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Gorbata, L. "CURRENT ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL OPEN DATA CHARTER IN UKRAINE." Investytsiyi: praktyka ta dosvid, no. 4 (March 2, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.32702/2306-6814.2021.4.109.
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Velasco Tirado, Ana, Antonio F. Rodríguez, Celia Sevilla Sánchez, and Juan Manuel Rodríguez. "A Spanish Standard for defining Open Geographic Data." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-380-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> There are a wide variety of initiatives and guidelines recommending publishing government data, especially geospatial data as open data, for instance:</p><p>G8 launched in June 2013 in a meeting in Lough Erne (Ireland) the G8 Open Data Charter recognizing that Open Data improves Governance and it is an innovation engine. Geographic data where included as one of the areas of great value. The eight countries were committed to approve an action plan before 2013 October and yearly publish a report.</p><p>G20 and United Nations supports the International Open Data Charter since 2015 extending the former proposal to all the countries. Six basic principles are defined: data should be open by default, timely and comprehensive, accessible and usable, comparable and interoperable, for improved Governance and Citizen Engagement, and for inclusive development and innovation. Until now 19 national and 43 local governments has adopted the chart and 46 organisations has endorsed it.</p><p>The European Interoperability Framework v2, approved by the European Commission on March 2017 to improve the quality of European public services devotes a full section to explain what exactly Open Data is and to support it.</p><p>The United Nations Global Geographic Information Management (UN GGIM) recognizes in its Integrated Geospatial Information Framework – Part 1 Overarching Strategic Framework (July 2018) that geospatial information is a key component of the government’s open data agendas which stimulates opportunities and include government delivery systems focused on the citizen in an efficient and effective way.</p><p>But, although it seems there is a wide consensus on the positive effect of having governamental Open Data, and there is a common understanding of the theoretical meaning of Open Data (data with no barriers for use and reuse by everybody under any circumstances) there is not a common practical understanding about what Open Data is. In our opinion, the more detailed and precise technical definition of Open Data is due to the Open Knowledge International (opendefinition.org), but the problem is that there is not an Abstract Test Suite to check and verify if a dataset is published fulfilling the requirements defined in it.</p><p>By the other hand, Open Data are not yet widely implemented. The Global Open Data Index 2018 states that the National Map 1: 250,000 data are published as Open Data only in the 10 % of the countries studied. We think one of the reasons of the lack of implementation Open Geographic Data (OGD) is that there is no a standard easily verifiable technical definition of OGD.</p><p>Because of that, the Spanish Standardization Technical Committee 148 “Digital Geographic Information” decided in 2016 to define a Spanish standard on Open Geographic Data to have an objective procedure to verify and certify if a geospatial dataset is published or not as Open Data, as a tool to promote and support Open Data.</p><p>UNE 148004:2018 “Datos geográficos abiertos” (Open Geographic Data) was approved in 2018 after following the standard UNE processes, including two rounds of comments and one public information period. More than the eighty five per cent of the comments received were totally or partially accepted and we think the result reflects the consensus reached in the Spanish geographic data community around this topic.</p><p>This Spanish standard stablish a technical full and detailed definition of what exactly is Open Geographic Data (OGD) and defines a set of objective requirements to be fulfilled in order to publish a geographic dataset as Open Data. It is based in three main principles:</p><ul><li>Principle of minimizing barriers, following the idea that Open Data are data published without economic, technical and legal barriers for their use and reuse.</li><li>Principle of no-discrimination of any kind of users, field of application, social group and future use of data.</li><li>Principle of technological neutrality, which is in fact a particularization of the former one, stating that any user shall be discriminated on the basis of the technological solutions (browser, operating system, software…) he has chosen.</li></ul><p>Applying those general principles, UNE 148004:2018 defines four conceptual levels for geographic data in the way of progress towards having OGD: available, well described, under an open license and in an open format geographic data. It provides also an Abstract Test Suit for verifying and certifying, if required, Open Geographic Data.</p><p>In this communication a general approach to open geographic data, a justification for developing this standard and a brief and complete summary of its contents and prescription are given. We think this new Spanish standard will promote and support Open Data in the field of Geographic Information and we hope it will promote the progress and grow of the Spanish geospatial sector.</p>
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Grinshkun, V. V., and O. Yu Zaslavskaya. "«BIG DATA» IN EDUCATION: INTERNATIONAL AND RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE." BULLETIN Series of Physics & Mathematical Sciences 71, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-3.1728-7901.29.
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Big data analysis and their free circulation can serve as a basis for qualitative changes, the formation of a new modern and dynamically developing education system. The article analyzes data on the educational process, which will make it possible to better assess teachers and, if necessary, make changes to the content of their training. As data for the analysis, information about the traits of the student's character, his success in learning, and previous work experience are used. One of the significant points in terms of collecting and structuring big data in Russian education is the creation and implementation of the Moscow Electronic School project. Big data collection and analysis technologies open up great prospects for creating new positive learning experiences and highly effective expansion of lifelong learning competencies.
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Sihotang, Hotmaulina, and Stevanie Datrix. "Character education in schools implementing national curriculum and international baccalaureate." TERAPUTIK: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling 1, no. 3 (March 15, 2018): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.26539/1387.
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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the implementation of the character education program of Junior and Senior High School Victory Plus School using the national curriculum and International Baccalaureate. The research method used is mix method. The result of data analysis showed that the average self-concept score was 2.65 (less good); self-management is 2.73 (good); and social services is 2.73 (good) in the implementation of courageous, honest, active, mindful, innovative, open minded, and nobel (champion) value. The value of champion is relevant to the value of the national curriculum character but the value of hard work, religion, democracy, the spirit of nationality, and the love of the homeland have not yet appeared. The balanced and reflective values in the learner profile are not yet visible.
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Ventura, Filipa, Cristina R. B. Costeira, Rosa Silva, Daniela Cardoso, and Cláudia Oliveira. "Person-Centered Practice in the Portuguese Healthcare Services: A Scoping Review Protocol." Nursing Reports 12, no. 1 (March 18, 2022): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nursrep12010024.
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Recognizing the importance of the international advancements on person-centered practice (PCP) with positive implementation outcomes at the varied levels of healthcare systems, this scoping review will examine the PCP in Portuguese healthcare services. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidance for scoping reviews will be followed. The Population (P) Concept (C) Context (C) mnemonic will scaffold research questions, the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the searching strategy. Literature reporting on person-centeredness domains at the macro-, meso-, and micro levels applied to Portuguese healthcare services in Portuguese and English will be considered for inclusion. Accordingly, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, LILACS, SCIELO, Open Access Scientific Repository of Portugal (RCAAP), and Open gray will be searched. The literature will be screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers, first by title and abstract and subsequently by full text. A data extraction matrix designed to answer the research questions will be used for the included literature. The charted data will be thematically analyzed and presented graphically, with a narrative description of the literature characteristics. The results are expected to inform healthcare stakeholders at varying levels about the PCP domains where further improvements might be required in order to raise the quality of care to the international gold standards.
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Ahirrao, Pritam, and Smita Khan. "Assessing Public Open Spaces: A Case of City Nagpur, India." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094997.
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Major Indian cities have a lower public open space (POS)-capita ratio and do not meet national and international standards. Moreover, factors such as lack of design guidelines for POSs, limited funding, and lack of public participation have affected these limitedly available POSs and made them ineffective and incapable of meeting the contemporary needs of a diverse range of users. Therefore, it is essential to make them not only inclusive, user-friendly, attractive, and efficient, but also socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable in order to serve the various facilities and services at their optimum level. This study includes the assessment of two POSs to identify strengths and deficiencies that affect their character and use. These POSs are public parks, provide free access to users and are located in the city of Nagpur. For assessment, the study proposed the Public Open Space Index (POSI) that combines five aspects: Individual well-being, Inclusiveness, Engagement, Sustainable spaces, and Management.A mixed methods approach was considered for data collection, including a self-administered questionnaire survey and observations.According to the results, POSs have strengths in that they facilitate social cohesion, engagement, and basic facilities. POSs do not encourage equitable access and sustainable practices, which are considered deficiencies.The study helps planners, designers, and parenting authority to develop initiatives to make these limited POSs inclusive, functional, and sustainable.
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Petihakis, George, Leonidas Perivoliotis, Gerasimos Korres, Dionysios Ballas, Constantin Frangoulis, Paris Pagonis, Manolis Ntoumas, et al. "An integrated open-coastal biogeochemistry, ecosystem and biodiversity observatory of the eastern Mediterranean – the Cretan Sea component of the POSEIDON system." Ocean Science 14, no. 5 (October 12, 2018): 1223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1223-2018.
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Abstract. There is a general scarcity of oceanic observations that concurrently examine air–sea interactions, coastal–open-ocean processes and physical–biogeochemical processes, in appropriate spatiotemporal scales and under continuous, long-term data acquisition schemes. In the Mediterranean Sea, the resulting knowledge gaps and observing challenges increase due to its oligotrophic character, especially in the eastern part of the basin. The oligotrophic open Cretan Sea's biogeochemistry is considered to be representative of a greater Mediterranean area up to 106 km2, and understanding its features may be useful on even larger oceanic scales, since the Mediterranean Sea has been considered a miniature model of the global ocean. The spatiotemporal coverage of biogeochemical (BGC) observations in the Cretan Sea has progressively increased over the last decades, especially since the creation of the POSEIDON observing system, which has adopted a multiplatform, multivariable approach, supporting BGC data acquisition. The current POSEIDON system's status includes open and coastal sea fixed platforms, a Ferrybox (FB) system and Bio-Argo autonomous floats that remotely deliver fluorescence as a proxy of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), O2, pH and pCO2 data, as well as BGC-related physical variables. Since 2010, the list has been further expanded to other BGC (nutrients, vertical particulate matter fluxes), ecosystem and biodiversity (from viruses up to zooplankton) variables, thanks to the addition of sediment traps, frequent research vessel (R/V) visits for seawater–plankton sampling and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) delivering information on macrozooplankton–micronekton vertical migration (in the epipelagic to mesopelagic layer). Gliders and drifters are the new (currently under integration to the existing system) platforms, supporting BGC monitoring. Land-based facilities, such as data centres, technical support infrastructure, calibration laboratory and mesocosms, support and give added value to the observatory. The data gathered from these platforms are used to improve the quality of the BGC-ecosystem model predictions, which have recently incorporated atmospheric nutrient deposition processes and assimilation of satellite Chl-a data. Besides addressing open scientific questions at regional and international levels, examples of which are presented, the observatory provides user-oriented services to marine policy makers and the society, and is a technological test bed for new and/or cost-efficient BGC sensor technology and marine equipment. It is part of European and international observing programs, playing a key role in regional data handling and participating in harmonization and best practices procedures. Future expansion plans consider the evolving scientific and society priorities, balanced with sustainable management.
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Mt Akhir, Norizan, Siti Rasidah Md Sakip, Mohamed Yusoff Abbas, and Noriah Othman. "Landscape Spatial Character: Students’ preferences on outdoor campus spaces." Asian Journal of Quality of Life 3, no. 13 (August 26, 2018): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajqol.v3i13.165.
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The landscape is important in spatial development for campus space. Fundamentally, planting composition generates a character of the outdoor space. It could offer an enormous influence on visual quality, student performance and quality of life. This paper investigated the preferences and usage of outdoor campus space provided by universities during students’ leisure time. The data were collected through structured interviews at Research Universities in Malaysia. The results showed a relationship between preferences for landscape setting and utilisation index. Hence, this study suggested, the planting design is substantial to generate the space character which stimulates the use of outdoor campus space.Keywords: Spatial character; students’ preferences; outdoor campus space; quality of life.eISSN 2398-4279 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ajqol.v3i13.165
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KOUTSOS, T. V., and M. KOUTSIKA-SOTIRIOU. "Genetic diversity in four cabbage populations based on UPOV and IPGRI description forms and allozyme variation." Journal of Agricultural Science 136, no. 3 (May 2001): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601008723.
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Morphophysiological characters, designated as descriptors by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), and allozyme variation were used to study genetic diversity among four cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) open pollinated (OP) populations. The morphological and physiological characters, and gene frequencies among OP populations were analysed by using cluster (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Both methods gave the same clustering of OP populations. The relationships found among OP populations by analysing UPOV descriptors (30 characters) and IPGRI descriptors (30+14 characters) were similar. The relationships among OP populations obtained from gene frequencies were not similar to those obtained from morphophysiological characters, but two of the four OP populations were clustered together by both categories of data. The biggest correlation between the relationships among OP populations obtained from morphophysiological characters and those obtained from gene frequencies was r = −0·44 and r =−0·38 given by PCA and CA respectively. The importance of each character or allele with respect to the relationships among OP populations were also detected by PCA.
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Goldberg, Jörg. "Afrika und die neuen asiatischen Wirtschaftsmächte." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 40, no. 161 (December 1, 2010): 585–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v40i161.374.
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The increasing role of the emerging economies of Asia, particularly of China, has changed the economic and political environment of Africa. Data on trade, foreign investments and development cooperation indicate that Africa’s dependence on industrialised countries is decreasing. African countries prefer partnerships with China and India because these do not come with policy conditions imposing the cures of the Washington Consensus. At the same time, South-South Cooperation is a mechanism for increasing Africa’s bargaining power in global affairs. However, the current pattern of economic relations with Asia replicates the capitalist character of Africa’s trade with Europe, in which Africa exports commodities and imports manufactures. The regional diversification of economic relations and the increasing international importance of Asia open more policy space for African governments. But it depends on the capacity of African governments and civil society organisations to transfer these opportunities into development progress.
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Petrasek, Jan, Klara Hoyerova, Vaclav Motyka, Jan Hejatko, Petre Dobrev, Miroslav Kaminek, and Radomira Vankova. "Auxins and Cytokinins in Plant Development 2018." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040909.
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The international symposium “Auxins and Cytokinins in Plant Development” (ACPD), which is held every 4–5 years in Prague, Czech Republic, is a meeting of scientists interested in the elucidation of the action of two important plant hormones—auxins and cytokinins. It is organized by a group of researchers from the Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants at the Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences. The symposia already have a long tradition, having started in 1972. Thanks to the central role of auxins and cytokinins in plant development, the ACPD 2018 symposium was again attended by numerous experts who presented their results in the opening, two plenary lectures, and six regular sessions, including two poster sessions. Due to the open character of the research community, which is traditionally very well displayed during the meeting, a lot of unpublished data were presented and discussed. In this report, we summarize the contributions in individual sessions that attracted our attention.
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Isangula, Kahabi, Grace Edwards, Tumbwene Mwansisya, Columba Mbekenga, Eunice Pallangyo, Ahmed Sarki, and Eunice Ndirangu-Mugo. "Open and Distance Learning Programs for Nursing and Midwifery Education in East Africa: Protocol for a Scoping Review." JMIR Research Protocols 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): e17765. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17765.
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Background In the face of growing modernity and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, open and distance learning (ODL) is considered to play an important role in increasing access to education worldwide. There is a robust evidence base demonstrating its cost effectiveness in comparison with conventional class-based teaching; however, the transition to this new paradigm of learning for nursing and midwifery courses has been difficult in low-income countries. While there are notable efforts to increase internet and education access to health care professionals, not much is known about ODL for nurses and midwives in East African countries. Objective The objective of this scoping review is to understand whether ODL programs for nursing and midwifery education exist, the drivers of their adoption, their implementation, the topics/courses covered, their acceptability, and their impacts in East African countries. Methods The scoping review methodology employs the framework developed by Arksey and O’Malley. Using an exploratory approach, a two-stage screening process consisting of a title and abstract scan and a full-text review will be used to determine the eligibility of articles. To be included, articles must report on an existing ODL initiative for nurses and midwives in Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya. All articles will be independently assessed for eligibility by pairs of reviewers, and all eligible articles will be abstracted and charted in duplicate using a standardized form. Results Details of ODL for nursing and midwifery education initiatives and study outcomes will be summarized in a table. The extracted data will undergo exploratory descriptive analysis, and the results will be classified into learner and clinical outcomes. Conclusions Evidence on ODL for nursing and midwifery education will inform the ongoing development and restructuring of health care professional education in East Africa amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/17765
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Allik, Jüri, Anu Realo, René Mõttus, Helle Pullmann, Anastasia Trifonova, and Robert R. McCrae. "Personality traits of Russians from the observer's perspective." European Journal of Personality 23, no. 7 (November 2009): 567–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.721.
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Data were collected by the members of the Russian character and personality survey from 39 samples in 33 administrative areas of the Russian Federation. Respondents (N = 7065) identified an ethnically Russian adult or college‐aged man or woman whom they knew well and rated the target using the Russian observer rating version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, which measures neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Factor analyses within samples showed that the factor structure of an international sample combining data from 50 different cultures was well replicated in all 39 Russian samples. Sex differences replicated the known pattern in all samples, demonstrating that women scored higher than men on most of the neuroticism, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness facet scales. Cross‐sectional analyses demonstrated consistent age differences for four factors: Older individuals compared to younger ones were less extraverted and open but more agreeable and conscientious. The mean levels of traits were similar in all 39 samples. Although in general personality traits in Russians closely followed the universal pattern, some reliable culture‐specific effects were also found that future studies can help interpret. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Błach, Joanna, and Monika Klimontowicz. "The Determinants of PayTech’s Success in the Mobile Payment Market—The Case of BLIK." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14090422.
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FinTech and its interaction with banking is widely discussed today as a new phenomenon notwithstanding the relationship between technology and financial services is not a new topic. Most of the research focuses on innovations and determinants of their adoptions including among other innovations in the payment system. The studies dedicated directly to PayTechs as a special kind of a FinTech entity and its market activity are a relatively new field of research. This paper aims to fill this gap. The multidimensional character of this exploratory research causes the necessity to apply various research methods, including both inductive and deductive methods, together with comparative analysis. The theoretical analysis conducted in the paper for defining PayTechs from the perspective of business model and market behavior was based on an in-depth literature review. In this section, the inductive method and comparative analysis were mostly applied. The empirical part of the paper includes the analysis of quantitative data published by the National Bank of Poland (NBP), Central Statistical Office (GUS), and Bank for International Settlements (BIS). The subject of the case is the Polish Payment Standard referred to as BLIK implemented in Poland in 2015 for mobile payments. The BLIK diffusion is measured by the number of entrants and acceptants as well as the scope of transactions while the adoption by the number of customers using BLIK in everyday transactions. The results present the market behavior of BLIK as an open business model and the key success factors of BLIK adoption and diffusion and the determinants for further open payment innovations’ development. The newly developed definition of PayTechs, the identification of the major components of the PayTech open business model, as well as the indication of the key success factors of adoption and diffusion of m-payments, constitute the original contribution of the paper.
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Mascalzoni, Deborah, Edward S. Dove, Yaffa Rubinstein, Hugh J. S. Dawkins, Anna Kole, Pauline McCormack, Simon Woods, et al. "International Charter of principles for sharing bio-specimens and data." European Journal of Human Genetics 23, no. 6 (September 24, 2014): 721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2014.197.
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Petrov, A. V., and D. A. Donika. "ETHICAL AND LEGAL PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Bioethics 26, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/2070-1586-2020-2(26)-29-32.
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In the article these are considered ethical and legal problems caused by the ongoing pandemic of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). New challenges for health care, economy, education not only revealed rather a high level of stability and mobility, but also showed a poor readiness of response to sudden risks, which had a certain impact on all spheres of life of the whole society. The authors have conducted a brief cross-cultural analysis of the issue basing on data quoted by the international network of UNESCO chairs in bioethics, sessions of the Bioethics Committee within the RF Commission on UNESCO affairs, as well as official open sources of the health care system and judicial sphere of the Russian Federation. Strong reciprocal link of legal risks in the interdisciplinary field of medicine and law are made discernable: on the one hand, introduction of sanitary and hygienic regulations (using of personal protection gear, sanitary processing, maintaining social distance, etc.) are aimed at the realization of the right of protecting the health, while on the other hand they represent a violation of basic human rights. Besides the theoretical approach to the problem of the observance of the constitutional rights of citizens in the pandemic conditions there exists a real threat of their violation due to absence of special mechanisms of their realization in frames of sanitary and hygienic measures with regard to the vulnerable and socially disadvantaged sections in the society. It is made conclusion about necessity of the international collaboration for the purpose of joint decision-making and action in the sphere of health care taking into account an international character of ethical and legal challenges triggered by COVID-19 pandemic, as well as national, economic, cultural and confessional peculiarities.
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Clark, Nathan E. "Gauging the Effectiveness of Soft Law in Theory and Practice: A Case Study of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters." Air and Space Law 43, Issue 1 (February 1, 2018): 77–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2018006.
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The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters is a voluntary partnership among national space agencies that provide free satellite earth observation data and information to disaster-affected States. As a nonbinding, multilateral instrument, the Charter has grown in its members, reach and application over its seventeen-year lifespan. To date, the Charter has been activated over 550 times and has provided data to 119 countries. This article provides a discussion on the current legal status of the Charter and the effectiveness of the Charter as a global governance mechanism in light of its mandate and ongoing operations. The article draws from previous reports and scholarship on the Charter, data collected through semi-structured interviews with Charter members and users, and the results from a survey distributed to Charter end users which aimed to gather information relating to the users’ experience accessing and using Charter products, as well as information relating to the extent to which the Charter contributions improved the end users’ existing disaster management capabilities. Overall the article finds that as a soft law instrument and governance tool, the Charter has been highly effective in both a legal and operational context and may provide a useful example for international cooperation in other global policy areas.
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Wahid, Umaimah, and Sidik Pramono. "Public Relations Strategy in the Socialization of Five-Day School Policy as Reconstruction of Indonesia Younger Generation." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 5, SI1 (June 1, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5isi1.2290.
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This report aimed to report how the Education and Culture Ministry responded to the mass media spotlight and public criticism related to full-day school education. The case study method with in-depth interviews and observations were used to collect the data. The study result explained the Education and Culture Ministry carried out public relations strategies such as publications, events, news, and negotiations to socialize full-day school policy and involved non-governmental organizations and community leaders to maximize the results. This program is still a debate in the community but is continuing as an effort to build the character of Indonesia's young generation.Keywords: Strategy public relations, the ministry of education and culture, Five-day school, Young generation-Indonesia. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5iSI1.2290
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Boulton, Geoffrey. "International accord on open data." Nature 530, no. 7590 (February 2016): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/530281c.
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Mahmood, A., E. Cubero-Castan, G. Platzeck, and J. Bequignon. "South American perspective of the International Charter "Space and Major Disasters"." Advances in Geosciences 14 (January 2, 2008): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-14-13-2008.
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Abstract. The International Charter "Space and Major Disasters" is about joint operations and tasking of imaging satellites and other space resources of the member space agencies and operators in the delivery of information products to assist in responding to disasters of natural and technological causes. Authorized Users, who are the civil protection, emergency response or similar organizations of a state that is member of the Charter, can request the data and products. A specialist, called the Project Manager (PM), manages the overall data acquisition and delivery process. Regional initiatives, as for the Latin American countries, are under way to involve PMs from non-member states to have access to satellite data and apply these to disaster coverage in their respective regions. Volcanic eruptions are typical examples of disasters that affect the Latin American countries. A few Charter activations on this disaster type are described to highlight the information products provided under the Charter.
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Jóźwik, Katarzyna, Marcin Słodkowski, and Urszula Stępień. "Selected cartographic products of the Polish Geological Survey in light of the international data standards and OneGeology experience." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-153-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> According to the Polish Geological and Mining Law, the Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute (PGI-NRI) acts as the Polish Geological Survey and as such (i.a.) “coordinates and performs works in the field of geological mapping (…)” as well as “collects, provides, processes and stores geological information.”</p><p>It is to be noted that not only has the PGI-NRI been a main provider of geological maps in Poland but it has also held a leader position in introducing GIS based solutions to the map production chain. All of the geological cartographic compilations realized by the PGI-NRI’s Geological Mapping and Regional Geology Programme use dedicated GIS applications or advanced cartographic tools provided by ESRI. Digital geological map data is stored in the Central Geological Database, where it is divided into appropriate Spatial Database Engine (SDE) layers according to its scale, geometry and nature.</p><p>Nevertheless, because the currently applied production solutions are designed for printed maps specifically, some of the serial maps are originally divided into the paper sheets. Therefore the consistency of the GIS layers needs to be verified in order to develop a harmonized digital map. The issue is clearly visible e.g. in case of the Detailed Geological Map of Poland 1:50k which is a fundamental product of the Polish geological cartography published by the PGI-NRI since 1954. The whole edition of the Detailed Geological Map of Poland consists of 1069 map sheets. Consecutive map sheets compiled in the previous years are being gradually updated to reflect the current state of the geological structure recognition, what results in the necessity to extend the list of geological units.</p><p>In case of other compilations, such as e.g. the Detailed Geological Map of the Tatra Mountains 1:10k or Lithogenetic Map of Poland 1:50k, that base on the available map sheets of the Detailed Geological Map of Poland, it has been possible to prepare closed vocabularies in advance and so they are unified for the entire series.</p><p>All the same, the cartographic product that stands out here is the Geological Map of Poland 1:1M – developed as a Polish contribution to the OneGeology initiative – the international initiative of geological surveys and organizations. A new concept of a global GeoSciML (Geoscience Markup Language) exchange language has been tested in OneGeology-Europe and OneGeology-Global. The resulted approach has led to the establishment of harmonization procedures for geological maps in Europe and worldwide in a distributed network. The Geological Map of Poland 1:1M has been the first Polish geological map adjusted and translated (almost 10 years ago) into the GeoSciML language (prototype version of a standard). The map uses the GeoSciML vocabularies and GeoSciMLite data model. GeoSciML is a GML (Geographic Markup Language) specification for geological data description and since 2017 an official OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) standard that comprises both – a full GeoSciML model (GeoSciML Basic and GeoSciML Extension) as well as the simplified one – so called GeoSciMLite. The GeoSciML vocabularies are maintained and managed externally by the IUGS-CGI (Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information – a subcommittee of the International Union of Geological Sciences).</p><p>The Geological Map of Poland 1:1M was originally compiled in 2008 and followed by the other maps to a scale of 1:1M (Glaciotectonic Map of Poland, Bedrock Horizontal Cutting Map of Poland with 6 levels of horizontal cutting and Bedrock Geological Map of Poland) in the years 2011-2013. The PGI-NRI plans to update all of the maps 1:1M according to the current geological knowledge and upgrade them to the newest version of GeoSciML in the years 2019-2020.</p><p>Simultaneously, in light of the European INSPIRE directive that obliges the EU member countries to transform their spatial data into the one unified (in case of geological data – GeoSciML based) model, the PGI-NRI plans to apply the OneGeology experience and best practices to make geological data from other cartographic projects semantically and technically interoperable on the European and global level.</p><p>Both GeoSciML and INSPIRE vocabularies are being introduced to the currently compiled cartographic products such as the Polish part of the International Quaternary Map of Europe 1:2,5M (IQUAME) and a new edition of Geological Maps of Poland 1:500k. Depending on the purpose and character of the product (realized on a domestic ground or within the international cooperation etc.) they are to be used exclusively or along with the traditional terms and/or Polish translation. The GeoSciML terminology will also be gradually incorporated into continued serial compilations such as e.g. the Detailed Geological Map of Poland 1:50k. Mapping national dictionaries regarding i.a.: lithology, stratigraphy, genesis of the deposits etc. to the GeoSciML/INSPIRE vocabularies is a complex task. Although it can be partially based on the outcomes of the OneGeology initiative, the technology is still in the test phase and requires a close cooperation between technical experts and scientists.</p><p>In fact, the preliminary results of the works on the Polish contribution to the IQUAME project have already revealed some problematic issues concerning description of the Quaternary (especially glacial) deposits. Apart from the substantial inadequacies and gaps in the existing terminology, there are also discrepancies in case of its hierarchy. What is more, the INSPIRE hierarchy limited to the parent-child relations appears to be insufficient, especially in case of larger-scale compilations. That is why the PGI-NRI considers applying the hierarchical structure of the GeoSciML terminology based on the one developed in the frame of the OneGeology initiative. In case of the serial cartographic products whose legends were originally designed for the purposes of the printed versions, the parallel works should encompass unification of the vocabularies from different map sheets.</p><p>In order to apply the GeoSciML and INSPRE exchange formats, the structure of the GIS databases have to be redesigned. The currently compiled products (IQUAME and Geological Maps of Poland 1:500k) remain flat but at the same time they include main elements of the destined GeoSciML model. This solution follows the one applied in OneGeology and will facilitate easier transition to the proper GeoSciML files in the next steps. To transform the data from the spatial database to the GeoSciML and INSPIRE GML format the PGI-NRI plans to use the available ETL (“extract, transform, load”) tools (hale studio or FME – Feature Manipulation Engine).</p>
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Mascalzoni, Deborah, Edward S. Dove, Yaffa Rubinstein, Hugh JS Dawkins, Anna Kole, Pauline McCormack, Simon Woods, et al. "Erratum: International Charter of principles for sharing bio-specimens and data." European Journal of Human Genetics 24, no. 7 (June 16, 2016): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2015.237.
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Samadi, Zalina, Dasimah Omar, and Rodzyah Mohd Yunus. "On-Street Visual Analysis on Jalan Hang Jebat, Melaka." Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies 3, no. 9 (July 1, 2018): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v3i9.27.
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Outdoor space in between heritage buildings of heritage streets defines as ‘outdoor living room’. Whether it’s impressively ‘heritage’ or ‘commercially’ character; physical and socio-cultural characteristics of the streets have great influence towards eliciting on-street pedestrian model. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between timeframe and density, activity and movement based on the on-street cultural phenomenon. For the purpose of this paper, the presentation unveiled one section of the study which shares the analysis on-street’s aerial-visual data only. Unobtrusive methods were employed through Digital Photography and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) at Jalan Hang Jebat, Melaka. The objectives of this study are to interpret density, activity and movement analysis.
Keywords: Outstanding Value; Outdoor Living Room; Pedestrian Pattern; Street Shopping.
1394-0384 © 2013. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v3i9.27
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Lee, Julak, and Urangoo Khash-Erdene. "Developing the National Capacity for Preventing Terrorism. The Case of Mongolia." Russian Journal of Criminology 12, no. 3 (June 18, 2018): 444–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(3).444-453.
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The paper examines the challenges of the «turbulent» modern world where threats have a global character. The issue of security cannot be studied outside the global trends, and fighting terrorism is paramount for organizing a safe space and establishing stability in the region. It is urgent to solve the problems of unregulated migration, the threat of using the weapons of mass destruction and means of their delivery, radioactive, toxic and other hazardous materials and production technologies for terrorism purposes. Mongolia, a democratic country with a market economy, a nomadic culture and a rich heritage, is becoming more attractive for the outside world. Today it not only poses a great cultural, tourist and investment interest, but is also open to various threats: spread of extremist ideology and radical religious groups, illegal migration, legalization of criminal income and all the resulting consequences. The authors present their evaluation and conduct a comparative analysis of the actual condition of Mongolias legal environment, its institutes and counter-terrorism structures, they outline internal and external factors that determine the possible threats and suggest ways of eliminating them. The authors also describe the specific geopolitical situation of the country and the mentality of its people; they evaluate the risk connected with the participation of Mongolian military in peacekeeping operations and the special operations of the international coalition of forces and the UNO, public vigilance and public awareness about the possible terrorist threats. The authors believe that all these factors could increase the threat of international terrorism. This situation requires the development of the counter-terrorism potential, including the prevention, identification, suppression and investigation of crimes of terrorism and extremism as well as the minimization of their consequences. The study of empirical materials through the analysis and synthesis of statistical and sociological data allows the authors to state that the problems of developing the counter-terrorism potential require serious scientific research; the authors conclude that it is necessary to create and improve a unified national system and structure of the countrys security in close cooperation with the international community.
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Beljanski, Slobodan. "Combating the organized crime by means of an unorganized law." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 75, no. 9-10 (2003): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv0306192b.
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The author points out the differences in definitions of organized crime and the problems that may occur in application of provisions having undetermined or open contents. In the second part of the work the author analyses disharmony that exists between certain provisions of the amended law on organization and competence of state authorities in combat against organized crime with the constitution of the Republic of Serbia, the Constitutional charter, the Charter on Human and minority rights and civil rights, the International Covenant on civil and political rights and the Convention against torture and other severe, inhuman or degrading sentences or procedures.
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Srinivasa Rao, G., C. M. Bhatt, and P. G. Diwaker. "International Charter Support during Major Flood Disasters in India." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (December 23, 2014): 1501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1501-2014.
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Earth observation (EO) satellites provide near real time, comprehensive, synoptic and multi-temporal coverage of inaccessible areas at frequent intervals, which is required support for a quick response and planning of emergency operations. Owing to their merits, satellite images have become an integral part of disaster management and are being extensively used globally for mapping, monitoring and damage assessment of extreme disaster events. During major disaster, information derived from satellite observation is not only highly useful, it may at times be indispensable because of the unfavourable weather conditions, collapse of communication systems and inaccessibility to the area. Satellite images help in identifying the location of the disaster, its severity and the extent. The International Charter "Space and Major Disasters" has been the major sources of satellite data, in times of catastrophic disasters, due to availability of data from large number of sensors (with 15 organisations as signatories), which can be planned with the required temporal frequency and spectral range to cover a disaster event. During last three years, International Charter has been activated regularly, during major disasters in India. Satellite data from different sensors is obtained and was used for improving the frequency of observations, and extracting detailed information. This is used during floods in Assam (2012), floods in Uttarakhand (2013), cyclone Phailin (2013) and floods in Jammu and Kashmir (2014). The present paper discusses the role of International Charter in effective flood disaster management in India during recent past.
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Styrin, Evgeny, Luis Felipe Luna-Reyes, and Teresa M. Harrison. "Open data ecosystems: an international comparison." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 11, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 132–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-01-2017-0006.
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Purpose In this paper, the authors compare the open government data (OGD) ecosystems of Mexico, Russia and the USA in an effort to extract some of the major points of similarity and differentiation between these countries and to trace how variations in these ecosystems may be related to context-specific historical problems and politics, particularly with regard to the possibility of sustained and institutionalized practice. Design/methodology/approach The authors take a comparative approach, using a set of concepts commonly applied to the three countries to analyze similarities and differences within this group. The authors gathered textual data and information, the searches for relevant documents guided by a set of concepts or criteria that are frequently used in studies of government’s open data readiness assessment. Findings The authors conclude by focusing on the very different national exigencies that have given rise to open data ecosystems in the three countries, the variations in policy vehicles and implementation schemes that have instantiated open data practices within the three ecosystems and the common challenges that each country faces in institutionalizing OGD programs beyond the tenures of their current executives. Originality/value OGD is an information policy with near global relevance and increasing application. Practitioners and scholars alike have used the concept of an “ecosystem” to guide their approach to implementing this policy and to theorizing its scope and benefits. The international comparison is original and adds to the current understanding of an ecosystem approach to OGD.
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Warren, Lara Elisabeth. "International Space Station Open-Source Data." Patterns 1, no. 9 (December 2020): 100172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2020.100172.
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Stefanov, W. L., and C. A. Evans. "Data Collection for Disaster Response from the International Space Station." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 29, 2015): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-851-2015.
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Remotely sensed data acquired by orbital sensor systems has emerged as a vital tool to identify the extent of damage resulting from a natural disaster, as well as providing near-real time mapping support to response efforts on the ground and humanitarian aid efforts. The International Space Station (ISS) is a unique terrestrial remote sensing platform for acquiring disaster response imagery. Unlike automated remote-sensing platforms it has a human crew; is equipped with both internal and externally-mounted remote sensing instruments; and has an inclined, low-Earth orbit that provides variable views and lighting (day and night) over 90 percent of the inhabited surface of the Earth. As such, it provides a useful complement to autonomous sensor systems in higher altitude polar orbits. NASA remote sensing assets on the station began collecting International Charter, Space and Major Disasters, also known informally as the International Disaster Charter (IDC) response data in May 2012. Since the start of IDC response in 2012, and as of late March 2015, there have been 123 IDC activations; NASA sensor systems have collected data for thirty-four of these events. Of the successful data collections, eight involved two or more ISS sensor systems responding to the same event. Data has also been collected by International Partners in response to natural disasters, most notably JAXA and Roscosmos/Energia through the Urugan program.
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McDermott, Yvonne. "Conceptualising the right to data protection in an era of Big Data." Big Data & Society 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 205395171668699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053951716686994.
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In 2009, with the enactment of the Lisbon Treaty, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union entered into force. Under Article 8 of the Charter, for the first time, a stand-alone fundamental right to data protection was declared. The creation of this right, standing as a distinct right to the right to privacy, is undoubtedly significant, and it is unique to the European legal order, being absent from other international human rights instruments. This commentary examines the parameters of this new right to data protection, asking what are the principles underpinning the right. It argues that the right reflects some key values inherent in the European legal order, namely: privacy, transparency, autonomy and nondiscrimination. It also analyses some of the challenges in implementing this right in an era of ubiquitous veillance practices and Big Data.
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Liang, Jessica. "Modifying the UN Charter through Subsequent Practice: Prospects for the Charter's Revitalisation." Nordic Journal of International Law 81, no. 1 (2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181011x618730.
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Despite the vast challenges facing the United Nations in its ever expanding mandate, the task of reforming the organisation remains encumbered by its onerous amendment procedures. Recent attempts to instigate formal changes to the Charter of the United Nations have all failed. In this context, it is argued that greater attention should be paid to the other ways in which changes can be made to the Charter. The subsequent practice of member states and organs can play an important role in informing changes to the Charter's application. The idea that treaties can be modified through subsequent practice is not new under international law. While it was rejected as a principle that should be codified under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, its utility is being presently re-considered by the International Law Commission. However, the functional potential of this doctrine vis-à-vis the Charter has attracted little academic scrutiny. This article pre-empts some of the issues that will be examined by the Commission, arguing that it is time to expand the role of subsequent practice, by not only using practice to inform interpretations to the Charter, but to embrace the opportunity for amendments to be also made through the subsequent practice of parties. This approach promises to open up greater prospects for the Charter's revitalisation. If the conditions for modification are carefully considered, the doctrine can be a useful instrument for Charter reform.
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Yakovleva, Svetlana. "Personal Data Transfers in International Trade and EU Law: A Tale of Two ‘Necessities’." Journal of World Investment & Trade 21, no. 6 (September 11, 2020): 881–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340189.
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Abstract Cross-border flows of personal data have become essential for international trade. European Union (EU) law restricts transfers of personal data to a degree that is arguably beyond what is permitted under the EU’s World Trade Organization commitments. These restrictions may be justified under trade law’s ‘necessity test.’ The article suggests that they may not pass this test. Yet, from an EU law perspective, the right to the protection of personal data is a fundamental right. An international transfer of personal data constitutes a derogation from this right and, therefore, must be consistent with another necessity test, the ‘strict necessity’ test of the derogation clause of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. This article shows how a simultaneous application of the trade law and EU Charter ‘necessities’ to EU restrictions on transfers of personal data creates a catch-22 situation and sketches the ways out of this compliance deadlock.
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Akintola, Abimbola A., Wilco P. Achterberg, and Monique A. A. Caljouw. "Non-pharmacological interventions for improving quality of life of long-term care residents with dementia: a scoping review protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 12 (December 2019): e032661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032661.
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IntroductionEvidence concerning the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions that are applied to people with dementia living in long-term care facilities is inconsistent. The purpose of this protocol is to describe the methodological considerations that will guide the completion of a scoping review that will inventorise and assess the effectiveness of the various non-pharmacological interventions that are documented in literature for improving quality of life of people with dementia living in long-term care.Methods and analysisThis scoping review will combine the methodology outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews and Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews by Peterset al. PubMed; MEDLINE; CINAHL; Embase; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Emcare; Sociological Abstracts and PsycINFO databases will be searched. Grey literature databases will also be explored. A two-stage screening process consisting of a title and abstract scan and a full-text review will be used to determine the eligibility of studies. Studies, irrespective of design, will be included that quantitatively assess quality of life of long-term care residents who receive non-pharmacological interventions for dementia. A pair of reviewers will independently assess all articles for eligibility, and all eligible articles will be abstracted and charted using a standardised form. The extracted data will undergo a ‘narrative review’ or a descriptive analysis of the contextual or process-oriented data and quantitative analysis reflecting the objectives of this scoping review.Ethics and disseminationResearch ethics approval is not required for this scoping review. This review started off in October 2018, anticipated end date is June 2020. We plan to disseminate this research through publications, presentations at relevant national and international conferences and meetings with relevant stakeholders. This scoping review protocol has been registered at Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/tupbv).
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Ningsih, Tutuk. "Empowering The Social Capital in The Religion-Based Character Education for The Elementary School Children in The Al-Irsyad 02 Elementary School Purwokerto." International Conference of Moslem Society 1 (October 24, 2016): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/icms.2016.1820.
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The study discussed the use of social capital in the religion-based character education for the elementary school children in the Al-Irsyad 02 Elementary School Purwokerto. The objectives of the study were to: (1) study the use of social capital in the religion-based character education within the learning process by means intracurricular and extracurricular activities and of school culture; (2) view the religion-based character education based on the aspect of cohesiveness and cooperation; and (3) view the religion-based character education based on the aspect of tolerance-solidarity within the learning process. For the data collection, the researcher performed the observation, the interview and the documentation. Then, in conducting the study the researcher selected the descriptive technique as the data analysis technique because the researcher would like to describe the data in order to solve the problem. Based on the results of the study, the researcher would like to draw the following conclusions. First, the social capital in the religion-based character education by means of teaching-learning process (intracurricular activities) has positive and important role for developing the character values of the students in the Al-Irsyad 02 Elementary School Purwokerto. The social capital in the religion-based character education becomes one of the school agendas in building the students’ potentials and competencies. The extracurricular activities also have positive role in supporting the process of internalizing the character values into the school community since the extracurricular activities, along with the intracurricular activities, have been related to the social and the religious aspects. Next, the culture of Al-Irsyad 02 Elementary School Purwokerto might be summarized into eight aspects. Second, the use of social capital, according to the perspective of cohesiveness and cooperation, within the daily learning process has been based on the religious values. The students of the elementary school always pray, do the dzikir and read the Koran every morning. The cohesiveness has enhanced the students’ discipline and solidarity and has created the students’ religious characteristics. Third, the use of social capital, according to the perspective of the aspects of solidarity and tolerance, within the religion-based character education has taken the form of social activities. For example, Al-Irsyad 02 Elementary School Purwokerto always holds the Open House event every second semester for each year and the objective of the event is to perform the syiar and the promotion. The event has been introduced by the elementary school since Al-Irsyad 02 Elementary School Purwokerto has the following slogan: “The Champion School.” The meaning of the slogan is that the elementary school becomes the place that gives birth to the national and the international champions. The elementary school, in other words, has been teaching their students to have good social characteristics.
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Taci, MSc Ornela. "International Legal Subjectivity: Concept and Reality in the UN." ILIRIA International Review 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v4i1.70.
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The article titled “International legal subjectivity: Concept and reality in the UN” the first, identifies debates on subjects of International Law briefly. The identification of debates serves to deal the creation of UNO (United Nations). Then, the article treates a brief historical overview on the functions of the UN since its creation until today to analyze international legal personality and its legal nature opposite functions that are dampened and transnational capabilities, the UN priority today. Also, it gives the reasons why the debate on UN reform should remain open.The aim of this study is to examine from the perspective of a qualitative methodology the characteristics of the legal status of the UN in space and in time to create a model based on Charter and on the real exercise of its functions but not according to denomination. The theories on international legal personality, the distribution of the United Nations and the consequences are not treated for this reason in this study. Also, historical and legal methods are used.The legal status of UNO is a tool to fulfil mission in approach of action of International Law, the challenge of the debate today. UNO was established in 1945 and acts are based on its Charter and international documents. The UN mission has changed today but the International Order is not in danger because the target of the UN is its renewal through reforms. The open debate on reform gives a contribution on evolution of International Law.
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Papaurėlytė-Klovienė, Silvija. "Representatives of neighbouring countries and their national character as reflected in the world outlook of the Lithuanian." Lietuvių kalba, no. 4 (October 25, 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2010.22855.
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The paper sets out to discuss character features attributed to Byelorussians, Latvians, Poles, Russians, Germans, i.e. representatives of neighbouring nations or those most prominent in the history of Lithuania as identified in the world outlook of the Lithuanian language. In other words, the paper aims at identifying ethnical stereotypes entrenched in the world outlook of the Lithuanian language. The data includes all collocations with all the words baltarusiškas (-a), latviškas (-a), lenkiškas (-a), rusiškas (-a), vokiškas (-a) in all their forms collected from the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian compiled at the Centre of Computer Linguistics of Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas. The results of the analysis into actual usage have been supplemented by the results of the content analysis of international anecdotes. The methodology of research is based on conceptual analysis.The results of investigation have shown that the closest neighbours are unlikely to be the best known. Representatives of Latvia and Belarus, or countries bordering on Lithuania, have been only fragmentary reflected in the world outlook of the Lithuanian language. Poles, Russians or Germans, the latter are usually not treated as neighbours, are much better known. The language world outlook has identified Polish patriotism and sometimes self-esteem going to the extremes. Russians are thought of as open, ingenuous people whose patriotic feelings might overstep certain boundaries and pose danger. The dominant feature of German national character is their inclination to order, sometimes also rather extreme.Such features might be due to several causes. Russians and Poles make up a large part of the population of national minorities of Lithuania, which is why they are seen as slightly closer. On the other hand, Lithuania is historically related to Poland, Russia and Germany.The language world outlook tends to provide more details on negative features. The tendency also applies when discussing the national character of representatives of other nations. Most outstanding features are verbalised hyperbolically and ironically.
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Ford, Michael R., and Douglas M. Ihrke. "School board member definitions of accountability." Journal of Educational Administration 55, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-04-2016-0040.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the differing ways in which nonprofit charter and traditional public school board members define the concept of accountability in the school or schools they oversee. The findings speak to the governing consequences of shifting oversight of public education from democratically elected bodies to unelected nonprofit governing boards. Design/methodology/approach The authors use originally collected survey data from democratically elected school board members and nonprofit charter school board members in Minnesota to test for differences in how these two populations view accountability. Open-ended survey questions are coded according to a previously used accountability typology. Findings The authors find that charter school board members are more likely than traditional public school board members to define accountability through high stakes testing as opposed to staff professionalization and bureaucratic systems. Originality/value The results speak to the link between board governance structure and accountability in the public education sector, providing new understanding on the way in which non-elected charter school board members view their accountability function.
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Auluck, Sunil, Pavel Kubes, Marian Paduch, Marek J. Sadowski, Vyacheslav I. Krauz, Sing Lee, Leopoldo Soto, et al. "Update on the Scientific Status of the Plasma Focus." Plasma 4, no. 3 (September 7, 2021): 450–669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma4030033.
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This paper is a sequel to the 1998 review paper “Scientific status of the Dense Plasma Focus” with 16 authors belonging to 16 nations, whose initiative led to the establishment of the International Center for Dense Magnetized Plasmas (ICDMP) in the year 2000. Its focus is on understanding the principal defining characteristic features of the plasma focus in the light of the developments that have taken place in the last 20 years, in terms of new facilities, diagnostics, models, and insights. Although it is too soon to proclaim with certainty what the plasma focus phenomenon is, the results available to date conclusively indicate what it is demonstrably not. The review looks at the experimental data, cross-correlated across multiple diagnostics and multiple devices, to delineate the contours of an emerging narrative that is fascinatingly different from the standard narrative, which has guided the consensus in the plasma focus community for several decades, without invalidating it. It raises a question mark over the Fundamental Premise of Controlled Fusion Research, namely, that any fusion reaction having the character of a beam-target process must necessarily be more inefficient than a thermonuclear process with a confined thermal plasma at a suitably high temperature. Open questions that need attention of researchers are highlighted. A future course of action is suggested that individual plasma focus laboratories could adopt in order to positively influence the future growth of research in this field, to the general benefit of not only the controlled fusion research community but also the world at large.
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Bloom, Nicholas, Renata Lemos, Raffaella Sadun, Daniela Scur, and John Van Reenen. "International Data on Measuring Management Practices." American Economic Review 106, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161058.
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We examine methods used to survey firms on their management and organizational practices. We contrast the strengths and weaknesses of “open ended questions” (like the World Management Survey) with “closed questions” (like the MOPS). For this type of data, open ended questions give higher quality responses, but are more costly than closed question-based surveys.
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Glover, David, Peter Wiebe, Cynthia Chandler, and Sydney Levitus. "IOC Contributions to International, Interdisciplinary Open Data Sharing." Oceanography 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.29.
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Zannoni, Diego. "The legitimate expectation of regulatory stability under the Energy Charter Treaty." Leiden Journal of International Law 33, no. 2 (March 4, 2020): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156520000047.
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AbstractOne of the main catalysts for the shift towards renewable energies has been the practice of support schemes in a key number of EU member states. Some of these states have since withdrawn or revoked much of their original support, which has resulted in investment treaty arbitrations being filed against them under the Energy Charter Treaty. Arguably, a balance should be found between investors’ legitimate expectations concerning the stability of the legal framework and the host states’ right to adapt regulations to new needs. This can be achieved by clarifying and delimiting the principle of fair and equitable treatment, and by encapsulating it in a more precise set of rules. Due to its open character, this principle could otherwise become too intrusive a standard of judicial review for the exercise of sovereign power by host states. It could be diluted into a rhetorical framework inviting uncertainty and subjective judgment. While the focus of this article is on energy, the concern for legal stability equally applies to all those sectors where large upfront investments are required, which can only be recouped in the long run.
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Lynskey, Orla. "DECONSTRUCTING DATA PROTECTION: THE ‘ADDED-VALUE’ OF A RIGHT TO DATA PROTECTION IN THE EU LEGAL ORDER." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 63, no. 3 (June 25, 2014): 569–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589314000244.
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AbstractArticle 8 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights sets out a right to data protection which sits alongside, and in addition to, the established right to privacy in the Charter. The Charter's inclusion of an independent right to data protection differentiates it from other international human rights documents which treat data protection as a subset of the right to privacy. Its introduction and its relationship with the established right to privacy merit an explanation. This paper explores the relationship between the rights to data protection and privacy. It demonstrates that, to date, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has consistently conflated the two rights. However, based on a comparison between the scope of the two rights as well as the protection they offer to individuals whose personal data are processed, it claims that the two rights are distinct. It argues that the right to data protection provides individuals with more rights over more types of data than the right to privacy. It suggests that the enhanced control over personal data provided by the right to data protection serves two purposes: first, it proactively promotes individual personality rights which are threatened by personal data processing and, second, it reduces the power and information asymmetries between individuals and those who process their data. For these reasons, this paper suggests that there ought to be explicit judicial recognition of the distinction between the two rights.
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Collingwood, Loren, Ashley Jochim, and Kassra A. R. Oskooii. "The Politics of Choice Reconsidered: Partisanship, Ideology, and Minority Politics in Washington’s Charter School Initiative." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 18, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): 61–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532440017748569.
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Charter schools enjoy support among Republican and Democratic lawmakers in states and Congress, but little research has examined their support among the electorate. We take advantage of Washington’s 2012 charter school ballot initiative—the first voter-approved charter initiative in the United States—to shed light on the politics of school choice at the mass level. Because in-depth, individual-level voter data are often unavailable in state-level elections, we leverage extensive precinct- and district-level data to examine patterns of support and opposition toward the charter school initiative, focusing on how partisanship, ideology, and demographic factors serve to unify or divide voters. Our analysis reveals that the coalition of supporters cut across usual partisan and demographic cleavages, producing somewhat strange bedfellows. This finding has important implications for the strategies advocacy groups may consider as they seek to expand or limit school choice programs via ballot initiatives as opposed to the statehouse, and provides suggestive evidence regarding the evolving shapers of voter support for school choice and ballot initiatives more generally.
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Tomuschat, Christian. "The Changing Faces of the UN Security Council." German Yearbook of International Law 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 647–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.63.1.647.
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The World Organisation of the United Nations was not conceived of at its origins as a world government. Nor could the substantive provisions of the Charter claim to constitute a comprehensive constitutional document for the entire globe. Many crucial issues of world order relevance were left open at the founding conference of San Francisco, the expectation being that any remaining structural problems would later be resolved by peaceful means. Nonetheless, it was hoped by many observers that the Security Council would be able to establish itself as an instance of last resort to address any emerging emergency situations. While the Security Council was legally well-endowed with decision-making powers under Chapter VII of the Charter, it initially encountered great difficulties in making use of those powers, given in particular the veto right of the five permanent members. After 1990, the differences of opinion among the permanent members softened considerably for a couple of years so that the Security Council could discharge at least some of the responsibilities entrusted to it. Additionally, the Security Council has gradually succeeded in enlarging its purview of action through recourse to its power of issuing recommendations under Chapter VI to individual States. Such country-specific recommendations have permitted the Security Council to engage itself in peace-building through promoting constitutional and societal reforms in many States, in particular in Africa. This kind of interference in domestic matters relies now on a consolidated basis of consistent practice. The evolutionary interpretation of the provisions of the Charter may at the same time suggest that the key concept of ‘threat to the peace’ in Article 39 of the Charter should also be understood in a way that enables the international community to address global predicaments like climate change and international migration.
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Theophilus C, Nwokedi, Moses Ntor-Ue Eba, Okonko Ifiok, and Ndubuisi Leonard. "Assessment of Shippers and Ship Owners Ship and Charter Type Choice in the Wet and Dry Bulk Ship Brokering Market: Knowledge Guide for African Indigenous Ship Brokers." LOGI - Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2018-0009.
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AbstractThe study assessed shippers and ship owners’ ship and charter party type choices in the wet and dry bulk ship broking and chartering market as guide for performance improvement for African and Nigerian ship brokers. It aims to determine if significant differences exists between shippers ship type choices among Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC), Handymax, Supramax and capsize vessels in the wet and dry bulk market as well shippers and ship owners charter party type choice between voyage charter and time charter for the various ship types. The study adopted a survey method in which the Baltic International Maritime Council (BIMCO) was surveyed and 5 year data on ship types and charter party type choices of shippers and ship owners was obtained. The statistical tools of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and independent sample t-test were used to compare the ship type choices and charter party type choices of shippers and ship owners. The result indicates that shippers’ in the wet and dry bulk cargo market show greater preference for Supramax vessel type. The aggregate number of vessels chartered over the period covered in the study is 41,684 vessels out of which 22,593 representing about 54.2% are Supramax. This was seconded by VLCC which recorded 8,829 or 21.2% charters. Capsize and Handymax vessel types had 6211 and 4069 charters respectively which represent 14.9% and 9.77% each. Shippers and ship owners also show greater preference for voyage charter party type than time charter party for all types of vessels. It was recommended that ship brokers should place greater priority on trading in Supramax ship types and voyage charter party type as the demand trend for this ship type is likely to remain higher over time; followed by VLCC; while more shippers and ship owners are likely continue to show preference for voyage charter than time charter.
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Bjorge, Eirik. "COMMON LAW RIGHTS: BALANCING DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL EXIGENCIES." Cambridge Law Journal 75, no. 2 (May 2, 2016): 220–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197316000258.
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AbstractThe protection of human rights through common law principles and values has a greater potential than has been recognised hitherto. First, the adoption at common law of the proportionality test of interferences with rights shows that, when human rights are at issue, the courts will apply an exigent test, allowing interferences only if, amongst other things, a less intrusive measure could not have been used. Secondly, the principle of legality, along with common law constitutionalism as developed recently by the Supreme Court, now means that there is a common law pendant to the rule in s. 3(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998. Thirdly, in cases where the protection offered by the Act is displaced by obligations under the Charter of the United Nations, there is no displacement of common law rights, which continue to operate. Fourthly, common law rights are more open to the influences of the customary international law of human rights than are Convention rights. These factors combine to mean that the future of common law rights is an auspicious one.
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Yungblud, V. T. "The 1945 World Order – Process with «Open» Continuation." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 4 (September 4, 2020): 52–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-4-73-52-79.
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The Yalta-Potsdam system of international relations, established by culmination of World War II, was created to maintain the security and cooperation of states in the post-war world. Leaders of the Big Three, who ensured the Victory over the fascist-militarist bloc in 1945, made decisive contribution to its creation. This system cemented the world order during the Cold War years until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the destruction of the bipolar structure of the organization of international relations. Post-Cold War changes stimulated the search for new structures of the international order. Article purpose is to characterize circumstances of foundations formation of postwar world and to show how the historical decisions made by the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition powers in 1945 are projected onto modern political processes. Study focuses on interrelated questions: what was the post-war world order and how integral it was? How did the political decisions of 1945 affect the origins of the Cold War? Does the American-centrist international order, that prevailed at the end of the 20th century, genetically linked to the Atlantic Charter and the goals of the anti- Hitler coalition in the war, have a future?Many elements of the Yalta-Potsdam system of international relations in the 1990s survived and proved their viability. The end of the Cold War and globalization created conditions for widespread democracy in the world. The liberal system of international relations, which expanded in the late XX - early XXI century, is currently experiencing a crisis. It will be necessary to strengthen existing international institutions that ensure stability and security, primarily to create barriers to the spread of national egoism, radicalism and international terrorism, for have a chance to continue the liberal principles based world order (not necessarily within a unipolar system). Prerequisite for promoting idea of a liberal system of international relations is the adjustment of liberalism as such, refusal to unilaterally impose its principles on peoples with a different set of values. This will also require that all main participants in modern in-ternational life be able to develop a unilateral agenda for common problems and interstate relations, interact in a dialogue mode, delving into the arguments of opponents and taking into account their vital interests.
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Epp, Charles R. "Do Bills of Rights Matter? The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms." American Political Science Review 90, no. 4 (December 1996): 765–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2945841.
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Although constitutional protection for rights is increasingly popular, there is little systematic research on the extent to which bills of rights affect the process of government. This article examines the effects a bill of rights may be expected to produce, and then uses a quasi-experimental design to analyze the effects of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms on the Canadian Supreme Court's agenda. The data suggest that the Charter indeed has influenced the Court's agenda, although the effects are more limited than generally recognized. More important, the data suggest that a number of the influences often attributed to the Charter likely resulted instead from the growth of what I call the support structure for legal mobilization, consisting of various resources that enable litigants to pursue rights-claims in court. The political significance of a bill of rights, then, depends on factors in civil society that are independent of constitutional structure.
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Waller, Irvin. "Justice Even for the Crime Victim: Implementing International Standards." International Review of Victimology 1, no. 1 (September 1989): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975808900100106.
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In November 1985, the United Nations General Assembly (1985) adopted a charter of victim rights — the ‘Declaration on the Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power’. Governments and international organisations are now faced with the challenge of implementing these principles. The UN Declaration and the Recommendations of the Council of Europe propose specific ways by which justice and services can be improved. Countries such as Canada, England, France and the United States are passing legislation. However, even there much more is required. All governments must ensure that the principles are put into practice by the police, in victim support agencies, in mental health approaches, in reparation to victims, and for acceptable participation by the person immediately hurt by crime. Further, the United Nations, governments, and private organisations need to establish commissions to assess the needs of victims, the state of services and justice, and solutions to meet needs better. However such commissions must have a role in implementation and prevention if communities are going to be safer and ‘Justice is going to open her eyes to victims’.
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Reed, David. "IDM Data Council open data discussion." Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice 15, no. 2 (October 2013): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/dddmp.2013.56.
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