Academic literature on the topic 'International labor relations'

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Journal articles on the topic "International labor relations"

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Schulze-Cleven, Tobias. "German Labor Relations in International Perspective." German Politics and Society 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 46–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2017.350403.

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The German model of labor relations is once again attracting significant attention, even if assessments of its health and economic consequences diverge. This review article clarifies debates about German labor relations and illuminates their significance for theorizing the political economy of wealthy democracies. It demonstrates how four different narratives about German practices from the late twentieth century continue to shape contemporary disagreements. While these older interpretations of the German model have been updated, their original assumptions about particular structural effects remain at the heart of current disputes, sometimes hiding as much as they reveal. This article argues that it is time to move beyond inherited abstractions and focus more on the contemporary agency of labor relations actors.
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Kudryavtseva, Larisa Vladimirovna, and Diana Eduardovna Izmailova. "International legal regulation of labor relations." Право и государство: теория и практика, no. 1 (2022): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2022_1_98.

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Kudryavtseva, Larisa Vladimirovna, and Diana Eduardovna Izmailova. "International legal regulation of labor relations." Право и государство: теория и практика, no. 1 (2022): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2022_1_98.

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Fadeeva, A. V., and A. K. Sheremetyeva. "Labor relations in private international law." Право и государство: теория и практика, no. 11 (2021): 206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2021_11_206.

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Doherty, Robert, and Bruce Cooper. "Labor Relations in Education: An International Perspective." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 47, no. 2 (January 1994): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524441.

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Hilgert, Jeff. "Mapping the Boundaries of Human Rights at Work." Labor Studies Journal 34, no. 1 (January 5, 2009): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x08328944.

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Over the past twenty years, International Labour Standards have been cited increasingly as the authoritative, worldwide body of jurisprudence on workers' rights as human rights. Continuing the debate on what constitutes labor rights, the author contrasts the definition of workers' rights under international human rights standards with U.S. labor history's notion of “pure and simple unionism,” examining the boundaries of rights defined by international standards in a comparative historical context. The standards examined include workers' right to organize; coercive employer speech; access to employer premises; nonmajority representation; the right to strike, picket, and boycott; union security clauses; the scope of bargaining; government enforcement; and the legal doctrine of employer association rights. Aligning U.S. labor relations law with international human rights standards would in part be a social advancement, but significant aspects of the standards advocate pure and simple unionism more than the original National Labor Relations Act, raising questions about how labor movements should use international standards as advocacy tools and public policy goals.
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Windmuller, John P. "Book Review: International Labor Relations: The European Labour Movement and European Integration." ILR Review 40, no. 4 (July 1987): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398704000432.

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Barkdull, John. "Waltz, Durkheim, and International Relations: The International System as an Abnormal Form." American Political Science Review 89, no. 3 (September 1995): 669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2082981.

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Drawing on Emile Durkheim's Division of Labor in Society, I offer a typology of international systems. Previous uses of Durkheim to describe international systems suffer a number of conceptual errors and therefore are at variance with the spirit and intention of Durkheim's work. A deeper reading of Durkheim usefully draws attention to the moral basis for society and thus the problems with defining international systems solely in terms of power distributions. Further, rereading Durkheim offers a much richer typology than the simple distinction between mechanical and organized societies, affording in turn fresh insights into change in the international system. The abnormal forms of the division of labor offer the best description of the contemporary international system.
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Chen, Zhuo, and Peilin Xin. "Research on the Problem of the Right of Child Labour to Health under International Law." BCP Business & Management 20 (June 28, 2022): 690–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v20i.1051.

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In the context of international human rights activities undertaken by the international community in various ways in recent years. On the legal level, child labor has been eased to some extent. However, international law is not double support the parent company and the management system of the host country because of lack of enforcement power. Child abuse phenomenon still exists around the world. Guided by multinational companies, this paper further discusses the governance of child labor and the subsequent implementation effects. This paper will discuss the following three parts. First of all, the status quote of the current labor market is clarified and the existing legal measures to solve the problem of child labor are pointed out. The implementation difficulties of the existing measures are discussed with data. The difficulties of both multinational companies and the host country are pointed out, and the importance of making changes is emphasized. Secondly, it lists specific existing international conventions, discusses the shortcomings of current measures to address child labour, and analyzes the enforceability of current international relations and labour market regulations. Finally, according to the situation of the labor market in different international regions, international organization need to harmonize regional supervision and international market assistance, strengthen the correct understanding of child labor at all levels, and fundamentally solve the child labor problem step by step.
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Shami, Mufeed M. "LABOR RELATIONS IN PALESTINIAN INSTITUTIONS." International Journal of Commerce and Management 4, no. 4 (April 1994): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb047299.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International labor relations"

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Tarnopolska, I. "Integration of social-labor relations of Ukraine into the system of international relations." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2018. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11352.

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Niforou, Christina. "International Framework Agreements : addressing the democratic deficit of global industrial relations governance?" Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36854/.

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International Framework Agreements (IFAs) constitute a significant attempt for the global governance of labour. IFAs are negotiated documents between global union federations and multinational companies that stipulate compliance with core labour rights and whose application extends to company operations worldwide. IFAs are a rather novel phenomenon. The first agreement was signed in 1988 while the overwhelming majority of the current total of 75 have been concluded since 2002. Although literature on IFAs is increasing, there are significant gaps on their impact in the host countries and supplier sites of the signatory companies. The thesis examines the local impact of three IFAs analyzing and assessing processes and outcomes of implementation, enforcement of compliance and monitoring. The empirical focus is on Latin America and the telecoms, energy and apparel sectors. Methodologically, the thesis adopts a comparative case study design with embedded cases while employing different methods: a small-scale survey, face-to-face interviews and internal documentation. Conceptually, the study adopts a global governance perspective borrowing notions largely established in international political economy and applying them to an industrial relations problem. The thesis finally draws a number of policy implications for global unions, multinationals and the International Labour Organization.
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Kovacs, Zoltan Balazs. "International labour standards, codes of conduct and multinational enterprises." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32809.

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Multinational enterprises shape global and national politics by their enormous economic power. In the introduction, I briefly discuss the definition of a multinational, as well as the role of labour standards relating to child labour.
In Part I, I will focus upon the political and economic relationship between States and MNEs. I will also discuss the tensions this relationship creates. In the second part, I focus on the issue of child labour and different kinds of approaches countries take.
Before dealing with international efforts to create a universal code, I examine two internal codes.
Part III addresses two main issues. First, the question how human rights and MNEs relate to each other is dealt with. Then the issue of international legal responsibility will be elaborated.
Finally, the thesis concludes that public opinion and shame may be the key to successfully address the issue of child labour.
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Rothermel, Jonathan Christopher. "Solidarity Sometimes: Globalization, Transnationalism, and the Labor Movement." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/70450.

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Political Science
Ph.D.
This dissertation investigates the role of global labor in international relations. I argue that global labor is mainly comprised of two parts: national union organizations and Global Unions. Global Unions are transnational labor organizations (TLOs) with a worldwide membership that were created by national union organizations to represent their interests internationally. I contend that Global Unions perform five interrelated functions for national unions. However, due to the inherent structural weaknesses of Global Unions, it is the national unions that, in fact, remain the critical force behind global labor. Therefore, I focus on the transnational activities of national unions. I identify three conditions that result in incentives for unions to choose strategies of labor transnationalism: the shrinking of national political opportunity structures, the increasing availability of international political opportunity structures, and the adoption of a social union or social movement unionism paradigm for union revitalization. Additionally, I identify three factors that inhibit labor transnationalism among national unions: diminishing resources, turf wars, and cultural barriers. I introduce the concept of complex labor transnationalism as an alternative approach to the more limited traditional practice of labor transnationalism. I disaggregate the activities associated with complex labor transnationalism into six types: communicative transnationalism, political transnationalism, steward transnationalism, protest transnationalism, collaborative transnationalism, and steward transnationalism. Furthermore, I conduct a case study on the state of labor transnationalism in the United States concluding that while most unions take a traditional approach towards labor transnationalism there is some evidence of complex labor transnationalism. Finally, I draw several conclusions about the role of global labor in international relations and outline three areas of potential growth.
Temple University--Theses
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Huang, Chu Cheng 1964. "Airline labour law : a study of certain labour law rules in international air transport." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34739.

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This thesis examines problems related to particular labor laws currently applied in international air transport. This analysis is framed within the context of scholarly theory and judicial practice arising from various regimes of labor law governing industrial injury, the individual contract of employment, labor-management relations, and fair treatment in the civil aviation industry.
A critical survey of labor regulations operating in the international air transport industry is provided through commentary on the principles formulated by judicial decisions and the theories which underlie their reasoning, helping to clarify both substantive and procedural labor laws affecting international air transport.
A critical analysis of different categories of statutory labor law governing international air transport is also provided to assess the validity of commonly-erected conflict of labor law rules, thereby revealing the inadequacy of the single rule principle in view of the unique and perplexing regulatory interests which are inherent in aviation activity. The divergence between domestic labor statutes and Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation or bilateral air transport agreements also adds a more subtle aspect to the problems explored.
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Yakusheva, Yana, and Яна Якушева. "Determinants of labor migration in Ukraine." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/51229.

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1. Pikulyk O. Causes, features and consequences of labor migration in Ukraine. Economy and society. 2020. – №21. – P. 16-20. 2. Romanyuk M. Migration determinants of national security of Ukraine: theoretical, methodological and practical aspects. Demography and social economy. 2014. – №1. – P. 50-60.
Modern migration processes are not only dynamic but also mutually conditioned. Migration is a natural manifestation of globalization. This is both a side effect and a stimulating factor. Migration affects politics, economics, society, international relations, macroeconomic relations and microeconomic relations. One form of migration is international labor migration. It is interesting to note that labor migration has accompanied humanity throughout its history. Labor migration is an integral part of the world market and economy. Labor migration is due to various factors and factors. This article is devoted to the general characteristics of the determinants of labor migration in Ukraine. In addition, the author attempted to find connections and conditioned correlations between the determinants of labor migration.
Сучасні міграційні процеси не лише динамічні, але й взаємообумовлені. Міграція є природним проявом глобалізації. Це і побічний ефект, і стимулюючий фактор. Міграція впливає на політику, економіку, суспільство, міжнародні відносини, макроекономічні відносини та мікроекономічні відносини. Однією з форм міграції є міжнародна міграція робочої сили. Цікаво відзначити, що міграція праці супроводжувала людство протягом усієї його історії. Трудова міграція є невід'ємною частиною світового ринку та економіки. Трудова міграція зумовлена різними факторами та факторами. Ця стаття присвячена загальній характеристиці детермінант трудової міграції в Україні. Крім того, автор намагався знайти зв’язки та умовні кореляційні зв’язки між детермінантами трудової міграції.
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Duff, Lenore Carleton University Dissertation Sociology and Anthropology. "The Transformation of the Canadian labour movement from international to national union dominance; tracing the roots of breakaways." Ottawa, 1997.

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Yu, Xiaomin. "Putting corporate codes of conduct regarding labor standards in a global-national-local context : a case study of Reebok's athletic footwear supplier factory in China /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202006%20YU.

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Tiley, David Carleton University Dissertation Political Economy. "Post-Fordist 'Ideal type'? - The labour process in the Japanese manufacturing sector, 1967-1990." Ottawa, 1997.

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Vandaele, Arne D. A. "International trade law as a means to enforce workers' rights in developing countries : the way forward?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ54229.pdf.

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Books on the topic "International labor relations"

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Panford, Martin Kwamina. African labor relations and workers' rights: Assessing the role of the International Labor Organization. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1994.

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Coping with the miracle: Japan's unions explore new international relations. London [England]: Pluto Press, 1994.

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Panford, Kwamina. African labor relations and workers' rights: Assessingthe role of the international labor organization. Westport: Greenwood, 1994.

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Mitchell, Richard, and Stephen Deery. Employment relations: Individualisation and union exclusion : an international study. Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press, 1999.

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Shaping global industrial relations: The impact of international framework agreements. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

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International and comparative employment relations: Globalisation and change. 5th ed. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2011.

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Office, International Labour. International standards and guiding principles on labour law and labour relations, 1989. Geneva: International Labour Organisation, 1992.

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Human rights in labor and employment relations: International and domestic perspectives. Champaign, IL: Labor and Employment Relations Association, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009.

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Deutsch, Steven. The international context of labor-management relations: Implications for workplace monitoring. [Washington, D.C.?: The Office, 1986.

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Konstantinos, Papadakis, and Bé Dominique, eds. Cross-border social dialogue and agreements: An emerging global industrial relations framework? Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "International labor relations"

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Fatehi, Kamal, and Jeongho Choi. "International Labor Relations." In Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 377–409. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96622-9_12.

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Perkušić, Trpimir. "Possibility of Resolving Individual Labor Disputes in Croatian Law by Arbitration." In Cofola International 2021, 456–81. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-8639-2021-18.

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Given the specificity of labor relations, and thus disputes that may arise from these relations, there are several ways to resolve them. Besides the regular procedure before the competent national court, i.e., court proceeding, there is also a possibility of out-of-court or an alternative dispute resolution. The paper analyzes arbitration as one of the alternative ways of resolving individual labor disputes and, given the different points of view of case law and legal doctrine, especially the arbitrability of these labor disputes. As the norms that regulate the possibility of resolving individual labor disputes are in-conclusive and inconsistent in relation to the general rules on arbitration, they do not explicitly answer the question whether the disputes are arbitrable, nor do they clearly define the preconditions for in-terpreting the arbitrability of these disputes according to general arbitration rules. In this sense, the paper analyzes the answers to these open questions, and offers solutions de lege ferenda in terms of arbitrability of individual labor disputes in Croatian law.
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Şen-Taşbaşı, Aslı. "How Competitive Is Turkey in Meeting International Labor Standards and in International Trade?" In Labor and Employment Relations in a Globalized World, 23–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04349-4_2.

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Schlachter, Monika. "The Prohibition of Age Discrimination in Labor Relations." In General Reports of the XVIIIth Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law/Rapports Généraux du XVIIIème Congrès de l’Académie Internationale de Droit Comparé, 423–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2354-2_18.

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Lambelet, Jean-Christian. "Labor Relations in International Comparison, or Why Humans (and Nations) Sometimes Cooperate and Sometimes Don’t." In Cooperative Models in International Relations Research, 347–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2790-9_16.

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Smith, Anthony E. "6.New Technology and the Process of Labor Regulation: An International Perspective." In Workplace Industrial Relations and the Global Challenge, edited by Jacques Bélanger, P. K. Edwards, and Larry Haiven, 157–89. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501733369-009.

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Erbil, Can. "New Trends in International Trade and Labor Market Interactions: South–South Trade, Trade in Services and Labor Market Implications." In Labor and Employment Relations in a Globalized World, 3–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04349-4_1.

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Dvorakova, Z., A. Fedorova, and I. Polents. "Labor Relations at the University in the Context of Global Uncertainty." In Proceeding of the International Science and Technology Conference "FarEastСon 2020", 657–68. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0953-4_64.

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Cates, Steven V. "Engagement and Retention: Experiences with Employee and Labor Relations in USA and International Implications." In Handbook of Human Resources Management, 795–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44152-7_140.

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Shatken, Harley. "8. The New International Division of Labor and Its Impact on Unions A Case Study of High-Tech Mexican Export Production." In Workplace Industrial Relations and the Global Challenge, edited by Jacques Bélanger, P. K. Edwards, and Larry Haiven, 224–39. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501733369-011.

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Conference papers on the topic "International labor relations"

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Gurova, E., N. Laas, and I. Romanova. "Digitalization of Labor Relations." In International Scientific Conference "Far East Con" (ISCFEC 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200312.202.

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Liu, Yuxuan. "How to build harmonious labor relations." In International Conference on Education, Management and Computing Technology (ICEMCT-16). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemct-16.2016.147.

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Chen, Hong, and Quanbao Zhang. "The Influence of Industrial Robot on Labor Relations." In ICIMTECH 21: The Sixth International Conference on Information Management and Technology. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3465631.3465686.

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Zhan, Juan. "The Research of Labor Relations of Chongqing Electronic Enterprise." In 2015 International Conference on Social Science and Technology Education. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsste-15.2015.246.

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Legchilina, Elena. "Transformation of Social and Labor Relations: Theory and Methodology." In International Session on Factors of Regional Extensive Development (FRED 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/fred-19.2020.101.

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Hong, Lumin, and Huimei Zhang. "The Significance of Labor Relations Management on Society Development." In 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2010.5660737.

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Wang, Jianju, and Jingzhe Zhang. "Research on Corporate Social Responsibility and Harmonious Labor Relations." In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Economic and Business Management (FEBM 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/febm-18.2018.8.

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Guzenina, Svetlana, Elena Radchenko, Khatira Kamalova, and Ziba Aitmuratova. "Labor Migrants in Russia: Sociocultural Portrait." In VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference 'Current problems of social and labour relations' (ISPC-CPSLR 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210322.123.

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Kojchevska, Marija, Marko Andonov, and Kate Trajkova. "SOME ASPECTS OF THE DISCRIMINATION OF MIGRANTS IN LABOR RELATIONS." In 5th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2019.191.

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Ding, Zinan, and Zhenhua Wu. "Research on building the harmonious labor relations in private enterprises." In 2013 International Conference on Services Science and Services Information Technology. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sssit130301.

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Reports on the topic "International labor relations"

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Redmond, Paul, Seamus McGuinness, and Klavs Ciprikis. A universal basic income for Ireland: Lessons from the international literature. ESRI, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs146.

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A universal basic income (UBI) is defined as a universal, unconditional cash payment that is made regularly, is sufficient to live on, is not means tested, carries no work requirements and is paid on an individual basis. This study examines the international evidence on universal basic incomes and identifies key issues for consideration in the design of any UBI pilot for Ireland. Despite the mainstream interest in UBI as a potential policy tool, relatively little is known about the associated consequences of such policies. Even the definition of a UBI appears to be poorly understood and is often misused in the public discourse. Several pilot studies have been recently implemented across different countries. However, some pilot studies depart from the accepted definition of UBI. For example, some are not universal, in that they only target a specific subgroup of the population and/or have eligibility restrictions based on earnings. Others provide a relatively low level of payment, which may fall short of what an individual could reasonably be expected to live on. There are a number of potentially positive impacts associated with a UBI. A universal, unconditional payment could eliminate the stigma associated with welfare receipt. If replacing existing welfare payments, a UBI would also involve lower transaction costs, both on the recipient (in terms of the application procedure) and on Government (in terms of administering the payment). Universal, unconditional payments would also avoid situations where people choose not to work in order to retain means-tested benefits. UBI could give individuals the freedom to turn down or leave insecure, exploitative or low-paid work in pursuit of better or improved work opportunities. In addition, it would mean that persons in informal and often unpaid work, such as childcare and eldercare, which is mostly done by women, receive some compensation for their labour. Empirical results from several pilot studies have found evidence of positive health impacts following the implementation of a UBI. In terms of potential disadvantages, a UBI, by definition, may not target those that are most in need, as a large percentage of recipients will be high-earning individuals. Furthermore, the cost of a UBI is likely to be very expensive, even if other existing benefits (such as unemployment benefits) are no longer required. The net impacts of a UBI on labour supply are unclear, with both positive and negative influences on labour market participation potentially arising as a consequence of a UBI. In this study, we undertake some basic calculations relating to four possible UBI approaches, all of which would involve an unconditional payment to every individual aged over 18 in Ireland.
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Godenau, Dirk. Migration and the economy. Observatorio de la Inmigración de Tenerife. Departamento de Geografía e Historia. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/r.obitfact.2020.02.

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Economic reasons are among the basic explanatory factors of migration, whether international or internally within a country. In turn, migratory movements have effects on the economy in terms of economic growth in general, but also in the different markets (work, housing, consumer goods, etc.) and public services (education, health, social services, etc.). The purpose of this document is to offer an overview of these interactions between migration and the economy in the case of the Canary Islands. To do this, certain conceptual clarifications will be made initially involving the mutual determination of both processes, before later providing specifics with evidence on the Canarian case for the main issues considered: the economic reasons for migration, and its impact on economic growth, the labour market and the living conditions of the immigrant population. The final section alludes to the importance of the institutional framework that regulates these relations between migration and the economy, which are far from being interpretable as a mechanical relationship and isolated from the political sphere.
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Walsh, Alex, and Ben Hassine. Mediation and Peacebuilding in Tunisia: Actors and Practice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.061.

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This Helpdesk Report is part mapping of the mediation and peacebuilding actors in Tunisia and part review of the available literature. There are a host of governmental and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that are involved in the mediation of conflicts and peacebuilding, both in formal and informal ways. There is overlap in the principles and goals of peacebuilding and mediation; many organisations conduct both practices, intermingling them. Local, regional, national and international actors have applied mediation and peacebuilding to many different types of conflict in the past decade in Tunisia, involving varied parties. The case studies included in this rapid review cover conflicts relating to labour and the economy, the environment, basic services, constitutional/political disputes, and women’s rights. They involve local communities, the unemployed national and regional trade unions, civil society organisations (CSOs), national utility and mineral companies, and political parties.
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