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Journal articles on the topic 'International law – Standardization'
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1
RADI, YANNICK. "Standardization: A Dynamic and Procedural Conceptualization of International Law-Making." Leiden Journal of International Law 25, no. 2 (May 2, 2012): 283–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156512000039.
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AbstractThe paper analyses the dynamic procedures that work during the formation of international law in international organizations and conventional frameworks. These procedures organize and structure the interactive exercise of the normative function by law-creating bodies and law-applying bodies. The paper conceives of this ‘way’ of making international law as a law-making method that the concept of standardization helps to understand. Grounded in Aristotelian dialectic logic, standardization indeed conceptualizes the dialogic and procedural law-making that works for normative coherence in contexts characterized by co-operation and the heterogeneity of interests. Introducing this concept, the paper insists on the fact that it is the procedural nature of the dialogue that is crucial to reach normative coherence. Drawing on the consequences of standardization, and regarding dynamic procedures, it reappraises the status and the importance of both the different sources of international law and the different participants to international law-making. Also, the paper points out the predominance of normative coherence, as well as that of its ‘guarantor’, namely procedure that its author considers the cornerstone of legal certainty in the co-operative context of the international society.
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Sarikaya, Behçet, and Rasim Yilmaz. "International and Turkish information technology standardization." Computer Standards & Interfaces 14, no. 5-6 (December 1992): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(92)90005-x.
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Forster, Marc. "Functions and Practice of Legal Citing: Towards a Uniform International Quotation System." International Journal of Legal Information 23, no. 2 (1995): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500027797.
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The question, whether and to what extent the citation of laws, Rechtsprechung and legal doctrine should be internationally standardized, cannot be answered for all branches of law without making certain distinctions. International contracts or codifications with multinational validity (for example, the law of the European Union) have other criteria to fulfill with regard to their function and coordination as does, for instance, the law of criminal procedure of a Swiss canton. The Rechtsprechung of a national supreme court has, as a result of the possibilities of international reception within the scope of comparative law, a different meaning from that of lower authorities. A scholarly paper with an international or comparative law perspective is not oriented toward the same target group nor with the same pretenses as a more practice oriented essay about procedural niceties of a specific national law. Moreover, it appears to me, the “whether” and “how” of an international standardization of the legal citation passes over the true problem. A formal standardization of the legal citation is not the important issue; rather, it is an increase in the mutual understandability of legal materials. Legal citations should be able to be understood as precisely and quickly as possible.
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Krigsvoll, Guri, Marina Fumo, and Renata Morbiducci. "National and International Standardization (International Organization for Standardization and European Committee for Standardization) Relevant for Sustainability in Construction." Sustainability 2, no. 12 (December 20, 2010): 3777–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su2123777.
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Vallejo, Rodrigo. "The Private Administrative Law of Technical Standardization." Yearbook of European Law 40 (January 1, 2021): 172–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/yeab011.
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Abstract The nature and place of technical standards has remained an enigma for EU law and legal thought, despite their ubiquitous part and growing importance in market-building processes within and beyond Europe. The significance and intractability of this enigma has been heightened by the landmark Fra.bo (2012) and James Elliot (2016) judgments of the ECJ. These judgments have prompted contradictory positions regarding the publicity and justiciability of technical standards among European legal scholarship and even between the European Commission and the European Parliament. The enigma and these contradictory positions have recently reached the ECJ again through the Stichting Rookpreventie case currently under review by its Grand Chamber. Drawing upon a reconstructive analysis of these and other relevant legal sources concerning technical standardization in Europe, this paper surmounts these seeming contradictions by advancing a new account of these legal developments. Contrary to the mainstream positions nowadays in tension, the article argues that these judgments have reaffirmed the New Approach and the distinctive place of technical standardization organizations in the European legal order while avoiding dysfunctional modes of judicialization. It has done so by acknowledging the techno-political character of technical standards and aptly delineating institutional competences between the government and the judiciary throughout technical standardization processes. To guide future legal thinking and reasoning on these processes, the paper recasts these legal developments through the idea of a ‘private administrative law’ as signifying the way that EU Law has transformed the nature and place of technical standardization in the internal market and as an eventual means for the global reach of EU law.
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Vergano, Paolo R., and Tobias Dolle. "The Trade Law Consequences of “Brexit”." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 4 (December 2016): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00010229.
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AbstractThis section highlights the interface between international trade and investment law and municipal and international risk regulation. It is meant to cover cases and other legal developments in WTO law (SPS, TBT and TRIPS Agreements and the general exceptions in both GATT 1994 and GATS), bilateral investment treaty arbitration and other free trade agreements such as NAFTA. Pertinent developments in international standardization bodies recognized by the SPS and TBT Agreement are also covered.
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Kusumaningrum, Adi. "Recent Development in International Treaties Relating to Aviation: New Standardization of International Air Law." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 02 (2020): 268–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n2.a7.
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Globalization is identified with the development of treaties into national domain law. Initially, such treaties did not appear as legal regulations but as standard/harmonized-setting for member states. Since the establishment of Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, 1944, treaties on aviation keep developing well both on the aviation operational technique and economic aspect. Those treaties nowadays have turned into the source of international aviation law. Treaty has been one of the bases of domestic law for almost nations in the world. As a result, the global requirements need to be adjusted into national law of states. States are bound both legally and politically to verdicts of International organizations. The process of regulation and decision making in International organizations should be based on democratic procedures of member states either in the construction of final draft or in negotiation and arrangement of regulation or resolution drafts. Specifically, this article discusses recent development of international treaties relating to aviation from both operational and economic aspects. Following Assembly 39th Session, ICAO, member states of ICAO, including Indonesia, made several multilateral agreements. The ratification of International treaties should consider the effects on legal, political, and security aspects. For Indonesia, one of the aspects that should never be neglected is strategic airspace, both geographically and geopolitically.
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Kusumaningrum, Adi. "Recent Development in International Treaties Relating to Aviation: New Standardization of International Air Law." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 02 (2020): 268–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n2.a7.
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Globalization is identified with the development of treaties into national domain law. Initially, such treaties did not appear as legal regulations but as standard/harmonized-setting for member states. Since the establishment of Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, 1944, treaties on aviation keep developing well both on the aviation operational technique and economic aspect. Those treaties nowadays have turned into the source of international aviation law. Treaty has been one of the bases of domestic law for almost nations in the world. As a result, the global requirements need to be adjusted into national law of states. States are bound both legally and politically to verdicts of International organizations. The process of regulation and decision making in International organizations should be based on democratic procedures of member states either in the construction of final draft or in negotiation and arrangement of regulation or resolution drafts. Specifically, this article discusses recent development of international treaties relating to aviation from both operational and economic aspects. Following Assembly 39th Session, ICAO, member states of ICAO, including Indonesia, made several multilateral agreements. The ratification of International treaties should consider the effects on legal, political, and security aspects. For Indonesia, one of the aspects that should never be neglected is strategic airspace, both geographically and geopolitically.
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Ukaj-Elshani, Valeza. "Historical Overview of Jus Cogens Norms, Their Applicability by International Courts and Necessity for Unification." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 3, no. 15 (2019): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.15.2019.3.068-082.
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The principal aim of this paper is the need for standardization of jus cogens norms, which besides their definition by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties have been further developed by international courts. The paper is divided in four parts that include the characterization of jus cogens norms, their development in the early history of international law, the development of these norms by international and regional courts and ends with the need of unification of jus cogens norms. A general conclusion thus can be drawn. The international courts, in order not to become inclined to use controversial terms of jus cogens norms, necessitate for a harmonized system and standardization of these norms in order to further develop jus cogens norms. Thus, the fulfillment of these norms through standardization allows us to think that one day all international wrongful acts will become at some point world-wide derogatory. Šī raksta galvenais mērķis ir vajadzība standartizēt jus cogens normas, kuras papildus to definīcijai Vīnes konvencijā par starptautisko līgumu tiesībām ir tālāk attīstījušas starptautiskās tiesas. Šis raksts ir sadalīts četrās daļās, kas ietver jus cogens normu raksturošanu, to attīstību starptautisko tiesību agrākajā vēsturē, šo normu izstrādi starptautiskajās un reģionālajās tiesās un noslēgumā – nepieciešamību unificēt jus cogens normas. Raksta noslēgumā iespējams izteikt galvenos secinājumus par analizēto jautājumu. Starptautiskās tiesas, lai nebūtu spiestas izmantot pretrunīgus jus cogens normu terminus, ir aktualizējušas nepieciešamību pēc vienotas sistēmas un šo normu unifikācijas / standartizācijas, lai turpinātu attīstīt jus cogens normas un to piemērošanu.
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Bélanger, Michel. "Une nouvelle branche du droit international : Le droit international de la santé." Études internationales 13, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 611–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701420ar.
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International health law is a soft law which is now reaching full maturity. It has gradually taken root since the middle of the 19th century, and it represents a synthesis of several disciplines (international work law, international social law, international humanitarian law, international medical law, international environment law, ...) International health law must be linked to international economic law and particularly to international development law. Moreover, it is mostly a Third-world law, especially since the World Health Organization (W.H.O.) caters first of all to the needs and demands of the developing nations. Thus it offers both an ideological and technical aspect which is very present in the concepts of New International Health Order and of Primarian Health Cares. W.H.O. must be considered as the main organization in the field of international public health, though, an international sanitary division has been established with both world organizations (mainly the United Nations System organizations), trans-regional, regional or sub-regional organizations, all with sanitary competence, as well as many non-governmental organizations with a sanitary purpose. The standardization process (general standards and ordinary standards) of international health law is nevertheless very advanced, and make international health law a half proclamatory and half executory law.
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Adalmiro, Pereira, Silva Eduardo, and Vaz Ângela. "SNC-AP Public Administration Accounting Standardization System - An Approach to Standards." Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management 8, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjebm.2021.v08i08.001.
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The growing complexity of the business world, associated with economic and financial globalization, has led to an increase in economic activity between companies and countries, which has given rise to the need to adopt a set of internationally accepted accounting standards, in order to mitigate the different accounting practices between countries and companies. In this sense, the International Accounting Standards Board, IASB, was created, responsible for creating a set of accounting standards with a global scope. The European Union joined the IASB, in the accounting harmonization process, leading to the adoption of the IASB's international standards as from 2005, all listed companies. In Portugal, it was decided to bring the national accounting system closer to international standards. For this purpose, the Accounting Standardization System, SNC, was created by the Accounting Standardization Committee (CNC), which includes a set of accounting standards, based on the international standards of the IASB. Decree-Law No. 192/2015 of 11 September, institutes the Accounting Standardization System for Public Administration in Portugal. This introduction eliminated a problem recognized in the diploma as “fragmentation constitutes a serious problem of technical inconsistency, as it affects the efficiency of the consolidation of accounts in the public sector and entails many adjustments that are not desirable and that question the reliability of the information in headquarters of its integration." Thus, it is referred in the legislation, after “15 years since the approval of the POCP and after having considered the needs of having an accounting system that responds to the requirements of adequate planning, reporting and financial control, the Government decided, through the Decree-Law No. 134/2012, of 29 June, instructs the Accounting Standardization Committee to prepare a new accounting system for public administrations, which is consistent with the SNC and .......
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Arcuri, Alessandra, Lukasz Gruszczynski, and Alexia Herwig. "Risky Apples Again? Australia – Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples from New Zealand." European Journal of Risk Regulation 1, no. 4 (December 2010): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00000933.
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The section on WTO law highlights the interface between international trade law and national risk regulation. It is meant to cover cases and other legal developments regarding the SPS, TBT and TRIPS Agreements and the general exceptions in both GATT 1994 and GATS as well as to inform about pertinent developments in recognized international standardization bodies and international law. Of recurrent interest in this area are questions of whether precautionary policies can be justified under WTO law, the standard of review with which panels and the Appellate Body assess scientific evidence and the extent to which policy can and should influence risk regulation.
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Kolomiiets, Nataliia, Nadiia Senchenko, Olena Petryk, Ihor Ivankov, Olga ,. Ovsiannikova, and Davit Geperidze. "International Legal Standards in Crime Prevention." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 19 (February 16, 2023): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2023.19.10.
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A qualitatively new stage in the development of international and national criminal law was marked by the international standards created to combat crime and the treatment of offenders by the global community, which deepens their interaction and establishes conditions for crime prevention and the protection of human rights. The purpose of the academic paper is to identify the primary crime prevention standards, their initiators and disseminators, the principal standardization areas, and approaches to address the issue. The research aims to show modern international norms and standards based on investigating the UN declarations and other normative documents formed by international organizations considering their development prospects. The need for more scientific, legal literature on modern standardization in crime prevention determines the research relevance. Therefore, this research is based on the last three UN Congresses in world crime prevention. The results show systematized information and the standardization of crime prevention. The study reviews the primary standards in the criminal treatment and detainee juvenile offenders and methods of combating modern problems in the information space, human trafficking, and terrorism. Emphasis is also placed on gender policy, corruption, and other contemporary issues. The research shows that the UN holds the Congresses according to the social development and crimes variety once in five years. The relevant problems of the modern world are computer technology crimes, crime in COVID-19, and corruption.
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Rankine, L. J. "Integrated services digital networks a major challenge for international standardization." Computer Standards & Interfaces 5, no. 1 (January 1986): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(86)90069-3.
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Utomo, Priyo, and Dona Budi Kharisma. "IMPLEMENTASI STANDARISASI BATIK BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 20 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG STANDARISASI DAN PENILAIAN KESESUAIAN DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA." Jurnal Privat Law 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/privat.v7i2.39333.
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<p>Abstract<br />This article describes how to apply standardization on batik in Yogyakarta. This is based on the globalization of trade which requires all products to meet standards that have been applied internationally to be accepted in the international market. The methodology and research used are empirical legal research methods that are sociological juridical, namely understanding the conditions and social situations in which the law is applied. The results of the study show that law enforcement officers in this case are the Yogyakarta City Industri and Trade Department and the Yogyakarta Center for Crafts and Batik has not made maximum effort. The legal rules that apply are not relevant to current conditions because the application of standardization of batik which is a benchmark to be accepted in the international market cannot be enforced. In addition, there are still many legal cultures in the batik industri that ignore the law, especially batik standardization. This has an impact on batik entrepreneurs who apply standardization on batik in the city of Yogyakarta are still very few due to various obstacles.<br />Keywords: Standardization; Batik; International Trade; Application of Rules; Problems</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel ini mendeskripsikan bagaimana penerapan standarisasi pada batik di Kota Yogyakarta. Hal tersebut didasari oleh globalisasi perdagangan yang menuntut semua produk harus memenuhi standar yang telah<br />diterapkan secara internasional agar dapat diterima di pasar internasional. Metodologi dan penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum empiris yang bersifat yuridis sosiologis, yaitu memahami kondisi dan situasi sosial kemasyarakatan di mana hukum itu diterapkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa aparat penegak hukum dalam hal ini adalah Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan Kota Yogyakarta serta Balai Besar Kerajinan dan Batik Yogyakarta belum melakukan usaha yang maksimal. Aturan hukum yang berlaku tidak relevan dengan kondisi sekarang ini dikarenakan penerapan standarisasi batik yang menjadi tolok ukur untuk dapat diterima di pasar internasional tidak dapat dipaksakan penerapannya. Selain itu budaya hukum dalam pelaku industri batik masih banyak yang mengabaikan hukum, khususnya standarisasi batik. Hal demikian berdampak pada pelaku usaha batik yang menerapan standarisasi pada batik di Kota Yogyakarta masih sangat sedikit yang dikarenakan berbagai kendala yang ada. <br />Kata Kunci: Standarisasi; Batik; Perdagangan Internasional; Penerapan Aturan; Problematika.</p>
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Seta, Makoto. "The contribution of the International Organization for Standardization to ocean governance." Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 28, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/reel.12303.
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Salem, Ahmed, and Muhammad Taufiq. "Manâfidu al-Muharramât ilâ Muntijâti al-Halâl: “Dirâsah Tahlîliyah fî Dhaw’i Ma’âyir Majma’ al-Fiqh al-Islâmî al-Dawlî wa al-Ma’âyir al-Mâlayziah”." AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial 16, no. 1 (June 27, 2021): 230–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v16i1.3050.
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This paper examines the changing process of unlawful (haram) materials into a lawful (halal) product according to both International Islamic Fiqh Academy standard and Malaysian standard. To harmonize those two halal standards on certain products, the subdiscipline of fiqh which determines lawful product standardization has put some fundamental sharia laws to clearly distinguish between halal and haram. The changing process is based on so called istihalah, referring to the merge among halal and haram and istihlak or possibility to take rukhshah (legal relief) and easiness to cope with any difficult condition using darurat (emergency causes) and umum al-balwa (common disaster). However, critical points of the standardization method need to well described, mainly on its composition based on shariah rules of halal product. The discussion covers difference opinions on the sharia law to the weak political policy on the Islamic law arrangement for halal product standardization that it is recommended to consider clear and more careful concepts (instead of istihalah, istihlak, darurat and umum al-balwa) in formulating the law.
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Micklitz, Hans-W., and Rob van Gestel. "European integration through standardization: How judicial review is breaking down the club house of private standardization bodies." Common Market Law Review 50, Issue 1 (February 1, 2013): 145–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013007.
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Standardization is slowly but slowly but surely marching forward into the public domain. The revision of the European standardization package is stimulating this development because the use of private standards in public policy is supposed to spur technological innovation and reduce barriers to trade. This may explain why the Commission wants to speed up the standardization process. In the meanwhile, however, a number of important legal issues remain unaddressed in recent European policy and legislation on standardization, such as: how far "delegation" of public rulemaking to private standardization bodies may go and if and when this could come into conflict with the alleged voluntary and self-regulatory nature of these standards; whether copyrights that rest on standards limit the access to pieces of legislation that refer to standards in an unlawful way, and who is responsible for the content of the standards: the state or the market? Our hypothesis is that the "club mentality" of standards makers has, until recently, worked as an effective shield against market dynamics and judicial review. However, under the influence of recent case law from the ECJ and national highest courts, the "club house" of the standards bodies is starting to show cracks.
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Gotanda, John Y. "Awarding Interest in International Arbitration." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 1 (January 1996): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203750.
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The popularity of arbitration as a mechanism for settling disputes between transnational contracting parties has led to standardization in many areas of arbitration law and procedure. One important aspect of the arbitral process, however, the practice of awarding compensatory interest, has been left behind in the march toward uniformity. To date, arbitral tribunals have failed to adopt a rational and uniform approach for evaluating interest claims. Consequently, resolving interest claims is often an expensive and time-consuming process, fraught with uncertainty, which typically results in inconsistent arbitral awards. This result is particularly problematic in the international arbitral arena: such claims often involve millions of dollars, and because a lengthy period may elapse between the origin of the dispute and the final award, whether an arbitrator awards interest may be as significant, from a monetary standpoint, as the principal claim itself.
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Szwedo, Piotr. "Water Footprint and the Law of WTO." Journal of World Trade 47, Issue 6 (December 1, 2013): 1259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2013042.
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As 'blue gold' is becoming a scarce good, different methods for protecting the human right to water are being devised. One of these is to reduce the ways in which it is misused. In order to achieve this, the concepts of 'virtual water' and a 'water footprint' are being developed. An ecolabel with a water footprint indicator is being applied by the first representatives of agribusiness. However, its potential is much more significant. It could be used as a tool of public policy. In both cases, it could affect international trade and therefore needs to be evaluated under the law of the World Trade Organization. The International Organization for Standardization already works on a water footprint norm, which would provide public entities with a strong argument for their water-saving policies. To date, states have not been provided with any relevant international standard. Nevertheless, they must comply with the norms of international trade. The aim of this article is to provide clarification on the existing and developing legal framework on the matter. It also argues that even if the concept of a water footprint were to remain a private standard, states would still be under a 'best effort' obligation to ensure the transparency of its elaboration and application.
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Tesarivska, U. I., L. I. Fliak, and I. A. Holub. "THE ROLE OF STANDARDIZATION AND VOLUNTARY CERTIFICATION IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 22, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2021-22-1.27.
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The article analyzes the impact of the introduction of standardization and voluntary certification to improve the quality of veterinary medicines, feeds, feed additives and premixes. In terms of increased competition, both domestic and global markets, you need to look for new ways to improve the quality of products for veterinary medicine and animal husbandry. The competitiveness of the enterprise depends, first of all, on the ability of the business entity to meet the needs of consumers at relatively minimal cost. In improving the quality of veterinary products, a particularly important role is played by its standardization and certification, the basic legal and organizational principles of which are regulated by the Law of Ukraine «On Standardization». However, companies that carry out standardization of products, in addition to the aforementioned law, should be guided more by such regulations: the Law of Ukraine «On veterinary medicine», SOU KZPS 74.9-02568182-003:2016 «Guidelines for typical construction, layout, design, marking, acceptance and giving effect», State Classifier of products and services DK 016:2010.
On January 1, 2018, the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine «On Standardization» № 46-93 expired and the State Certification System of Ukraine (UkrSEPRO system) suspended its activities. However, the UkrSEPRO system certificate was replaced by a voluntary certificate of conformity issued by the accredited National Accreditation Agency of Ukraine (NAAU) in accordance with the requirements of the international standard DSTU EN ISO/IEC 17065:2017 «Conformity assessment. Requirements for certification agencies for products, processes and services».
The basis of voluntary standardization and certification of veterinary products and products for the needs of animal husbandry is the confirmation of the manufacture of quality and safe products that will ensure its competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets.
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Zore, Mira, Majda Bastič, and Matjaž Mulej. "Seven or Fewer Core Contents of Social Responsibility?" Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ngoe-2016-0016.
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Abstract Corporate social responsibility (CSR) replaces causes of the current crisis by principles of accountability, transparency, ethics, and respect for organizational stakeholders, the law, international standards, and human rights (International Organization for Standardization, 2010). Interdependence and a holistic approach link them and CSR’s core contents. We examined if Slovene companies involve all seven CSR core contents of ISO 26000 (CSR to employees, customers, local community, environment, human rights, ethical behavior, and leadership). The analysis united three of them—CSR to employees, ethical behavior, and human rights—into CSR leadership to employees.
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Čović, Ana. "Influence of the Air Pollution on Humans and the Climate Change // Uticaj zagađenog vazduha na čoveka i klimatske promene." Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН 7, no. 7 (July 27, 2017): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/gfp1707251c.
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Climate change is one of the biggest challenges that humanity faces today. For this reason, the legal standardization of environmental protection is given more importance than in previous years. In International law and the internal law of the States, Environmental Law, as a relatively young branch of law, is an important factor in raising awareness of the importance of this issue and the responsibility of every individual in the process of its overcoming. The necessity of collective action, in this area is necessary. This paper will discuss people’s attitudes towards the environment through the history, causes and consequences of its pollution, with special reference to the legal regulations in the field of the air protection.
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Quiroga-Villamarín, Daniel R. "Normalising global commerce: containerisation, materiality, and transnational regulation (1956–68)." London Review of International Law 8, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 457–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/lril/lrab003.
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Abstract Despite their importance in globalised trade, shipping containers have been neglected in legal scholarship. Our disciplinary fascination with written forms of legal activity has come to the detriment of the study of regulatory practices that operate beyond textual mediums. In this article, I argue that processes of containerisation created transnational patterns of material normalisation. By reconstructing the debates within the International Organization for Standardization, I suggest that container standardisation effectively normalised a particular vision of world ordering. Instead of seeing containers as insignificant metal boxes, I contend they are repositories of sociotechnical imaginaries of global governance.
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Genschel, Philipp, and Raymund Werle. "From National Hierarchies to International Standardization: Modal Changes in the Governance of Telecommunications." Journal of Public Policy 13, no. 3 (July 1993): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00001045.
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AbstractThe emergence of large technical systems like railroads, telecommunication networks or power grids was closely associated with hierarchical governance. Despite the success of hierarchical structures in promoting the development of these systems they have recently come under strain. They are suspected of being too slow, too cumbersome, and too unimaginative to deal with the complexity and turbulence of modern technology. Practical people as well as academics look for functional alternatives. One of the alternatives is the decentralisation of technical control via standards. The paper investigates this alternative by analysing the role that standards have achieved in telecommunications after the hierarchical order was eroded by globalisation and deregulation. It discusses how the demise of hierarchy has boosted the ‘demand’ for standards and how the institutional infrastructure for standardisation was adapted to meet this demand.
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Garmyshev, Yaroslav, and Svetlana Koryagina. "Some Aspects of Implementating International Laws on the Rights of the Child in the Criminal Legislation of Russia." Siberian Criminal Process and Criminalistic Readings, no. 3 (September 3, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6122.2021.3.5-14.
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The authors examine the theory and practice of the interaction of international law and Russian criminal law in the system of their harmonization and standardization using specific crimes as examples. They also analyze international law norms from the standpoint of the criteria of their effectiveness in protecting the rights of minors in view of their further implementation in Russian criminal legislation. It is noted that a wide spread of different forms of illegal actions against minors is predetermined by the lack of a comprehensive system of protecting the rights of children in international and Russian legislation, the insufficient development of effective methods of detecting and registering different crimes. The authors point out that it is necessary to take into account the positive experience in protecting the rights and interests of children in the criminal legislation of other countries, especially partner countries, which is a vital condition for the success of integrational processes. They state that it is necessary to use a systemic approach in making decisions on criminalizing offenses against minors.
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Gaveika, Artūrs. "LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CREATION OF THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BORDER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 4 (June 23, 2012): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2012vol1.4.1827.
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The proposed theme is topical from the perspective of state and public security as well as the perspectives of the law enforcement institutions tasks in regard to the Schengen Area. Tasks of law enforcement institutions should be based on harmonized international legislation as well as the Latvian and the European Union legislation. Taking into account the socio–economic development level, the small size and quantity of the population in the Republic of Latvia, law enforcement institutions can not afford to tolerate any mistakes in the control of migration process. Such mistakes are not permissible since in 2012 Latvian law enforcement institutions will have to prove the Schengen evaluation committee the ability to implement the Schengen acquis requirements on free movement of persons. The research was done during 2007 and 2012. The research emphasizes the fact that further strengthening of the status of Latvia in the European Union and the Schengen Area is possible upon the improvement of legislation, harmonization of basic concepts in legislation and terminology, standardization of the practice of law according to uniform internationally accepted principles in the context of internal and external borders legislation.
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Сульповар, Лев, Lev Sulpovar, Татьяна Богачева, and Tatyana Bogacheva. "Consulting Technologies as Employed by Agent Firms." Servis Plus 7, no. 4 (December 11, 2013): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1693.
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The article covers the issues of agent firms'resorting to trade-mediation-oriented consulting methods and technologies. The author classifies the current consulting technologies, which are viewed as a synergy of science and art, and considers the content and specifics of such major consulting technologies as those pertaining to marketing, logistics, advertising, branding, law, finance, investment, human resources, communication, information, soft management, project management, quality management, product and service standardization and certification, security, risk management and international business.
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Vodopianov, G. V., V. S. Karmashov, I. A. Nikitin, A. N. Balachov, and M. Ianoz. "Some aspects concerning the international and Russian EMC standardization in the field of radio communication." Computer Standards & Interfaces 20, no. 6-7 (March 1999): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(99)91082-6.
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Kanevskaia, Olia. "ICT Standards Bodies and International Trade: What Role For The WTO?" Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 3 (May 1, 2022): 429–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022017.
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Standardization of information and communication technologies (ICT) has become essential for the global economic activity. ICT standards provide for coordination between devices, interfaces, and networks; they support technical infrastructure, bolster e-commerce and rule digital markets. ICT standards also have a profound effect on global trade regulation since they serve both as enablers and barriers for transboundary commercial transactions. Because ICT standards are generally produced by the private sector, their trade-restrictive effects have so far largely managed to escape the purview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, due to their growing normative consequences, the status quo of ICT standards and ICT standards bodies in multilateral trade cannot be maintained any longer. This Article argues that the WTO has powerful tools to address trade-restrictive effects of ICT standards, at the very least by giving a normative account to institutional characteristics of ICT standards bodies, but that these tools are not effectively used by Members. Conversely, the current application of the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) instruments privileges powerful economic actors, expanding the gap between the developed and developing countries. A new, rule-based approach is required to re-establish the WTO’s relevance in standard setting and address power imbalances brought by technological convergence. ICT standards, TBT Agreement, TBT Committee Decision, TBT Code of Good Practice, technical standardization
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Davidson, Paul J. "International law and the role of APEC in the gobernance of economic coorperation within the Asia Pacific region." Cuadernos de difusión 13, no. 24 (June 30, 2008): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2008.v13n24.03.
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The cumbersome administrative process of trading in the Asia Pacifi c region has lead to propose the creation of a Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacifi c Region (FTAAP), as part of the governance structure. In this respect, the Asia Pacifi c Economic Cooperation (APEC) would play a major role regarding the setting of guidelines for economic cooperation and a free and open approach to investments. It is also provided that APEC’s legal framework may be applied to the economic activities which have not been regulated by other international agreements, offering advantages as adapting to the real conditions of each state and the standardization of the already existing regulations. However, this non-binding framework, (soft law), does not foreclose, but complements the OMC’s binding legal framework (hard law).
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Smernytskyi, Demian, Kostiantyn Zaichko, Yurii Zhvanko, Malvina Bakal, and Tetiana Shapochka. "Comparative analysis of the legislative support for law enforcement agencies in the post-soviet space and Europe." Cuestiones Políticas 39, no. 70 (October 10, 2021): 524–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3970.31.
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The aim of the study was to determine the most effective model for regulating law enforcement in Europe and the post-Soviet space, as well as to formulate recommendations for the unification and standardization of legislation in this area. The empirical background was statistics on crime rates, premeditated murders by country; provisions of legislation governing the law enforcement activities of 13 countries and international regulations. Methods of system approach, descriptive statistics, descriptive analysis, generalization and prognosis, system selection, comparative method was used. The activities of law enforcement agencies are aimed at ensuring public order, national security and the protection of human rights, freedoms, and interests. Each state has its own law enforcement system, which is clearly regulated. The main indicator of the effectiveness of law enforcement is the crime rate and the level of security in the country. It is concluded that the most effective is the law enforcement model with its fundamental principles of decentralization of law enforcement agencies.
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Tymchyshyn, Andriy, Oleh Zvonarov, Olena Mokhonko, Vitalii Postryhan, and Olena Popovych. "Application of the method of computer forensic simulation of crimes in the course of an armed conflict." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 75 (December 29, 2022): 334–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.22.
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The objective of the study was to determine the characteristics and perspectives of the use of computer simulation as a method for investigating crimes committed in the course of an armed conflict. In addition, the study involved a system approach, descriptive analysis, systematic sampling, doctrinal approach and prognostic methods. The author chooses the technological direction of application of the simulation (prospective or retrospective) and simulates the characteristics of the event, the identity of the offender, the victim of the crime and the sequence of the investigation process. In the course of hostilities, computer simulation can be performed by representatives of national and international law enforcement agencies, depending on the type of crime. Computer simulation in the course of armed conflict requires standardization of procedures and improvement of the substantive and instrumental components of the application of this method. It is concluded that this model has different perspectives for its development, which include: standardization of procedures with due regard to the specifics of the crime committed and the offender; details of information sources; technological direction of simulation; possible types of models; and, the need/appropriateness of involving international coordination assistance.
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Bakhrushin, Vladimir. "STANDARDIZATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION AS A TOOL FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION: LEVELS OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SUBJECT AREAS." Educational Analytics of Ukraine, no. 2 (2020): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32987/2617-8532-2020-2-50-66.
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The article discusses some problems of standardization of higher education levels and subject areas in Ukraine, as well as possible ways to solve them. For this purpose, international standardization practices, experience, and problems of creating new higher education standards in Ukraine are considered. According to the Law of Ukraine "On Education", standardization is one of the components of the external quality assurance system in education. Ukrainian legislation provides several levels of standardization – legal requirements, the National Qualifications Framework, higher education standards. The National Qualifications Framework of Ukraine was established in 2011. Today it defines 8 levels corresponding to the levels of the European Qualifications Framework. The new Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education", adopted in 2014, gives higher education institutions significantly greater academic autonomy and provides teachers and students with greater academic freedom. At the same time, it envisages the creation of a new model of quality assurance based on the ESG-2015 and the practices of the EHEA countries. However, the implementation of this model faces a number of problems. Higher education standards should guarantee, on the one hand, the compliance with the level requirements of the NQF, EQF and the QF EHEA, and on the other one, with the needs of the labour market. The formulation of the subject area of the specialty turned out to be one of the serious problems in the development of standards. At the initial stage of work on standards, it was quite common for developers to try to define the subject area through the content of education. Another major challenge was to ensure that the complexity of requirements of the standards meets the NQF levels. Proposals to solve these and some other problems are being discussed.
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Tovo, Carlo. "Judicial review of harmonized standards: Changing the paradigms of legality and legitimacy of private rulemaking under EU law." Common Market Law Review 55, Issue 4 (August 1, 2018): 1187–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2018096.
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Harmonized Standards (“HSs”) have been essential to the functioning of the internal market and they increasingly substitute legislation in achieving EU policy objectives, such as establishing the Digital Single Market. This has prompted a “juridification” of the standardization process, which has strengthened its legitimacy and brought HSs within the scope of EU law. The nature and legal effect of HSs remain nonetheless unclear. In light of the recent ECJ case law, this article argues that HSs must now be regarded as atypical implementing acts, imputable to the Commission and subject to a limited judicial review. The incorporation of HSs under EU law triggers a paradigm shift in their legality and legitimacy, no longer exclusively based on their voluntary, non-binding character. Holding the Commission legally accountable for HSs is essential to ensure their compatibility with EU law, and to connect another atypical implementation process to the Union legal order.
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Mansyur, Ali, and Irsan Rahman. "PENEGAKAN HUKUM PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN MUTU PRODUKSI NASIONAL." Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 2, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v2i1.1411.
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As the Consumer Protection Law Enforcement Effort for Quality Improvement National Production outlines that globalization opens free market requires businesses to compete on a competitive basis from the galloping pace of international business competition. Opportunities entry of goods importedfrom abroad should be able to be supported by regulations to safeguard the rights of consumers and businesses nationwide are required to produce a quality prodak capable of fulfilling the rights of consumers and be able to compete competitively in the global market. The research method using normative juridical approach with The data collection methods focus on literature study materials secondary law. research shows that the production quality standardization aims to improve consumerprotection and to realize smooth trade and a healthy business climate, embody the fulfillment of the rights of consumers, and improve the quality of prodak grade; The next responsibility of businesses in ensuring the quality of the production is to provide the fulfillment of the rights of consumers, the conception of the activities prohibited to businesses in the form of regulations to not produce harmful products and are not qualified, and quality standardization efforts of national production; whereasconsumer protection law enforcement efforts in improving the quality of national production is through the efforts of standardizing the quality of production, the preventive consumer protection and dispute settlement, prosecution and sanctioning both on aspects of criminal, civil and administrative.
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Jitsuya, Hasegawa. "Standardization of Complex and Diversified Preferential Rules of Origin." Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 4 (June 1, 2021): 545–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021023.
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The growing number of free trade agreements (FTAs) and economic partnership agreements (EPAs) and the divergent contents of their preferential Rules of Origin (RoO) have led to the increasing complexity and diversity of such regulations. This has caused considerable concern among all parties involved in international trade. Although there has been some progress in attaining convergence of RoO in some product areas, particularly chemicals, similar initiatives have not been successful in other sectors, such as agricultural products, textiles, iron, steel and machinery. Instead, preferential RoO in these industries remain heterogeneous and often incompatible. This article examines the current state of preferential RoO. The regulatory rationale is analysed by separating the ‘content of rules’ from the ‘way of expressing rules’, with a focus on the World Trade Organization’s HarmonizationWork Programme of Non-Preferential Rules of Origin (HWP) and how this has influenced the development of preferential RoO. In addition, this article proposes the standardization of preferential RoO in key product sectors by harmonizing and simplifying the ‘way of expressing rules’ according to the ‘content of the rules’ to reduce disparities in the regulations. Rules of Origin, Preferential Rules of Origin, Non-Preferential Rules of Origin, Free Trade Agreements, Economic Partnership Agreements, World Trade Organization, Harmonization Work Programme
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Castillo, Felipe Aravena, and Marta Quiroga Lobos. "Early child care education: Evidence from the new law in Chile." Journal of Pedagogy 8, no. 1 (August 28, 2017): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jped-2017-0006.
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AbstractIn the last decade, Chile has focused on early childhood education and care (ECEC) as a key opportunity to increase student-learning outcomes and decrease socio-economic inequalities. The creation of Chile’s Under-Secretariat of ECEC in 2015 highlights the relevance of this educational stage. The purpose of this study is to analyse the new law (no. 20.835) on ECEC from the perspective of policy formulation. This study employs a discourse analysis that is based on a conceptual frame analysis of two concepts: relationships and roles. The findings indicate that the creation of the Superintendence of Education is an attempt at introducing accountability processes to ensure the quality of early childhood education. This is sustained by neoliberal policies, standardization and external influences. This study contributes to understandings of the relationship between stakeholders and school organizations and the degree of coherence and impact. Furthermore, the aim is to contribute to the international discussion surrounding educational policies beyond country-specific contexts.
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Romaniello, Matthew. "Ethnicity as Social Rank: Governance, Law, and Empire in Muscovite Russia." Nationalities Papers 34, no. 4 (September 2006): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990600842049.
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Most European early-modern states transitioned from composite monarchies into centralized ones. Essentially, composite monarchies were “more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler.” As Moscow expanded and acquired the surrounding principalities either by inheritance or force, its grand princes enacted a series of legal and administrative reforms to dissolve the differences among its territories and create a centralized monarchy. These political reforms began under Ivan III, who instituted a standardization of Muscovite legal practice and formalized a defined system of social precedence,mestnichestvo, which accorded high rank to his newly acquired provincial elites within the Muscovite social system. Change could not happen overnight, and further legal reforms by Ivan IV, in addition to new religious reforms to eradicate differences of practice among his subjects, centralized the Grand Prince's political and religious authority.
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Younas, Ammar, and Maksudboy Sadikov. "TECH LAW IN CENTRAL ASIA: APPROACH TO TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS OF THE 4TH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION." Jurisprudence 1, no. 6 (December 15, 2021): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.1.6./bzea3440.
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Scholars in Central Asia have long started exploring the nexus between law and technology. Contemporary Central Asian legal academia is producing research which stands at the junction of law, philosophy, and technology. Central Asia is comparatively not advanced in technology production and imports most the technologies from neighboring tech giants. These technologies are imported as a package along with the laws and regulations proposed by the technology manufacturing country. It has been observed that these regulations don’t correlate with the existing local and regional legal systems. To meet these demands, this article proposes a new discipline / branch of legal sciences named as “Central Asia Tech Law” to accommodate the technological progression of the 4th industrial revolution. This branch of law strives to promote globalized legal mechanisms to treat technology as per the demands of the Central Asian region and in line with the international norms and standardization. Another purpose of Central Asia Tech Law is to increase the interaction with regional social and applied scientists to set regional technological standards and preferences for Central Asia.
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Nabilou, Hossein, and Songjiwen Wu. "Repo Markets Across the Atlantic: Similar but Unalike." European Business Law Review 30, Issue 4 (July 1, 2019): 513–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2019023.
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This paper sketches the key differences in the EU and the U.S. repo markets to inform the policy recommendations for harmonization and standardization of rules governing repo contracts put forward by the international financial fora and standard setters. In so doing, it examines three main aspects of the repo markets. First, it highlights the differences in the legal framework governing repo markets, such as legal construction of repo contracts, special insolvency treatment, and legal treatment of the reuse of collateral. Second, it discusses the composition, structure and organization of the repo markets, such as differences in the composition of repo participants, maturity of repos and the composition of the underlying collateral in repo contracts. Finally, it investigates the differences in the issues related to the market infrastructure of repo markets such as differences in the clearing and collateral management stages. The main finding of this paper is that in spite of significant efforts to standardize and harmonize repo markets as well as their applicable legal framework in the past, there remains significant differences across the Atlantic. Such differences in the legal framework, composition, structure and organization of repo markets and repo markets infrastructure would require differential and more nuanced approach to regulating repo markets than what is pursued by the current international financial standard setters.
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Kaminska, Nataliia. "Development of European electoral and referendum law." ScienceRise: Juridical Science, no. 3(21) (September 30, 2022): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2523-4153.2022.265570.
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The purpose of the article is to study European electoral and referendum law. In order to achieve it, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: disclosure of the nature of European electoral and referendum law; analysis of existing European legal standards in this field; highlighting the trends and regularities of the development of European electoral and referendum law in modern conditions. The methodological basis of the research is general scientific methods, in particular, dialectical, systemic, synthesis method, etc., and special legal (comparative-legal, historical-legal, formal-logical, structural-functional, legal semiotics, etc. .) methods of scientific knowledge. Their combination made it possible to comprehensively analyze the essence and peculiarities of European electoral and referendum law, to find out the trends and prospects of their development in modern conditions. With the creation of an extensive system of international legal standards of the universal and regional (mostly European) levels, which guarantee the rights of citizens to participate in elections and referendums, the active functioning of the Council of Europe, the OSCE, the EU, the traditional democratic institutions of elections and referendums are marked by significant modernization and standardization. Along with the development of electoral and referendum law and relevant legislation at the domestic levels, the formation of European electoral and referendum law is observed. Undoubtedly, thorough studies of their nature and essence, subject-functional and other characteristics, mechanisms of implementation of existing European legal standards in this field, etc., are necessary. The risks and threats, associated with armed aggression against Ukraine, and the re-creation of classic institutions of people's power, for the improvement of which the efforts of democratic states and, in recent decades, international organizations have been concentrated, force the development of effective tools for countering and preventing manipulation of elections and referenda, establishing responsibility for such acts, increasing universally binding (normative) acts, along with "soft law" acts in this area
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Ben Slama, Fatma, and Mohamed Faker Klibi. "Accounting development in a changing environment: the case of Tunisia." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 5 (September 11, 2017): 756–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-03-2016-0034.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss accounting development in Tunisia, which is a developing North African country little known in the international accounting literature. Design/methodology/approach Methodologically, this paper is based on an exploratory approach. It uses the descriptive tradition of research by collecting and analyzing numerical and narrative data to identify and describe environmental factors that favor or hamper accounting development in Tunisia. Findings This paper indicates that Tunisian companies have been applying the Enterprise Accounting System (EAS) since 1996. This system, while keeping with the logic of a chart of accounts, represents a first attempt to harmonize with international accounting standards. Accounting harmonization in Tunisia is meant to support the strategy, launched in the early 1990s, to integrate the country into the globalization process. Accordingly, the EAS has helped to achieve macroeconomic benefits (public interests). However, it does not lead to the desired level of financial transparency (private interests), especially that of large companies. Currently, Tunisian Accounting Standards neither reflect the rapid evolution of business activity nor changes in international accounting standards. This unachieved harmonization has led some listed companies to comply with some International Financial Reporting Standards which are not included in the EAS. Research limitations/implications The unachieved harmonization in Tunisia is mainly related to the political system, taxation factors, the legal system, the weak state of corporate governance and governmental control over standardization. Practical implications This paper provides insights into the problems of developing countries that harmonize with international standards to achieve public interests. These countries may encounter many difficulties in bringing their accounting standards up to date. These difficulties seem to be associated with environmental specificities. Accordingly, international standardization bodies and developing country regulators should take into account environmental factors which are determinant for the harmonization decision to succeed. Originality/value This paper contributes to the existing literature on accounting development in developing countries. It implies that recent accounting development, as it is designed in Tunisia, is better suited to the needs of small businesses. Large companies would be compelled to complement local generally accepted accounting principles by standards they choose, voluntarily, among international standards.
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Takahashi, Sigeru, and Akio Tojo. "The SSI story What it is, and how it was stalled and eliminated in the International Standardization arena." Computer Standards & Interfaces 15, no. 6 (December 1993): 523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(93)90005-c.
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Altoukhov, A. V., S. Yu Kashkin, and N. A. Molchanov. "Platform Law and Platform Solutions in the Fight against the Pandemic." Kutafin Law Review 8, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2313-5395.2021.3.17.443-452.
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The paper looks at the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, focusing upon the invaluable contribution of the platform technologies and artificial intelligence to the fight against this suddenly impending threat. Applying analytical techniques, we focus on some Asian countries (i.e. Singapore, China), Russia and the USA. The results demonstrate that rapid processing of large amounts of data, standardization protocols and quick analysis within a tight deadline cannot be overestimated. However, lack of the appropriate legal regulation significantly limits the functionality of platform solutions. We live in a modern legal state, where human rights arerecognized as the highest value, so implementation of new technologies, regardless of their efficiency and practical value, should not infringe the rights of citizens, but meet the requirements of the law. The article tackles the problem of global COVID-19 pandemic by focusing on the international experience in the use of artificial intelligence and arising legal issues associated with human rights and information privacy laws. This will help to determine the vector of the legislation development globally among the continents and in the Russian Federation specifically.
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Pusceddu, Piergiuseppe. "Hic sunt dracones? Mapping the Legal Framework of China’s Innovation Policy: Standardization and IPRs." IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 51, no. 5 (June 2020): 559–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40319-020-00945-8.
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Cocoșatu, Mădălina, and Claudia Elena Marinică. "FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS AND THE LEGAL SECURITY OF DOCUMENTS WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Revue Européenne du Droit Social 53, no. 4 (September 12, 2021): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53373/reds.2021.53.4.042.
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The increase of international and European Union migration has led to increasing attention to the impact of Member States' legislation on the recognition, legal certainty and standardization of procedures for the movement of official documents, as part of the free movement of persons within the European Union. This article responds to European Union's needs by examining the extent to which the various regulations, in particular regulations having direct and immediate application, being long and complex and comprehensively governing some cross-border procedures that underline the recognition of official documents within the European Union. It is a fact that the Union facilitates and accelerates the cross-border application of aspects of the free movement of persons in private international law, encourages the simplification of the requirements for the presentation of certain official documents in EU, while strengthening the security of Union citizens' identity cards and residence documents etc. By using the historical and comparative method, the conclusions drawn from this analysis refer to the need to apply these legislative rules established due to the necessity to ensure legal certainty and predictability at Union level, but also offering to European citizens an attractive option compared to the classic variants of international law, the latter providing at times a more convincing and comprehensive legal certainty.
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Siljanovska, Zorica, and Elena Shalevska. "OECD PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND THEIR IMPACT ON PROCESS OF STANDARDIZATION." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 5 (October 4, 2019): 1491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34051491s.
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In May 1999, the OECD published the "Principles of Corporate Governance", which are also the first intergovernmental attempt to develop international standards for corporate governance. These principles demonstrate the importance of introducing a basic framework for good corporate governance, in line with rapid technological development, existing economic changes that contribute to the globalization process and increasingly break the boundaries of markets with the tendency of creating a large global and single market. Along with that process of globalization and investment opportunity, the current development in the business world, OECD principles are an indicator and benchmark for international financial institutions, as well as a measure by which governments can be guided in evaluating their corporate laws and regulations management. The principles are developed in a way that is flexible and can be adopted in different cultures, environments and traditions in different countries. As a result, the private sector has, in many countries, used them as a basis for developing its corporate governance codes. As a result, the Corporate Governance Principles have become an international standard for corporate governance by promoting transparency, integrity and the rule of law. The latest released version of the so-called G20 / OECD Corporate Governance Principles take into account recent advances in the financial and corporate sector, which have the potential to influence the effectiveness and relevance of corporate governance policies and practices. Due to the changing world market situation, they have undergone changes and become their final form in 2015. As a result, their goal is actually to serve all countries around the world in the process of evaluating and promoting their legal , institutional and regulatory framework for corporate governance. Although numerous and diverse factors influence the management and decision-making process within each company that are important for its long-term growth, the Principles focus on management issues and problems arising from separation of ownership and control. Standardization, by means of principles, will involve the creation of unified business processes in different organizational units or locations with similar levels of cost and performance goals and the use of good working practices.
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Kahar, Manoj A. "Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (with its inherent limitations) Remains a Useful Investigation in Contemporary Clinical Practice." Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 9, no. 6 (June 29, 2022): R9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apalm.3155.
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(ESR) determined by Westergren method is used in diagnosis and monitoring inflammatory activities. Extremely elevated ESR (>100mm/hr) is usually indicative of a serious underlying disease. ESR phenomenon occurs in three phases (Aggregation, Decantation & Packaging) and is related to certain laws of physics like Stokes’s law. ESR by Westergren method is affected by RBC, Plasma and Technical factors and also by many physiological and clinical states. ESR by Westergren method is endorsed by International Council for Standardization in Haematology as a “Gold Standard” for ESR determination and provides recommendations to perform ESR by reference method. ESR by conventional Westergren method has many limitations necessitating technical innovations and alternate test methods in ESR determination.
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Reicher, Oscar, Verónica Delgado, and José-Luis Arumi. "Use of Indicators in Strategic Environmental Assessments of Urban-Planning Instruments: A Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 12639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212639.
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The monitoring of the impact of cities on sustainable development initiatives has led several nations to adopt the use of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) instrument to enhance environmental management efforts. The use of indicators within this process is essential since they enable authorities to monitor and mitigate any adverse effects that may arise as a consequence of urbanization. Over a decade after the implementation of this instrument in Chile, a review of the indicators used in the SEA framework to monitor the impacts of urban planning has yet to be executed. Since there is no standardization of indicators under Chilean regulations, this study applied international classifications including the Pressure-State-Response indicator framework devised by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in addition to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 37120. Under these criteria, the environmental-monitoring indicators utilized in the most populous regions in Chile were classified. Results show a limited use of indicators that can be categorized as related to urban-focused environmental monitoring. This paper concludes by posing certain questions that should be considered for future improvements to monitoring impacts generated by urbanization.