mercury exposure.
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Robertson, Johannes Berning. "Public policy as a ground for the refusal to enforce international commercial arbitration awards / Johannes Berning Robertson." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8422.
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In international commercial arbitration the recognition and enforcement of the award
is a very important aspect of the whole arbitration process since recognition and
enforcement can ultimately ensure a successful recovery of monies due. It is
therefore critically important for parties to be certain that if an award is made in their
favour that the award will not be refused recognition and enforcement in the country
where they will ultimately seek enforcement of the award.
The New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral
Awards of 1958 provides in article V(2)(b) that the recognition and enforcement of an
award may be refused if the award is contrary to the public policy of that state.
South Africa is a party to the New York Convention. This led to the enacting of the
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards Act 40 of 1977. The
wording of section 4(1 )(a)(ii) of the Foreign Awards Act has the same effect as article
V(2)(b) of the New York Convention. This dissertation attempts to determine the
circumstances under which a South African court will come to the conclusion that an
international commercial arbitration award is against South African public policy and
accordingly unenforceable in South Africa.
When trying to resist the enforcement an international commercial arbitration award
on the basis that enforcement of the award will be against public policy, then the
applicable public policy is not the domestic public policy but the international public
policy of the relevant country. Domestic public policy means those moral, social or
economic considerations which are applied by courts as grounds for refusing
enforcement of a domestic arbitral award. The term international public policy, on
the other hand, indicates those considerations which are applied by the enforcing
courts when enforcing foreign arbitral awards rather than domestic awards.
International public policy is understood to be narrower than domestic public policy.
The application of an international public policy in the enforcement of international
commercial arbitration awards was envisaged by the authors of both the New York
Convention and the UNCITRAL Model Law. English arbitration law is an example of a jurisdiction that is well equipped to deal
with the enforcement of international commercial arbitration awards and embraces
the concept of international public policy. English law, and specifically English case
law, may therefore provide a framework to compare the South African legal
principles applicable to the public policy exception with, and to determine
improvements that should be made.
South African law allows for the public policy exemption to be applied and case law
does indicate the application of international public policy. South African courts are
well capable of dealing with any issue of enforcement of a foreign arbitral award but
our legislation is inadequate and our case law limited. South Africa therefore needs
to urgently pass new commercial arbitration legislation to develop our arbitration law
and to instil confidence in South Africa as a venue for the conduct of international
commercial arbitration. In this regard English law can be of assistance, not only
because of the shared heritage but also because that law is one of the most
developed regimes of arbitration law.Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011
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Leitch, Duncan. "International assistance and the reform of public administration in Ukraine : fiscal decentralisation and regional policy 2000-2012." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6382/.
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The thesis examines the influence of external advice on domestic reform in a post-communist state following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. As an example of this, the research analyses the role of international assistance in the reform of public administration in Ukraine in the period 2000 to 2012, with particular reference to the relationship between the national and sub-national tiers of government. Two empirical case studies, on fiscal decentralisation and regional policy, are employed to provide an in-depth analysis of reform programmes introduced by the Government of Ukraine and an examination of the contribution of external advice to each. The thesis draws on concepts from Institutional Theory, Comparative Politics and Development Studies to explain the interaction between external donors and the domestic recipients of their advice. It is argued that international assistance to public administrative reform in Ukraine is a form of normative institutional isomorphism involving the deliberate transfer of models of state institutions from donor countries where they are regarded as good practice. The findings of the case studies indicate the narrow circumstances in which this transaction may lead to short-term progress with reform, through the establishment of a policy transfer network linking domestic and external actors. However the case studies also demonstrate that in the longer term both these attempts at reform, and the international advice which contributed to them, failed to achieve a sustained outcome. Employing the political economy analysis of development aid the thesis argues that the international community bears a large share of the responsibility for this owing to the technocratic nature of assistance programmes and their limited engagement with the political realities of reform processes.
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Perkins, Marianne. "Refugee Resettlement in Germany: An Analysis of Policy Learning and Support Networks." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/617.
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The resettlement of refugees and asylum seekers in Germany since reunification in 1990 has been challenged by two peaks in asylum seeker applications in 1992 and again in 2016. From the 1992 peak, which was fueled by asylum seekers fleeing the former Yugoslavia, extensive research has already been conducted over the past thirty years. These studies have demonstrated the actual outcomes of these primarily Yugoslavian asylum seekers and refugees with these findings indicating legal and economic uncertainty having a detrimental effect even years after resettlement. Using Germany as a case study, this analysis aims to survey the available information in the more recent example of asylum seekers arriving in Germany from 2014 onwards primarily from the Syrian Arab Republic, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Ultimately, successful resettlement equates to successful integration measures. The issues of policy legacy and learning as well as elements of the available support network for asylum seekers in housing, Integrationskurse (integration courses), and advice centers are examined to understand how each relates to successful integration and security for asylum seekers. The findings indicate that Germany has achieved successful resettlement and integration of asylum seekers through policy learning from the early 1990s onwards and a strong support network available for those seeking asylum, yet the exclusion of certain groups from integration measures unfairly leaves some behind. A continuous evaluation of these integration measures is necessary to ensure the successful resettlement of refugees and asylum seekers in Germany in anticipated future peaks in asylum seeker applications.