Relevant bibliographies by topics / International law – Developing countries

Academic literature on the topic 'International law – Developing countries'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "International law – Developing countries"

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Page, Sheila. "Integrating Developing Countries into International Economics." Development Policy Review 7, no. 3 (September 1989): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1989.tb00134.x.

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Gupta, Joyeeta. "International Law and Climate Change: The Challenges Facing Developing Countries." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 119–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/16.1.119.

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Ozai, Ivan. "Two Accounts of International Tax Justice." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 33, no. 2 (June 8, 2020): 317–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2020.8.

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The contemporary international tax regime has been increasingly criticized over the years from varied perspectives, particularly as to the unfairness it produces for developing countries. Some commentators argue it is unjust due to the lack of participation of developing countries in the policymaking process on an equal footing. Others suggest the international tax regime was designed by affluent countries to respond to self-interested goals. Some note that its current institutional design creates opportunities for tax competition and avoidance, which more seriously affect developing economies due to their relative dependence on corporate income tax and their greater vulnerability to capital mobility. Others specifically criticize how taxing rights, that is, the entitlement of countries to tax cross-border transactions, are currently allocated between home and host countries and how they disfavour capital-importing, developing countries.
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Yang, Jian, David A. Bessler, and David J. Leatham. "The Law of One Price: Developed and Developing Country Market Integration." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 32, no. 3 (December 2000): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080002054x.

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AbstractThe Law of One Price (LOP) is important to models of international trade and exchange rate determination. This study investigates a variant of the LOP applied to developed and developing countries. The competing hypotheses are (1) that one price prevails in both developed and developing countries and (2) that one price prevails in developed countries and another single price in developing countries. Using data from an internationally competitive commodity (soybean meal), we found evidence favors the first hypothesis, although two large developing countries under study are active participants in regional trade integration, which may bias them against the first hypothesis.
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Horberry, John. "International organization and EIA in developing countries." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 5, no. 3 (September 1985): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(85)90002-2.

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Weerth, Carsten. "Harmonized System in Developing Countries." Global Trade and Customs Journal 3, Issue 11/12 (November 1, 2008): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2008049.

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More than 200 countries and economic regions worldwide are using the nomenclature of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonized System Convention: HS) and are basing their customs tariffs thereon. The number of HS headings (four–digit code) and HS subheadings (six–digit code) is altered every four to six years, when the nomenclature is revised and updated due to changes in trade patterns and technical development (HS 1988, HS 1992, HS 1996, HS 2002, HS 2007). More gaps are emerging within the nomenclature and 34 headings will not be in use in the HS 2007 for the next four to six years. This article examines the application of the nomenclature within developing countries, since these are allowed to adopt older versions of the nomenclature.
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Mayeda, Graham. "Pushing the Boundaries: Rethinking International Law in Light of Cosmopolitan Obligations to Developing Countries." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 47 (2010): 3–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800009838.

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SummaryThis article argues for a change in the normative assumptions of international law so as to attenuate the historical marginalization of developing countries. It describes a form of collective responsibility called “cooperative cosmopolitanism” that requires individuals and states to take responsibility for harms to those beyond their borders. Cooperative cosmopolitanism entails obligations shared by all that are realized collectively and cooperatively. Taking a phenomenological approach and relying on examples of areas of international law (especially international investment law) that have a disproportionately negative impact on developing countries, the article suggests five ways in which international law should evolve in order to take better account of our cosmopolitan obligations: (1) widening the ambit of international law beyond state-based issues; (2) de-emphasizing state practice andopinio jurisas criteria for creating international law; (3) recognizing an increased role for equity in international law; (4) broadening state responsibility to include harms caused by their nationals abroad; and (5) articulating a cosmopolitan understanding of the responsibility to protect foreign nationals.
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Onzivu, William. "International Climate Change Law, Health Promotion and Evolving Domestic Climate Law in Developing Countries." African Yearbook of International Law Online / Annuaire Africain de droit international Online 18, no. 1 (2010): 257–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116176-01801010.

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Seshadri, V. S. "Challenges Facing Developing Countries in the International Trading System." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 7/8 (August 1, 2019): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019037.

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This article analyses various dimensions of the uncertainty plaguing the multilateral trading system and examines its implications for developing countries. It details how countries are compelled to enter into free trade agreements on account of competitive liberalization and the growing propensity to explore new issues through sectoral plurilaterals. In addition, global factors such as the ‘America First’ approach and the rise of China provide the context to analyse India’s role in the international trading system. Specifically, the Article explores India's experience with the Doha Round, regional trade agreements (RTAs) and plurilaterals. It concludes that a patchwork of RTAs worldwide and an array of plurilaterals on an a la carte basis make a very complicated, divided and perhaps an unfair trading regime.
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Neubacher, Frank, and Ulrike Grote. "Rurale Kriminalität in Entwicklungsländern / Rural Crime in Developing Countries." Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform / Journal of Criminology an Penal Reform 99, no. 3 (November 1, 2016): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mkr-2016-0303.

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Zusammenfassung Über Kriminalität in Entwicklungsländern weiß die Kriminologie sehr wenig; insbesondere was den ländlichen Raum betrifft. Ausgehend von der Studie von Clinard & Abbott von 1973 gibt der Beitrag einen Überblick über den gegenwärtigen Wissensstand und die offenen Fragen. Eingehend erörtert werden u.a. die Unzuverlässigkeit offizieller Statistiken, Befunde des International Crime Victims Survey sowie theoretische Zusammenhänge zwischen Kriminalität und Entwicklung. Außerdem werden die potenziellen Konturen künftiger Forschung aufgezeichnet.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International law – Developing countries"

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Alhijazi, Yahya Z. D. "Developing countries and foreign direct investment." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21670.

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Along with international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) has been the engine driving the current economic globalization of the world economy. The growth rate of FDI, which exceeded that of international trade and world output throughout the 1990s, raises important questions regarding the value of FDI to developing countries as host countries to FDI and the role it can play in their development.
In an attempt to answer these questions, this thesis tackles the main issues underlining FDI and developing countries. After analysing the pros and cons of FDI for developing countries and other interested parties, this thesis scrutinizes the regulation of FDI as a means to balance the interests of the concerned parties, giving an assessment of the balance of interests in some existing and potential FDI regulations. Furthermore, this thesis highlights the case against the deregulation of FDI and its consequences for developing countries. It concludes by formulating regulatory FDI guidelines for developing.
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Kaapanda, Mekondjo. "Double consciousness and the third world tradition in international law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607692.

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Osei-Tutu, Julia J. "Trips and domestic control : implications for developing countries." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34016.

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This paper examines the impact of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) on domestic control. The paper explains why intellectual property became part of the global trade agenda. The author considers arguments both for and against stronger global protection for intellectual property rights. Through analysis of the World Trade Organization (WTO) cases on the TRIPS Agreement, the author argues that the TRIPS Agreement has effectively removed from WTO Member states control over their intellectual property regimes. The author focuses on the negative impact that a rigid application of the TRIPS Agreement is likely to have on developing countries.
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Milinic, Djapo Gordana. "Outer space activities, international cooperation and the developing countries." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/MQ44068.pdf.

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Musiba, Ephraim. "Developing a suitable competition law and policy for developing countries: a case study of Tanzania." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12895.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This dissertation aims to examine one major issue: namely, the most appropriate competition law for developing countries from the perspective of ‘looking from the inside out’.1 Reference is made particularly to Tanzania, with a close evaluation of its Fair Competition Act, 2003 and some case law, so as to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of competition policy and law within its Tanzanian context. This involves taking into consideration the inherent characteristics of the Tanzanian economy since it is necessary that Tanzania have a competition law that reflects and addresses its particular needs. So the basis of this dissertation is to analyse the efficacy of the Fair Competition Act to deal with the specific requirements of Tanzanian society; and if the result is found to be in the negative, then the dissertation goes on to suggest what type of competition law model Tanzania should develop that will best suit the country’s needs.
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Wang, Tiffany. "International cartels and developing countries : a proposal to reframe competition law." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7627/.

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This thesis deals with the question of whether developing countries can effectively protect themselves against the effects of international cartels and what strategies they should develop in order to do so. While combating cartels has been one of the pillars of both domestic and international competition law policy, developing countries continue to suffer the brunt of the negative effects of international cartels. Because most developing countries have little to no functioning competition law policy, they are often the most likely targets of international cartels and therefore the most in need of assistance. This thesis will discuss both the qualitative and quantitative effects international cartels have on developing countries and the global market. This discussion will also include analysis of case studies conducted on the effects of these cartels. Another chapter will be devoted to the current legislation and strategies that have already been established to combat international cartels in general. The final chapters will cover what has already been done to help developing countries protect themselves and what the appropriate welfare benchmark should be when considering reform options. Global reform strategies discussed will include a discussion on whether forming a global, harmonised competition law agreement would be feasible and methods on how to foster greater cooperation between jurisdictions.
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Ghonaim, Mahmoud. "The legal aspects of aviation finance in developing countries /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59937.

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The assessment of benefits and costs in determining national and international aviation policy by the developing countries differs markedly from that used for advanced countries.
The treatment of the subject matter begins in Chapter I with an overview of the aviation industry and its financing Historical Review. Chapter II deals with the problem of recognition of title and security rights in aircraft under international law. Chapter III contains a detailed consideration of the types of commonly used security instruments in aircraft financing. Chapter IV sets out an overview of financing in developing countries, Chapter V contains a study of the various problems facing the asset financing of aircraft in the Third World and possible solutions.
In the last three chapters, emphasis will be placed on regional aviation issues.
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Altaer, Ahmad Shaban Ali Saif. "The WTO and developing countries : the missing link of international distributive justice." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2010. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-wto-and-developing-countries(8c96a694-061c-4fe6-946a-9e331c9495ea).html.

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This thesis demonstrates that no international distributive justice mechanism is operative in the World Trade Organization legal regime, and that SDT and GSP provisions do not compensate for this. It argues that the erga omnes partes distribution of the burden of compliance with WTO Agreements frustrates the economic development of the poor developing countries, and that this can be corrected by the distribution of the burdens of compliance on a distributive justice principle. A model climate law is advanced to demonstrate the practicability of applying that principle in the WTO context. The general charge is made that, absent a distributive justice principle in the WTO legal system, developing countries benefit from WTO Agreements only in the measure that they are already trade-capable, and that those Agreements often threaten their established wealth-producing institutions. It is argued that the status ‘developing countries’ cannot remain a self-designated status, but should correspond with GDP status. Specific charges are levelled against WTO Agreements’ failure to take account of the interests of developing countries: TRIPs provisions severely restrict the transfer of technology, and thereby frustrate emerging pharmaceutical industries; the DSM, based on Western legal tradition, imposes a burden of unfamiliarity on developing countries, and its enforcement system is generally not available to them; the GATS tolerates the friction between NT and MFN obligation and FTAs; the GATS and the TRIMs confer the right of one country to invest in another, in the absence of any validating customary international law, yet no WTO Agreement brings foreign-investment dispute settlement into the DSM, leaving the WTO tolerant of BITs and FTAs that nominate non-WTO tribunals for that purpose, despite evidence that many developing countries cannot sustain the financial penalties these tribunals impose.
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Bahri, Amrita. "Public private partnership in WTO dispute settlement : enabling developing countries." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6242/.

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The doctoral research investigates the nature and elements of domestic mechanisms, including public private partnership (PPP) procedures, devised for the management of WTO disputes in selected developed and developing countries. With China, Brazil and India as its case-studies, the research explores various strategies to devise an effective PPP mechanism for handling international trade disputes in developing countries. The research objective is to explore the benefits of engaging the private sector in the intergovernmental process of WTO dispute settlement, and to identify the reforms that will be needed for devising a workable domestic framework for handling foreign trade disputes through PPP arrangements. The research highlights important issues and concerns that need consideration before any legal, institutional, regulatory and procedural reforms are carried out. Moreover, the research seeks to enable developing countries to critically evaluate a diverse range of PPP strategies employed so far, and to determine their individual approaches towards PPP and dispute management. The thesis constitutes a practical guidebook for policymakers in those developing countries which have the motivation to strengthen their WTO dispute settlement capacities. The topical area of research and pragmatic approach towards research questions, together with an empirical research methodology makes this study an original contribution to existing literature and knowledge.
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Wang, Xiaorong 1979. "International copyright and developing countries : the impact of the TRIPs Agreement." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82674.

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The promulgation of the TRIPS Agreement marks a new direction for international copyright: copyright protection has been put under the auspices of the world trading system. During the arduous negotiations, developing countries played a minor role due to the unilateral trade threats exerted by the United States. As a result, the final text of the TRIPs mainly mirrors the domestic copyright legislations of those developed countries.
The question of what impact the TRIPs will have on developing Member States has triggered hot debates. While acknowledging that a short-term negative impact is likely, the long-term effects of a strengthened copyright regime in those countries are hard to predict at this time. The author uses China as a case study to illustrate the difficulties that developing nations might have in implementing and enforcing such heightened copyright standards. Moreover, possible solutions to minimize any adverse effects of the TRIPs Agreement are discussed.
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Books on the topic "International law – Developing countries"

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International economic law, globalization and developing countries. Cheltenham [u.a.]: Elgar, 2010.

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Centre on Transnational Corporations (United Nations), ed. International income taxation and developing countries. New York: United Nations, 1988.

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Messerlin, Patrick A. Antidumping laws and developing countries. Washington, DC (1818 H St. NW, Washington DC 20433): International Economics Dept., World Bank, 1988.

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A, Bermann George, and Mavroidis Petros C, eds. WTO law and developing countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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Biermann, Frank. Saving theatmosphere: International law, developing countries and air pollution. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1995.

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Anand, R. P. International law and the developing countries: Confrontation or cooperation? Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1987.

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Anand, R. P. International law and the developing countries: Confrontation or cooperation? New Delhi: Banyan Publications, 1986.

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Nazrul, Islam, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, eds. Environmental law in developing countries: Selected issues. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, The World Conservation Union, 2002.

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Marianela, Cedeño Bonilla, Burhenne-Guilmin Françoise, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources., eds. Environmental law in developing countries: Selected issues. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 2001.

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Saving the atmosphere: International law, developing countries and air pollution. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "International law – Developing countries"

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Islam, Rumana. "Developing Countries in International Investment Arbitration." In International Law and the Global South, 79–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2125-2_4.

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de Morais, Rafael Pinho. "Antitrust and Compulsory Licensing in BRICS and Developing Countries." In International Law and Economics, 149–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30948-4_5.

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Cadman, Toby, Carl Buckley, and Pilar Lovelle Moraleda. "The International Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh." In The Rule of Law in Developing Countries, 134–80. New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge contemporary South Asia series ; 121: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351273565-4.

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Ivaldi, Marc, Frédéric Jenny, and Aleksandra Khimich. "Cartel Damages to the Economy: An Assessment for Developing Countries." In International Law and Economics, 103–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30948-4_3.

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Basu, Dipak, and Victoria Miroshnik. "Patent Laws and the Developing Countries." In International Business and Political Economy, 10–14. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137474865_3.

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Ako, Rhuks. "Mainstreaming Environmental Justice in Developing Countries: Thinking Beyond Constitutional Environmental Rights." In Nigerian Yearbook of International Law, 269–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71476-9_12.

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Pavone, Ilja R. "Biomedical Research in Developing Countries and International Human Rights Law." In Human Medical Research, 65–86. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0390-8_7.

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Ahamat, Haniff, and Nasarudin Rahman. "Restricting Biofuel Imports in the Name of the Environment: How Does the Application of WTO Rules Affect Developing Countries?" In ASEAN International Law, 503–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3195-5_28.

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Sharmin, Tanjina. "The MFN Clause in Investment Law and Arbitration: A Developing Countries Perspective." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 1–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5744-2_92-1.

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Sharmin, Tanjina. "The MFN Clause in Investment Law and Arbitration: A Developing Countries Perspective." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 303–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3615-7_92.

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Conference papers on the topic "International law – Developing countries"

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Sinyaeva, Natella. "The development and use of autonomous weapons systems regulations in armed conflicts by the international humanitarian law." In Development of legal systems in Russia and foreign countries: problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02061-6-234-250.

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The article examines the issues of possible control, from the standpoint of international humanitarian law, at the stage of developing autonomous weapons systems. The author notes that the development of autonomous weapons systems raises serious social and ethical concerns. He considers the existing norms and principles of international humanitarian law applying to control the development and use of such systems. The author considers autonomous weapons systems from the perspective of the distinction between civilians (civilian targets) and combatants (military objects), that means precautions in attack and proportionality.
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Tang, Xinyuan. "Analysis on the Impact of COVID-19 on the Garment Industries in Developing Countries." In 7th International Conference on Economy, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220306.019.

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Nasab, Yosef Ebrahimi. "A legal analysis of regulations dominant an economic competition and foreign investor management law." In 2015 9th International Conference on e-Commerce in Developing Countries: With focus on e-Business (ECDC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecdc.2015.7156315.

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Namazifard, Arash, Babak Amiri, Amin Tousi, Mansoor Aminilari, and Ali Akbar Hozhabri. "Literature review of different contention of E-commerce security and the purview of cyber law factors." In 2015 9th International Conference on e-Commerce in Developing Countries: With focus on e-Business (ECDC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecdc.2015.7156333.

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Fitria, Dona, Pudji Astuty, Darwati Susilastuti, and Widiyarini Widiyarini. "Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment on ASEAN Developing Countries' Industrial Gross Domestic Product." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, ICLSSEE 2022, 16 April 2022, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.16-4-2022.2320125.

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Duan, Zhongwei, and Yanjun Dai. "A Study on Enlightenment to Most Developing Countries from Xi Jinping's Thought in the Rule by Law." In International Conference on Humanities and Social Science 2016. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/hss-26.2016.140.

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Feyeux, Julien. "Small Satellites for Sustainable Development & the Benefit of Developing Countries: An Interdisciplinary Analysis." In 54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-03-iaa.11.4.01.

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Stephens, Paul. "LOW Cost Small Satellites in Coordinated Constellations for Sustainable Space Programs in Developing Countries." In 54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-03-iaa.11.4.03.

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Sarbayev, Grigory, and Yuliya Ivanova. "PAPTICIPATION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARTS IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND NATURAL MENEGEMENT." In Development of legal systems in Russia and foreign countries: problems of theory and practices. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02090-6-0-130-139.

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The totality of developing problems in the field of ecology has become the starting point for a unified awareness of the need to develop joint international cooperation to prevent the emergence of new environmental threats and counteract existing ones. The United Nations is a platform for the development of environmental protection on the world stage. In the field of Law enforcement, the main significant role belongs to Interpol and its structural narrow-profile units.
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Sijuola, Rasaq, and Jelena Davidova. "Challenges of Implementing Inclusive Education: Evidence from Selected Developing Countries." In 15th International Scientific Conference "Rural Environment. Education. Personality. (REEP)". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2022.15.017.

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Inclusive education is deemed to be a lofty goal that every nation should strive to achieve. It helps people living with disabilities and people without any disabilities to have equal access to educational materials, resources, and training without any discrimination. Therefore, international advocates and governments have made conscious efforts to achieve inclusive education. However, the implementation of inclusive education and its related policies is difficult, especially in developing countries. The lofty inclusive education is challenging and almost impossible to achieve. This paper, therefore, aims to assess and highlight the challenges frustrating the implementation of inclusive education, particularly in developing countries. It is obvious that these countries are lagging behind in the achievement of inclusive education due to a wide range of challenges identified in this study. To achieve this aim, the paper employed a theoretical research method. The method allowed several extant studies, especially those published in mainstream journals, on the subject to be reviewed and explored extensively. The review of extant studies on the challenges encountered in the implementation of inclusive education produced a number of pertinent findings. So, the findings of the study revealed that societal attitude towards people living with disabilities, poor attitude of the government, inadequate infrastructure, poor funding, and a host of other reasons are the key factors frustrating the implementation of inclusive education, causing the low level of inclusiveness in the developing nations. These findings help inclusive education advocates, international organizations, and governments alike, to narrow their focus on these challenges and develop approaches to overcome them in order to achieve their end goal of inclusive education. It is therefore suggested that government should organize training programs for teachers and head teachers on how best to manage an inclusive classroom and offer inclusive education.
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Reports on the topic "International law – Developing countries"

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Silverman, Allison. Using International Law to Advance Women’s Tenure Rights in REDD+. Rights and Resources Initiative, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/uyna2326.

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Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is an international initiative to mitigate climate change in the forest sector. It is intended to incentivize developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as promote sustainable management of forests, and conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. REDD+ has significant implications for land and resource rights, and raises particular concerns for women. These concerns arise from discrimination that women already face in resource management processes, largely due to unclear, unsecure and unequal tenure rights. Women represent a large percentage of the world’s poor, and they are often directly dependent on natural resources. As a result, there are significant risks that REDD+ could exacerbate existing inequalities for women if it fails to respect women’s tenure rights. This paper makes a case for advancing women’s tenure rights and how international law can be used to promote those rights in the context of REDD+.
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Idris, Iffat. LGBT Rights and Inclusion in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.067.

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This review looks at the extent to which LGBT rights are provided for under law in a range of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), and the record on implementation/enforcement, as well as approaches to promote LGBT rights and inclusion. SIDS covered are those in the Caribbean, Pacific, and Atlantic-Indian Ocean-South China Sea (AIS) regions. The review draws on a mixture of grey literature (largely from international development agencies/NGOs), academic literature, and media reports. While the information on the legal situation of LGBT people in SIDS was readily available, there was far less evidence on approaches/programmes to promote LGBT rights/inclusion in these countries. However, the review did find a number of reports with recommendations for international development cooperation generally on LGBT issues. Denial of LGBT rights and discrimination against LGBT people is found to varying extents in all parts of the world. It is important that LGBT people have protection in law, in particular the right to have same-sex sexual relations; protection from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation; and the right to gender identity/expression. Such rights are also provided for under international human rights conventions such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, while the Sustainable Development Goals are based on the principle of ‘leave no one behind'.
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Kim, Jeong Won, and Sungjin Kim. International Agreements and Global Initiatives for Low-Carbon Cooling. Asian Development Bank Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/rpae4386.

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Since the mid-1980s, the international community has controlled refrigerants that may damage the ozone layer and cause climate change based on several international agreements. In particular, the Montreal Protocol contributed to not only solving the ozone layer depletion problem but also limiting global warming. Given that the global demand for cooling would triple by 2050 and this rise would increase global greenhouse gas emissions significantly, the Montreal Protocol has expanded its regulatory scope to decarbonize the cooling sector through the adoption of the Kigali Amendment. Also, increasing interest in low-carbon cooling has driven the launch of various global initiatives to complement the international agreements and accelerate low-carbon cooling in developing countries. The experience of implementing the Montreal Protocol and its amendments suggests some lessons and insights for making the Kigali Amendment work well. First, each country should develop and enforce national policies aligned with international agreements. Second, financial and technical support mechanisms should be strengthened to facilitate developing countries’ compliance with the Kigali Amendment. Third, along with the improving energy efficiency of cooling, the substances that neither harm the ozone layer nor exacerbate climate change should be used as substitutes for hydrofluorocarbons. Last, the monitoring, reporting, and verification of controlled substances need to be strengthened.
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Javid, Muhammad, and Fakhri Hasanov. Determinants of Remittance Outflows: The Case of Saudi Arabia. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-dp05.

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International labor migration has played a key role in the development of both advanced and developing countries. Many developing countries in Asia have relied on labor migration, mainly to the oil-rich Gulf region, to reduce both unemployment and poverty (Naseem 2007). Mansoor and Quillin (2006) explain that poverty, unemployment and low wages in developing countries are the main drivers of migration from these countries. Higher wages and the potential for improved standards of living and professional development in resource-rich countries are pull factors for migration.
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Bianchi, Andrea, Lorenzo Gradoni, and Melanie Samson. Developing Countries, Countermeasures and WTO Law. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ds_ip_20081218b.

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6

Michel, Bob, and Tatiana Falcão. Taxing Profits from International Maritime Shipping in Africa: Past, Present and Future of UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.023.

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International maritime shipping is an essential part of global business. Since the establishment of the current international tax regime in the 1920s, there has been a consensus that profits generated by this business are taxable only in the residence state –the state where the shipowners are located. Source states – the port states where business physically takes place – are generally expected to exempt income from international shipping. This standard is currently reflected in Article 8 of the OECD Model and Article 8 (Alternative A) of the UN Model, and is incorporated in the vast majority of bilateral tax treaties currently in force. Exclusive residence state taxation of shipping profits is problematic when the size of mercantile fleets and shipping flows between two states are of unequal size. This is often the case in relations between a developed and developing country. The latter often lack a substantial domestic mercantile fleet, but serve as an important revenue-generating port state for the fleet of the developed country. To come to a more balanced allocation of taxing rights in such a case, a source taxation alternative has been inserted in UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). From its inception, Article 8B has been labelled impractical due to the lack of guidance on core issues, like sourcing rules and profit allocation. This gap is said to explain the low adoption rate of Article 8B in global tax treaty practice. In reality, tax treaty practice regarding Article 8B is heavily concentrated and flourishing in a handful of countries in South/South-East Asia – Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. All these countries subject non-resident shipping income to tax in their domestic income tax laws. Except for India, all countries are able to exercise these domestic tax law rules in relation to shipping enterprises located in the biggest shipowner states, either because they have a treaty in place that provides for source taxation or because there is no treaty at all and thus no restriction of domestic law. None of the relevant tax treaties contain a provision that incorporates the exact wording of Article 8B of the UN Model. If other countries, like coastal countries in sub-Saharan Africa, are looking to implement source taxation of maritime shipping income in the future, they are advised to draw on the South/South-East Asian experience. Best practice can be distilled regarding sourcing rule, source tax limitation, profit attribution and method of taxation (on gross or net basis). In addition to technical guidance on tax, the South/South-East Asian experience also provides important general policy considerations countries should take into account when determining whether source taxation of maritime shipping profits is an appropriate target for their future tax treaty negotiations.
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Garrity, John, and Arndt Husar. Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite: Constellations Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific. Asian Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210156-2.

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Satellite communication plays an important role in the global connectivity ecosystem. It connects rural and remote populations, provides backhaul connectivity to mobile cellular networks, and enables rapid communications for emergency and disaster responses. Low Earth orbit constellations may prove to be transformational to the connectivity landscape based on their global coverage and their suitability for areas not served by fiber optic cable networks. The Asian Development Bank’s developing member countries are well placed to benefit from this expansion of internet connectivity. It will be particularly valuable for small island developing states and landlocked developing countries with limited international bandwidth internet.
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Megersa, Kelbesa. Tax Transparency for an Effective Tax System. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.070.

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This rapid review examines evidence on the transparency in the tax system and its benefits; e.g. rising revenue, strengthen citizen/state relationship, and rule of law. Improvements in tax transparency can help in strengthening public finances in developing countries that are adversely affected by COVID-19. The current context (i.e. a global pandemic, widespread economic slowdown/recessions, and declining tax revenues) engenders the urgency of improving domestic resource mobilisation (DRM) and the fight against illicit financial flows (IFFs). Even before the advent of COVID-19, developing countries’ tax systems were facing several challenges, including weak tax administrations, low taxpayer morale and “hard-to-tax” sectors. The presence of informational asymmetry (i.e. low tax transparency) between taxpayers and tax authorities generates loopholes for abuse of the tax system. It allows the hiding of wealth abroad with a limited risk of being caught. Cases of such behaviour that are exposed without proper penalty may result in a decline in the morale of citizens and a lower level of voluntary compliance with tax legislation. A number of high-profile tax leaks and scandals have undermined public confidence in the fairness of tax systems and generated a strong demand for effective counteraction and tax transparency. One of the key contributing factors to lower tax revenues in developing countries (that is linked to low tax transparency) is a high level of IFFs. These flows, including international tax evasion and the laundering of corruption proceeds, build a major obstacle to successful DRM efforts. Research has also identified an association between organisational transparency (e.g. transparency by businesses and tax authorities) and stakeholder trust (e.g. between citizens and the state). However, the evidence is mixed as to how transparency in particular influences trust and perceptions of trustworthiness.
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Pessino, Carola, and Teresa Ter-Minassian. Addressing the Fiscal Costs of Population Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean, with Lessons from Advanced Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003242.

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This paper presents projections for 18 Latin America and Caribbean countries of pensions and health expenditures over the next 50 years, compares them to advanced countries, and calculates estimates of the fiscal gap due to aging. The exercise is crucial since life expectancy is increasing and fertility rates are declining in virtually all advanced countries and many developing countries, but more so in Latin America and the Caribbean. While the populations of many of the regions countries are still relatively young, they are aging more rapidly than those in more developed countries. The fiscal implications of these demographic trends are severe. The paper proposes policy and institutional reforms that could begin to be implemented immediately and that could help moderate these trends in light of relevant international experience to date. It suggests that LAC countries need to include an intertemporal numerical fiscal limit or rule to the continuous increase in aging spending while covering the needs of the more vulnerable. They should consider also complementing public pensions with voluntary contribution mechanisms supported by tax incentives, such as those used in Australia, New Zealand (Kiwi Saver), and the United States (401k). In addition, LAC countries face an urgent challenge in curbing the growth of health care costs, while improving the quality of care. Efforts should focus on improving both the allocative and the technical efficiency of public health spending.
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Atkin, David, and Amit Khandelwal. How Distortions Alter the Impacts of International Trade in Developing Countries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26230.

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