Relevant bibliographies by topics / International law – Standardization

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'International law – Standardization'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "International law – Standardization"

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RADI, YANNICK. "Standardization: A Dynamic and Procedural Conceptualization of International Law-Making." Leiden Journal of International Law 25, no. 2 (May 2, 2012): 283–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156512000039.

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AbstractThe paper analyses the dynamic procedures that work during the formation of international law in international organizations and conventional frameworks. These procedures organize and structure the interactive exercise of the normative function by law-creating bodies and law-applying bodies. The paper conceives of this ‘way’ of making international law as a law-making method that the concept of standardization helps to understand. Grounded in Aristotelian dialectic logic, standardization indeed conceptualizes the dialogic and procedural law-making that works for normative coherence in contexts characterized by co-operation and the heterogeneity of interests. Introducing this concept, the paper insists on the fact that it is the procedural nature of the dialogue that is crucial to reach normative coherence. Drawing on the consequences of standardization, and regarding dynamic procedures, it reappraises the status and the importance of both the different sources of international law and the different participants to international law-making. Also, the paper points out the predominance of normative coherence, as well as that of its ‘guarantor’, namely procedure that its author considers the cornerstone of legal certainty in the co-operative context of the international society.
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Sarikaya, Behçet, and Rasim Yilmaz. "International and Turkish information technology standardization." Computer Standards & Interfaces 14, no. 5-6 (December 1992): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(92)90005-x.

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Forster, Marc. "Functions and Practice of Legal Citing: Towards a Uniform International Quotation System." International Journal of Legal Information 23, no. 2 (1995): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500027797.

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The question, whether and to what extent the citation of laws, Rechtsprechung and legal doctrine should be internationally standardized, cannot be answered for all branches of law without making certain distinctions. International contracts or codifications with multinational validity (for example, the law of the European Union) have other criteria to fulfill with regard to their function and coordination as does, for instance, the law of criminal procedure of a Swiss canton. The Rechtsprechung of a national supreme court has, as a result of the possibilities of international reception within the scope of comparative law, a different meaning from that of lower authorities. A scholarly paper with an international or comparative law perspective is not oriented toward the same target group nor with the same pretenses as a more practice oriented essay about procedural niceties of a specific national law. Moreover, it appears to me, the “whether” and “how” of an international standardization of the legal citation passes over the true problem. A formal standardization of the legal citation is not the important issue; rather, it is an increase in the mutual understandability of legal materials. Legal citations should be able to be understood as precisely and quickly as possible.
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Krigsvoll, Guri, Marina Fumo, and Renata Morbiducci. "National and International Standardization (International Organization for Standardization and European Committee for Standardization) Relevant for Sustainability in Construction." Sustainability 2, no. 12 (December 20, 2010): 3777–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su2123777.

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Vallejo, Rodrigo. "The Private Administrative Law of Technical Standardization." Yearbook of European Law 40 (January 1, 2021): 172–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/yeab011.

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Abstract The nature and place of technical standards has remained an enigma for EU law and legal thought, despite their ubiquitous part and growing importance in market-building processes within and beyond Europe. The significance and intractability of this enigma has been heightened by the landmark Fra.bo (2012) and James Elliot (2016) judgments of the ECJ. These judgments have prompted contradictory positions regarding the publicity and justiciability of technical standards among European legal scholarship and even between the European Commission and the European Parliament. The enigma and these contradictory positions have recently reached the ECJ again through the Stichting Rookpreventie case currently under review by its Grand Chamber. Drawing upon a reconstructive analysis of these and other relevant legal sources concerning technical standardization in Europe, this paper surmounts these seeming contradictions by advancing a new account of these legal developments. Contrary to the mainstream positions nowadays in tension, the article argues that these judgments have reaffirmed the New Approach and the distinctive place of technical standardization organizations in the European legal order while avoiding dysfunctional modes of judicialization. It has done so by acknowledging the techno-political character of technical standards and aptly delineating institutional competences between the government and the judiciary throughout technical standardization processes. To guide future legal thinking and reasoning on these processes, the paper recasts these legal developments through the idea of a ‘private administrative law’ as signifying the way that EU Law has transformed the nature and place of technical standardization in the internal market and as an eventual means for the global reach of EU law.
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Vergano, Paolo R., and Tobias Dolle. "The Trade Law Consequences of “Brexit”." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 4 (December 2016): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00010229.

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AbstractThis section highlights the interface between international trade and investment law and municipal and international risk regulation. It is meant to cover cases and other legal developments in WTO law (SPS, TBT and TRIPS Agreements and the general exceptions in both GATT 1994 and GATS), bilateral investment treaty arbitration and other free trade agreements such as NAFTA. Pertinent developments in international standardization bodies recognized by the SPS and TBT Agreement are also covered.
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Kusumaningrum, Adi. "Recent Development in International Treaties Relating to Aviation: New Standardization of International Air Law." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 02 (2020): 268–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n2.a7.

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Globalization is identified with the development of treaties into national domain law. Initially, such treaties did not appear as legal regulations but as standard/harmonized-setting for member states. Since the establishment of Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, 1944, treaties on aviation keep developing well both on the aviation operational technique and economic aspect. Those treaties nowadays have turned into the source of international aviation law. Treaty has been one of the bases of domestic law for almost nations in the world. As a result, the global requirements need to be adjusted into national law of states. States are bound both legally and politically to verdicts of International organizations. The process of regulation and decision making in International organizations should be based on democratic procedures of member states either in the construction of final draft or in negotiation and arrangement of regulation or resolution drafts. Specifically, this article discusses recent development of international treaties relating to aviation from both operational and economic aspects. Following Assembly 39th Session, ICAO, member states of ICAO, including Indonesia, made several multilateral agreements. The ratification of International treaties should consider the effects on legal, political, and security aspects. For Indonesia, one of the aspects that should never be neglected is strategic airspace, both geographically and geopolitically.
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Kusumaningrum, Adi. "Recent Development in International Treaties Relating to Aviation: New Standardization of International Air Law." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 02 (2020): 268–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n2.a7.

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Globalization is identified with the development of treaties into national domain law. Initially, such treaties did not appear as legal regulations but as standard/harmonized-setting for member states. Since the establishment of Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, 1944, treaties on aviation keep developing well both on the aviation operational technique and economic aspect. Those treaties nowadays have turned into the source of international aviation law. Treaty has been one of the bases of domestic law for almost nations in the world. As a result, the global requirements need to be adjusted into national law of states. States are bound both legally and politically to verdicts of International organizations. The process of regulation and decision making in International organizations should be based on democratic procedures of member states either in the construction of final draft or in negotiation and arrangement of regulation or resolution drafts. Specifically, this article discusses recent development of international treaties relating to aviation from both operational and economic aspects. Following Assembly 39th Session, ICAO, member states of ICAO, including Indonesia, made several multilateral agreements. The ratification of International treaties should consider the effects on legal, political, and security aspects. For Indonesia, one of the aspects that should never be neglected is strategic airspace, both geographically and geopolitically.
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Ukaj-Elshani, Valeza. "Historical Overview of Jus Cogens Norms, Their Applicability by International Courts and Necessity for Unification." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 3, no. 15 (2019): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.15.2019.3.068-082.

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The principal aim of this paper is the need for standardization of jus cogens norms, which besides their definition by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties have been further developed by international courts. The paper is divided in four parts that include the characterization of jus cogens norms, their development in the early history of international law, the development of these norms by international and regional courts and ends with the need of unification of jus cogens norms. A general conclusion thus can be drawn. The international courts, in order not to become inclined to use controversial terms of jus cogens norms, necessitate for a harmonized system and standardization of these norms in order to further develop jus cogens norms. Thus, the fulfillment of these norms through standardization allows us to think that one day all international wrongful acts will become at some point world-wide derogatory. Šī raksta galvenais mērķis ir vajadzība standartizēt jus cogens normas, kuras papildus to definīcijai Vīnes konvencijā par starptautisko līgumu tiesībām ir tālāk attīstījušas starptautiskās tiesas. Šis raksts ir sadalīts četrās daļās, kas ietver jus cogens normu raksturošanu, to attīstību starptautisko tiesību agrākajā vēsturē, šo normu izstrādi starptautiskajās un reģionālajās tiesās un noslēgumā – nepieciešamību unificēt jus cogens normas. Raksta noslēgumā iespējams izteikt galvenos secinājumus par analizēto jautājumu. Starptautiskās tiesas, lai nebūtu spiestas izmantot pretrunīgus jus cogens normu terminus, ir aktualizējušas nepieciešamību pēc vienotas sistēmas un šo normu unifikācijas / standartizācijas, lai turpinātu attīstīt jus cogens normas un to piemērošanu.
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Bélanger, Michel. "Une nouvelle branche du droit international : Le droit international de la santé." Études internationales 13, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 611–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701420ar.

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International health law is a soft law which is now reaching full maturity. It has gradually taken root since the middle of the 19th century, and it represents a synthesis of several disciplines (international work law, international social law, international humanitarian law, international medical law, international environment law, ...) International health law must be linked to international economic law and particularly to international development law. Moreover, it is mostly a Third-world law, especially since the World Health Organization (W.H.O.) caters first of all to the needs and demands of the developing nations. Thus it offers both an ideological and technical aspect which is very present in the concepts of New International Health Order and of Primarian Health Cares. W.H.O. must be considered as the main organization in the field of international public health, though, an international sanitary division has been established with both world organizations (mainly the United Nations System organizations), trans-regional, regional or sub-regional organizations, all with sanitary competence, as well as many non-governmental organizations with a sanitary purpose. The standardization process (general standards and ordinary standards) of international health law is nevertheless very advanced, and make international health law a half proclamatory and half executory law.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International law – Standardization"

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Meunier, Hugo. "Les normes internationales qui prescrivent l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020089/document.

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Cette thèse propose une théorie générale des normes internationales qui prescrivent l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne. Cette entreprise, qui est une première dans la doctrine de droit international, présente, à titre principal, deux intérêts. Premièrement, elle démontre que le concept de normes internationales prescrivant l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne permet de décrire une partie fondamentale du droit international positif, habituellement présentée au moyen d'autres concepts très connus, en particulier le principe de primauté ou de supériorité du droit international et le conflit ou la contrariété entre droit international et droit interne. Deuxièmement, en s'appuyant sur 250 instruments et 750 jugements, extraits principalement du droit des affaires, du droit de l'environnement, du droit des droits de l'homme, du droit pénal, du droit du travail et du droit de l'Union européenne, cette thèse prouve qu'il existe un régime commun à l'ensemble des normes internationales qui prescrivent l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne
This thesis establishes a general theory of international norms which prescribe the validity or the invalidity of an internal rule. This research, the first of its sort to be undertaken in international legal doctrine, follows two principal lines of enquiry. Firstly, it demonstrates that the concept of international norms which prescribe the validity or the invalidity of an internal rule provide a basis on which to describe a fundamental part of positive international law, usually presented by mean of well-know others concepts as the principle of primacy or superiority of the international law, and the conflict or contradiction between international law and internal law. Secondly, this thesis draws on more than 250 legal instruments and 750 judgments, relating principally to business law, environmental law, human-rights law, criminal law, labour law and European Union law, to illustrate the existence of a coherent regime governing all international norms prescribing the validity or the invalidity of an internal rule
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Pereira, de Andrade Priscila. "Le développement durable des biocarburants : objet d'un droit transnational." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010317.

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L'étude de l'encadrement juridique : du développement des biocarburants démontre une tendance contemporaine, celle de la diffusion des instruments normatifs publics et privés pour régir les impacts environnementaux et sociaux potentiels des produits échangés au plan international. Une « gouvernance multi-niveaux » s'observe à deux niveaux : celui des insuffisances des outils de droit public pour assurer un développement durable des biocarburants et celui de l'émergence des outils de droit privé au soutien de leur « durabilité ». En raison de la rareté des instruments spécifiques , et des limites, tant des instruments généraux de droit international public, que du traitement limité des biocarburants par le « modèle » du droit de l'Union européenne à cause de sa portée fragile au regard du droit de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), nous soutenons que les outils de droit privé peuvent effectivement contribuer à la protection de l'environnement et au respect des droits de l'Homme dans ce domaine. La thèse démontre que les normes privées internationales et les contrats du commerce international des biocarburants représentent un véritable levier pour la construction d'un « droit transnational » en mesure de promouvoir le développement durable de ces produits. Certes, les limites inhérentes à un droit construit à partir de la seule volonté des acteurs privés sont réelles. Néanmoins, le recours à ces initiatives normatives privées peut contribuer à surmonter certaines insuffisances des initiatives normatives publiques. La pertinence de la normalisation internationale privée appliquée aux biocarburants durables dans le droit de l'OMC pour l'harmonisation internationale des « critères de durabilité », et l'apport de la contractualisation pour consolider l’engagement « socio-environnementalement responsable » des entreprises participant aux chaînes globales d'approvisionnement, sont notamment mis en évidence
The study of the legal framework for the development of biofuels demonstrates the contemporary trend of using public and private normative instruments to regulate the potential environmental and social impacts of products traded internationally. A "multi-level governance” can be observed from two levels: first from the inadequacies of public law tools to assure the sustainable development of biofuels and, secondly from the emergence of the private law tools to promote its "sustainability". Due to the scarcity of specific tools and limits in existing instruments of public international law, and due to the limits in the way the European Union "model" law treats this issue as well as to its questionable legality with the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules we consequently argue that private law tools may actually provide stronger regulation and bring real contribution to increase environmental protection and human rights respect in the biofuel sector. The thesis demonstrates that international private standards and international commercial contracts represent a real lever for the construction of a "transnational law" capable of promoting the sustainable development of biofuels. Certainly, there are limitations inherent to a law built from the will of private actors. However, the use of these private normative initiatives can help overcome shortcomings existing in the public law tools. The relevance of private international standardization for the international harmonization of biofuel's sustainability norms according WTO laws and the contribution of contractual commitments to consolidate the "corporate social­environmental responsibility" engagement of companies participating in the international biofuel supply chains are particularly herein highlighted
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MENEZES, Carla Cristina Costa de. "A influência da harmonização e da uniformização do direito internacional privado sobre a autonomia da vontade na escolha da lei aplicável aos contratos internacionais." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17434.

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Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-15T17:42:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE - CCCM.pdf: 883367 bytes, checksum: 980881f53c58bb3c4c15d77603a8e1fc (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-15T17:42:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE - CCCM.pdf: 883367 bytes, checksum: 980881f53c58bb3c4c15d77603a8e1fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-12
Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo defender a tese da maior promoção da autonomia da vontade como elemento de conexão no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, no que se refere à regulamentação dos contratos internacionais. Diante desta finalidade, a pesquisa analisa as possibilidades de harmonização e de uniformização do Direito Internacional Privado (DIPr) no século XXI em matéria de comércio internacional, e o posicionamento adotado pelos principais institutos internacionais que promovem as técnicas de harmonização e uniformização de modo a contemplar a autonomia da vontade na escolha da lei aplicável. A partir da abordagem das convenções e tratados internacionais emanados destes institutos, busca-se demonstrar o caminho trilhado em direção ao reconhecimento do princípio da autonomia da vontade como elemento principal na escolha da lei aplicável ao contrato internacional de comércio. Para atingir esse fim, realizou-se um estudo correlacionado da UNCITRAL, da Convenção de Roma de 1980, da Convenção do México de 1994, dos INCOTERMS e do UNIDROIT com o intuito de demonstrar a urgência do reconhecimento da autonomia da vontade das partes na escolha da lei aplicável ao contrato internacional pelo Brasil, propondo ao fim uma redação moderna e atualizada para reformar a LINDB de 2010.
This work aims to defend the thesis of further promotion of the autonomy of will as a connecting element in brazilian law, in relation to the regulation of international contracts. Given this purpose, the search starts from the analysis of the possibilities of harmonization and unification of the norms of Private International Law (PrIL) in the twenty-first century in international trade, and the position adopted by major international institutions that promote technical harmonization and standardization in order to include the autonomy of will to choose the applicable law. From the approach of the international conventions and treaties emanating from these institutes, seeks to demonstrate the path taken towards the recognition of the principle of the autonomy of will as a key element in the choice of the law applicable to international trade. To achieve this, it conducted a study correlated of the UNCITRAL, the Rome Convention of 1980, the Mexico Convention of 1994, the INCOTERMS and the UNIDROIT in order to demonstrate the urgency of the recognition, by the brazilian law, of the parties autonomy of will to choose the applicable law to the international contracts, finally proposing a modern and an updated essay to reform the LINDB 2010.
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Youbo, Lou Bouinan Sonia. "La lex societatis en droit international des affaires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0132/document.

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La recherche de la loi applicable à la société, lex societatis, est incontournable carc’est de cette loi dont dépendront les règles de constitution, de fonctionnement et dedissolution de la société. Mais la problématique de la détermination de la lex societatis enDroit International des Affaires réside dans l’identification d’un mode adéquat derattachement des sociétés transfrontalières à un territoire national. Le caractère transfrontalierdes sociétés actuelles accentue le conflit entre les différents systèmes de rattachement dessociétés traditionnellement retenus par les législations. La pluralité de système derattachement des sociétés est à l’origine de conflits auxquels l’uniformisation de la règle deconflit de lois en matière de détermination de la lex societatis peut être une solution.Le droit des sociétés doit être un instrument au service des affaires, et non un frein àleur évolution et à leur développement. Ainsi pour répondre aux besoins des affairesinternationales, outre l’élimination des entraves aux échanges il faut envisager une adaptationdu contenu des règles de conflit de lois actuelles qui permettent la détermination de la lexsocietatis ainsi qu’une modification de leur source
The search of the law applicable to the company, lex societatis is a must because it isthis law which will depend on the rules of formation, operation and dissolution of thecompany. But the problem of determining the lex societatis in International Business Law isthe identification of a suitable method of attachment of cross-border companies on a nationalterritory. The transboundary nature of today’s societies accentuates the conflict between thedifferent companies of connecting systems traditionally retained by the legislation. Theplurality of connecting corporate system is causing conflicts that standardization of the rulesof conflict of laws determining the lex societatis can be a solution.Company law should be a tool for business, not a hindrance to their development andtheir development. So to meet the needs of international business, besides the elimination ofbarriers to trade should be considered an adaptation of the contents of the current conflict oflaws rules that allow the determination of the lex societatis and a change of their source
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Arlota, Alexandre Sales Cabral. "A estandardização dos contratos internacionais e o modelo FIDIC - Silver Book para contratos EPC." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6316.

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No presente trabalho acadêmico se apresentarão as principais características do processo de globalização, passando-se à exposição da relevância do Direito Comparado, até se chegar à análise da adoção de modelos internacionais de contratos como esforço uniformizador, de modo a reduzir riscos e a minorar custos de transação. Na sequência, investigar-se-á o modelo contratual EPC (acrônimo das palavras inglesas Engineering, Procurement and Construction - Engenharia, Gestão de Compra e Construção), originário da prática anglo-saxã, focando-se na análise e na qualificação tipológica do Contrato EPC, comparando-o com institutos existentes na legislação brasileira. Delinear-se-á o contexto de disseminação do Contrato EPC no exterior e sua consolidação no Brasil, amparadas, em larga medida, na necessidade de que - em vultosos projetos de infraestrutura, sobretudo em áreas de investimento em relação às quais os empreendedores desconheçam o ambiente regulatório e a realidade socioeconômica se tenha estatuto privado a transladar ao construtor a maior parte dos riscos atinentes a serviços complexos de engenharia. Enfrentar-se-ão as características essenciais deste modelo contratual, tomando-se como padrão o Conditions of Contract for EPC Turnkey Projects - general conditions, guidance for the preparation of particular conditions, forms of letter of tender, contract agreement and dispute adjudication agreement, recomendado pela Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs Conseils - FIDIC. Apresentar-se-á como o direito estrangeiro equilibra a assunção dos riscos pelo construtor (Contractor ou Builder), inclusive aqueles, referentes a eventos não antecipáveis (unforeseen risks), inobstante a preservação pelo contratante (Owner) de lato poder de monitoramento e fiscalização (overseeing attributions, key personnel and contract manager approval, step-in rights).
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Sierra, Cadena Grenfieth de Jesús. "L'internationalisation pluraliste du droit public de l'intégration régionale : une comparaison d'après la jurisprudence de la CJUE et du TJCA." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010327.

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L’internationalisation du droit communautaire de l’UE a engendré le développement de nouveaux centres de production juridique en dehors de l’espace juridique européen comme la CAN. Ce processus a stimulé un phénomène de pluralisme juridique mondial à double dimension : on note d’une part la création , à l’échelle régionale, de modèles alternatifs d’intégration ; d’autre part, au niveau national, l’émergence d’une discussion sur l’identité constitutionnelle et administrative des Etats au regard des systèmes juridiques supranationaux. La comparaison jurisprudentielle entre la CJUE et le TJCA montre une expansion du pluralisme juridique en Amérique latine et dans l’Union européenne, tant à l’échelle nationale que régionale ; constitutionnelle qu’administrative. Un tel pluralisme appelle la construction d’une jurisprudence de coordination-harmonisation régionale plutôt qu’une standardisation juridique mondiale telle qu’elle est envisagée par le droit économique de l’OMC, la doctrine du Global Administrative Law ou celle proposant des standards constitutionnels mondiaux. La jurisprudence comparée explique comment le dialogue –«spontané et débridé»- de juges nationaux et régionaux révèle les rapports conflictuels entre le droit économique du marché mondial (OMC) et la protection de l’ordre public à l’échelle régionale. La thèse aborde cette problématique du pluralisme juridique au prisme de la jurisprudence comparée de la CJUE et du TJCA. D’un point de vue constitutionnel tout d’abord, la notion de « savoir-pouvoir du juge » (se substituant à la notion d’activisme des juges) propose de comprendre le juge communautaire en tant que garant du pluralisme juridique national afin d’aborder une nouvelle configuration complexe du pouvoir juridique à l’échelle supranationale. D’un point de vue administratif ensuite, la notion de gouvernabilité régionale (se substituant à la notion de gouvernance mondiale) appelle à un espace d’étatisation juridique des pouvoirs économiques régionaux pour les placer sous le contrôle du droit. Il s’agit d’imaginer un droit public régional capable d’étatiser les pouvoirs régionaux en tant que contre-pouvoirs de régulation du marché face à l’indéfinition juridique de la gouvernance mondiale
The internationalization of Community Law in the EU has led to the development of new centers of legal production outside the European legal space such as CAN. This process has stimulated a two -dimensional global phenomenon of legal pluralism: on the one hand there is the creation of alternative regional integration models and on the other hand, the emergence of a discussion on national level about the constitutional and administrative identity of States under supranational legal systems. The comparison between different jurisprudences shows an expansion of legal pluralism in Latin America and in the EU, as much as in a national or regional scale than in a constitutional or administrative scale. Such pluralism demands the construction of a regional coordination-harmonization rather than a standardization of the legal world as envisaged by the WTO's economic Law, the doctrine of Global Administrative Law or the constitutional providing of global standards. Comparative jurisprudence explains how the national and regional judges’ “spontaneous and unrestrained” dialogue reveals the conflicting relationship between the beneficial owner of the world market (WTO) and the protection of public order at a regional level. The thesis addresses the problem of pluralism through the comparative analysis of both the ECJ's and the ACJ's jurisprudences. First, from a constitutional point of view, the notion of “power-knowledge of the judge” (replacing the concept of judicial activism) suggests the understanding of the community judge as the protector of the national legal pluralism to address a new complex configuration of legal authority at a supranational level. Secondly, from an administrative point of view, the notion of regional governability (replacing the concept of global governance) demands the judicial nationalization of regional economic powers to place it under the control of law. The aim is to imagine the regional public law capable of nationalizing the regional authorities as counter-powers regulating the market to face the lack of legal definition of the global governance
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Sall, Bigué. "L'harmonisation OHADA des contrats : contribution à la méthode légistique des contrats dans l'espace OHADA." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCB003.

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Le cadre légal est indispensable au développement de l’économie. Il définit l’avancée ou la baisse du climat des affaires dans un pays ou un espace. C’est ainsi que l’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des affaires s’est fixée pour objectif dans une plus ou moins longue échéance, le développement économique de l’Afrique en générale et de ses états membres en particulier. Pour cela, il lui faut indubitablement un droit contribuant à l’instauration d’une sécurité juridique et judiciaire à même de favoriser les investissements indispensables au développement économique de ses États membres.Dans ce contexte, elle s’est dotée de règles pouvant encadrées le développement des affaires dans son espace. Ces dispositions appelées actes uniformes sont actuellement au nombre de dix, seulement aucun de ces actes uniformes n’est relatif au droit commun des contrats. Or, le contrat est la clé de voûte du développement de la vie des affaires. Son uniformisation ou son harmonisation est à prendre en compte pour une efficacité des contrats dans la zone OHADA et de l’Afrique en général ; d’autant plus que le droit positif de ses pays membres, en matière de théorie générale des contrats n'est pas formellement uniformisé. Il est urgent d’entamer une réforme !Toutefois, il y a lieu de préciser qu’un certain nombre de projets allant dans le sens de l’harmonisation du droit des contrats ont été abandonnés ou non aboutis notamment l’avant-projet d’acte uniforme OHADA sur le droit des contrats ou encore le projet portant droit général des Obligations. Ces abandons suscitent des questionnements que nous essaierons de répondre au cours de nos développements à travers une approche historique, critique et comparative
The legal framework is important for improving the economic situation ; it defines progress or decline of the business climate in a country or space. Thus the Organization for the Harmonization in Africa of Business Law has set itself goal in a more or less long term economic development of Africa in general and of its member states in particular. Therefore, it must have rules contributing to the establishment of legal and judicial security in order to promote business investment in the Africa area.It is in this context that OHADA has adopted rules that can framed the development of business in this area. These rules, known as uniform acts, are currently ten, but not one of these uniform acts refers to general contract law. While general contract is fundamental basis of business development of business. Its uniformisation or harmonization must be considered for efficient contracts in OHADA zone and Africa in general. Furthermore, member states of OHADA do not have standardized general contractuel field. This clearly shows how urgently reform is needed!However, it should be notified that a number of projects steps towards the harmonization of contract law have been abandoned or not completed, in particular the preliminary draft OHADA Uniform Act on Contract Law and the project relating to the general law of obligations. These abandonments raise many questions that we will try to solve during our developments through historical, critical and comparative approach
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RADI, Yannick. "La standardisation comme procedure systemique de formation du droit : contribution à la théorie générale du standard et à la théorie des modes de formation du droit international public." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/15383.

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Defence date: 26 November 2010
Examining Board: Pierre-Marie DUPUY (Supervisor, former EUI and Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement, Genève); Francesco FRANCIONI (EUI); Giorgio GAJA (Università degli Studi di Firenze); Yann KERBRAT (Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Aux fins d’éclairer le concept de « standard » en droit international public, cette thèse s’est engagée sur les chemins d’une analyse théorique à son égard. Dans la première partie, cette analyse révèle les limites des approches traditionnelles, c’est-à-dire normatives, du standard et consacre une approche procédurale, fondée sur la logique dialectique aristotélicienne. Ce changement de paradigme conduit à penser le standard non plus au regard de la seule application du droit, mais dans le cadre élargi de sa formation. Cette translation conceptuelle explique la translation sémantique du « standard » à la « standardisation », signifiant dynamique et non statique. Dans le cours de la procédure systémique que conceptualise la standardisation, s’articulent des procédures organiques qui interagissent aux fins de la formation cohérente du droit. Appréhendée dans le cadre d’une conception institutionnaliste de l’ordre juridique, cette procédure systémique constitue la méthode dialectique de formation du droit caractéristique des états de droit et au-delà, des institutions coopératives. Dans la seconde partie, c’est sur la base de cet acquis qu’est conceptualisée et étudiée la standardisation au regard de la formation du droit international public. Propre à l’attitude coopérative croissante de l’institution internationale, la procédure systémique oeuvre à la formation du droit, non pas dans l’ordre juridique international dans son ensemble, mais dans des cadres coopératifs multilatéraux dont les organisations internationales constituent l’archétype. Dans ces cadres, des procédures de création de conventions ou de résolutions d’une part, et des procédures de contrôle contentieux ou non-contentieux d’autre part, interagissent au sein de procédures systémiques. Aussi, la standardisation est-elle conceptualisée comme le mode systémique de formation du droit international. La mise en pratique de cette théorie est opérée en relation avec le système juridique des investissements. Ce cadre, coopératif du fait de la convergence des intérêts étatiques, est atypique de par la spécificité de sa pratique conventionnelle et arbitrale, animée par la tension entre le bilatéralisme et le multilatéralisme. La standardisation y est donc inachevée, son analyse permettant ainsi de mettre en lumière, par la positive et par la négative, l’office de la standardisation dans les cadres coopératifs internationaux où elle opère. La conclusion générale invite, relativement aux institutions coopératives, à penser la juridicité par le prisme de l’effectivité organisationnelle et non de l’obligatoriété formelle, et à penser le droit par le prisme de la procédure et non de la norme.
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Okwenye, Tonny. "An Analysis of the Law, Practice and Policy of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade in relation to International Standards and the International Organization for Standardization: Implications for Least Developed Countries in Africa." Thesis, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3708_1259826964.

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This study examines the legal and policy objectives of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) with specific reference to international standards and the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). The study sets out the history and development of the TBT Agreement and the relationship between the TBT Agreement and selected WTO Agreements. The study also explores the application and interpretation of the TBT Agreement under the WTO dispute settlement system. More importantly, the study addresses the legal, policy and practical implications of the TBT Agreement for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in Africa. A central argument put forward in this study is that, albeit international standards have been recognised as an important tool for LDCs in Africa to gain access to foreign markets, there is no significant &lsquo
political will&rsquo
and commitment from the key players in standardisation work, that is, the national governments, the private sector and the ISO. At the same time, some developed and developing countries tend to use their influence and involvement in the activities of the ISO as a means of promoting the use and adoption of their homegrown standards. The study proposes, among others, that a more participatory approach which encompasses representatives from consumer groups, the private sector and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) from these LDCs in Africa, should be adopted.

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Books on the topic "International law – Standardization"

1

Pistor, Katharina. The standardization of law and its effect on developing economies. New York: United Nations, 2000.

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Pistor, Katharina. The standardization of law and its effect on developing economies. Geneva: UNCTAD, 2000.

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Université de droit, d'économie et des sciences d'Aix-Marseille. Centre d'études et de recherches internationales et communautaires., ed. Les enjeux de la normalisation technique internationale: Entre environnement, santé et commerce international. Paris: Documentation française, 2006.

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Bolin, Sherrie. The standards edge: The golden mean. [United States]: Bolin Communications, 2007.

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Bolin, Sherrie. The standards edge. [United States?]: Bolin Communications, 2002.

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Walter, Mattli, ed. The new global rulers: The privatization of regulation in the world economy. Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2011.

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House, Commerce Clearing. International quality standards: An overview for American business, International Standards Organization (ISO) 9000 series, European Community product conformity assessment / by CCH business law editors. Chicago: Commerce Clearing House, 1992.

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From industrial to legal standardization, 1871-1914: Transnational insurance law and the great San Francisco earthquake. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012.

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United States. Department of State, ed. Trade: Conformity assessment procedures : agreement between the United States of America and Japan; signed at Washington, February 16, 2007, with annex. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of State, 2011.

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Corinne, Deléchat, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., eds. Trade, employment, and labour standards: A study of core workers' rights and international trade. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "International law – Standardization"

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Pharmacista, Gandhi, and Virly Vidiasti Sabijanto. "Protection of Drug Raw Materials Through Price Standardization as a Business Rule in Supporting Competitive Local Drug Production." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Business Law and Local Wisdom in Tourism (ICBLT 2022), 689–98. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-93-0_81.

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Fathani, Teuku Faisal, Dwikorita Karnawati, Wahyu Wilopo, and Hendy Setiawan. "Strengthening the Resilience by Implementing a Standard for Landslide Early Warning System." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022, 277–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_20.

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AbstractThe implementation of early warning systems is in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015–2030. The Sendai Framework Priority 4 emphasizes improvement of preparedness and anticipation of disasters by establishing communities’ resilience to disaster. The development of a simple, low-cost early warning system that is universally accessible is needed to achieve the goals of the Sendai Framework. Universitas Gadjah Mada, incorporated with the Indonesian Standardization Agency (BSN) and the Indonesian Disaster Management Authority (BNPB), has promoted a new standard for community-based landslide early warning systems to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This standard, published as ISO 22327:2018, empowers individuals and communities vulnerable to landslides to act in sufficient time, and in appropriate ways to reduce the possibility of injuries, loss of life, and damage to property and the environment. It is designed to encourage communities to play a more active role in their own protection. ISO 22327:2018 adopts the concept of a people-centered early warning system by UNISDR (2006) to be used by communities vulnerable to landslides, and by government and non-governmental organizations at central, provincial, districts, sub-district, and village levels.
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"Unification and Standardization in International Construction." In International Construction Contract Law, 215–43. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119430551.ch5.

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"Unification and Standardization in International Construction." In International Construction Contract Law, 88–105. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118717868.ch5.

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Delimatsis, Panagiotis. "International Trade Law and Technical Standardization." In The Cambridge Handbook of Technical Standardization Law, 7–27. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316416785.002.

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"3 Financial Collateral Transactions and their Standardization." In Financial Collateral, edited by Haentjens Matthias. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198816935.003.0003.

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This chapter examines collateral transactions. Being the backbone of secured funding with financial market counterparties, collateral underpins a variety of financial transactions within the global marketplace, such as repurchase agreements (repos), securities lending, and derivatives transactions-often collectively referred to as 'collateralised finance transactions' or simply 'collateral transactions'. In order to legally underpin a collateral transaction, parties to the transaction generally enter into the applicable master agreement, which will be a standard template document created and maintained by the relevant industry association. These include the Global Master Repurchase Agreement for repos; the Global Master Securities Lending Agreement for securities lending transactions; and the International Swaps and Derivative Association Credit Support Annex under the ISDA Master Agreement for derivatives transactions. The master agreements are standardised contracts in effect setting out the rights and obligations of the parties to relevant transactions. These contracts provide market participants with substantial standardization, efficiency, predictability, legal certainty, and flexibility in respect of legal and commercial aspects of transactions. In essence, these contracts are so widely used and with so little derogations that they function as lex mercatoria or the international law that applies to certain transactions between certain market participants.
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Kanevskaia, Olia. "I.60 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)." In Elgar Encyclopedia of International Economic Law, 148–49. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781784713546.79.

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Cally, Jordan. "Part III Beyond the Transatlantic Corridor, 10 The Paradoxes of Islamic Capital Markets." In International Capital Markets, edited by Golden Jeffrey. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849001.003.0010.

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This chapter describes Islamic capital markets. Led by Malaysia and its distinct Islamic Market, Bursa Malaysia-I, Islamic finance has entered the mainstream of international capital markets, primarily in the form of ‘Islamic bonds’ (sukuk) and fund products. Saudi Arabia, with its well-publicized Saudi Aramco initial public offering (IPO) in 2019, raised, less successfully, a different flag in the international markets. Islamic finance has infiltrated conventional markets too. Non-Islamic issuers, sovereigns, corporates and international institutions, have issued sukuk, attracted by the wash of liquidity and investors in the Gulf region. Indeed, Islamic finance has been rubbing shoulders with modern conventional finance for several decades now. As ‘conventional’ finance has become less ‘conventional’, shari'a compliant finance has become more accepted. Impediments to growth persist; the imperviousness to standardization and the artificiality of the structures underlying the financial products increase costs and possibly risk, making the products uncompetitive. However, cost is not the only consideration in the marketplace. With greater interest in ethical and ESG (environmental, social, and governance) investing, Islamic finance may be the path or the way to future markets.
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Delimatsis, Panagiotis. "When disruptive meets streamline: international standardization in blockchain." In Blockchains, Smart Contracts, Decentralised Autonomous Organisations and the Law, 83–100. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788115131.00010.

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Coetzee, Juana. "Incoterms® and the standardization of the international sales law." In Research Handbook on International and Comparative Sale of Goods Law, 240–76. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781786436153.00020.

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Conference papers on the topic "International law – Standardization"

1

Husin, Vivi E. R., Landiana Etni Laos, and Heidy Wulandari. "Developing physics teaching material Newton’s law based on local wisdom: Plait." In PROCEEDING OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON STANDARDIZATION AND METROLOGY (ICONSTAM) 2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0129795.

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Liu, Hui. "Analysis on Change of Formulation of Standards in the New Standardization Law." In 2018 2nd International Conference on Education, Economics and Management Research (ICEEMR 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceemr-18.2018.171.

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Cho, Mengu, and Tateo Goka. "Issues associated with standardization of ground t..." In 56th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-05-d5.1.03.

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Sudra, Rano Indradi. "The Urgency of Regulation Regarding Standardization of Documentation in Electronic Medical Records." In The 2nd International Conference of Law, Government and Social Justice (ICOLGAS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201209.284.

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Исматуллаев, Патхулла, С. Асамутдинова, and А. Зиёдуллаев. "STATE COMPLIANCE OVERSIGHT STANDARDS." In Status and development trends of standardization and technical regulation in the world. Tashkent state technical university, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-conf.22.1-77-0003.

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The article deals with the issue of state control and supervision of compliance with the requirements of standards. The structure and tasks of state supervision are disclosed. State control and supervision over compliance with mandatory requirements of standards are carried out in the Republic of Uzbekistan on the basis of the Law "On Standardization" and form part of the state standardization system. Some legislative documents are considered. The order of state supervision is given. The international experience of state supervision in the field of technical regulation is considered.
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Benitez, Roberto. "Three Decades of Metrology Education in Mexico." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2016.02.

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In 1987 with the NAFTA and the popularization of ISO-9000 standards, the Metrology in México was considered as a critical part for trade, commerce and quality assurance programs. Those were the days when two of the references for metrology systems were the MIL-STD 45662A and the Guide 25. At the beginning of the 80's, the Mexican government established the National Calibration System and started the Mexican NMI as a project. Also the metrological society established the Mexican Association of Metrology (AMMAC). During the 80's decade, the government, the society and the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), organized training workshops annually and some Metrology International Symposiums. Most of the first accredited Metrology Laboratories in Mexico belonged to great industrial companies, institutes and original equipment manufacturers. With ten years of experience some private Metrology Laboratories started to provide calibration services for industry, being accredited by the National Calibration System. In 1992 the Mexican Government issued the Federal Law of Metrology and Standardization, considering in this law the establishment of the NMI CENAM and the formation of the Accreditation Bodies. Also at that time, some private companies, research institutes, universities and calibration laboratories, started to provide training in Metrology. In 2012 the Santa Rosa Jauregui University started the Engineering in Industrial Metrology as a carrier and in the same year the ITM (private institute) started to form Calibration Technicians. In 2014 the Polytechnic University of Ramos Arizpe also started the Engineering in Industrial Metrology.
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Glinsner, T., P. Lindner, P. Kettner, and H. Kirchberger. "Transition From MEMS Technology to Nanofabrication." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21337.

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The successful commercialization of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) from R&D to off-the-shelf products and systems has evolved from laboratory research to reliable and low cost industrial processing methods over the past 20 years. Standardization, infrastructure, roadmaps and industrial associations have been deemed key contributors for a successful transition and adaptation of microelectronics fabrication techniques to a specific nature of manufacturing MEMS devices resulted in turn key solutions for low cost, high yield and high volume wafer level processing. The need for smaller feature sizes as well as low cost manufacturing solutions has lead to significant improvements of the classical optical lithography in the past two decades following Moore’s law. Alternative patterning techniques are under development worldwide for producing patterns in the nm-range. There are similarities between MEMS and Nanofabrication requirement that allow for transitioning standardized and reliable processing technology from wafer bonding to hot embossing and from wafer level packaging to μ-CP and UV-based Nanoimprint Lithography.
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Kashiwagi, Makoto, Hideki Masui, Yasutaka Denda, David James, Bertrand Lante`s, Wolfgang Mu¨ller, Mike Garamszeghy, Jose Luis Leganes, Harald Maxeiner, and Leo van Velzen. "ISO Standardization of the Scaling Factor Method for Low- and Intermediate Level Radioactive Wastes Generated at Nuclear Power Plants." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7015.

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Low- and intermediate-level radioactive wastes (L-ILW) generated at nuclear power plants are disposed of in various countries. In the disposal of such wastes, it is required that the radioactivity concentrations of waste packages should be declared with respect to difficult-to-measure nuclides (DTM nuclides), such as C-14, Ni-63 and α-emitting nuclides, which are often limited to maximum values in disposal licenses, safety cases and/or regulations for maximum radioactive concentrations. To fulfill this requirement, the Scaling Factor method (SF method) has been applied in various countries as a principal method for determining the concentrations of DTM nuclides. In the SF method, the concentrations of DTM nuclides are determined by multiplying the concentrations of certain key nuclides by SF values (the determined ratios of radioactive concentration between DTM nuclides and those key nuclides). The SF values used as conversion factors are determined from the correlation between DTM nuclides and key nuclides such as Co-60. The concentrations of key nuclides are determined by γ ray measurements which can be made comparatively easily from outside the waste package. The SF values are calculated based on the data obtained from the radiochemical analysis of waste samples. The use of SFs, which are empirically based on analytical data, has become established as a widely recognized “de facto standard”. A number of countries have independently collected nuclide data by analysis over many years and each has developed its own SF method, but all the SF methods that have been adopted are similar. The project team for standardization had been organized for establishing this SF method as a “de jure standard” in the international standardization system of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The project team for standardization has advanced the standardization through technical studies, based upon each country’s study results and analysis data. The conclusions reached by the project team was published as ISO International Standard 21238:2007 “The Scaling Factor method to determine the radioactivity of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste packages generated at nuclear power plants” [1]. This paper gives an introduction to the international standardization process for the SF method and the contents of the recently published International Standard.
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Kashiwagi, Makoto, Mike Garamszeghy, Bertrand Lantès, Sébastien Bonne, Lucien Pillette-Cousin, Jose Luis Leganes, Ben Volmert, and David W. James. "ISO Standardization of Theoretical Activity Evaluation Method for Low and Intermediate Level Activated Waste Generated at Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96025.

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Disposal of low- and intermediate-level activated waste generated at nuclear power plants is being planned or carried out in many countries. The radioactivity concentrations and/or total quantities of long-lived, difficult-to-measure nuclides (DTM nuclides), such as C-14, Ni-63, Nb-94, α emitting nuclides etc., are often restricted by the safety case for a final repository as determined by each country’s safety regulations, and these concentrations or amounts are required to be known and declared. With respect to waste contaminated by contact with process water, the Scaling Factor method (SF method), which is empirically based on sampling and analysis data, has been applied as an important method for determining concentrations of DTM nuclides. This method was standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and published in 2007 as ISO21238 “Scaling factor method to determine the radioactivity of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste packages generated at nuclear power plants”. However, for activated metal waste with comparatively high concentrations of radioactivity, such as may be found in reactor control rods and internal structures, direct sampling and radiochemical analysis methods to evaluate the DTM nuclides are limited by access to the material and potentially high personnel radiation exposure. In this case, theoretical calculation methods in combination with empirical methods based on remote radiation surveys need to be used to best advantage for determining the disposal inventory of DTM nuclides while minimizing exposure to radiation workers. Pursuant to this objective a standard for the theoretical evaluation of the radioactivity concentration of DTM nuclides in activated waste, is in process through ISO TC85/SC5 (ISO Technical Committee 85: Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection; Subcommittee 5: Nuclear fuel cycle). The project team for this ISO standard was formed in 2011 and is composed of experts from 11 countries. The project team has been conducting technical discussions on theoretical methods for determining concentrations of radioactivity, and has developed the draft International Standard of ISO16966 “Theoretical activation calculation method to evaluate the radioactivity of activated waste generated at nuclear reactors”. This paper describes the international standardization process developed by the ISO project team, and outlines the following two theoretical activity evaluation methods: — Point method — Range method
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Čović, Ana, Oliver Nikolić, and Andrijana Čović Ilić. "ZAŠTITA INTELEKTUALNE SVOJINE KAO PREDUSLOV ZA UNAPREĐENjE KVALITETA USLUGA NA TRŽIŠTU." In XV Majsko savetovanje: Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.567c.

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Full and high quality protection of intellectual property is an essential prerequisite for improving the quality of services on the market, thus providing legal security for all stakeholders. Through just and free exchange of intellectual capital and intellectual property rights, scientific discoveries and innovations are promoted, which influence the competitiveness of the participants on the market and increase profit and productivity, while at the same time reducing costs. At the same time, end- users of products and services gain the ability to enjoy improved quality of the same. In the area of protection of intellectual property, a number of conventions and international agreements, as well as laws at the national level, have been adopted, which points to the importance of legal standardization of this area and the spreading of awareness of the positive effects of protection, as well as damage arising from the absence of appropriate regulation and its application in practice. Quality national legislation affects the faster flow of these rights, technology transfer and economic growth, making products and services more competitive on the domestic and international markets. Today, we can notice the creation of financial capital on the basis of the capital of knowledge and wider intellectual capital, which makes intellectual capital appear to be dominant in relation to the financial. If an organization based its intellectual capital strategy, it is becoming a predetermined of continuous learning that follows constant innovation, customer care, and employee training. In the long run, these are all necessary prerequisites for its future improvement.
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