Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'International law – Developing countries'
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Alhijazi, Yahya Z. D. "Developing countries and foreign direct investment." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21670.
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Along with international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) has been the engine driving the current economic globalization of the world economy. The growth rate of FDI, which exceeded that of international trade and world output throughout the 1990s, raises important questions regarding the value of FDI to developing countries as host countries to FDI and the role it can play in their development.In an attempt to answer these questions, this thesis tackles the main issues underlining FDI and developing countries. After analysing the pros and cons of FDI for developing countries and other interested parties, this thesis scrutinizes the regulation of FDI as a means to balance the interests of the concerned parties, giving an assessment of the balance of interests in some existing and potential FDI regulations. Furthermore, this thesis highlights the case against the deregulation of FDI and its consequences for developing countries. It concludes by formulating regulatory FDI guidelines for developing.
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Kaapanda, Mekondjo. "Double consciousness and the third world tradition in international law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607692.
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Osei-Tutu, Julia J. "Trips and domestic control : implications for developing countries." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34016.
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This paper examines the impact of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) on domestic control. The paper explains why intellectual property became part of the global trade agenda. The author considers arguments both for and against stronger global protection for intellectual property rights. Through analysis of the World Trade Organization (WTO) cases on the TRIPS Agreement, the author argues that the TRIPS Agreement has effectively removed from WTO Member states control over their intellectual property regimes. The author focuses on the negative impact that a rigid application of the TRIPS Agreement is likely to have on developing countries.
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Milinic, Djapo Gordana. "Outer space activities, international cooperation and the developing countries." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/MQ44068.pdf.
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Musiba, Ephraim. "Developing a suitable competition law and policy for developing countries: a case study of Tanzania." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12895.
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Includes bibliographical references.This dissertation aims to examine one major issue: namely, the most appropriate competition law for developing countries from the perspective of ‘looking from the inside out’.1 Reference is made particularly to Tanzania, with a close evaluation of its Fair Competition Act, 2003 and some case law, so as to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of competition policy and law within its Tanzanian context. This involves taking into consideration the inherent characteristics of the Tanzanian economy since it is necessary that Tanzania have a competition law that reflects and addresses its particular needs. So the basis of this dissertation is to analyse the efficacy of the Fair Competition Act to deal with the specific requirements of Tanzanian society; and if the result is found to be in the negative, then the dissertation goes on to suggest what type of competition law model Tanzania should develop that will best suit the country’s needs.
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Wang, Tiffany. "International cartels and developing countries : a proposal to reframe competition law." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7627/.
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This thesis deals with the question of whether developing countries can effectively protect themselves against the effects of international cartels and what strategies they should develop in order to do so. While combating cartels has been one of the pillars of both domestic and international competition law policy, developing countries continue to suffer the brunt of the negative effects of international cartels. Because most developing countries have little to no functioning competition law policy, they are often the most likely targets of international cartels and therefore the most in need of assistance. This thesis will discuss both the qualitative and quantitative effects international cartels have on developing countries and the global market. This discussion will also include analysis of case studies conducted on the effects of these cartels. Another chapter will be devoted to the current legislation and strategies that have already been established to combat international cartels in general. The final chapters will cover what has already been done to help developing countries protect themselves and what the appropriate welfare benchmark should be when considering reform options. Global reform strategies discussed will include a discussion on whether forming a global, harmonised competition law agreement would be feasible and methods on how to foster greater cooperation between jurisdictions.
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Ghonaim, Mahmoud. "The legal aspects of aviation finance in developing countries /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59937.
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The assessment of benefits and costs in determining national and international aviation policy by the developing countries differs markedly from that used for advanced countries.The treatment of the subject matter begins in Chapter I with an overview of the aviation industry and its financing Historical Review. Chapter II deals with the problem of recognition of title and security rights in aircraft under international law. Chapter III contains a detailed consideration of the types of commonly used security instruments in aircraft financing. Chapter IV sets out an overview of financing in developing countries, Chapter V contains a study of the various problems facing the asset financing of aircraft in the Third World and possible solutions.
In the last three chapters, emphasis will be placed on regional aviation issues.
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Altaer, Ahmad Shaban Ali Saif. "The WTO and developing countries : the missing link of international distributive justice." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2010. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-wto-and-developing-countries(8c96a694-061c-4fe6-946a-9e331c9495ea).html.
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This thesis demonstrates that no international distributive justice mechanism is operative in the World Trade Organization legal regime, and that SDT and GSP provisions do not compensate for this. It argues that the erga omnes partes distribution of the burden of compliance with WTO Agreements frustrates the economic development of the poor developing countries, and that this can be corrected by the distribution of the burdens of compliance on a distributive justice principle. A model climate law is advanced to demonstrate the practicability of applying that principle in the WTO context. The general charge is made that, absent a distributive justice principle in the WTO legal system, developing countries benefit from WTO Agreements only in the measure that they are already trade-capable, and that those Agreements often threaten their established wealth-producing institutions. It is argued that the status ‘developing countries’ cannot remain a self-designated status, but should correspond with GDP status. Specific charges are levelled against WTO Agreements’ failure to take account of the interests of developing countries: TRIPs provisions severely restrict the transfer of technology, and thereby frustrate emerging pharmaceutical industries; the DSM, based on Western legal tradition, imposes a burden of unfamiliarity on developing countries, and its enforcement system is generally not available to them; the GATS tolerates the friction between NT and MFN obligation and FTAs; the GATS and the TRIMs confer the right of one country to invest in another, in the absence of any validating customary international law, yet no WTO Agreement brings foreign-investment dispute settlement into the DSM, leaving the WTO tolerant of BITs and FTAs that nominate non-WTO tribunals for that purpose, despite evidence that many developing countries cannot sustain the financial penalties these tribunals impose.
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Bahri, Amrita. "Public private partnership in WTO dispute settlement : enabling developing countries." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6242/.
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The doctoral research investigates the nature and elements of domestic mechanisms, including public private partnership (PPP) procedures, devised for the management of WTO disputes in selected developed and developing countries. With China, Brazil and India as its case-studies, the research explores various strategies to devise an effective PPP mechanism for handling international trade disputes in developing countries. The research objective is to explore the benefits of engaging the private sector in the intergovernmental process of WTO dispute settlement, and to identify the reforms that will be needed for devising a workable domestic framework for handling foreign trade disputes through PPP arrangements. The research highlights important issues and concerns that need consideration before any legal, institutional, regulatory and procedural reforms are carried out. Moreover, the research seeks to enable developing countries to critically evaluate a diverse range of PPP strategies employed so far, and to determine their individual approaches towards PPP and dispute management. The thesis constitutes a practical guidebook for policymakers in those developing countries which have the motivation to strengthen their WTO dispute settlement capacities. The topical area of research and pragmatic approach towards research questions, together with an empirical research methodology makes this study an original contribution to existing literature and knowledge.
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Wang, Xiaorong 1979. "International copyright and developing countries : the impact of the TRIPs Agreement." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82674.
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The promulgation of the TRIPS Agreement marks a new direction for international copyright: copyright protection has been put under the auspices of the world trading system. During the arduous negotiations, developing countries played a minor role due to the unilateral trade threats exerted by the United States. As a result, the final text of the TRIPs mainly mirrors the domestic copyright legislations of those developed countries.The question of what impact the TRIPs will have on developing Member States has triggered hot debates. While acknowledging that a short-term negative impact is likely, the long-term effects of a strengthened copyright regime in those countries are hard to predict at this time. The author uses China as a case study to illustrate the difficulties that developing nations might have in implementing and enforcing such heightened copyright standards. Moreover, possible solutions to minimize any adverse effects of the TRIPs Agreement are discussed.
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Pizarro, Aliaga Lucia. "Agricultural liberalization : the case of developing countries." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19629.
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The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate, through legal and regulatory analysis, how three non-trade issues - SPS measures, trade in GMOs and food security concerns - might result in new modem barriers to trade that might diminish the gains of freer markets. If developed countries use non-trade concerns to justify more generous domestic support in a non-decoupled way, may do as much harm to international trade as the traditional trade policies instruments did in the past. Such undesired behavior from the developed world is possible due to the inability of current WTO norms to control these new problems. These three special issues must be addressed in future negotiations in order to modify developing countries' perception that the payoffs of trade liberalization are not advantageous for them. The continuance of this perception during current negotiations might lead to the collapse of the current trading system.
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Ferrier, Jill. "The development of international space law : international cooperation in Outer Space - meeting the needs of the developing countries." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23438.
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This Thesis aims to examine recent efforts of the developing countries, within the Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), to increase their participation in space activities and in particular, to develop their own indigenous space capabilities. The Thesis will demonstrate that the United Nations is not, given the present economic and political climate, the best forum within which the developing countries should try to develop space law.Chapter 1 examines the main problems facing the developing countries in the transfer of space technology from the technologically advanced states. Chapter 2 examines the legal basis of their claims for greater cooperation. Chapter 3 examines the present debate within COPUOS where the developing countries are attempting to further develop international space law to their advantage. Chapter 4 suggests alternative routes which should be considered by the developing countries in order to work towards greater cooperation which will meet their needs.
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Kantasuk, Battama. "General legal issues concerning GNSS and the impact on developing countries." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20537.
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Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are a key component of the ICAO Communication Navigation Surveillance---Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) system. The fact that GPS and GLONASS, currently the only systems that partially meet the requirements for ICAO's GNSS, are military systems owned, operated and controlled by the US and the Russian Federation raises several institutional and legal issues for civil aviation.This thesis will present the institutional and legal issues of the GNSS which have been recently discussed in the framework of ICAO. The certification issue to ensure the safety of civil aviation will be considered. The possibility of the legal system for the existing GNSS will correspondingly be examined.
The thesis will also discuss the impact on developing countries in respect of utilizing the existing GNSS as a sole-means navigation system in considering whether a guarantee of quality and continuity of the services in long term is needed, and if so which alternative it is likely to take. Finally, the CNS/ATM trials and implementation plan of Thailand will be presented in order to illustrate the inclination with which the developing countries are going through.
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Logday, Ayesha. "Space Debris and the BRICS countries: The role of international Environmental Law." University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7579.
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Magister Legum - LLMEnvironmental Law is at the forefront of the global community and environmental protection and conservation is regarded as of the utmost importance.1 Outer Space is a unique, limited, and valuable resource. Outer space allows states to utilise thousands of satellites for research, national defence, and communications. At the inception of space law, only a few states dominated space activities and all human space activities were so challenging that nearly any method seemed acceptable for placing objects in outer space, currently more countries have space industries and launch capabilities
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Shanker, Daya. "Fault lines in the World Trade Organization an analysis of the TRIPS Agreement and developing countries /." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060724.115002/index.html.
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Chandler, P. A. "The modern revision of the international patent system in favour of developing countries : Analysis and effects." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377794.
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Vandaele, Arne D. A. "International trade law as a means to enforce workers' rights in developing countries : the way forward?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ54229.pdf.
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Houston-McMillan, Jason. "An argument for more plurilateral agreements and their value for developing countries: stemming the tide of preferential trade agreements, post-Doha." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25315.
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The latest round of multilateral trade negotiations at the WTO, the Doha Round, is deadlocked, and it is unlikely that any further significant rule-making progress will be made there. The system's faltering has resulted in an unprecedented move towards preferential trade agreements between WTO Members as alternative negotiating platforms. The result is an ever-expanding divergence of the global trading system, which gives rise to added complexity and wider discrimination than would follow from alternatives - specifically the increased use of plurilateral agreements. Preferential agreements, particularly worryingly, may also have serious consequences for developing and least-developed countries in particular. This paper argues that, in light of the stalling of the Doha Round, greater effort should be made by WTO Members to pursue plurilateral agreements in specific policy areas and to move towards a system incorporating more 'variable geometry' which will result in progress in existing areas which have seen little movement since the Doha Round began. Given the recent proliferation of Preferential Trade Agreements and their potential negative effects on rule-making and the WTO, and on developing countries, it is vital that alternatives are explored in order to promote adaptability which would result in a more effective and relevant WTO.
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Bishop, Kirsten. "Fairness in international environmental law : accommodation of the concerns of developing countries in the climate change regime." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30285.
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This thesis is concerned with the role of fairness in international environmental law and, by way of example, focuses specifically on the perspective of developing countries in the context of the climate change regime. A brief analysis of underlying conceptions of fairness in general international law serves as the backdrop for an evaluation of both procedural and substantive aspects of fairness within the climate change regime. This evaluation includes a detailed consideration of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol to that Convention. The thesis concludes that the role of fairness in the climate change regime, and in international environmental law more generally, has become significant in recent years. It is likely that this trend will continue through further articulation of claims, by developing countries and others, in the context of an ongoing fairness debate. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Onzivu, William. "Health in international environmental law : an analysis of the health objectives and impact of international environmental legal regimes in developing countries with a focus on Africa and the options for reform." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21621.
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The protection of human health and the environment are two major goals of international environmental law. However, there has been little coherent scrutiny of their scope or implementation at international and domestic levels in developing countries and Africa in particular. This thesis shows that international environmental law regimes with a health protection objective have not maximized opportunities to reinforce the promotion and protection of public health in Africa. Through inter alia a study of sustainable management of shared freshwaters, trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal and international climate law, the thesis shows that a range of legal frameworks comprised of substantive, institutional and procedural law mandates States to advance the health objective in international environmental law. However, the thesis demonstrates the limits of these regimes and suggests options to enhance their potential in promoting and protecting public health. An enhanced framework of adaptive governance is proposed to improve environmental health governance. The thesis illustrates how the discourse on health in international environmental law can strengthen international environmental health governance to improve environmental and public health outcomes. It contains seven publications that analyse the strengths and weaknesses and options for reform of the international environmental law regime for health. The implications of these findings for theory, practice and public policy are discussed.
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Sutrisno, Nandang. "Recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in developed and developing countries : a comparison of the United States and Indonesia." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26222.
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Foreign arbitral awards should be recognizable and enforceable. However, this is not always the case; they are recognizable and enforceable in some countries but not in others. Those countries that recognize and enforce awards are mostly developed countries, whereas those which do not are mainly developing countries.This study compares and contrasts the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in developed and developing countries with a view to discovering why they are recognizable and enforceable in some countries but not in others. In this study, the United States is representative of the developed countries, while Indonesia represents the developing countries.
Three factors determining whether or not foreign arbitral awards are recognizable and enforceable are identified in this study. They are the availability and adequacy of the legal framework, the attitude of the business community, and the attitude of the courts. The inquiry, accordingly, focuses on an examination of those factors in both countries. The examination reveals that the third factor is the determining element regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.
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Bishop, Kirsten. "Fairness in international environmental law, accommodation of the concerns of developing countries in the climate change regime." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64261.pdf.
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Wairama, G. Baker. "International law and the acquisition of technological capacity by developing countries : from technology transfer towards technological co-operation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20269.
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Technology is now a separate, central factor in the development of any State. However, today, inter State relations are characterised by wide technological disparity between developed and developing countries. All States agree that transmission of technological capacities to developing countries is key not only to reduction of technological inequalities, but also to maintenance of future international peace. Traditional international legal responses to the problem are inadequate or static. The traditional multilateral intellectual property legal regime is mercantilist, designed to deal with a technologically minimally interdependent international society. It promotes extra-territorial exclusive protection of private intellectual property rights by comprehensively defining those rights while setting up private international law standards as the primary basis for host country regulation of technological rights. Protection of private intellectual property is then reinforced through bilateral trreaties. Reform of the regime to facilitate international transmission of technological capacity, is largely regarded as ultra-vires its objectives. Increased extra-territorial effects of technology, the emergence of technologically least developed countries indicating gross interstate technological disparities, the complexity of non state and non national's technological activity in host States, among others, have speeded the evolution of new dynamic multilateral legal principles, standards, rules, procedures and instruments that more effectively define the problem of international technology development and transfer as a State based effective acquisition of technological capcity by a country under balanced legal commitments. We show that in recent decades, in relation to international development and transfer of technology, States have adopted framework treaty type arrangements which aim at dynamic conversion of multilateral decisions, policy, agreements, etc. into legal or quasi-legal norms. When implemented, the new norms extend legal measures and remedies towards those States whose international technological practices most accord with international interdependence and reduction of technological disparities among States.
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Park, Nohyoung. "Differential and more favourable treatment, and fuller participation of developing countries : an analysis with particular reference to the recent treaty practice." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333289.
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Valderrama, Irma Johanna Mosquera, Addy Mazz, Luis Eduardo Schoueri, Natalia Quiñones, Jennifer Roeleveld, Pasquale Pistone, and Frederik Zimmer. "The Rule of Law and the Effective Protection of Taxpayers' Rights in Developing Countries." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5732/1/SSRN%2Did3034360.pdf.
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The overall aim of this article is to analyse the taxpayers' rights in relation to the emerging standard of transparency with specific reference to Brazil, Colombia, South Africa and Uruguay. Exchange of information between tax authorities is increasing rapidly all around the world. This global development is largely the result of the introduction of the standard of transparency by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") with the political mandate of the G20 and more recently, in 2013, the introduction of the global standard of automatic exchange of information. Governments have agreed that exchange of information is necessary to prevent tax evasion and to tackle tax avoidance including aggressive tax planning. All surveyed countries have accepted the standard of transparency including the standard of automatic exchange of information. Furthermore, it is evident that the development of such standards appears to have taken place in a coordinated manner, led mainly by international organizations comprising governmental officials.
This article has first provided a comparative overview of the rules that Brazil, Colombia, South Africa and Uruguay have introduced to protect the taxpayers' rights in the exchange of information process being the right to access to public information, the right to confidentiality, the right to privacy, and the procedural rights (right to be informed, the right to be notified and right to object and appeal). Thereafter, this article has assessed whether the rules introduced by the surveyed countries to protect these rights are consistent with the fundamental taxpayers' rights that belong to the rule of law of these countries and with the principles of good governance and fiscal transparency.
The main conclusion is that the countries have introduced to some extent similar rules to protect the right to confidentiality, right to privacy and the procedural rights in the exchange of information. However, some differences may be found in the detail level of protection of confidentiality in South Africa and in respect of the procedural rights in Uruguay. One of the drawbacks of these rules is that the rules introduced by the surveyed countries do not ensure that the protection of the right to confidentiality and the right to privacy is effectively guaranteed. The results of the analysis show that these rules do not protect the taxpayer in case of breach of confidentiality or misuse of the information exchanged.
This article argues that the differences among rules and the lack of protection for taxpayer information may hinder the effective protection of the taxpayer and the tax administration should guarantee the protection of the taxpayer rights as part of the rule of law. Therefore, this article provides in Section 4 three recommendations addressing the right to confidentiality, the right to privacy and the taxpayers' procedural rights. These recommendations may be extended (as best practices) to other developing countries on a similar economic and legal scale. However, further research will be needed to see whether the conclusions of this article are also applicable to (other) developing countries.Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Islam, Rumana. "Arguments in favour of reconceptualising the fair and equitable treatment (FET) standard in international investment arbitration : developing countries in context." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/68648/.
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The Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) standard is the most important and, because of its flexible nature and its status as a ‘catch-all’ provision, most controversial investment protection standard in international investment treaties. The standard imposes the most far-reaching obligation of any aspect of such treaties. This thesis’ core contention is that the current investment tribunals’ interpretation of the FET standard prioritises the interests of foreign investors and neglects the perspectives of host developing countries. Therefore there is a pressing need to reconceptualise the interpretation of the FET standard. In service to depicting the perspectives of host developing countries, this thesis advances an understanding of classifications such as ‘developing’ and ‘developed’ that reflects the issues and challenges that these countries face in the investment dispute context, such as their lack of resources, administrative capacity, technology, and infrastructure, as much as the economic and social level of development international organisations generally emphasise in their classifications. It addresses socio-political circumstances such as political instability, social unrest, conflict and its aftermath, social and political transition, and economic crises and their impact on host developing countries in the investment dispute context. Through a detailed study of the approaches they have taken to such issues in their interpretation of the breach of FET standard in disputes involving host developing countries, it shows that current investment tribunals have taken inconsistent and inadequate approaches to the issues host developing countries face. It argues that a reconceptualised interpretation of the FET standard which acknowledges the developmental issues and challenges this thesis has identified would accommodate the needs of the host developing countries while continuing to give reasonable protections to foreign investors and therefore serve the needs of the system as a whole.
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Harun, Ibrahim. "The impact of privatisation of water supply and services on the fulfilment of human water rights in selected developing countries." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5157_1367483357.
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Pfumorodze, Jimcall. "WTO dispute settlement: challenges faced by developing countries in the implementation and enforcement of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) recommendations and rulings." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6761_1219309592.
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Aims of the research paper is to examine the legal framework
of implemantation and enforcement of DSB recommendations and rulings and to investigate the trend of non-compliance with BSD recommendations and rulings where complianant
is a developing country.
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Dimopoulos, Rosie. "The role of the international patent system in the transfer of technology to developing countries with particular reference to pharmaceutical patents and compulsory licences." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5764.
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This thesis deals with the role of patents in the transfer of technology and industrialization of developing countries, with a special focus on the role of pharmaceutical patents and the development of the pharmaceutical industry. In particular, this thesis examines the working of patents and the compulsory licensing system in the case of non-working as well as the compulsory licensing system for pharmaceuticals from the perspective of the Paris Convention and the national patent laws. The following problems are addressed: (1) Whether and under what conditions patents facilitate or hinder access to technology and how they can be made to facilitate access of technology to developing countries in particular in the pharmaceutical sector. (2) Whether the obligation to work the patent and the sanctions that are provided when the patent is not being worked, i.e., compulsory licence and revocation, are adequate and effective in promoting the interests of developing countries for industrialization and (3) Whether compulsory licences can be applied in the interest of public health under different circumstances and if they would help the development of the pharmaceutical industry and the transfer of pharmaceutical technology. These problems will be viewed from the perspective of the international system of patent protection as it is embodied in Article 5A of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and as it interacts with the various national patent laws of member countries.
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Schmidt, Anne [Verfasser]. "Public Procurement Law and Reform in Developing Countries: International Best Practices and Lessons Learned : Namibia as a Case Study / Anne Schmidt." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1160480249/34.
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Jiang, Yan. "Reconciling development with environment and human rights: challenges facing developing countries and scope of international legal measures with a specific reference to China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1943654.
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Wang, Feng. "International law and the evolving legal regime of foreign direct investment, a developing country's perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ53034.pdf.
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Wu, Jun Ye. "A study of contemporary issues of conflict between trade liberalization and protection of the environment with a specific reference to the position of developing and least developed contries." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637068.
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Böhme, Marcus [Verfasser], Jann [Akademischer Betreuer] Lay, and Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Klasen. "Essays on International Migration and Informal Markets in Developing Countries / Marcus Böhme. Gutachter: Jann Lay ; Stephan Klasen. Betreuer: Jann Lay." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1044769076/34.
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Enga, Kameni Innocent. "TRIPS and the WTO August 2003 deal on medicines: is it a gift bound in a red tape to developing countries." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Arnesson, Daniel. "Subsidizing Global Solar Power : A contemporary legal study of existing and potential international incentives for solar PV investments in developing countries." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-28555.
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With national cuts on solar PV subsidies and the current “oversupply” of panels, the global solar market is clearly threatened by a contraction. Yet, the need for more solar power is apparent, particularly for the world’s poor and vulnerable population. Instead of securing modern energy access for these people, trade interests have triggered a counterproductive solar trade war. This contemporary legal study addresses these issues by examining existent and potential instruments for stimulating a North-to-South solar capital flow. The research finds that recent reforms of the CDM will do little difference from previous deficiencies, as local investment barriers are not reflected in the monetary support of the clean development mechanism. Competing technologies are successfully keeping solar out of the game while baseline requirements are undermining the poor. Inspired by national renewable energy law and policy, international alternatives could address these shortcomings. While feed-in tariffs have been commonly advocated, the REC model seems far more appropriate in an international context. Its ability to be traded separately from the electricity makes it a perfect candidate as a substitute for the CDM. Entrusted with certain features it could address the geographical unbalance and provide with greater investor certainty. But the scheme(s) are under current WTO regulations required to be non-discriminatory, making it highly questionable to believe that developed countries would ever fund such incentive. It is not likely that solar capital exporters want Chinese solar PV manufacturers, who are already receiving significant production subsidies, to receive the same benefits as other producers. However, if countries adversely effected by subsidies where allowed to offset the injury by discriminating Chinese producers in international REC schemes, the Author believes that it would be easier to sell such a concept and implement it, for the benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as the world’s vulnerable and poor nations. However, this would require extensive reforms under WTO which the Author calls for.
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Sako, Alassane. "Réflexion sur le cadre juridique des marchés publics internationaux dans les stratégies de développement." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2022COAZ0014.
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Les marchés publics internationaux (MPI) occupent une place importante dans les flux de l'aide publique au développement. En tant que le canal d'exécution des projets de développement, ils sont un trait d'union entre les États et entités bénéficiaires des financements et les détenteurs desdits financements, qu'il s'agisse des institutions multilatérales spécialisées ou dans le cadre de relations bilatérales. Dans le même sens, ils sont au carrefour des relations entre les acteurs précités et ceux du secteur privé qui rentrent en compétition pour l'obtention de ces marchés.Notre étude vise à cerner dans sa formulation, son contenu et son orientation, le cadre juridique de cet instrument phare des stratégies de développement, tout en le questionnant par rapport aux enjeux dudit développement.Il ressort de notre analyse que la formulation et l'évolution du cadre juridique des marchés publics internationaux sont déterminées par de nombreux enjeux. Ceux-ci s'étendent au-delà du développement des pays béné-ficiaires pour embrasser les enjeux globaux du commerce international et ceux particuliers de la préservation des intérêts des parties prenantes au financement. Il s'ensuit que c'est un cadre juridique marqué par une forte empreinte des singularités du droit international économique. Il est également caractérisé par une tendance nette à l'harmonisation.Dans le cadre des marchés publics internationaux, il est notoire que l'harmonisation internationale emprunte le canal régional qui facilite l'implémentation des objectifs des acteurs internationaux tout en répondant à certaines problématiques propres aux niveaux nationaux. Dans cette perspective, les organisations d'intégration économique régionales préexistantes jouent un rôle fondamental.Le choix de l'étude du cadre juridique de l'harmonisation des marchés publics de l'UEMOA nous permet d'analyser cette tendance. L'analyse du cas singulier de la Côte d'Ivoire fait ressortir les enjeux et les challenges liés à la transposition de ce cadre juridique au niveau national. Il apparaît que même si les réformes régionales tenant compte des exigences internationales ont été largement appliquées, des défis demeurent.Enfin, dans l'optique d'un développement économico-social reflétant la vision et les enjeux propres aux pays concernés, la transposition symétrique des modèles internationaux au niveau national n'est pas toujours opportune. Ils doivent être adaptés au contexte particulierInternational public procurement holds a central role in official development assistance flows. As the channel for the execution of development projects, it is a link between the States and entities benefiting from the financing and the holders of those financing, whether they are specialized multilateral institutions or within the framework of bilateral relations. In the same way, it stands at the crossroads of relations between the afore-mentioned actors and those of the private sector which compete to obtain these markets.Our study aims to identify in its formulation, its content and its orientation, the legal framework of this flagship instrument of development strategies, while questioning it in relation to the challenges of said development.Our analysis shows that the formulation and evolution of the legal framework for international public procurement are determined by many issues. These extend beyond the development of the beneficiary countries to embrace the global issues of international trade and those specific to the preservation of the interests of the stakeholders in the financing. It follows that it is a legal framework marked by a strong imprint of the singularities of international economic law. It is also characterized by a clear trend towards harmonization.In the context of international public procurement, it is notable that the international harmonization of the legal framework uses the regional channel which facilitates the implementation of the objectives of international actors while responding to certain problems specific to national levels. In this perspective, the preexisting regional economic integration organizations play a fundamental role.In order to analyze this trend, we choose to study the harmonization process of the public procurement legal framework of WAEMU. Then, the analysis of the singular case of Côte d'Ivoire highlights the issues and challenges related to the transposition of this legal framework at the national level. It appears that even if regional reforms taking into account international requirements have been widely implemented, challenges remain.Finally, with regards to an economic and social development reflecting the vision and challenges specific to the beneficiary countries, the symmetrical transposition of international models at the national level is not always appropriate. They must be adapted to the particular context
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Agulhas, Jaclyn Margaret. "International labour standards and international trade :can the two be linked?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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In this paper I delve into the connection between trade policy and labour rights as probably one of the most controversial issues, which the international trading system is faced with today. Labour laws differ from country to country and of course it is a cause for concern where some countries have higher standards than others, it becomes problematic for these countries with high standards to compete with countries with lower standards. Even though there is a definite link between trade and labour, my argument is that incorporating labour standards into the international trading system is not the best way forward to deal with the problem of abuse of labour standards.I further investigate the two organizations at the forefront of this debate, being the WTO and the ILO. In an attempt to ascertain which of the two is the best forum to deal with the issue I further look at the relationship between these two organizations. Compliance with international labour standards is a growing concern as worldwide standards are deteriorating and nothing is being done to alleviate the problem. Accordingly, I explore the causes for the abuse of labour standards and seek to find the better alternative, by looking at the respective positions of the parties who are for and against the linkage of trade with labour standards. Here the views and concerns of the developed world are weighed up against those of the developing world and looking at possible alternatives concludes the paper.
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Basso, Larissa de Santis. "A eficácia do regionalismo no desenvolvimento: reflexões para a América Latina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-29102009-160804/.
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As teorias de desenvolvimento passaram por evolução histórico-conceitual ao longo do século XX, e o conceito considerado mais adequado para medir o desenvolvimento dos países é o do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) da ONU. O IDH é elaborado com base na obra do economista indiano Amartya Sen, e considera diversas variáveis na classificação dos países, todas juntas formando uma estrutura base para que o indivíduo tenha liberdade de escolher os rumos de sua vida dentro da sociedade. O comércio é um fator importante para o desenvolvimento, pois permite a especialização da produção em razão de aptidões de cada um e o aumento da produtividade, pois as trocas garantem a cada indivíduo a possibilidade de obter todos os bens de que necessitam para a vida sem a precisar fabricar cada um deles. O comércio internacional é, portanto, um catalisador do desenvolvimento. Sua evolução histórica em busca do livre comércio levou à formação do sistema multilateral baseado na não-discriminação e eliminação gradual de barreiras comerciais, que teve impulso com as Rodadas GATT e ganhou corpo com a instituição da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Por sua vez, o regionalismo é um movimento antigo e complexo, composto por variáveis geográficas, políticas, econômicas, culturais e jurídicas, entre outras. Suas primeiras manifestações estão ainda na Idade Antiga, mas o fenômeno ganhou força nos últimos tempos em razão da disseminação dos acordos preferenciais de comércio, aceitos dentro do sistema multilateral como exceção ao princípio da nação mais favorecida (artigo XXIV do GATT) por ser entendido como mecanismo de facilitação das concertações multilaterais e alavanca do desenvolvimento dos países. O grande envolvimento dos países em desenvolvimento e de menor desenvolvimento relativo em processos de integração regional e a manutenção de sua condição de subdesenvolvimento em relação às economias mais avançadas fazem questionar a assertiva de que o regionalismo promove o desenvolvimento dos países. Utilizando o exemplo da América Latina, pretende-se analisar a questão e seus desdobramentos, concluindo sobre a efetividade do regionalismo em promover o desenvolvimento dos países.The theories of development have had an historic and conceptual evolution through the XX Century. The Human Development Index, from United Nations, is the parameter considered the most adequate to measure the development of the countries. It is inspired on the research of the Indian economist Amartya Sen, and considers several elements at the countries HDI classification, all elements being what is believed to be the basic structure for every individual to be free to make its own decisions regarding its living. Trade an important issue to the development, as it allows the production specialization, considering the singular characteristics of each country and the increase in productivity, (because the commercial exchange guarantees the possibility of acquiring all the products necessary for living without having to make each one of them). For this reason, the international exchanges are an important tool for development, and its evolution has always target the freedom of trade, based at principles such as non-discrimination and elimination of trade barriers, which had a great impulse with the GATT Rounds and the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The regionalism is an antique and complex movement, composed by geographic, political, economic, cultural and juridical variables, among others. Although its first manifestations can be found at the Ancient Age, the recent phenomenon is based on the proliferation of preferential commercial arrangements, accepted by the multilateral system as exceptions of the principle of the most favored nation (article XXIV of GATT), because it is believed that regional agreements facilitate the implementation of the multilateral system and generates the development of the countries. The great participation of developing countries and least developed countries in regional trade arrangements and its persistent subdeveloped condition when compared to the developed economies makes us question the statement that regionalism promotes development. Using the example of the Latin America, this thesis intends to analyze the issue and conclude on the efficacy of the regionalism in promoting the development of the involved countries.
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Onyejekwe, Chisa. "Using corporate tax regimes to promote economic growth and development : a legal analysis of the Nigerian corporate tax regime." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2509.
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The recession that started in the late 2000s has created significant economic and financial challenges globally and within nation states. In particular, oil-producing countries have been further affected by the fall in oil price. It is therefore crucial that alternative, more sustainable methods of sourcing revenue be investigated and utilised. The purpose of this thesis therefore is to examine the use of corporate tax regimes as a sustainable revenue source in promoting economic growth and development in Nigeria. Using a qualitative legal analysis, of the Nigerian corporate tax regime and through an extensive literature review, the thesis identified a number of key findings. Inter alia, that revenue from corporation tax structures are a sustainable revenue source mostly because of the amount of revenue generated through Multinational Corporations (MNCs). Secondly, the existing Nigerian corporation tax regime is in need of reform as there are developmental challenges, including lack of implementation and ambiguous legislation, which continue to thwart its success. Therefore, this leads to establishing how, and to what extent that Nigeria can use its corporate tax regime as a sustainable revenue source. The answer to this lies in the legal framework of corporate tax regimes. This thesis argues that legal uncertainties in the corporate tax regimes are the principal reason for the challenges faced by both state governments and MNCs. The thesis concludes by recommending reforms to the Nigerian tax regime while also recommending a tax compliance strategy for both domestic and international corporate tax regimes. This will set a foundation for corporation tax regimes as a sustainable revenue generation source for developing countries.
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Mobie, Titus Risimati. "The impact of privatization of water system towards the poor a challenge to pastoral care : with special reference to the rural communities of Bushbuckridge /." Thesis, Pretoria : [S.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11062008-170236/.
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Tupler, Marion. "Le Pacte mondial : pertinence normative et applicabilité effective." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB186.
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Face à l'intensification des flux et échanges liés à la mondialisation, et un besoin croissant d'un développement durable encadré, les Nations Unies ont mis au point il y a quinze ans une initiative collective : le Pacte mondial. Cette Déclaration en quatre volets regroupant les enjeux environnementaux, le respect des droits de l'Homme, les normes internationales de travail et la lutte contre la corruption, est alors analysée pour en mesurer l'efficacité et l'impact sur le développement. Il s'agit d'en comprendre les mécanismes et d'identifier les outils déployés dans l'application de cette norme de soft law appartenant au corpus législatif internationalThe United Nations are confronted by the intensification of the streams and exchanges linked with the globalization, as the same time as a fundamental necessity of sustainable development. That is why they developed, fifteen years ago, an international initiative: the UN Global Compact. The Declaration contains four sections on environmental protection, Human rights, International Labour standards and anti-corruption norms. This research analyses the efficacy and the impact of the Declaration on the development, in order to understand mechanisms and to identify the deployed tools in the application of this soft law norm, as member of international legal corpus
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Pigrau, Solé Antoni. "El principio de igualdad de participación de los países en desarrollo en las relaciones económicas internacionales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666063.
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La tesis se enmarca en el estudio de los aspectos jurídicos del nuevo orden económico internacional y se conecta, en particular, con los trabajos que está desarrollando la Sexta Comisión de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. Partiendo de los datos que se extraen del análisis de la cooperación internacional en las áreas industrial, comercial, financiera y monetaria, sobre la participación de los paises en desarrollo, se trata de identificar los aspectos jurídicos que configuran el principio estudiado y de hacer una evaluación jurídica del mismo. La investigación realizada en base a la posición de los estados, la doctrina y la práctica internacionales, permite afirmar la existencia del principio de igualdad de participación como uno de los principios fundamentales de derecho internacional relativos al NOEI, que se halla en un avanzado estadio de formación. Encuentra su fundamento jurídico en el principio de la igualdad soberana de los Estados y expresa el desarrollo del concepto de igualdad en su aplicación a los procesos de adopción de decisiones económicas internacionales. Su ámbito de aplicación no se limita a las instituciones en las que rigen sistemas de voto ponderado en proporción a la cuota aportada a las mismas, como el Fondo Monetario Internacional, sino que comprende cualquier proceso de adopción de decisiones en el conjunto de las relaciones económicas internacionales.
El alcance del principio no se reduce a la garantía de una igualdad formal sino que permite el establecimiento de mecanismos de desigualdad compensatoria dirigidos a favorecer la participación politica de los P.E.D. que son los sujetos beneficiarios del principio. El principio fundamenta una pluralidad de medidas concretas de aplicación que deben plantearse y evaluarse en cada estructura concreta de cooperación.
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Branco, Luizella Giardino Barbosa. "Biocombustíveis, governança global e comércio internacional: Rumo a um novo paradigma energético?" Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4516.
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Considerando-se este importante momento de transição em que as tradicionais matrizes energéticas são paulatinamente substituídas por um conjunto de fontes renováveis, das quais os biocombustíves sobressaem-se pela capacidade de contribuir para o meio ambiente, trazendo igualmente benefícios econômicos e sociais a seus produtores; o presente trabalho visa contribuir para o panorama energético global que se começa a se delinear. Diante da impotência do Estado em lidar hodiernamente com determinadas questões, testemunha-se a participação de atores privados (organizações não governamentais, empresas transnacionais e sociedade civil, entre outros) atuando como vetores na transmissão de compromissos internacionais junto a estruturas nacionais para a solução de problemas comuns da humanidade. A essa nova arquitetura jurídica e política convencionou-se designar de governança global. Diante da inexistência de uma governança energética global que opere no interesse de países importadores, exportadores e investidores do setor de energia, agindo também como promotora de desenvolvimento social e econômico junto a países em desenvolvimento; e, por fim, em face da ausência de uma regulação internacional exclusiva na área energética, o presente estudo se dedica a investigar as possibilidades de disciplinamento do comércio internacional dos biocombustíveis. Admitindo-se o relevante desempenho que o Brasil detém na produção e exportação deste produto, inclusive na área tecnológica, a presente tese busca identificar o foro adequado, condições justas de produção, investimento, concessão de subsídios, adoção de medidas técnicas, de compra e venda, concorrência entre outros itens que o tema relaciona.When considering this important transitional moment in which the traditional energy matrices are gradually replaced by a mix of renewable sources, among which biofuels stand out: for its ability of contributing to the preservation of the environment and of generating economic benefits to its producers; this work aims to contribute with the energy landscape that is starting to take shape. Due to the current State incapacity in dealing with a specific set of questions, one witnesses the contribution of non-governmental actors (such as non governmental organizations, transnational companies and civil society, among others) side by side with national structures in order to solve widespread human problems. Regarding the lack of global energy governance that may operate in the interest of importers, exporters and investors in the energy sector, who should act as a promoter of social and economic development vis a vis developing countries; and, finally, considering the absence of a multilateral energy agreement, the present work aims to investigate the possibilities of possible regulation of international biofuels trade. Hence, admitting the excellent performance that Brazil withholds in the production and exportation of this product, also in the technological area, the present thesis seeks the adequate forum as well as to preview fair conditions for production, investment, subsidies concession, adoptions of technical standards in distribution, trade and competition amongst other law related issues.
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Wardhana, Andy Whisnu. "A policy proposal to address tax base erosion caused by transfer pricing in Indonesia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/125858/1/Andy%20Whisnu_Wardhana_Thesis.pdf.
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Prior studies indicate that developing countries face the problem of aggressive transfer pricing practices by multinational enterprises (MNEs) which cause tax base erosion. This study finds that the Indonesian transfer pricing regime fails to accurately allocate the income of MNEs among taxing states in accordance with actual economic reality. To overcome this problem, this study considers different interpretations of transfer pricing regimes in four countries: (a) Mexico's minimum profit, (b) Brazil's pre-fixed profit margin and (c) India's and China's location-specific advantage rules. This study argues that adopting the location-specific advantage criteria for determining an arm's length price could help Indonesia address the problem of aggressive transfer pricing practices and assist Indonesia to reduce tax base erosion.
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Luque, González José Manuel. "Hacia una reconsideración del prohibicionismo de las drogas en el derecho internacional desde el Tercer Mundo (TWAIL)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/463073.
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El ser humano ha consumido sustancias que alteran su conciencia a lo largo de toda la historia y en ese proceso ha experimentado con diversos productos frente a los cuales ha adoptado múltiples posiciones desde la moral y desde el derecho.
A partir de la consolidación del Derecho Internacional, regular el tema de las drogas ha sido un interés constante para esta disciplina. Desde la celebración de los primeros tratados al respecto, la tendencia hacia la prohibición de casi todos los usos de algunas drogas ha sido una constante impulsada principalmente por un grupo liderado por Estados Unidos.
Como resultado de este proceso, en la actualidad se encuentran vigentes tres tratados, a saber: La Convención Única de 1961 sobre Estupefacientes, La Convención sobre Sustancias Psicotrópicas de 1971 y La Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra el Tráfico Ilícito de Estupefacientes y Sustancias Sicotrópicas de 1988.
Estos instrumentos se han convertido en el eje de la política prohibicionista, aunque, después de más de cincuenta años de la denominada guerra contra las drogas, cada vez más voces cuestionan su efectividad. Y es por eso que a través de un análisis documental se revisan las normas que contiene el sistema frente a los resultados obtenidos, llegando a la conclusión de que el sistema no ha funcionado como se esperaría y que además, su sustento científico es cuestionable.
Buscando soluciones que ofrezcan mejores respuestas a la situación de las drogas, se exploran diferentes aproximaciones filosóficas al Derecho Internacional, encontrando que la Aproximación al Derecho Internacional desde el Tercer Mundo (TWAIL) tiene características que permiten considerarla una opción válida para encausar la regulación de las normas sobre drogas. Esto es posible, entre otras cosas, debido a la reivindicación
que se hace de las posiciones y realidades de los países en vías de desarrollo, donde se concentra la producción de las drogas y también por el reclamo que se hace por un Derecho Internacional que incorpore diferentes perspectivas culturales y toda la evidencia científica disponible.
Desde este enfoque se analizan las posibilidades de reorientar las normas por medio de la modificación, enmienda o retiro de los tratados, o bien proceder a ignorarlos con las implicaciones que tendría en toda la estructura del Derecho Internacional.
Finalmente, se concluye que la opción más recomendable, teniendo en cuenta los elementos de TWAIL, es la de una legalización controlada en la cual se reevalúe el fenómeno de las drogas desde un parámetro de ejercicio de las libertades individuales, aunque bajo el control del Estado para garantizar el bienestar común. Esta posibilidad se apoya además en los ensayos de legalización que ya se están dando en diversos Estados, entre ellos, en algunos lugares de Estados Unidos, especialmente en torno a la marihuana.The human being has consumed substances that alter his conscience throughout history and in that process has experimented with various products against which he has adopted multiple positions, some of those from a moral point of view and some from the law point of view. Since the consolidation of International Law, regulating the topic of drugs has been a constant interest for this discipline. Since the beginning of the first treaties in this respect, the trend towards the banning of almost all uses of some drugs has been a constant driven mainly by a group led by the United States. As a result of this process, three treaties are currently in force: the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances and the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988. These instruments have become the axis of the prohibitionist policy, although, after more than fifty years of the denominated war against the drugs, more and more voices question its effectiveness. And that is why, through a documentary analysis, the rules contained in the system are checked against the results obtained, arriving at the conclusion that the system has not worked as expected and that, moreover, its scientific sustenance is questionable. Seeking solutions that offer better answers to the drug situation, different philosophical approaches to International Law are explored, finding that the Third World Approach to International Law (TWAIL) has characteristics that allow it to be considered a valid option to re-examine the regulation of Rules on drugs. This is possible, among other things, due to the claim made of the positions and realities of the developing countries, where the production of drugs is concentrated and also by the claim made by an International Law that incorporates Different cultural perspectives and also because of all the available scientific evidence. This approach analyzes the possibilities of reorienting norms through the modification, amendment or withdrawal of treaties, or to ignore them with the implications it would have in the whole structure of International Law. Finally, it is concluded that the most advisable option, taking into account the elements of TWAIL, is that of a controlled legalization in which the drug phenomenon is reevaluated from a parameter of exercise of the individual freedoms, although under the control of the State to ensure the common welfare. Legalization laws that have already been approved in several states, including some places in the United States, also support this possibility, especially those involving marijuana.
L'ésser humà ha consumit substàncies que alteren la seva consciència al llarg de tota la història i en aquest procés ha experimentat amb diversos productes davant dels quals ha adoptat múltiples posicions des de la moral i des del dret. A partir de la consolidació del Dret Internacional, regular el tema de les drogues ha estat un interès constant per a aquesta disciplina. Des de la celebració dels primers tractats sobre això, la tendència cap a la prohibició de gairebé tots els usos d'algunes drogues ha estat una constant impulsada principalment per un grup liderat per Estats Units. Com a resultat d'aquest procés, en l'actualitat es troben vigents tres tractats, a saber: La Convenció Única de 1961 sobre Estupefaents, La Convenció sobre substàncies psicotròpiques de 1971 i La Convenció de les Nacions Unides contra el Tràfic Il·lícit d'Estupefaents i Substàncies Psicotròpiques de 1988. Aquests instruments s'han convertit en l'eix de la política prohibicionista, encara que, després de més de cinquanta anys de l'anomenada guerra contra les drogues, cada vegada més veus qüestionen la seva efectivitat. I és per això que a través d'una anàlisi documental es revisen les normes que conté el sistema enfront dels resultats obtinguts, arribant a la conclusió que el sistema no ha funcionat com s'esperaria i que a més, el seu suport científic és qüestionable. Buscant solucions que ofereixin millors respostes a la situació de les drogues, s'exploren diferents aproximacions filosòfiques al Dret Internacional, trobant que l'Aproximació al Dret Internacional des del Tercer Món (TWAIL) té característiques que permeten considerar-la una opció vàlida per encausar la regulació de les normes sobre drogues. Això és possible, entre altres coses, a causa de la reivindicació que es fa de les posicions i realitats dels països en vies de desenvolupament, on es concentra la producció de les drogues i també pel reclam que es fa per un dret internacional que incorpori diferents perspectives culturals i tota l'evidència científica disponible. Des d'aquest enfocament s'analitzen les possibilitats de reorientar les normes per mitjà de la modificació, esmena o retir dels tractats, o bé procedir a ignorar-los amb les implicacions que tindria en tota l'estructura del Dret Internacional. Finalment, es conclou que l'opció més recomanable, tenint en compte els elements de TWAIL, és la d'una legalització controlada en la qual es torni a avaluar el fenomen de les drogues des d'un paràmetre d'exercici de les llibertats individuals, encara que sota el control de l'Estat per garantir el benestar comú. Aquesta possibilitat es recolza a més en els assajos de legalització que ja s'estan donant en diversos estats, entre ells, en alguns llocs d'Estats Units, especialment al voltant de la marihuana.
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Hafez, Khadiga. "L'accord général sur le commerce des services et les pays en developpement. Dimension juridique, enjeux de developpement." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30041/document.
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La finalité du droit international économique contemporain est en principe de réaliser une meilleure harmonisation entre l’expansion du commerce d’une part et la croissance des pays en développement (PED) d’autre part. Cette harmonisation n’est pas toujours évidente dans certains domaines du droit international économique notamment les services. Les rapports juridiques entre un accord multilatéral comme l’AGCS (Accord général sur le commerce des services) et les PED représentent en effet, une dialectique tant au niveau du statut des PED dans le cadre de cet Accord que de ses conséquences juridiques à leur égard. L’étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de cette dialectique et tente de cerner la dimension juridique et les enjeux de développement de ces rapports. Elle se place dans ce contexte à montrer la flexibilité formelle de l’AGCS à l’égard des PED dans un premier lieu et la relativité de ses effets dans un second lieuThe aim of the contemporary international economic law is in principle to achieve a better harmonization between the expansion of trade and the growth of the developing countries. This harmonization is not always evident or clear in some areas of the international economic law particularly in the services sector. The legal aspects of the relationship between a multilateral Agreement such as the GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) and developing countries are indeed dialectic especially in the context of their status in the framework of this Agreement on the one hand and its legal consequences on the other hand. The study takes its place in this dialectic and attempts to identify the legal dimension and the development challenges of this relationship. It is within this context that the research will present the formal flexibility of the GATS against the developing countries in the first place and the relativity of its effects in a second
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Mbala, Mbala Marcelle. "Contrats d'Etat et développement durable." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL20005/document.
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La dialectique entre contrats d’Etat et développement durable existe, malgré une antinomie apparente. Elle s’appuie sur une interaction particulière qui s’est construite depuis l’origine, à travers les contrats d’Etat, instruments conventionnels singuliers et autour des nécessités politiques et économiques de l’époque, avec en toile de fond l’impératif de développement.Face aux évolutions sociales successives et l’absence d’arsenal juridique adapté, les contratsd’Etat se sont développés de façon spécifique entre dépendance, indépendance,interdépendance, hétéronomie et autonomie. En droit international des affaires, c’estprécisément à partir du contrat conçu comme un instrument normatif singulier et à travers sesinteractions avec le contexte extracontractuel au sein duquel il est amené à opérer quel’existence d’un droit du développement durable en matière de contrats d’Etat doit êtrefondée. Cela nécessite une autre vision du droit, sans cesse renouvelée et davantageappropriée aux réalités de notre siècleCommon discussion points between sustainable development and State contracts exist, despite many visible contradictions. They are based on a particular interaction, built up from the beginning through State contracts, which are highly specific agreements and around political and economic necessities of the time, with the notion of development merely as a requirement in the background. Confronted with successive social changes and the lack of an appropriate judicial framework, State contracts developed in a particular way between dependence, independence, interdependence, heteronomy and autonomy. In international business law, the existence of a sustainable development law related to State contracts must be based precisely on contracts, seen as instruments able to set norms, and must benefit from contracts’interactions with a non-contractual environment. That requires another vision of law, constantly renewed and more adapted to current realities
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Zhou, Yan. "Essays on international reserves in developing countries /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Kojo, Naoko. "Essays on international finance and developing countries." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624508.
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