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1

Cameron, Debra. OSI: An international standard for open systems. Charleston, S.C., U.S.A: Computer Technology Research Corp., 1991.

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2

IFIP, TC6/WG6 4. International Workshop on Open Distributed Processing (1991 Berlin Germany). Open distributed processing: Proceedings of the IFIP TC6/WG6.4 International Workshop on Open Distributed Processing, Berlin, Germany, 8-11 October 1991. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1992.

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3

IFIP TC6/WG6.1 International Conference on Open Distributed Processing (2nd 1993 Berlin, Germany). Open distributed processing, II: Proceedings of the IFIP TC6/WG6.1 International Conference on Open Distributed Processsing, Berlin, Germany, 13-16 September, 1993. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1994.

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4

IFIP/IEEE International Conference on Open Distributed Processing and Distributed Platforms (1997 Toronto, Ont.). Open distributed processing and distributed platforms: Proceedings of the IFIP/IEEE international conference on Open Distributed Processing and Distributed Platforms : 26-30 May 1997, Toronto, Canada. London: Chapman & Hall on behalf of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP), 1997.

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5

1964-, Davies Nigel, Raymond Kerry, Seitz Jochen 1968-, and International Federation for Information Processing., eds. Middleware '98: IFIP International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms and Open Distributed Processing. Berlin: Springer, 1998.

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6

IFIP International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms and Open Distributed Processing (1998 The Lake District, England). Distributed systems platforms and open distributed processing: Proceedings of Middleware '98, IFIP International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms and Open Distributed Processing, 15-18 September 1998, The Lake District, UK. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

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7

Dogan, Kesdogan, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Open Problems in Network Security: IFIP WG 11.4 International Workshop, iNetSec 2011, Lucerne, Switzerland, June 9, 2011, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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8

IFIP TC 6/WG 6.1 International Conference on Open Distributed Processing (3rd 1995 Brisbane, Qld.). Open distributed processing: Experiences with distributed environments : proceedings of the third IFIP TC/WG 6.1 international conference on open distributed processing, 1994 [i.e. 1995]. London: Chapman & Hall on behalf of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP), 1995.

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9

Camenisch, Jan. Open Research Problems in Network Security: IFIP WG 11.4 International Workshop, iNetSec 2010, Sofia, Bulgaria, March 5-6, 2010, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, 2011.

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10

International Conference on Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems (3rd 1999 Florence, Italy). Formal methods for open object-based distributed systems: IFIP TC6/WG6.1 Third International Conference on Formal Methods for Open Objec-Based Distributed Systems (FMOODS) : February 15-18, 1999, Florence, Italy. Bostons: Kluwer Academic, 1999.

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11

Elie, Najm, Nestmann Uwe, and Stevens Perdita, eds. Formal methods for open object-based distributed systems: 6th IFIP WG 6.0 international conference, FMOODS 2003, Paris, France, November 2003 : proceedings. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2003.

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12

editor, Dobreva Milena, and Polydoratou Panayiota editor, eds. Let's put data to use: Digital scholarship for the next generation : Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Electronic Publishing. Amsterdam: Ios Press, 2014.

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13

Bart, Jacobs, and Rensink Arend, eds. Formal methods for open object-based distributed systems V: IFIP TC6/WG6.1 Fifth International Conference on Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems (FMOODS 2002), March 20-22, 2002, Enschede, The Netherlands. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

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14

International Conference on Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems (4th 2000 Stanford, Calif.). Formal methods for open object-based distributed systems IV: IFIP TC6/WG6.1 Fourth International Conference on Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems (FMOODS 2000) : September 6-8, 2000, Stanford, California, USA. Boston, Mass: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

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15

E, Moen William, National Information Standards Organization (U.S.), and Gakujutsu Jōhō Sentā (Japan), eds. Scholarly information and standardization: Proceedings of the Twelfth Open Forum on the Study of the International Exchange of Japanese Information and Scholarly Databases in East Asian Scripts, 1992/1993. Bethesda, MD., USA: NISO Press, 1994.

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16

de, Boer Frank S., and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems: 10th IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference, FMOODS 2008, Oslo, Norway, June 4-6, 2008 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2008.

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17

G, Herbers Rainer W., and SHAPE Technical Centre, eds. The upper layers of open systems interconnection: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Interoperability of ADP Systems, The Hague, the Netherlands, 25-29 March 1985. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1987.

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18

1961-, Fiadeiro José Luiz, Mosses Peter, and Orejas F, eds. Recent trends in algebraic development techniques: 17th international workshop, WADT 2004, Barcelona, Spain, March 27-29, 2004 : revised selected papers. Berlin: Springer, 2005.

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19

Kaschek, Roland H. Information Systems and e-Business Technologies: 2nd International United Information Systems Conference, UNISCON 2008, Klagenfurt, Austria, April 22-25, 2008. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2008.

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20

1965-, Guelfi Nicolas, Reggio Gianna 1957-, and Romanovsky Alexander 1954-, eds. Scientific engineering of distributed Java applications: 4th international workshop, FIDJI 2004, Luxembourg-Kirchberg, Luxembourg, November 24-25, 2004 : revised selected papers. Berlin: Springer, 2005.

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21

Jochen, Nigel Davies Seitz. Middleware98: IFIP International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms and Open Distributed Processing. Brand: Springer, 2011.

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22

(Editor), K. Raymond, and L. Armstrong (Editor), eds. Open Distributed Processing (IFIP International Federation for Information Processing). Springer, 1995.

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23

Meer, Jan De, and Volker Heymer. Open Distributed Processing: Proceedings of the Ifip Tc6/Wg6.4 International Workshop on Open Distributed Processing, Berlin, Germany, 8-11 October, (IFIP Transactions C: Communication Systems). North-Holland, 1992.

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24

(Editor), Paolo Ciancarini, Alessandro Fantechi (Editor), and Roberto Gorrieri (Editor), eds. Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems (IFIP International Federation for Information Processing). Springer, 1999.

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25

Tc6, Ifip, Wg6.1 International Conference on Open Distributed processing, B. Mahr, and Jan De Meer. Open Distributed Processing, II: Proceedings of the Ifip Tc6/Wg6.1 International Conference on Open Distributed Processing Berlin, Germany, 13-16 Se (Ifip Transactions, C, Communication Systems, C-20). North-Holland, 1994.

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26

(Editor), Bart Jacobs, and Arend Rensink (Editor), eds. Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems V (IFIP International Federation for Information Processing). Springer, 2002.

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27

(Editor), Scott F. Smith, and Carolyn L. Talcott (Editor), eds. Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems IV (IFIP International Federation for Information Processing). Springer, 2000.

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28

Camenisch, Jan, and Doğan Kesdoğan. Open Problems in Network Security: IFIP WG 11.4 International Workshop, iNetSec 2015, Zurich, Switzerland, October 29, 2015, Revised Selected Papers. Springer, 2016.

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29

Camenisch, Jan, and Dogan Kesdogan. Open Problems in Network Security: IFIP WG 11.4 International Workshop, iNetSec 2011, Lucerne, Switzerland, June 9, 2011, Revised Selected Papers. Springer, 2013.

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30

Etechnologies Innovation In An Open World 4th International Conference Proceedings. Springer, 2009.

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31

Mining The Digital Information Networks Proceedings Of The 17th International Conference On Electronic Publishing. IOS Press, 2013.

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32

M, Esanu Julie, Uhlir P. F. 1954-, and U.S. National Committee for CODATA., eds. Open access and the public domain in digital data and information for science: Proceedings of an international symposium. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2004.

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33

Open Access and the Public Domain in Digital Data and Information for Science: Proceedings of an International Symposium. Not Avail, 2004.

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34

(US), National Research Council. Open Access and the Public Domain in Digital Data and Information for Science: Proceedings of an International Symposium. National Academies Press, 2004.

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35

(Editor), Elie Najm, and Jean-Bernard Stefani (Editor), eds. Formal Methods for Open Object-based Distributed Systems: Volume 1 (IFIP International Federation for Information Processing). Springer, 1996.

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36

Kaj, Hobér. The Energy Charter Treaty. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199660995.001.0001.

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The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) is unique under international law, providing a multilateral framework for energy cooperation through the operation of more open and competitive energy markets, while respecting the principles of sustainable development and sovereignty over energy resources. With 29 arbitrations currently under its provisions, a growing number of investors are resorting to the protection of the ECT. This book is an in-depth, article-by-article commentary on all aspects of the Treaty. It provides clear and comprehensive discussion of all provisions, analysing them against the background of other relevant writings such as case law and academic papers. The book considers relevant arbitral awards and also offers coverage and analysis of the history and background, as well as discussion, of its relationships with other treaties. As energy investors and the legal community become more aware of the Treaty, the number of disputes relating to it is rapidly increasing, and the book considers the growing volume of case law concerning the interpretation or application of the provisions of the treaty.
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37

(Editor), Elie Najm, Uwe Nestmann (Editor), and Perdita Stevens (Editor), eds. Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems: 6th IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference, FMOODS 2003, Paris, France, November 19.21, 2003, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 2004.

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38

(Editor), Roberto Gorrieri, and Heike Wehrheim (Editor), eds. Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems: 8th IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference, FMOODS 2006, Bologna, Italy, June 14-16, 2006, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 2006.

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39

Lloyd, Ian J. 2. The emergence of data protection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787556.003.0002.

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This chapter traces the historical development of data protection legislation at both an international level and in the specific context of the UK. Topics covered include the data protection initiatives of the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the UN, and the Asia-Pacific Privacy Charter initiative; the development of data protection in the UK; and the European Data Protection Directive and the Data Protection Act 1998.
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40

Huss, Oksana, and Oleksandra Keudel. Open budget: Learning from the Open School Platform in Donetsk oblast, Ukraine. Bononia University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/oblospd01.

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The case study developed as part of IIEP‐UNESCO Research Project ‘Open Government: Learning From Experience’ analyses how an open government approach is being applied in Ukraine to resolve the critical issue of non‐transparent school financing through parents’ donations that undermines trust among key educational stakeholders. Developed in 2016, the Open School Platform (OS) is an online tool that allows parents to visualise the school’s budget, needs and expenditures in an easy‐ to‐read format. The study shows that OS has contributed to: improved trust among key stakeholders, improved communication and collaboration between school personnel and local public authorities, and more effective planning. But it also confirms that the use of ICT can lead to inequalities in poor rural communities having low levels of Internet access or computer literacy. It concludes on the importance of open government for shifting to a new paradigm of cooperation and partnership. And it recommends providing access to information in line with the Open Data Charter; ensuring a legal framework for citizen participation; using handy and accessible technological solutions; and following a ‘learning‐by‐doing’ approach to build up social capital for constructive interaction with authorities.
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41

(Editor), Joseph Sventek, and Geoffrey Coulson (Editor), eds. Middleware 2000: IFIP/ACM International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms and Open Distributed Processing New York, NY, USA, April 4-7, 2000 Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 2000.

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42

(Editor), Marcello M. Bonsangue, and Einar Broch Johnsen (Editor), eds. Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems: 9th IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference, FMOODS 2007, Paphos, Cyprus, June 6-8, 2007, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 2007.

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43

(Editor), Martin Steffen, and Gianluigi Zavattaro (Editor), eds. Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems: 7th IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference, FMOODS 2005, Athens, Greece, June 15-17, 2005, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 2005.

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44

Peng, Shin-yi, Ching-Fu Lin, and Thomas Streinz, eds. Artificial Intelligence and International Economic Law. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108954006.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are transforming economies, societies, and geopolitics. Enabled by the exponential increase of data that is collected, transmitted, and processed transnationally, these changes have important implications for international economic law (IEL). This volume examines the dynamic interplay between AI and IEL by addressing an array of critical new questions, including: How to conceptualize, categorize, and analyze AI for purposes of IEL? How is AI affecting established concepts and rubrics of IEL? Is there a need to reconfigure IEL, and if so, how? Contributors also respond to other cross-cutting issues, including digital inequality, data protection, algorithms and ethics, the regulation of AI-use cases (autonomous vehicles), and systemic shifts in e-commerce (digital trade) and industrial production (fourth industrial revolution). This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
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45

Read, John, and Peter Stacey. Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101104.

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Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design is a comprehensive account of the open pit slope design process. Created as an outcome of the Large Open Pit (LOP) project, an international research and technology transfer project on rock slope stability in open pit mines, this book provides an up-to-date compendium of knowledge of the slope design processes that should be followed and the tools that are available to aid slope design practitioners. This book links innovative mining geomechanics research into the strength of closely jointed rock masses with the most recent advances in numerical modelling, creating more effective ways for predicting rock slope stability and reliability in open pit mines. It sets out the key elements of slope design, the required levels of effort and the acceptance criteria that are needed to satisfy best practice with respect to pit slope investigation, design, implementation and performance monitoring. Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design comprises 14 chapters that directly follow the life of mine sequence from project commencement through to closure. It includes: information on gathering all of the field data that is required to create a 3D model of the geotechnical conditions at a mine site; how data is collated and used to design the walls of the open pit; how the design is implemented; up-to-date procedures for wall control and performance assessment, including limits blasting, scaling, slope support and slope monitoring; and how formal risk management procedures can be applied to each stage of the process. This book will assist in meeting stakeholder requirements for pit slopes that are stable, in regards to safety, ore recovery and financial return, for the required life of the mine.
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46

(Editor), Luis Caires, Guiseppe F. Italiano (Editor), Luis Monteiro (Editor), Catuscia Palamidessi (Editor), and Moti Yung (Editor), eds. Automata, Languages and Programming: 32nd International Colloquim, ICALP 2005, Lisbon, Portugal, July 11-15, 2005, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 2005.

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47

(Editor), Nicoals Guelfi, Egidio Astesiano (Editor), and Gianna Reggio (Editor), eds. Scientific Engineering of Distributed Java Applications.: Third International Workshop, FIDJI 2003, Luxembourg-Kirchberg, Luxembourg, November 27-28, 2003, ... Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 2004.

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48

Ziccardi Capaldo, Giuliana, ed. THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE 2016. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190848194.001.0001.

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The 2016 edition updates readers on the important work of long-standing international tribunals and introduces readers to more novel topics in international law. The Yearbook has established itself as an authoritative resource for research and guidance on the jurisprudence of UN-based tribunals and regional courts. The 2016 edition continues to provide expert coverage of the EU Court of Justice and diverse tribunals from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to criminal tribunals such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, to economically based tribunals such as ICSID and the WTO Dispute Resolution panel, to human rights courts such as ECtHR and IACtHR. This edition contains original research articles on the development and analysis of the concept of global law and the views of the global law theorists, such as the Editorial focusing on a new remedy for the violation of the jus cogens principle concerning the imprescriptibility of torture. This edition also includes expert introductory essays by prominent scholars in the realm of international law, on topics as diverse and current as the role of the WTO’s Appellate Body in interpreting the TRIPS Agreement and an examination of the EU Court of Justice data protection framework in light of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Researchers will find detailed guidance on a rich diversity of legal topics, from an examination of the processes under which transnational criminal law norms have been adopted and the process under which these norms have been globally implemented, to the impact post-conviction DNA testing has had on the criminal justice system in the United States. This edition also provides students, scholars, and practitioners a valuable combination of expert discussion and direct quotes from the court opinions to which that discussion relates, as well as an annual overview of the process of cross-fertilization between international courts and tribunals and a section focusing on the thought of leading international law scholars on the subject of the globalization.
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49

Maoz, Zeev. The Past and Future of the Scientific Study of International Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.341.

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The scientific study of international processes (SSIP) has made substantial progress over the past twenty years, establishing itself as the mainstream research community in the field of international relations (IR) and attracting more and more attention from other disciplines. This was due to the convergence of several revolutions that have taken place in the field, including the data revolution, the formal modeling revolution, the methods revolution, the substantive revolution, and the epistemological revolution. In addition to the dramatic increase in the number of the community of scholars who use scientific logic, systematic methods, and empirical data to study IR, there was a significant improvement in the quality of research. This research has yielded important contributions to our understanding of international processes. Some of these contributions went far beyond the field; they have attracted the attention of policy makers as well as quite a few scholars from other disciplines. Some of the key findings that emerged from this research have become—correctly or incorrectly—a key component of the discourse of political leaders. Growing data availability, increased methodological sophistication, and greater scientific discipline within the profession have converged to open new research frontiers, but important challenges remain, such as the disconnect between theory and empirical tests that exists in many cases, and the almost exclusive reliance on the dyadic level of analysis. It is important to make our understanding of international processes translated into broader policy implications.
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50

Trepulė, Elena, Airina Volungevičienė, Margarita Teresevičienė, Estela Daukšienė, Rasa Greenspon, Giedrė Tamoliūnė, Marius Šadauskas, and Gintarė Vaitonytė. Guidelines for open and online learning assessment and recognition with reference to the National and European qualification framework: micro-credentials as a proposal for tuning and transparency. Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/9786094674792.

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These Guidelines are one of the results of the four-year research project “Open Online Learning for Digital and Networked Society” (2017-2021). The project objective was to enable university teachers to design open and online learning through open and online learning curriculum and environment applying learning analytics as a metacognitive tool and creating open and online learning assessment and recognition practices, responding to the needs of digital and networked society. The research of the project resulted in 10 scientific publications and 2 studies prepared by Vytautas Magnus university Institute of Innovative Studies research team in collaboration with their international research partners from Germany, Spain and Portugal. The final stage of the research attempted creating open and online learning assessment and recognition practices, responding to the learner needs in contemporary digital and networked society. The need for open learning recognition has been increasing during the recent decade while the developments of open learning related to the Covid 19 pandemics have dramatically increased the need for systematic and high-quality assessment and recognition of learning acquired online. The given time also relates to the increased need to offer micro-credentials to learners, as well as a rising need for universities to prepare for micro-credentialization and issue new digital credentials to learners who are regular students, as well as adult learners joining for single courses. The increased need of all labour - market participants for frequent and fast renewal of competences requires a well working and easy to use system of open learning assessment and recognition. For learners, it is critical that the micro-credentials are well linked to national and European qualification frameworks, as well as European digital credential infrastructures (e.g., Europass and similar). For employers, it is important to receive requested quality information that is encrypted in the metadata of the credential. While for universities, there is the need to properly prepare institutional digital infrastructure, organizational procedures, descriptions of open learning opportunities and virtual learning environments to share, import and export the meta-data easily and seamlessly through European Digital Hub service infrastructures, as well as ensure that academic and administrative staff has digital competencies to design, issue and recognise open learning through digital and micro-credentials. The first chapter of the Guidelines provides a background view of the European Qualification Framework and National Qualification frameworks for the further system of gaining, stacking and modelling further qualifications through open online learning. The second chapter suggests the review of current European policy papers and consultations on the establishment of micro-credentials in European higher education. The findings of the report of micro-credentials higher education consultation group “European Approach to Micro-credentials” is shortly introduced, as well as important policy discussions taking place. Responding to the Rome Bologna Comunique 2020, where the ministers responsible for higher education agreed to support lifelong learning through issuing micro-credentials, a joint endeavour of DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion and DG Research and Innovation resulted in one of the most important political documents highlighting the potential of micro-credentials towards economic, social and education innovations. The consultation group of experts from the Member States defined the approach to micro-credentials to facilitate their validation, recognition and portability, as well as to foster a larger uptake to support individual learning in any subject area and at any stage of life or career. The Consultation Group also suggested further urgent topics to be discussed, including the storage, data exchange, portability, and data standards of micro-credentials and proposed EU Standard of constitutive elements of micro-credentials. The third chapter is devoted to the institutional readiness to issue and to recognize digital and micro-credentials. Universities need strategic decisions and procedures ready to be enacted for assessment of open learning and issuing micro-credentials. The administrative and academic staff needs to be aware and confident to follow these procedures while keeping the quality assurance procedures in place, as well. The process needs to include increasing teacher awareness in the processes of open learning assessment and the role of micro-credentials for the competitiveness of lifelong learners in general. When the strategic documents and procedures to assess open learning are in place and the staff is ready and well aware of the processes, the description of the courses and the virtual learning environment needs to be prepared to provide the necessary metadata for the assessment of open learning and issuing of micro-credentials. Different innovation-driven projects offer solutions: OEPass developed a pilot Learning Passport, based on European Diploma Supplement, MicroHE developed a portal Credentify for displaying, verifying and sharing micro-credential data. Credentify platform is using Blockchain technology and is developed to comply with European Qualifications Framework. Institutions, willing to join Credentify platform, should make strategic discussions to apply micro-credential metadata standards. The ECCOE project building on outcomes of OEPass and MicroHE offers an all-encompassing set of quality descriptors for credentials and the descriptions of learning opportunities in higher education. The third chapter also describes the requirements for university structures to interact with the Europass digital credentials infrastructure. In 2020, European Commission launched a new Europass platform with Digital Credential Infrastructure in place. Higher education institutions issuing micro-credentials linked to Europass digital credentials infrastructure may offer added value for the learners and can increase reliability and fraud-resistant information for the employers. However, before using Europass Digital Credentials, universities should fulfil the necessary preconditions that include obtaining a qualified electronic seal, installing additional software and preparing the necessary data templates. Moreover, the virtual learning environment needs to be prepared to export learning outcomes to a digital credential, maintaining and securing learner authentication. Open learning opportunity descriptions also need to be adjusted to transfer and match information for the credential meta-data. The Fourth chapter illustrates how digital badges as a type of micro-credentials in open online learning assessment may be used in higher education to create added value for the learners and employers. An adequately provided metadata allows using digital badges as a valuable tool for recognition in all learning settings, including formal, non-formal and informal.
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