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Journal articles on the topic 'International Penal Court'
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García Otero, Ruth Cristina. "Considerations regarding the International Criminal Court." Justicia 3, no. 27 (January 1, 2015): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17081/just.3.27.324.
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Vargas Lobé, Andrea. "La Corte Penal Internacional: Traducción, Interpretación y Terminología Propia." FITISPos International Journal 4 (May 9, 2017): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/fitispos-ij.2017.4.0.138.
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Resumen: Uno de los campos más importantes dentro de la Traducción e Interpretación en los Servicios Públicos son los tribunales. Entre la gran variedad de tribunales que existen encontramos uno con unas características propias muy llamativas: la Corte Penal Internacional. El presente artículo sostiene la hipótesis de que, como institución única, va a actuar de una manera propia en lo referente a la gestión lingüística y, sobre todo, va a tener una terminología propia muy diferente a la que nos vamos a encontrar en la traducción e interpretación jurídica habitual. Con el fin de confirmar dicha hipótesis hemos realizado el análisis tanto de la documentación bibliográfica disponible como de la página web de la CPI y del documento fundacional de la misma: el Estatuto de Roma (2011). Gracias a esto hemos podido concluir que, en efecto, la Corte posee una terminología propia pero que su gestión de los servicios de traducción e interpretación no difiere en exceso de la que realizan instituciones internacionales como la Unión Europea o la Organización de las Naciones Unidas.Abstract: Courts are one of the most important fields in Public Services Translation and Interpreting. Among all existing courts, we may find one whose specific characteristics are quite interesting: The International Criminal Court. The hypothesis this article supports is that the Court is a unique institution and so is going to manage its languages and, above all, is going to have a specific terminology, very different to that found in usual legal translation. In order to confirm our hypothesis, we have analyzed both the Court’s official documents we were able to find within its webpage and the foundational document of the Court: The Rome Statute (2011). Thanks to this we were able to conclude that the Court has indeed a specific terminology. However, its language management is not very different from that carried out by international institutions such as the European Union or the United Nations.
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Durango-Álvarez, Gerardo A. "The International Criminal Court: The Inclusion of Ecocide as the Fifth Category of Crime." Forum. Revista Departamento de Ciencia Política, no. 26 (July 1, 2024): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/frdcp.n26.114680.
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El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar, no sólo la inclusión del ecocidio como quinta categoría de crimen de competencia de la Corte Penal Internacional, sino también analizar el posible cambio de paradigma de ampliar las sanciones penales —que hoy son individuales—, hacia la responsabilidad de las sociedades como las empresas y multinacionales nacionales e internacionales. Esto es, se busca pasar de una sanción penal individual para quien causa daños graves al medio ambiente —ineficaces hasta ahora—, a la vinculación penal de sociedades y corporaciones tanto a nivel nacional como internacional.
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Radzinowicz, Leon. "Penal Regressions." Cambridge Law Journal 50, no. 3 (November 1991): 422–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300016172.
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Baron Raffaele Garofalo's memorable treatise Criminology ends (almost as an afterthought) with an Appendix entitled “Outline of Principles Suggested as a Basis for an International Penal Code”. In barely twelve pages he formulates: principles of criminal liability; an enumeration of categories of offenders; a system of penalties to be adopted to combat crime; and some basic rules of procedure for bringing offenders to justice. Garofalo was not a cranky, lofty or flamboyant idealist. Together with Cesare Lombroso and Enrico Ferri he was the founder of the famous Positivist School of Criminology launched in Italy towards the end of the nineteenth century. He was a High Court Judge, a tough realist with a sharp and incisive mind. Staunch traditional conservative that he was, he might instead have been expected to advocate that each nation should be free to express its unique individuality through its own distinctive legal and penal edifice.
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Abd Ali Issa, Hussein, and Shakhawan khdir Rasull. "The legal regulation of the crime of enforced disappearance in Iraqi law." Journal of University of Raparin 11, no. 3 (July 9, 2024): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(11).no(3).paper1.
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Iraq occupies an advanced position in the list of countries that suffer from widespread cases of enforced disappearance, but its penal legislation is still devoid of punishment for the crime of enforced disappearance, despite the fact that it is one of the first countries to accede to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance of 2006 based on Act No. (17) of 2010 which raises the question of how criminal accountability for the perpetrators is based on national legislation, especially the Penal Code No. (111) of 1969 and the Iraqi Supreme Criminal Court Act No. (10) of 2005. To exclude the legislative shortcomings in the punitive legislation regarding the criminalization and punishment of enforced disappearance, the efforts of the Iraqi legislator in recent years have culminated in the introduction of the draft law against enforced disappearance of 2018, as well as the draft penal code of 2021, which constitutes a significant step towards Iraq’s fulfillment of its international obligations stemming from the international convention For the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance of 2006. The research is devoted to studying Penal Code No. (111) of 1969 and the Iraqi Supreme Criminal Court Act No. 10 of 2005 to examine the possibility of their application to cases of enforced disappearance. It also includes an explanation of the mechanisms for the enforcement of international conventions, especially the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance of 2006, in Iraqi legislation, as well as an analysis of the texts of the draft law against enforced disappearance of 2018 and the draft Penal Code of 2021 to present appropriate recommendations regarding the criminalization and punishment of enforced disappearance in them.
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Gianelli, Alessandra. "Has Italy Finally Implemented its International Obligations Concerning the Punishment of Torture?" International Criminal Law Review 21, no. 4 (May 31, 2021): 715–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-bja10070.
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Abstract Almost 30 years after acceding to the Convention against Torture, in 2017 Italy introduced the crime of torture into its penal code. There was great debate as to whether the new provisions were in line with the country’s international obligations. The first interpretations of these rules by the highest criminal court draw heavily on international notions, in particular on the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. The result is that, while the wording of the provisions remains questionable, their application tends to be consistent with (at least some) international rules.
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Isakov, Vladislav S. "On the substitution of compulsory and corrective labour with penal labour due to malicious evasion." Ugolovnaya yustitsiya, no. 19 (2022): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23088451/19/9.
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When the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation included penal labour as a form of punishment, the legislative framework governing the appointment and execution of this criminal punishment was updated. This brought about an objective need to study the procedure of substituting other punishments, not related to the isolation of the convict from society, with penal labour. Based on legal acts and research, the author raises the question whether it is admissible to substitute compulsory and corrective labour with penal labour according to Part 3 of Art. 49 and Part 4 of Art. 50 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, respectively, if the malicious evasion from serving the previous sentence concerns the convict's violation of labour discipline. Some researchers believe that when substituting the unserved part of compulsory or corrective labour with a more severe criminal punishment, the court should not take into account the nature of malicious evasion. However, certain types of violations of the procedure and conditions for serving compulsory and corrective labour under Art. 30 and Art. 46 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation testify to the inability of the convict to carry out labour activities, which is an integral attribute of penal labour. Therefore, the court needs to consider substituting the unserved part of compulsory or corrective labour with confinement, which will spare the necessity of returning to this issue when the convict is found to be maliciously evading compulsory labour. Currently, there is no uniform judicial practice on the problem under study. The failure to fulfill or improper fulfillment of the labour duties by the convict may be a reason for substituting compulsory or corrective labour with both penal labour and imprisonment, since the court is not required to justify the choice of punishment in the form of penal labour or confinement when a case under Part 3 of Art. 49 and Part 4 of Art. 50 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is being considered. The author proposes to amend Decree No. 21 of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 20, 2011, “On the application by courts of legislation on the execution of sentences”, according to which the systematic violation of labour discipline by the convict while serving compulsory or corrective labour becomes the basis for the substitution of the unserved part of the punishment with penal labour. The proposed changes not only comply with the norms of international law, but also make it possible to exclude the use of penal labour in relation to convicts avoid labour activity.
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DENADAI, F., and Tarsis Barreto OLIVEIRA. "O Tribunal Penal Internacional e o Tribunal de Nuremberg: aspectos Históricos e Jurídicos." Passagens: Revista Internacional de História Política e Cultura Jurídica 13, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 72–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15175/1984-2503-202113104.
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The present work analyzes the contribution of the Nuremberg Tribunal to the shaping of the concept of crimes against humanity, particularly in the sphere of the prevention of the occurrence of new atrocities, such as those experienced in our recent history. The study approaches the need to review the past, reinforcing the warning that intolerance contributes to social, political, and international chaos. The investigation is also justified by the need to revise the historical aspects of the context in which the International Criminal Court was created, with the aim of punishing the most serious crimes against humanity. The present work analyzes the process by which the ICC was formed, with a focus on its historical and legal features, highlighting iconic cases to go on trial at the Court, if in existence when the events occurred.
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Pineros Polo, Elena. "Primera condena de la Corte Penal Internacional por destrucción de patrimonio histórico en Tombuctú: el caso Al Mahdi = The first sentence delivered by the International Criminal Court for destruction of cultural heritage in Timbuktu: the Al Mahdi case." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 18 (April 1, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2020.5266.
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Resumen: Este trabajo examina la primera condena de la Corte Penal Internacional por destrucción de patrimonio histórico. Tras analizar brevemente el conflicto interno en Mali, se estudia el desarrollo del proceso penal contra el Sr. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, desde la remisión de la situación por el ministro de justicia maliense a la Oficina del Fiscal de la Corte hasta la fase final de reparación del daño tras la sentencia de condena. La relevancia de este caso es mayúscula, no solo por el delito objeto de la condena sino por las dificultades a la hora de establecer la reparación del daño, atendiendo a la categorización diversa de las víctimas de tales crímenes internacionales.Palabras clave : Corte Penal Internacional, Mali, crímenes de guerra, destrucción patrimonio histórico, protección internacional del patrimonio histórico-cultural, condenas por destrucción de patrimonio cultural.Abstract: This paper analyses the first international conviction for destruction of cultural heritage delivered by the International Criminal Court. After a brief study of the situation in Mali, the development of the procedure is examined, from the beginning, the referral of the situation by the Malian Ministry of Justice, till the reparations phase. The relevance of this case is absolutely exceptional, not alone by the particular war crime subject to the judgment, but also by the innovative Reparations Order, regarding the categorization of the multiple types of victims. Keywords: International Criminal Court, Mali, war crime, destruction of cultural heritage, international protection of historic and cultural heritage, convictions for destruction of cultural heritage.
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Pfanner, Toni. "The establishment of a permanent international criminal court: ICRC expectations of the Rome Diplomatic Conference." International Review of the Red Cross 38, no. 322 (March 1998): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400090744.
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Violations of international humanitarian law are not a new phenomenon. Nor is the establishment of an international criminal court to counter such violations a new idea. The first project creating a link between violations of a humanitarian treaty — that is, the Geneva Convention of 1864 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field — and penal sanction by a permanent international judicial body was drawn up by Gustave Moynier, one of the founders of the ICRC Like so many other projects, it did not materialize, however.
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Multiterno, Thaís, and Camila Monteiro Santos Stohrer. "O DANO AMBIENTAL DE GRANDE PROPORÇÃO COMO ECOCÍDIO E A POSSIBILIDADE DE PUNIÇÃO PELO TRIBUNAL PENAL INTERNACIONAL." Ponto de Vista Jurídico 7, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33362/juridico.v7i2.1498.
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<p class="resumo"><strong>Resumo:</strong> O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de verificar a possibilidade do dano ambiental de grande proporção classificado como Ecocídio ser punido pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional. Para tanto, faz-se algumas considerações sobre o histórico, conceito e princípios do Direito Ambiental. Na presente pesquisa analisa-se também o Direito Penal, alguns princípios que tem relação aos crimes ambientais e a responsabilidade penal da pessoa física e da pessoa jurídica. Estuda-se, por fim o Tribunal Penal Internacional, sua competência para julgamento, o dano ambiental como Ecocídio e a possibilidade deste ser considerado crime contra a humanidade e ser punido pelo TPI. A justificativa do tema se dá em razão da sua atualidade, e também da necessidade de uma punição mais severa em relação aos crimes ambientais de grande extensão. Para encetar a investigação foi utilizado o método indutivo a ser operacionalizado com as técnicas do referente, das categorias, dos conceitos operacionais e da pesquisa de fontes documentais, resultando em uma fonte de pesquisa para os operadores do Direito.</p><p class="resumo"><strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: Direito Ambiental. Dano Ambiental. Direito Penal. Ecocídio. Tribunal Penal Internacional.</p><h3>THE GREAT PROPORTIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE AS ECOCIDITY AND THE POSSIBILITY OF PUNISHMENT BY THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT</h3><div><p class="abstract"><strong>Abstract:</strong> The present work was developed with the objective of verifying the possibility of environmental damage of great proportion classified as Ecocídio to be punished by the International Criminal Court. Therefore, some considerations about the history, concept and principles of Environmental Law are made. The present research also analyzes the Criminal Law, some principles that have relation with environmental crimes and the criminal responsibility of the individual and the legal person. The International Criminal Court, its jurisdiction for judgment, the environmental damage as Ecocídio, and the possibility of it being considered a crime against humanity and being punished by the ICC, is being studied. The justification for the theme is due to its relevance, and also the need for a more severe punishment in relation to environmental crimes of great extent. To begin the investigation, the inductive method was used to be used with reference techniques, categories, operational concepts and the search of documentary sources, resulting in a research source for legal operators.</p></div>
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Aragonés Molina, Laura. "MISCELÁNEA: LA BUENA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE JUSTICIA EN LA JURISDICCIÓN INTERNACIONAL PENAL: EXCEPCIONES A LA APLICACIÓN ESTRICTA DE LA NORMATIVA PROCESAL EN MATERIA DE RECURSOS." Revista española de derecho internacional 73, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 193–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.17103/redi.73.2.2021.1b.01.
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International courts and tribunals refer to the principle of good administration of justice to justify certain decisions that do not find a legal basis expressly provided neither in their statutes nor in their rules of procedure or when they interpret the procedural rules in a flexible manner. In those cases, they exercise inherent powers necessary to ensure the fulfilment of their judicial function. This principle, whose content is imprecise, has two main purposes: to safeguard the proper administration of proceedings and to guarantee the justice of the decision. In this paper we study several manifestations of this principle in the application and interpretation of the procedural provisions of revision and additional evidence in appeal. We focus on the judicial practice of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals. These precedents can be extremely useful when litigating in the International Criminal Court as well as in other international courts.
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Liakopoulos, Dimitris. "CRIMINAL LIABILITY AND COMPULSORY IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE." Revista de Direito da Faculdade Guanambi 5, no. 02 (March 4, 2019): 13–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29293/rdfg.v5i02.216.
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The present study aims to explore the relationship of criminal liability and compulsory in international criminal justice according the founding of international individual criminal responsibility in relation on the Transnational Corporations. There are few cases in which an International Criminal Court has used previous international jurisprudence to establish a crime of conduct in international customary law, and in any case the importance of international judgments can not be underestimated as a general interpretative tool. The offer of incriminating solution that serves as an extrema ratio for the criminal penalties that are imputable to multinational companies and which completes the sanctioning apparatus of international law is one of the solution offered and the result of a reconstruction that started mainly from the examples of national laws, but it should not be overlooked, that the penal responsibility of the multinational companies was expressly foreseen and regulated in the draft of the Statute of the International Criminal Court.
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Kiani, Zeynab, and Zeynab Purkhaghan. "Deportation and Extradition from an International Perspective." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n1p197.
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Deportation and extradition have been one of the long-standing issues in international law. After proposing new human rights' issues in the development of international law and human role in international relations, sometimes the question of deportation and extradition is in conflict with European human rights concept. It should distinguish between extradition with similar concepts such as delivery, transfer and dismissal. The extradition is the process that reflects the country's international collaboration and cooperation in the implementation of more stringent standards of criminal justice. Its successful implementation requires the cooperation of different countries in extradition with no political and security excuses. European Court of Human Rights as a judicial organ of the European Convention on Human Rights has issued sentences in its practice regarding some of these conflicts. Researcher with knowledge of neglecting the debate in the Iranian legal system, insists to evaluate the performance of the Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights in relation to deportation and extradition and procedure that the European Court has dealt using analytical methods to review the extradition from different angles and it is hoped that open a step for progress in Iran's penal policy and the legal in the international arena.
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Gordilho, Heron José de Santana, and Fernanda Ravazzano. "Ecocídio e o Tribunal Penal Internacional." Revista Justiça do Direito 31, no. 3 (January 23, 2018): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rjd.v31i3.7841.
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Ecocídio e o Tribunal Penal Internacional
Resumo: O presente artigo de revisão de literatura analisa o crime de ecocídio, caracterizado pela ofensa massiva ao meio ambiente capaz de provocar a morte de animais ou vegetais, ou por tornar inapropriados o uso das águas, o solo, subsolo e/ou o ar, e ocasionando também graves danos à vida humana. Utilizando o método hermenêutico, o artigo utiliza a interpretação declaratória para demonstrar que as práticas ecocidas podem ser consideradas como crime contra a humanidade previsto na alínea k do artigo 7° do Estatuto de Roma. Para este enquadramento é imprescindível que se preencham os requisitos objetivos e subjetivos do tipo, quais sejam, um ataque generalizado ou sistemático a uma população civil, praticado de forma dolosa, exigindo-se ainda o objetivo político do ataque como fim específico do crime. Por fim, o artigo conclui pela insuficiência da mera adequação do crime de ecocídio aos delitos contra a humanidade, propondo uma Emenda ao estatuto de Roma para incluir o tipo penal de ecocídio de forma autônoma.
Palavras-chave: Direito Ambiental; Crimes contra a humanidade; Tribunal Penal Internacional; Princípio da legalidade; Estatuto de Roma.
Ecocide and the International Criminal Court
Abstract: The present review article analyzes the crime of ecocide, which is characterized by a massive environmental offense capable of causing the death of animals or plants, or of rendering inappropriate the use of water, soil, subsoil and/or air, and, also, causing serious damages to human life. Using the hermeneutical method, the article uses declaratory interpretation to demonstrate that ecocidal practices can be considered as a crime against humanity provided for in Article 7 (k) of the Rome Statute. For this framework, it is imperative that the objective and subjective requirements of the type, e.g. a generalized or systematic attack on a civilian population, practiced in an intentional way, be demanded, and the political objective of the attack is also demanded as a specific purpose of the crime. Finally, the article concludes that the mere inclusion of the ecocide crime as an offense against humanity does not suffice to address its matter. Therefore, an amendment to Rome’s Statute, aiming to include ecocide as an autonomous criminal type, is suggested.
Keywords: Crimes against humanity. Environmental Law. International Criminal Court. Principle of legality. Rome Statute.
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Piernas López, Juan Jorge. "The International Criminal Court and national jurisdictions in light of the principle of complementarity." Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional 31 (March 31, 2015): 115–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/010.31.115-154.
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Parmas, Andres. "Application of Domestic Criminal Statutes in regard to International Crimes." Baltic Yearbook of International Law Online 17, no. 1 (December 20, 2020): 122–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115897_01701_007.
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In order for an international crime to be prosecuted in a domestic court, norms prescribing punishability have to be adopted in the legal system of the respective State. The article analyses issues that come up with autonomous transposition of international criminal law norms into the domestic legal order, based on the example of the Estonian Penal Code. It also seeks to offer an explanation as to why it is necessary to be aware of these issues and what the strategies would be to overcome problems with transposition. Both issues of the special part as well as the general part are touched upon.
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Pérez Sola, Nicolás. "El contenido del derecho a un proceso con todas las garantías en la segunda instancia penal a la luz de la jurisprudencia del TEDH." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 42 (January 30, 2019): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.42.2018.23651.
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Se analiza la recepción por el Tribunal Constitucional de la jurisprudencia del TEDH sobre el derecho al proceso con todas las garantías en la segunda instancia penal cuando a través de sentencia condenatoria se revisa sentencia absolutoria en la primera instancia.This essay focuses on the reception by the Constitutional Court of the case law of the ECtHR on the right to trial with guarantees of due process in second criminal instance, in cases where a court convicts an accused who was acquitted by the first instance.
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Lee, Jack Tsen-Ta. "Equality and Singapore’s First Constitutional Challenges to the Criminalization of Male Homosexual Conduct." Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 16, no. 1-2 (October 6, 2015): 150–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718158-01601007.
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In 2013, in Lim Meng Suang and Kenneth Chee Mun-Leon v Attorney-General1 and Tan Eng Hong v Attorney-General,2 the High Court of Singapore delivered the first judgments in the jurisdiction considering the constitutionality of section 377A of the Penal Code, which criminalizes acts of ‘gross indecency’ between two men, whether they occur in public or private. The Court ruled that the provision was not inconsistent with the guarantees of equality before the law and equal protection of the law stated in Article 12(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore. The result was upheld in 2014 by the Court of Appeal in Lim Meng Suang and another v Attorney-General3 with slight differences in the reasoning. This article examines the courts’ analysis of equality law, and submits in particular that the courts ought to re-evaluate whether they should apply a presumption of constitutionality, refuse to assess the legitimacy of the object of the impugned provision, and rely on a standard of mere reasonableness or lack of arbitrariness when determining if a rational relation exists between the provision’s object and the differentia underlying a classification used in the provision.
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Winata, Muhammad Reza, Erlina M. C. Sinaga, Sharfina Sabila, and Rizkisyabana Yulistyaputri. "CRIMINAL LEGAL POLICY AND UNCONSTITUTIONALITY ON CONTEMPT OF RULER OR PUBLIC BODY." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 9, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.9.1.2020.71-98.
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Contempt of ruler or public body are criminal offence which stipulated in article 207 and 208 Penal Code of Indonesia. In practice, there is legal uncertainty because substantially contradict to Constitutional Court Decision No.013-022/PUU-IV/2006 about contempt of President/ Vice President and No. 6/PUU-V/2007 about contempt of Indonesia Government. This paper wants to found criminal legal policy and constitutionality on contempt of ruler or public body. The research method used is juridical normative with regulation, doctrinal, and decision approaches. The result of study shows changes of criminal law policy on contempt of ruler or public body based on comparison of current Penal Code and future Penal Code Draft with changes elements of formulation: (1) suspect; (2) intention; (3) victim; (4) sanction; (5) impact of action, the norms also transform from general offence to complaint offense. Next, analysis to Constitutional Court decisions about contempt of President/Vice President and Indonesia Government which declared null and void, found related legal reasoning: First, violate freedom of expression; Second, violate right to get information; Third, causing legal uncertainty; Fourth, no longer suitable with society development; Fifth, changes in norms on Criminal Code Draft; Sixth; follow previous decision; Seventh, against universal value in international law. Then, the constitutional interpretation methods used in the decisions are: (1) Ethical Interpretation; (2) Historical Interpretation; (3) Futuristic Interpretation; (4) Doctrinal Interpretation. Therefore, according on similar legal reasoning and constitutional interpretation, article 207 and 208 Penal Code also supposed to be stated unconstitutional.
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Chouliaras, Athanasios. "Bridging the Gap between Criminological Theory and Penal Theory within the International Criminal Justice System." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 22, no. 3 (July 2, 2014): 249–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-22032049.
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The main objective of this article is to put forward a critical analysis of the emergent international criminal justice system, epitomized by the creation of the permanent International Criminal Court (icc). Such an endeavour is warranted on the assertion that international criminal justice scholarship has entered into a ‘reflective’ phase, the hallmark of which lies in the re-evaluation of the institutions of international criminal law in the light of the distinctive traits of international criminality derived from the combination of the criminological theory of state crime and the rising theory of international crime in the domain of international criminal law. In this context, the article summarizes the basic points and the epistemological premises of the criminological theory of state crime, while seeks to delimit the subject matter by alluding to the concept of core international crimes arising from the normative system of the icc. The core aim of such a combined approach is not to downplay the existing differences between the criminological concept of state crime and the penal concept of core international crimes, but to highlight common points in order to draw tentative conclusions and make some preliminary suggestions from a criminal policy perspective.
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Felix, Hugo. "O Período Hegemônico da Década de 1990 e suas Instituições Internacionais: O Caso do Tribunal Penal Internacional l The Hegemonic Period of 1990’s and Its International Institutions: The Case of International Criminal Court." Revista Neiba, Cadernos Argentina Brasil 10, no. 1 (November 25, 2021): e59056. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/neiba.2021.59056.
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O presente artigo tem como objetivo questionar o enquadramento genérico dado ao Tribunal Penal Internacional como instituição de governança democrática liberal imposta pela hegemonia estadunidense na década de 1990, utilizando os parâmetros conceituais da Teoria Crítica estabelecida por Robert Cox. São levantados três aspectos: os Estados Unidos não aderiram ao Tribunal; a jurisdição do Tribunal foi concebida majoritariamente por países em desenvolvimento; e grande parte de mandados do TPI são expedidos para o continente africano. Para avaliar essa situação, o artigo se dividirá em duas partes. A primeira consiste na apresentação da abordagem teórica e no enquadramento dos Estados Unidos como ator hegemônico do período a partir dos conceitos de Cox. A segunda apresentará uma análise das negociações para a construção do TPI, assim como das relações dos EUA e dos países africanos com o Tribunal. Por fim, chega-se à conclusão de que que o TPI apresenta caráter peculiar e ambíguo na política internacional.Palavras-chave: Teoria Crítica; Hegemonia; Tribunal Penal Internacional.ABSTRACTThis article aims to question the generic framework given to the International Criminal Court as an institution of liberal democratic governance imposed by American hegemony in the 1990s, using the conceptual parameters of the Critical Theory established by Robert Cox. Three aspects are brought to the debate: the United States did not adhere to the Tribunal; the jurisdiction of the Court was conceived mainly by developing countries; and a large number of ICC warrants are sent to the African continent. To assess this situation, the article will be divided in two parts. The first one consists of presenting the theoretical approach and also focused on framing the United States as a hegemonic actor of the period based on Cox's concepts. The second part will present an analysis of the negotiations to the construction of the ICC, as well as the relations of the US and African countries with the Court. Finally, it is concluded that the ICC is in a peculiar situation and ambiguous in international politics.Keywords: Critical Theory; Hegemony; International Criminal Court. Recebido em: 10/04/2021 | Aceito em: 17/08/2021.
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Gascón Cuenca, Andrés. "Current caselaw discrepancies in the protection of national symbols and state representatives between the European Court of Human Rights and Spanish courts: a vicious circle." Age of Human Rights Journal, no. 17 (December 17, 2021): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v17.6405.
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Despite the general consensus about freedom of expression being a basic fundamental right on every democratic society, the debate about its boundaries has never found such a pacific agreement. Thus, the Spanish Penal Code has several articles that punish its abuse that are highly contested, like articles 490.3 and 543 that penalize the offenses directed towards national symbols or State representatives. This being so, this article examines the controversy generated by the application of this articles through the analysis of two judgements issued by the European Court of Human Rights against Spain, and a third one issued by the Spanish Constitutional Court that could follow the same path. This work will be done to describe the clash that exists between the caselaw of these two jurisdictions, in order to critically analyze the approach Spanish courts have to behaviors that criticize national symbols and state representatives.
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Fernández Arribas, Gloria. "Crimen de agresión = Crime of aggression." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad 13 (September 29, 2017): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2017.3824.
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Resumen: El crimen de agresión fue incluido como uno de los crímenes de competencia de la Corte Penal Internacional en el Estatuto de Roma, si bien en la actualidad la Corte no ejerce aún la competencia sobre el mismo. La definición del crimen de agresión, así como el régimen de entrada en vigor y ejercicio de la competencia, fue desarrollado en la Resolución 6 adoptada en la Conferencia de Kampala en 2010, mediante la cual se enmienda el Estatuto de la Corte. En este trabajo se analiza, junto con la definición del crimen, el complicado y en ocasiones enrevesado régimen de entrada en vigor y ejercicio de la competencia, que difiere según los asuntos sean remitidos por un Estado miembro o proprio motu, o por el Consejo de Seguridad.Palabras clave: Crimen de agresión, Corte Penal Internacional, entrada en vigor, jurisdicción, inmunidades.Abstract: The crime of aggression was included in the Rome Statute as one of the crimes under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, although the Court has not yet exercised its jurisdiction over this crime. The definition of the crime of aggression, as well as the regimes to entry into force and the exercise of jurisdiction were established in Resolution 6 adopted at the Kampala Conference in 2010, which amended the Rome Statute. This paper analyzes, together with the definition of crime, the complicated and sometimes intricate regime of entry into force and exercise of jurisdiction, which differs regarding whether the cases are referred by a Member State or proprio motu, or by the Security Council.Keywords: Crime of aggression, International Criminal Court, entry into force, jurisdiction, immunities.
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Iensue, Geziela. "PROSECUTOR VERSUS JEAN-PIERRE BEMBA GOMBO: O TRIBUNAL PENAL INTERNACIONAL E A RESPONSABILIDADE DO COMANDO -- PROSECUTOR VERSUS JEAN-PIERRE BEMBA GOMBO: THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT AND COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY." Espaço Jurídico Journal of Law [EJJL] 17, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 657–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18593/ejjl.v17i2.10309.
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A responsabilidade de comando implica a responsabilidade do superior pelo descumprimento de agir para impedir condutas penais de seus subordinados. O superior é responsável tanto por sua falta de controle e autoridade no evento em que se cometem os crimes quanto por condutas penais alheias. O princípio da responsabilidade de comando, consagrado no artigo 28 do Estatuto de Roma, tem se convertido em um dos mais relevantes mecanismos de Direito Penal Internacional e de Direito Internacional Humanitário com vistas a combater a impunidade de crimes internacionais. No presente artigo pretendeu-se analisar a decisão do caso do político congolês Jean-Pierre proferido recentemente pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI), enfatizando-se o pioneirismo da fundamentação sob o princípio da responsabilidade de comando. Para tanto, apresentou-se a evolução da jurisdição penal internacional frente ao redimensionamento da ideia clássica de soberania e da responsabilização dos agentes estatais em face da proteção aos direitos humanos. Procurou-se discutir a natureza jurídica da responsabilidade superior a partir da problematização do caráter peculiar da imputação ao superior consistente em uma omissão. Por fim, circunscreveu-se a análise do caso Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, buscando-se evidenciar a relevância do julgado e suas inúmeras inovações, notadamente, a responsabilização penal do “superior de comando” fundada no princípio da responsabilidade do comando, cujas tropas promoveram crimes internacionais, mesmo que não os tenha diretamente ordenado ou estado no local, bem como o entendimento igualmente pioneiro daquela Corte quanto à violência sexual ser considerada um crime contra a humanidade. Conclusivamente, sustentou-se que a referida decisão representou um avanço em relação ao fim da impunidade e a toda forma de injustiça.Palavras-chave: Tribunal Penal Internacional. Estatuto de Roma. Responsabilidade do comando.
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Mazurek, Maria. "PUNISHMENT TELEOLOGY IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE: INSIGHTS FROM THE ICC'S JURISPRUDENCE." Amsterdam Law Forum 16, no. 1 (July 24, 2024): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37974/alf.501.
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The following study explores the issue of rationales for international criminal punishment by studying the treatment this question has received in the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court. The aim is to help construct a normative, theoretical foundation for the practice of international criminal tribunals. First, it looks into all seven ICC sentencing judgements to deconstruct the parts in which the judges discuss why the court punishes. Upon a comparative analysis of the teleological pronouncements, the paper identifies three patterns in the ICC’s teleological discourse. These include: the court’s unfounded import of domestic punishment rationales, fusion of different objectives and rhetorical, performative language used to justify punishment. Building on these findings and literature on the expressivism of punishment, I put forward the claim that the ICC judges’ discourse on penal rationales reveals an expressive function of punishment at play. Finally, the paper discusses how the ICC uses this expressivist practice in its jurisprudence to build a narrative of legalism and situate itself in the wider project of international justice. By implication, this legalism narrative is then seen as the court’s tool in fighting against its legitimacy crisis.
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Heinsen, Johan. "Penal Slavery in Early Modern Scandinavia." Journal of Global Slavery 6, no. 3 (October 27, 2021): 343–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00603005.
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Abstract In Scandinavia, a penal institution known as “slavery” existed from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Penal slaves laboured in the creation and maintenance of military infrastructure. They were chained and often stigmatized, sometimes by branding. Their punishment was likened and, on a few occasions, linked to Atlantic slavery. Still, in reality, it was a wholly distinct form of enslavement that produced different experiences of coercion than those of the Atlantic. Such forms of penal slavery sit uneasily in historiographies of punishment but also offers a challenge for the dominant models of global labour history and its attempts to create comparative frameworks for coerced labour. This article argues for the need for contextual approaches to what such coercion meant to both coercers and coerced. Therefore, it offers an analysis of the meaning of early modern penal slavery based on an exceptional set of sources from 1723. In these sources, the status of the punished was negotiated and practiced by guards and slaves themselves. Court appearances by slaves were usually brief—typically revolving around escapes as authorities attempted to identify security breaches. The documents explored in this article are different: They present multiple voices speaking at length, negotiating their very status as voices. From that negotiation and its failures emerge a set of practiced meanings of penal “slavery” in eighteenth-century Copenhagen tied to competing yet intertwined notions of dishonour.
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Martín Martínez, Magdalena M. "Iberoamérica y la Corte Penal Internacional: logros y retos de una interacción compleja e inacabada." Araucaria, no. 32 (2014): 359–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2014.i32.18.
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Martínez Guerra, Amparo. "La prisión permanente revisable. Un análisis del argumento internacional." Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminología, no. 19 (October 21, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdpc.19.2018.24412.
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La Ley Orgánica 1/2015, 30 de marzo de modificación del Código Penal introdujo como nueva pena la prisión permanente revisable tras 25 años. De acuerdo con el art. 25.2 CE, las penas privativas de libertad y las medidas de seguridad estarán orientadas hacia la reinserción y la reducación social. Para defender la constitucionalidad de la nueva pena, el Legislador español acudió a la firma y ratificación del Estatuto de Roma para el establecimiento de la Corte Penal Internacional. Su art. 77.1 b) prevé la imposición de una pena de prisión de por vida cuando así lo justifiquen la extrema gravedad del delito y las circunstancias personales del condenado.The Organic Law 1/2015, 30 march for the amendment of the Spanish Criminal Code introduced as a new penalty the permanent prison with possibility of parole after 25 years. Pursuant to art. 25.2 of the Spanish Constitution, punishments entailing imprisonment and security measures shall be aimed reeducation and social rehabilitation. In order to support the constitutionality of the penalty, the Legislator argued that Spain signed and ratified the Rome Statute for the establishment of the International Criminal Law. According to art. 77. 1 b) the Court may imposed a term of life imprisonment when justifed by the extreme gravity of the crime and the individual circumstances of the convicted person.
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Sánchez Sánchez, María José. "La relevancia de haber sido niño soldado para la atribución de la responsabilidad penal por crímenes internacionales de miembros de grupos armados." REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES 43, Junio 2022 (June 30, 2022): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17103/reei.43.10.
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The criminal liability of child soldiers has been extensively addressed in recent years, given the growing interest in child soldiers as a research topic. However, one aspect was relatively unexplored: the relevance of being a former child soldier in the attribution of criminal liability for international crimes committed by members of an armed group. This changed when in December 2016, Dominic Ongwen’s case started before the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and war crimes. For the Counsel for the Defence, the fact of his recruitment at age 9 by the Lord’s Resistance Army in Uganda was essential. In this regard, the issue consisted in determining whether being a former child soldier is relevant for excluding criminal responsibility, as a mitigating factor for the determination of the penalty, or if it is not relevant. The purpose of this article is to elucidate this issue through a critical legal analysis of the t Trial Judgment and the Sentence in this case, with the aim to contribute elements to the developing discussions in appeals before the International Criminal Court and before national tribunals as the Special Jurisdiction for Peace in Colombia.
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Hammash, Abdelsalam. "The Philosophy of International Public Law and the Changes on the Reality of the International Society." Journal of Politics and Law 14, no. 3 (February 18, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n3p1.
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The evolution of the concept of International society has considerably broadened throughout history along with the evolution of International rules. At first, it was defining the group of sovereign States existing at that time, while subsequently to the creation of the UN organization, International society would rather imply any individual designated by International legal corpus. At the end of the Cold War, the multiplication of nation-States, that would stay politically and economically fragile and unstable, compelled the UN to act over those States' sovereignty, though, to help them to outlive. Over the last decades, the phenomenon of globalization has contributed to support the idea of human rights and has considerably led to a global opinion that would be able to put pressure on States. Moreover, the UN would engage itself in emphasizing the concept of peace in all its decisions and actions. As such, International Penal institutions as the International Court of Justice had been established. But the fear of States for their sovereignty has still remained a problem in the equation.
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Detkov, Aleksey P. "Problems of imposition and enforcement of criminal penalties for foreign citizens and stateless persons." Ugolovnaya yustitsiya, no. 20 (2023): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23088451/20/12.
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The article analyzes the problems of imposing and enforcing criminal penalties against foreign citizens and stateless persons. The problems of implementing criminal liability in relation to foreign citizens and stateless persons have always been relevant from the standpoint of the theory of criminal and penal law, and, especially, of judicial and law enforcement practice. Every year the Russian Federation records a fairly high level of pendulum migration, which inevitably entails an increase in crime. When a criminal penalty is imposed, the absence of the citizenship of the Russian Federation significantly reduces the possibilities of the court. The extradition of convicts, as an institution of international law, is not in demand. The discrepancy between certain provisions of the criminal and penal legislation of a number of countries and the Russian Federation may ultimately create prerequisites for the release of a deported person from criminal liability.
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Adeyeye, Joel Adelusi. "ECOWAS Court of Justice: its linkage with the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights." Groningen Journal of International Law 10, no. 2 (February 8, 2024): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.10.2.51-71.
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This article considers the Community Court of Justice (CCJ) of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and its linkage with the African Charter of Human and People’s Rights (ACHPR). No doubt when ECOWAS was established in 1975, the main objective was the economic integration of the sub-regional body. At the beginning, the CCJ was listed as one of the mandates of the economic bloc, but it was not until 1991 that the first Protocol which created the CCJ and which gives its composition and its functioning was adopted. The Revised Treaty of 1993 also provided for the establishment of the CCJ in its Article 15. The Protocol now makes references to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) of the African Union (AU). Not only this, the Protocol also made reference to other international human rights instruments. The main objective of this work is to bring to fore that the jurisdiction of the CCJ is expansive and broad, and that the CCJ failed to utilise the expansive jurisdiction in the matter of the late President of Chad, Hissene Habre, against the Republic of Senegal, by ruling that the Senegalese court could not try him because this will violate the principle of non-retroactivity of penal law. This ruling led to the establishment of the Extraordinary African Chambers (a special criminal tribunal) that later tried Habre. Also, where it is appropriate and desirable, a comparison between, on the one hand, the CCJ and, on the other hand, African sub-regional courts and courts of international organisations will be made. It is also the contention of this article that the CCJ ought to have an Appeal Chambers, as a core international best practice. This work will adopt the doctrinal methodology and the data collection method is content analysis.
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Morga, Felipe César González. "Interruption of pregnancy in México within the framework of human rights." Technium Social Sciences Journal 54 (February 9, 2024): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v54i1.10517.
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The Mexican State is part of the inter-American system, it safeguards the human rights of both the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States and the International Treaties, particularly in the interruption of pregnancy it protects the human rights to life, health, reproductive rights and non-discrimination. These human rights are analyzed in the resolutions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, to aknowledge both the international and national interpretation, which has served as a legal basis in the interruption of pregnancy in Mexico. Based on these human rights and resolutions, ten states have legislated to allow the interruption of pregnancy, due to which the legal framework of the former Federal District (D.F.), Oaxaca, Hidalgo, Baja California, Veracruz, Colima, Sinaloa, Guerrero, Baja is studied. California Sur and Quintana Roo, highlighting that they have reformed their Penal Codes and Health Laws, standardizing most of their criteria. Likewise, a legal comparison is made at an international level to highlight differences and similarities between Mexico and other countries. This issue continues in Mexico, the states continue to discuss the interruption of pregnancy
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Barreto-Véliz, Roger, and Gustavo Bermúdez-Castañeda. "La Libre Valoración de la Prueba en el Derecho Penal Ecuatoriano." 593 Digital Publisher CEIT 8, no. 5 (September 3, 2023): 554–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33386/593dp.2023.5.1934.
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This scientific research article covers the evidence in all its theoretical, doctrinal context and the main errors that a criminal court can commit when evaluating the evidentiary elements in a trial hearing, same errors that agree with each one of the analysis of the evidence separately and together as indicated by the current Ecuadorian criminal norm. In the same way, a theory attached to the law is proposed to try to correct these errors and they are less and less in Criminal Law. In the same way, it is about impacting the reader with a purely theoretical and doctrinal study regarding how to appreciate those evidentiary elements as a whole, according to significant appreciation or valuation mechanisms, mentioned by some national and international authors, who present a different idea about valuation schemes throughout South America and throughout the world. Taking into account many doctrinal theories, relieving the European ones such as the German and Spanish.
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Decœur, Henri. "Avoiding Strict Liability in Mixed Conflicts: A Subjectivist Approach to the Contextual Element of War Crimes." International Criminal Law Review 13, no. 2 (2013): 473–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01302004.
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As long as distinct legal regimes apply to international and non-international armed conflicts, the determination of the nature of the conflict by a court of law directly impacts on the criminal responsibility of the accused for war crimes. As this article shows, the approach traditionally used in international criminal law to characterise mixed conflicts is not sufficiently reliable for the addressees of penal norms. Low-ranking perpetrators have generally little chance of being aware of the international character of the conflict. This article argues that the principle of individual guilt requires establishing the mens rea regarding the nature of the conflict. Accordingly, a mistake of fact, or alternatively, a mistake of legal element should be admissible defences. Furthermore, it is submitted that both the method of conflict characterisation and the definition of the corresponding mental element are not compatible with the requirements of the principle of legality.
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Elchaninov, Andrey P., and Yuri N. Strogovich. "International experience of convicts applying to court for protection of their rights (regulatory regulation and the reasons for such appeals)." Yugra State University Bulletin, no. 4 (August 16, 2024): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18822/byusu2023049-16.
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Subject of research: international experience of appeals of convicted persons and persons in custody for the protection of their rights to the judicial authorities of the states of which they were citizens (subjects). Purpose of research: to identify the main reasons for the appeals of persons in custody, as well as those serving sentences in the form of imprisonment in foreign countries, to the judicial authorities of the host countries for the protection of their rights. To use the obtained results as a comparison for the subsequent study of the reasons and grounds for the appeals of convicts serving criminal sentences in institutions of the penal enforcement system of the Russian Federation to the courts of general jurisdiction for the protection of their rights. Methods and objects of research: dialectical, systematic, logical and other methods of scientific cognition act as the methodological basis of the research. Main results of research: the analysis of international experience in the field of activities of institutions and bodies executing criminal penalties in foreign countries allowed us to identify certain reasons for appeals to the courts of convicts in places of deprivation of liberty in foreign countries. The study made it possible to reduce most of the reasons for the appeals of convicts to court into several groups that will be universal for almost any country.
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Simon, Jonathan. "Knowing What We Want: A Decent Society, A Civilized System of Justice & A Condition of Dignity." Daedalus 151, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01896.
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Abstract Human dignity as a value to guide criminal justice reform emerged strikingly in the 2011 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Plata. But with Justice Kennedy retired and courts generally reluctant to go far down the road to practical reforms, its future lies in the political realm shaping policy at the local, state, and national levels. For human dignity to be effective politically and in forming policy, we need a vocabulary robust enough to convey a positive vision for the penal state. In this essay, I discuss three concepts that can provide more precision to the potential abstractness of human dignity, two of which the Supreme Court has regularly used in decisions regarding punishment: the idea of a “decent society,” the idea of a “civilized system of justice,” and the idea of a “condition of dignity.” In brief, without a much broader commitment to restoring a decent society, and to civilizing our justice and security systems, there is little hope that our police stations, courts, jails, and prisons will provide a condition of dignity to those unfortunate enough to end up in them.
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Nigro, Raffaella. "La disciplina dei militari impegnati all'estero in missioni umanitarie: in margine al caso Lozano." DIRITTI UMANI E DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE, no. 3 (December 2009): 565–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/dudi2009-003007.
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- In the well-known Lozano case, an Italian intelligence agent, Mr Nicola Calipari, remained killed in 2005 by an American soldier, Mr Mario Luis Lozano, while entering a US checkpoint on the way to the Baghdad airport soon after securing the release of an Italian journalist from Iraqi kidnappers. In the ensuing case, Italian courts addressed a number of sensitive questions, including that of jurisdiction over national troops involved, directly or indirectly, in so-called "humanitarian missions" abroad. Italian courts did have jurisdiction over the killing under Italian domestic law. Indeed, the murder of Mr Calipari can be regarded as a "political crime" under Article 8 of the Italian penal code. On such a premise, the question is whether Article 8 was superseded by a customary international law rule under Article 10 of the Italian Constitution aimed at excluding jurisdiction over Mr Lozano. State practice suggests that neither a customary rule on the exclusive jurisdiction of the sending State (as claimed by the Court of Assise of Rome in 2007) nor a customary rule on Mr Lozano's functional immunity (as claimed by the Court of Cassation in 2008) are established in customary international law. Rather, State practice reveals that a number of States are likely to recognize immunity from jurisdiction to the armed forces only in certain specific circumstances. Moreover, such immunity is quite different from the functional immunity traditionally enjoyed by diplomatic and consular agents, as well as from the immunities enjoyed by other high-ranking State officials, such as the Head of State, the Head of Government and the Minister for Foreign Affairs.
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Hammed, Hanafi A., and Wahab O. Egbewole. "Re-Emergence of Shari'ah Penal Law in Northern Nigeria: Issues and Options." ICR Journal 8, no. 3 (July 15, 2017): 368–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v8i3.180.
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It was in quest of political legitimacy as well as religious purity that former governor of Zamfara state, Senator Sani Ahmed Yerima, started a crusade in 1999 to re-establish Shariah. That initiative immediately found spacious reverberation with many Muslims. For the clerics, it was an opportunity to restore a religious and moral heritage that had been suppressed after colonial conquest. Many people saw Shariah as an instrument for achieving a just, safe, compassionate and less corrupt society. Thus, the Zamfara governments actions were soon taken up by other states, whose governors followed with varying degrees of enthusiasm. The federal government, however, declared Shariah to be incompatible with the constitutional guarantee of freedom of religion. The northern governors responded by highlighting that the same constitution vested in states concurrent powers to establish their own court systems. The writers develop this narrative and look into the constitutional provisions that guarantee freedom of religion and international and national judicial decisions where the right of religion has been vindicated.
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Adoyevskaya, O. A. "Implementation of the principle of equality and guarantee of the rights of convicted persons." Juridical Journal of Samara University 7, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-047x-2021-7-3-25-30.
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The article deals with the problems of implementing the universally recognized principle of equality in penal enforcement policy and guaranteeing the rights of convicts, as well as suspects accused of committing crimes in custody. The fundamental rights of convicted and detained persons are analyzed. It is proved that not all fundamental rights of convicted and detained persons are guaranteed by law in accordance with the principle of equality, which is among the universally recognized principles of international law and is aimed at international legal protection against discrimination. It is proved that the penal enforcement legislation does not provide for legislative restrictions guaranteeing protection against discrimination on any grounds. In the case of convicted and detained persons, there are often inequalities in gender, age, property and legal aid. Now an opportunity to serve prison term concerning women and minors at the place of residence as it is provided for men isn't enshrined in the criminal and executive legislation. Such a legislative decision contributes to the severance of family and socio-useful ties among convicted women and minors. The prohibition of the use of technical means by lawyers in the territory of a correctional institution is discriminatory, since it infringes on the right of convicts to receive qualified legal assistance, guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The article shows the differences in penal policy between the haves and the poor, which is also classically discriminatory and unacceptable. It was concluded that the implementation of universally recognized principles of international law, including the principle of equality of citizens before the law and the court, is the responsibility of the legislative and law enforcement agencies and contributes to the achievement of the goals of criminal enforcement legislation, as well as to strengthening citizens' faith in the institutions of State power.
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Popko, V. "THE PRINCIPLES OF THE TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW IN THE COURSE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 136 (2018): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2018.136.0.36-47.
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The article highlights systematic aspects of the major principles of transnational criminal law within the framework of international law transformation. The article is dedicated to the examination of the fundamental principles of international law and international criminal law, in particular, which are viewed systematically and in complex and tight connection with the principles of domestic criminal and criminal procedural law. The necessity of legal enshrinement of its principles is noted. The content of the fundamental principles of criminal law is overviewed, in particular, nullum crimen sine lege (No crime without a previous penal law), principle of individual criminal responsibility, principle of non-reference to the official or professional status of a person, prohibition of repetition of punishment for the same crime under international criminal law, execution of judicial power only by courts, equality of persons before the law and the court, local and temporal principles of criminal law (non-application of terms of limitation, territorial principle of criminal law etc.) Special attention is paid to the content of the universal criminal jurisdiction principle concerning transnational crimes, enshrined in the 2000 UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. The author comes to the conclusion that the principles of transnational criminal law are coordinated as between themselves and determine the main characteristics of transnational criminal law and directions of criminal policy.
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Oliwa, Mieczysław. "Legal status of a disabled person in executive penal proceedings." Probacja 3 (September 30, 2023): 249–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8647.
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This article discusses the problem of the position of a disabled person appearing in executive criminal proceedings. Due to the wide range of topics concerning both the disability itself and the rights and obligations of people with disabilities in various aspects of life, the author focuses on issues related to the position of a disabled person in the course of executive proceedings. In particular, the considerations concern the access of a disabled person, including a convicted disabled person, to a court, understood not only as a constitutional right, but also the use and access to a building intended for the needs of the judiciary. Due to not only domestic, but also international legal regulations introducing solutions in the field of enabling and facilitating the effective participation of disabled persons in conducted proceedings, the situation of disabled persons as parties to enforcement proceedings has significantly improved in terms of securing their rights and obligations. This is manifested in particular by better access for people with disabilities to buildings, signage in buildings in Braille and in forms easier to read and understand, and finally by providing assistance from officials and employees as well as other people, including professional representatives or sign language interpreters.
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CHORNY, VASILIY N. "Grounds and procedure for exercising convict’s rights for compensation in case of violation of conditions of his maintenance in correctional institution." Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System 233, no. 10 (2021): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2021-233-10-52-59.
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The article examines the features of the implementation by convicts of the right to compensation in case of violation of the conditions of their detention in correctional institutions. The subject of the research is national legislation, materials of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, scientific works on the topic under study. The purpose of preparing the article is to determine the circumstances that determine the conditions of maintenance in correctional institutions, in case of violation for which the convict has the right to file a claim for compensation. The methodological basis of the research was formed by such research methods as system-structural, analysis and synthesis. As a result of the work on the article, legislative and doctrinal concepts of conditions for serving imprisonment sentences were considered, factors that led to the appearance of Article 121 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation in the penal legislation and the structure of this norm and the mechanisms of its implementation were analyzed. The grounds for the implementation by convicts of the right to compensation in case of violation of the conditions of their detention in correctional institutions have been studied. It is noted that the material norms defining the conditions of maintenance in penal institutions are contained in international standards for the execution of sentences, the Penal Code of the Russian Federation, and other laws that secure the legal status of Russian citizens. Conclusions are drawn about the importance of securing in the penal legislation the right of convicts to file an administrative claim for compensation in case of maintenance in a penal institution. The novel in the form of such a legal structure will not only serve as an additional guarantee of the legal status of convicts, but will also strengthen the authority of the Russian Federation at the international level. The study makes a certain contribution to the development of the science of criminal executive law, the theory of human rights and contributes to further developments in this area. The practical significance of the results of the work lies in the possibility of their use in the educational process of educational institutions of the FPS of Russia, in the system of advanced training of practitioners. Key words: convict, conditions of maintenance, right to compensation, administrative statement of claim.
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Dissenha, Rui Carlo, Derek Assenço Creuz, Amanda Bachmann da Silva, Gabrielle Amanda Souza Novak, José Lucas Santos Carvalho, Ana Alice de Souza, Guilherme Oliveira Freitas de Assis Vieira Faial, et al. "Contribution to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court on Slavery Crimes." Revista da Faculdade de Direito UFPR 69, no. 2 (August 28, 2024): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rfdufpr.v69i2.95514.
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Esta contribuição, elaborada por pesquisadores do Núcleo de Estudos sobre a Internacionalização do Poder Punitivo da Faculdade de Direito e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade Federal do Paraná, refere-se a uma consulta pública lançada pelo Gabinete do Procurador do Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI) para sua nova Política sobre Crimes de Escravidão. O objetivo desta contribuição é aprimorar a abordagem e a eficácia do Gabinete na investigação e acusação de crimes de escravidão (crime contra a humanidade de escravização e escravidão sexual e crime de guerra de escravidão sexual) conforme o Estatuto de Roma. A contribuição está dividida em três partes: primeiro, examina as manifestações contemporâneas de escravidão, abordando o trabalho escravo e a jurisdição do TPI, defendendo uma compreensão mais ampla e abrangente da escravidão, centrada nas vítimas. Em seguida, explora a responsabilidade criminal individual por omissões em crimes de escravidão como um meio de erradicar a impunidade e garantir que tais ofensas não permaneçam impunes. Finalmente, discute a importância de processar crimes de escravidão a partir de uma perspectiva decolonial, enfatizando que o TPI, e não apenas o Gabinete, deve reconhecer que a maioria das vítimas de escravidão vem do Sul Global, cada uma com seus próprios contextos culturais e históricos, que podem não ser adequadamente compreendidos e protegidos de acordo com interesses ou padrões ocidentais e, portanto, podem exigir abordagens específicas e de baixo para cima.
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Arifkhodzhaieva, Tetiana, Oksana Panova, Vladyslav Lazariev, Yuliia Zhyvova, and Oleh Shkuta. "Public services in the field ofsocial protection of the population: international experience, administrative and penal aspects." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 74 (October 25, 2022): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4074.00.
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The issue of optimizing the mechanism for providing public services in the field of social protection of the population due to the ongoing armed conflict in Ukraine on the part of Russia (from 2014 to the present), as a result of which internally displaced persons need to solve a number of urgent needs both in European countries (Poland, Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, etc.), including related to their accounting in these countries. In this sense, the objective of this editorial is twofold, on the one hand, to present volume 40, number 74 of Political Questions and, on the other, to highlight the concept and types of guarantees of ensuring legality concerning provision of public services in the sphere of social protection of population. It is concluded that the following types of guarantees of ensuring legality concerning provision of public services in the sphere of social protection of population in Ukraine have been justified: appeal of decisions, actions or inaction of public administration subjects on the provision of public services in the sphere of social protection of population in court (administrative proceedings); control over activities of public administration subjects concerning provision of public services in the sphere of social protection of population.
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Celiksoy, Ergul. "Ongoing Problem of Irreducible Life Sentences in Turkey." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 27, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 320–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-02704003.
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Sentences of life imprisonment without the possibility of release (irreducible life sentences) have been found to be inhumane and degrading by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Nevertheless, they continue to be imposed and implemented in Turkey. This paper examines the ongoing problem of irreducible life sentences in Turkish criminal and penal law. Firstly, it explores the different life imprisonment regimes in Turkish law, before addressing the question of release from life imprisonment. It then moves on to examine the jurisprudence of the ECtHR on irreducible life sentences and its judgments against Turkey. Subsequently, it discusses why and how the Turkish legislature and judiciary have remained indifferent to the issue of irreducible life sentences. It concludes by recommending how the Constitutional Court may be forced to play an affirmative role in the abolition of irreducible life sentences in Turkey.
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Marcussi Pontes, Rúbia, and Leonardo Faria. "THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT AND THE CASES OF MUAMMAR AL-GADDAFI, SAIF AL-ISLAM GADDAFI AND ABDULLAH AL-SENUSSI." REI - REVISTA ESTUDOS INSTITUCIONAIS 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.21783/rei.v1i1.15.
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O Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI) é a organização internacional criada pelo Estatuto de Roma a fim de julgar os principais casos internacionais de crimes que estão sob sua jurisdição. Ainda que seja uma organização independente e, portanto, não uma parte do sistema das Nações Unidas (ONU), está diretamente relacionado com o Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas (CSNU), que conduziu a situação da Líbia à Corte em 2011 por meio da Resolução 1970. A partir de então, o TPI analisou os casos de Muammar Al-Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi e Abdullah Al-Senussi, que eram altas autoridades do anterior regime líbio. Assim, este artigo visa demonstrar o contexto de criação do TPI e as forças envolvidas nesse processo, bem como a situação na Líbia e como o julgamento de seus ex-líderes estava relacionado com o TPI. O objetivo é analisar a importância da Corte e analisar sua capacidade de atender a seus propósitos no atual sistema internacional, especificamente com observância dos casos estudados.
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Nyamutata, Conrad. "From Heroes to Victims: An Analysis of the Mutation of the Social Meaning of Child Soldiering." International Criminal Law Review 14, no. 3 (June 13, 2014): 619–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01403004.
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Although a considerable body of scholarship on children and armed conflict has developed, little sociological, conceptual and historical analysis has been proffered to help our understanding of the dynamics of meaning-change to the current social conception of child soldiering. This article analyses the evolution of the prevailing ‘social meaning’ of child soldiering. To this end, it recognises the historical and current role of transnational agents in the mutation of the conception of child militarization and universalisation of its negative meaning. The article discusses how the meaning has influenced the legal construction of and regulation of such meaning through instruments in extant international and regional child law. The conviction and imprisonment of Democratic of Republic of Congo (DRC) rebel leader Thomas Lubanga by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2012 represented a concretization of the globalized opprobrious social perception of child soldiering through the penal process.
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Maia, Marrielle, and Taynara Dias. "A DUPLA AGÊNCIA DO TRIBUNAL PENAL INTERNACIONAL E A RESISTÊNCIA AFRICANA AO LEGADO DA COLONIALIDADE: A COMPLEXA RELAÇÃO ENTRE OS PAÍSES AFRICANOS E O MECANISMO INTERNACIONAL." Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política, no. 115 (January 2022): 271–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-271298/115.
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Resumo O Tribunal Penal Internacional foi criado para julgar crimes contra os direitos humanos, contando com amplo apoio e participação de países africanos desde sua criação até os primeiros casos referidos. Essa posição de apoio, contudo, tem se revertido recentemente em alguns Estados. Esta pesquisa busca evidenciar quais as razões mobilizadas para a mudança de uma postura de apoio para uma postura de rechaço ao mecanismo. Acredita-se que a natureza do Tribunal e sua dupla agência jurídica e política geram impasses que agravam o descontentamento de Estados marginalizados internacionalmente, e que é essencial a atenção a esses problemas pela literatura de Relações Internacionais. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento de documentos oficiais de Estados africanos contrários, como discursos, iniciativas políticas e normativas, os quais foram interpretados à luz da literatura recente sobre o tema e à luz da discussão sobre a colonialidade do direito.