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Journal articles on the topic 'International film trade'
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Chung, Jae Eun. "Mapping International Film Trade: Network Analysis of International Film Trade Between 1996 and 2004." Journal of Communication 61, no. 4 (August 2011): 618–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01567.x.
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Freebury, Jane. "Screening Australia: Gallipoli — A Study of Nationalism on Film." Media Information Australia 43, no. 1 (February 1987): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x8704300102.
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Before Crocodile Dundee it seemed that only the frenzied energy of a film like Mad Max could get results in the lucrative markets outside Australia. Now it seems a feature film with Australian content in large measure can do this after all. Now is probably a good time to ask ourselves some questions: Do we want to produce films made to a formula for international success? Or do we want to produce films that have special meaning for us, films that we can ‘participate’ in? Is it possible to make films that trade in both currencies, national and international?
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Oh, Jeongho. "International Trade in Film and the Self-Sufficiency Ratio." Journal of Media Economics 14, no. 1 (January 2001): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327736me1401_03.
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Choi, Junho H., Sang-Woo Lee, and Bum-Soo Chon. "Transitions in the Film Trade among Oecd Countries: A Network Approach." Media International Australia 142, no. 1 (February 2012): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1214200104.
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This article explores the structural transitions of the international film trade among 32 OECD countries over eleven years since 1996. A network analysis of the trade data shows that there have been changes in the pattern of the film trade over the past decade, and this transition is markedly apparent around 2002, when the WTO Doha Round was launched. A discrepancy between film import and export partnership patterns has enlarged since 2002. While the export pattern among OECD countries is stable over time, the film-import pattern shows a temporal transition before and after 2002. The results also demonstrate that the US film industry has utilised partial localisation strategies, such as co-production and runaway production, in an effort to maintain dominance in the international film market.
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ChanDo Lee. "Analysis of Trade Specialization on Korean Film in International Market." International Commerce and Information Review 12, no. 4 (December 2010): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.12.4.201012.327.
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Vélez-Serna, Maria A., and John Caughie. "Remote Locations: Early Scottish Scenic Films and Geo-databases." International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 9, no. 2 (October 2015): 164–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2015.0147.
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In the field of cinema history, an increased interest in social experience and context has challenged the centrality of the film and the primacy of textual analysis. The ‘Early Cinema in Scotland, 1896–1927’ research project takes a contextual approach, using geo-database tools to facilitate collaboration. This article shows how spatially-enabled methods can also be mobilized to bring issues of representation back into a cinema history project. We argue that, when the films have not survived, their geographical descriptors as recorded by trade-press reviews and catalogues offer new avenues of analysis. The article argues that foregrounding location as a significant element in the film corpus creates a new point of interconnection between film text and context. The juxtapositions and divergences between the spatial patterns of film production and cinema exhibition are connected to pre-cinematic traditions of representation. The spatial distribution also sheds light on the differences between films made for local and international consumption, reflecting on Scotland's position in relation to discourses of modernity.
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Solomon, Matthew. "From Screen to Stage and Back: Max Linder and the ‘Cinematographic Sketch’, 1908–1913." Nineteenth Century Theatre and Film 48, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17483727211000209.
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Between 1908 and 1913, as Max Linder emerged as a major international film star for Pathé, he made a specialty of combining film projections with live theatre performances. In these ‘cinematographic sketches’, action that began onscreen appeared to continue onstage. Using considerable primary-source evidence drawn from French, British, and American film and theatre trade periodicals, the essay demonstrates the liminality of Linder’s multimedia stardom during cinema’s ‘transitional period’ by demonstrating how frequently he went from screen to stage and back.
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Choi, Yong-Jae, Chung-ki Min, and Chanyul Park. "Effects of Trade Barriers and Cultural Distance on the Domestic Market Share in the Film Industry." World Trade Review 19, no. 1 (May 14, 2019): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745619000077.
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AbstractThe objective of this study is to investigate the effects of trade barriers and cultural distance on the domestic market share in the film industry. We analyze panel data with both two-stage least squares and instrumental-variable methods. These methods can separate the effects of time-invariant measures of trade barriers and cultural difference from country-specific effects. This improvement in the estimation method and the use of a more appropriate measure of trade barriers in the film industry enable us to produce empirical results that are consistent with theoretical arguments. Based on the panel data collected from 30 countries for the period 2001–2013, the empirical results herein indicate that the cultural distance, as well as market size, is an important factor for the domestic market share. Trade barriers are also shown to be a significant factor, but the magnitude of their impact on the domestic market share is much smaller than that of the market size.
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Nahrawi, Jalaluddin, and Nabilla Puti Syafira. "Represenasi Citra Positif Islam dalam film Kingdom of Heaven." Medina-Te : Jurnal Studi Islam 15, no. 1 (August 3, 2019): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/medinate.v15i1.3249.
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After the bombing of the World Trade Center (WTC) building in 1993, Hollywood has intensively produced films which have laid the blame of terrorist acts in the United States on Muslims. These films give a bad image to Muslims,particularly after the 2001 WTC bombing by Al-Qaeda.It was reported that the leading print media increased their reportage of news about Islam by 560%. After the events of 9/11, the issue of Islamophobia again became a hot issue not only in America, but also in countries with a small Muslim populations. Uniquely, four years later, Hollywood released the movie Kingdom of Heaven film which gives a more positive image of Islam. The film tries to counter the negative stigma of Westerners of the teachings of Islam, as well as educate the international community on true teachings of Islam through the story of Saladin's generosity while leading the Islamic forces during the Crusading era. This study aims to determine the meaning of the denotations, connotations, and myths of the signs that exist in the film Kingdom of Heaven on the positive image of Islam presented in it. This research method is a qualitative interpretive and semiotics analysis of Roland Barthes. The results of research ison six analysis units in the form of scenes in Kingdom of Heaven which show a positive image of Islam successfully portrayed in the film.
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CONCONI, PAOLA, and JOOST PAUWELYN. "Trading Cultures: Appellate Body Report on China–Audiovisuals (WT/DS363/AB/R, adopted 19 January 2010)." World Trade Review 10, no. 1 (January 2011): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745610000479.
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AbstractIn China–Audiovisuals, a series of Chinese restrictions on the importation and distribution of certain ‘cultural’ or ‘content’ goods and services were found to violate GATT, GATS, and China's Accession Protocol. This paper reviews the definition of what is a ‘good’ (is a ‘film’ a good or a service?) and the extent to which GATT Article XX exceptions can justify violations under WTO instruments other than the GATT itself. We argue that trade volumes are unlikely to significantly rise as a result of this ruling as it does not affect China's right to keep out foreign films and publications if China finds them objectionable. However, foreign producers of audiovisuals can now gain potentially large economic rents, by being able to export and distribute their products into the Chinese market. Finally, we discuss the issue of the protection of cultural goods and review the recent literature on trade and culture that has put forward economic arguments to justify, under some conditions, the protection of cultural goods.
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May, Anthony, and XiaoLu Ma. "Hong Kong: Changing Geographies of a Media Capital." Media International Australia 124, no. 1 (August 2007): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0712400115.
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Thanks to its stunning entry into the ranks of world cinema in the 1970s, the history of the Hong Kong film industry up to 1997 is relatively well known. However, the coincidence of the Asian economic recession and the city's reintegration into the People's Republic of China (PRC) has worked to obscure recent developments. This article analyses contemporary Hong Kong cinema and its relations with the government of the mainland. We argue that the economic, cultural and geopolitical location of the city is contributing to developments that will allow the art cinema of the People's Republic of China to engage in international, Hollywood-dominated markets. Matters to do with production investment, censorship and film exhibition business are analysed in terms of the development of and revisions to the Closer Economic Partnership arrangement that now governs trade between the PRC and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR).
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Baskoro, Riski M., Amalia Agustina Theresia, and Anggara Raharyo. "China’s Public Diplomacy Through the Utilization of Investment and Censorship in Hollywood (2012 – 2016)." JURNAL SOSIAL POLITIK 5, no. 1 (August 5, 2019): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/sospol.v5i1.7765.
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The conduct of traditional public diplomacy was merely concerned on the engagement of state actors. Not to mention, diplomatic communication is only occurred between the government officials by intention to earned political changes in targeted countries. Recently, public diplomacy is mainly focused on the positive reputation building in the other country and is conducted through political and economic cooperation among two countries or more, by involving the non-state actors also. Starting from its economic reforms initiative, China is engaged in international trade and successfully became one of global economic powers. By its rapid raise, China is feared to be a national threat to other countries, be it politically, economically, or even for the national security. Even more, the Western media often portrays China’s image in a negative light. Hence, in improving its global image, China expands its global outreach by establishing cooperation with the United States film industry, Hollywood, that strengthen by the 2012’s Memorandum of Understanding upon film industry, also by implementing Chinese censorship policy, where negative portrayals of China is prohibited. The conduct of censorship itself would be supervised under state-ruled agency, the SAPPRFT, and is supported by the involvement of Chinese multinational companies investors. Through this research study, the effort of China’s public diplomacy on the utilization of Hollywood as the United States film industry would be proven through new public diplomacy theory. Further, the role of multinational corporations will be assessed due to its essential contribution in enhancing Chinese censorship in Hollywood films for its global release.
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Knox, Simone. "Bringing the Battle to Britain: Band of Brothers and Television Runaway Production in the UK." Journal of British Cinema and Television 17, no. 3 (July 2020): 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2020.0531.
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This article explores the development and pre-production history of the 2001 HBO mini-series Band of Brothers. It does so via a combination of original archive research (conducted at the BFI Reuben Library) and interviews with several industry figures with relevant professional experience, including John Barclay, the current Head of Recorded Media for the UK trade union Equity, and Roger Harrop, the former director of regional film commission Herts Film Link. Using these methodologies, the article identifies Band of Brothers as the first significant US runaway television production in the UK, and uncovers how this HBO programme came to benefit from British film tax relief. Here, close attention is paid to dubious practices concerning tax policy and contractual agreements for actors, especially Damian Lewis's pay. The article demonstrates the impact Band of Brothers has had on television production in the UK in terms of providing Equity with a useful precedent when negotiating for subsequent international productions such as Game of Thrones (2011–19). Band of Brothers offers important and timely lessons to be learned, especially given the recent growth of US television runaway productions in the UK.
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CHOI, YONG-JAE, CHUNG-KI MIN, and CHANYUL PARK. "Effects of trade barriers and cultural distance on the domestic market share in the film industry – ERRATUM." World Trade Review 18, no. 4 (September 11, 2019): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745619000272.
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Corbett, Susan. "Immaterial cultural property and the private owner: how copyright and trade law might address access and preservation." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 9, no. 3 (July 2019): 262–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2019.03.02.
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Private owners of culturally significant works are legally entitled to refuse to permit third parties, including cultural heritage institutions (CHIs), to access those works. This situation is particularly problematic for CHIs when the cultural works at issue are immaterial works that are supported on unstable physical platforms, such as cellulose acetate film, cellulose tapes or early computer software. Ideally, these cultural works should undergo urgent digital preservation processes in order to preserve and protect the public interest in accessing its cultural heritage. If property is culturally important, a private owner's ability to withhold it from third party access may conflict with the human right to participate in cultural life, as affirmed in international human rights law. Noting however that human rights law also provides that ‘no-one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property’, a balance between the property rights of the owner and the public interest in culture is essential. This article proposes amendments to copyright law and domestic trade law as possible ways to provide this balance. This article focuses on New Zealand law and its earliest immaterial cultural works, but the arguments could be extended to other cultural works and to other jurisdictions.
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Chan, Wai Yin. "The soft power and paradiplomacy of Hong Kong." Asian Education and Development Studies 8, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-02-2018-0037.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to map out the connection between paradiplomacy, policy instruments and soft power and propose a theoretical framework for consideration. Design/methodology/approach This research adopted a qualitative research approach involving in-depth interviews with government officials from the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices and two Hong Kong film directors. Findings The research has discovered that the government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) lacks a holistic strategy and policy to boost Hong Kong’s visibility in the global context. The HKSAR Government exhibits an incomplete understanding of the concept of soft power and ignores the values cherished in the civil society. Practical implications This investigation provides a background against which Hong Kong’s policymakers could devise a paradiplomatic strategy. This study suggests that political and social actors in Hong Kong must help to strengthen the city’s global position through strategic investments and the deployment of its soft power at home and aboard. The paradiplomacy of Hong Kong can serve as one of the effective tools to improve the legitimacy of “One Country, Two Systems.” Originality/value There is no study on the application of soft power under the framework of paradiplomacy. This paper represents a new direction of research in the area of Hong Kong, international status and its external affairs.
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Adriaensens, Vito. "The Bernhardt of Scandinavia: Betty Nansen’s Modern Breakthrough." Nineteenth Century Theatre and Film 45, no. 1 (May 2018): 56–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748372718794360.
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The cinema of the 1910s witnessed the birth of the film star, modelled after theatrical strategies that were spearheaded by actresses of international renown such as Sarah Bernhardt. She can be seen to have given birth to the notion of ‘famous players in famous plays’ in 1912, though in Denmark, the influential Nordisk Films Kompagni had already invested more extensively in marketing the appeal of theatrical stars that crossed over into the realm of film by this time. I will trace how Nordic drama was marketed internationally by analysing the trajectory of one of the most important, yet undervalued, actresses of the time, Betty Nansen (1873–1943) – also known as the Bernhardt of Scandinavia. Nansen was the model for the new ‘post-Ibsen’ female in Scandinavian society, both on and off the stage, and additionally a key example of how theatre and film uniquely managed to bridge the gap in Denmark. Betty Nansen’s stage and screen work reinforced each other, from the Danish Royal Theatre to the American Fox Film Corporation, and to managing her own theatre in Copenhagen, the still extant Betty Nansen Teatret.
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Agustina, Fitri, Nachnul Ansori, and Tegar Pradana F.A. "PEMETAAN INDUSTRI KREATIF DAN PENENTUAN KOMPETENSI INTI BANGKALAN." Jurnal Teknik Industri 14, no. 2 (June 27, 2014): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtiumm.vol14.no2.131-138.
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Fitri Agustina, Nachnul Ansori, dan Tegar Pradana F.AProgaram Studi Teknik Industri, Universitas Trunojoyo MaduraJl. Raya Telang Po Box 2 Kamal, Bangkalan Madura 69162, IndonesiaE-mail: fitri_agoesti@yahoo.co.id, nachnul@gmail.comABSTRAKPenentuan kompetensi inti industri kreatif yang bercirikan pemanfaatan kreatifitas, ketrampilan serta bakat individu merupakan proses pemilihan yang sangat krusial. Hal ini dikarenakan output dari industri kreatif berupa produk ataupun pemanfaatan daya kreasi dan daya cipta individu yang semakin variatif dan berkembang. Untuk bisa melakukan penentuan kompetensi inti maka dilakukan pemetaan industri kreatif terlebih dahulu. Kajian dalam penelitian ini berupa pemetaan industri kreatif beserta penentuan kompetensi inti industri kreatif Kabupaten Bangkalan berdasarkan multi-kriteria pada variabel produk domestik bruto (PDB), jumlah ketenagakerjaan, perdagangan internasional dan jumlah perusahaan. Metode yang digunakan berupa integrasi Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) dan metode perankingan Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE). Hasil yang didapatkan dari pemetaan industri kreatif di Bangkalan terdiri dari subsektor pasar seni dan barang antik, kerajinan, desain fesyen, video/film dan fotografi serta penerbitan dan percetakan. Sedangkan subsektor kerajinan dipilih sebagai kompetensi inti yang diunggulkan.Kata kunci: industri kreatif, kompetensi inti daerah, MCDM, AHP, PROMETHEEABSTRACTDetermining core competence for creative industry which is characterized by utilizing creativity, skill and individual talent is the crucial selection process. It is because the output of creative industry as well as products and utilization of creativity are rapidly developed. This research discusses about mapping creative industry and determining core competence for creative industry in Bangkalan district based on the variable of gross domestic product, number of worker, international trade and number of firm. The method adopted for core competence determination is an integrated Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE). The result of mapping creative industry shows that art, craft, design, video or film and publishing are included in it. Meanwhile craft subsector is determined as a core competence that is focused in Bangkalan district.Keywords: creative industry, core competence, MCDM, AHP, PROMETHEE
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Luthfi, Alexandri. "Pendidikan Seni Film dan Televisi Menjadi Penggerak Industri Ekonomi Kreatif." REKAM: Jurnal Fotografi, Televisi, dan Animasi 13, no. 2 (February 21, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/rekam.v13i2.1933.
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Globalisasi, sebagai suatu proses integrasi internasional, terjadi karena pertukaran pandangan dunia dalam berbagai sektor. Di Indonesia gelombang globalisasi sudah bergerak lebih dari 25 tahun. Tumbuh dan berkembangnya memberikan pengaruh terhadap berbagai sisi kehidupan bangsa dengan semua atribut budayanya. Di bidang pendidikan, globalisasi memiliki dampak yang cukup besar bagi perubahan pada sistem atau model pembelajaran dan kurikulum yang diajarkan. Era industri kreatif yang digulirkan oleh pemerintah melalui Menteri Perdagangan RI waktu itu masih dijabat oleh Dr. Mari Elka Pangestu, telah memberikan peluang seluas-luasnya bagi pendidikan tinggi seni agar dapat berfungsi sebagai salah satu pilar bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi kreatif di Indonesia.Indonesia sudah memiliki kantong-kantong institusi dan perusahaan yang dapat menjadi mitra bagi para lulusan pendidikan seni. Para talenta yang kreatif dan terampil lulusan pendidikan seni adalah sumber daya manusia yang diperlukan bagi sektor industri kreatif di masa mendatang. Karya film dan program acara televisi sebagai karya seni yang memiliki standart estetika, di dalamnya terdapat gagasan, pengolahan artistik, matrialisasi, pengalaman teknik dan manajemen produksi, yang proses produksinya membutuhkan sekelompok atau individu sumberdaya manusia berkualitas dengan tingkat pendidikan setara diploma dan sarjana. Kemudian juga dengan televisi apabila sudah masuk ke dalam rana industri kapitalis, tentu akan berdampak pada bagi masyarakatnya, seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Redatin Parwadi untuk menciptakan perilaku konsumtif bagi konsumennya inilah, televisi mempunyai peran yang sangat penting baik sebagai media ataupun sebagai alat bagi kaum kapitalis untuk mengkonstruksi pikiran konsumen. Sejalan dengan konsep HAKI yang melindungi kualitas karya cipta anak bangsa dari originalitas dan eksistensinya, tentu lembaga pendidikan seni memiliki peran penting di dalam melahirkan sumberdaya manusia yang mampu menghasilkan karya seni kreatif dan inovatif. Maka dewasa ini, di Indonesia sudah saatnya menerapkan konsep pendidikan multikulturalisme berbasis budaya lokal yang dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif untuk membangun kearifan lokal menuju kebudayaan dunia. Art Education of Film and Television as Actuation in the Creative Economy Industry for the Lecturers of Television Department, Faculty of Recorded Media Arts ISI Yogyakarta. Globalization, as a process of international integration, occurs because there is an exchange of the world’s view in some sectors. In Indonesia, the wave of globalization has been ongoing for more than 25 years. Its growth and development have given influence to all aspects of nation’s life with its cultural attributes. In education, globalization has a quite big impact for the shift of system or learning model and the taught curriculum. The era of creative industry launchedby the government through the Indonesian Minister of Trade which was once held by Dr. Mari Elka Pangestu, has now given a vast opportunity for higher education in art to be one of the pillars for the growth of creative economy in Indonesia. Indonesia has certain institutions and companies that could be partners for the graduates of art school. Creative talents andskillful graduates from art school are the necessary human resources for creative industry sector in the future. Films and television programs as works of art which has standardized aesthetics, therein we could find ideas, artistic process, materialization, technique and production management experience, whose production processes need a group of people or qualified human resources holding diplomas of bachelor degree and bachelor of honors or those in equivalence. When television is admitted into capitalist’s industry, it will affect the society, as stated by Redatin Parwadi, to create a consumptive behavior for the consumers,television has an important part both as media and as means for the capitalists to construct the mind of the consumers. In accordance with the concept of HAKI (intellectual rights) to protect the quality of copyrights owned by the nations’ generation with their originality and existence, higher education of arts has a very significant role in creating human resources who are able to create creative and innovative works of art. Nowadays, Indonesia has already applied multiculturalism education concept on the basis of local wisdom that could be one ofalternatives to build local wisdom into world’s culture.
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Besen, Stanley M. "International trade in films and television programs." Information Economics and Policy 4, no. 1 (January 1989): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6245(89)90036-x.
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Hoekman, Bernard M. "International trade in films and television programs." Journal of International Economics 29, no. 1-2 (August 1990): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(90)90079-2.
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Pontoh, Winston, and Novi Swandari Budiarso. "Firm characteristics and capital structure adjustment." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 2 (May 17, 2018): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(2).2018.12.
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The adjustment for the firm capital structure is unclear from perspectives of trade-off theory, pecking order theory, life cycle theory, market timing theory, and free cash flow theory, since many research findings contradict each other. Adjustments for the capital structure are complex, since the conditions for each firm are different. The objective of this study is to provide empirical evidence of how firms adjust capital structure in relationship with maturity in context of trade-off, pecking order, free cash flow, and market timing theory. In terms of hypotheses testing, this study conducts logistic regression analysis with 138 Indonesian public firms as the sample in the observed period from 2010 to 2015. To distinguish the results, this study controls the sample by size and age based on the median. The study reports that preferences for the source of funds based on the cost of capital, internal conflict, and firm maturity indicate adjustments for the firm capital structure. Based on Indonesian firms, the form of capital structure in developing countries can refer to a single model or a combination of the trade-off model and pecking order model, as well as market timing.
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Niemi, Jyrki. "The significance of agricultural input trade in global food production." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 28 (January 31, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75562.
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During the last 40 years, we have seen that despite a doubling of global population, agricultural production has expanded faster still, suggesting that global food security has increased. The volume of cereals production has more than doubled and world meat production has more than quadrupled, for example. The traded volumes of food products have been expanding even more rapidly than world’s output. Since 1960, each 1 percent increase in food output has been accompanied by 3 percent trade increase. Consequently, the economic value of food products traded worldwide has increased almost thirtyfold since the 1960s to equal over USD 1,020 billion by 2010. In other words, agriculture’s worldwide dependence on trade has been increasing in spite of the impediments to agrifood trade erected over the years by national governments. Trade expansion in agricultural commodities and food products has been accompanied by significant increases in agricultural input trade, such as fertilizers, pesticides, farm machinery, feedstuffs and genetic material. This paper attempts to increase our understanding of the structure and characteristics of international trade in agricultural inputs and to provide a historical perspective on the extent and direction of global trade in agricultural inputs. A general discus sion of the factors which influence the magnitude and changes of agricultural input trade flows is also included. Global trade in agricultural inputs occupies a special niche in the discussion and analysis of international agricultural trade. Trade in agricultural inputs arises partly because of the geographic disparity between agricultural input manufacturing and mining activities and the production of agricultural commodities. Just as the location of agricultural cropland and the production of agricultural commodities are unevenly distributed around the world, so is the production of agricultural inputs. The specific agricultural inputs examined here are fertilizers, pesticides, feedstuffs and agricultural machinery. The empirical analysis of the study will be conducted with a sample of annual data that cover international trade flows in agricultural inputs from 1961 to 2009. Volume and value statistics by country on imports and exports of fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural machinery and foodstuffs are obtained from FAOSTAT and COMTRADE, supplemented with individual country sources as required to fill gaps. The results show that expansion of the global food market has resulted in a reshuffling of resources over the entire globe, providing food and livelihood possibilities where they may have been previously limited, unavailable or untenable (e.g. food provision to cities, or the development of animal production through imports of feed inputs). This market expansion has been accompanied by significant increases in agricultural input trade, such as fertilizers, pesticides, farm machinery, and genetic material. The major exporters of fertilizers are those countries with energyrich resources or mineral reserves. In the case of pesticides and farm machinery, the major developed countries of North America and Western Europe tend to be major input exporters. This is due to their manufacturing infrastructure and heavy commitment to public and private research and development expenditure.
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Fox-Hodess, Katy. "Building Labour Internationalism ‘from Below’: Lessons from the International Dockworkers Council’s European Working Group." Work, Employment and Society 34, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017019862969.
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This article considers whether the efficacy of transnational unionism, a strategy for trade union movement revitalisation, might be increased by a second revitalisation strategy: rank-and-file trade union democracy. This question is examined through a study of the International Dockworkers Council (IDC), an exceptional case of institutionalised rank-and-file union democracy at the transnational level. A shadow comparison examines the work of the International Transport Workers Federation, a bureaucratic trade union organisation active in the same sector. The IDC’s structure is found to increase the efficacy of transnational unionism by removing layers of bureaucratic mediation that slow down action, fostering a culture of militant solidarity among participants. Nevertheless, participants noted the heavy personal burdens placed on activists under this model and some difficulties of operating without the assistance of paid professionals. Additionally, differing national legal and political contexts for unionism remain significant barriers to effective internationalism.
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El-Khoury, Gabi. "Foreign trade statistics of Arab countries: selected indicators." Contemporary Arab Affairs 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2017.1399656.
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This statistical file is mainly concerned with the external merchandise trade of Arab countries, which accounts for approximately 77% of the total trade of Arab goods and services due to the large share of oil and gas in the Arab foreign trade.
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Hanawalt, J. D. "Manual Search/Match Methods for Powder Diffraction in 1986." Powder Diffraction 1, no. 1 (March 1986): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600011209.
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The objectives of this paper are: 1. to up-date the manual search system and index book described in 1936 and 1938; 2. to introduce a “work form” which serves to guide the analyst through the procedural steps involved in using the manual search index book and 3. to review briefly the literature on manual search/match systems.Two of the basic features of the 1936 design of the search index book were first, to divide the “d” range into arbitrarily sized “groups” and “subgroups” rather than using a scale of continuously decreasing “d” values, and second, to use the “d” values of the strongest lines of the diffraction pattern in order of decreasing intensity in making the entries of the standard patterns in the search index book. These two features are still the basis of the design of the 1986 Hanawalt Search Manual published by the JCPD S International Centre for Diffraction Data.The original use of the search index book at Dow Chemical was to lead the analyst to corresponding patterns among the thousands of Debye films which had been produced and placed on file. The “d” values and intensities of only the three or four strongest lines of the pattern were measured. Comparisons and indentifications were then made visually simply by holding the concerned films together in juxtaposition. Unfortunately, attempts to reproduce usable copies of such Debye films for general reference have not been satisfactory. Therefore, for general usage the diffraction data carried by the film negative or also the data from a diffractometer trace are recorded using the numerical values of the “d” spacings and intensities. These tables of numerical data are then used to represent the diffraction patterns. The search index book for general usage must therefore deal entirely with these numerical values.
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Fattore, Christina. "Domestic legal traditions and the dispute settlement body." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 13, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-10-2013-0029.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to focus on the influence of domestic legal traditions on dispute behavior, which has been widely examined in the conflict literature, within the World Trade Organization (WTO). States with a civil legal tradition hold treaties and agreements in high esteem. Therefore, they will be more likely to file trade complaints and pursue adjudication when compared to states with common or mixed legal traditions. Design/methodology/approach – The hypotheses in this study have been tested using a quantitative test with data from the WTO regarding trade disputes. Findings – While civil law states are more likely to file complaints, they are less likely to pursue adjudication over a negotiated settlement. Originality/value – This study brings to light how domestic legal systems affect state behavior within an international legal body.
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Ray, Urmi, NJ Cho, YC Kim, SW Yoon, WK Choi, and Pandi Marimuthu. "Packaging and Integration Strategy for mm-Wave Products." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2018, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 000252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2018.1.000252.
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Abstract This paper is a follow on to the paper presented at the IMAPS 14th International Conference DEVICE PACKAGING and will provide more comprehensive case studies of few different system integration strategies for high frequency packaging. The packaging options vary widely based on the end market requirements, from performance, thermal, types and numbers of antenna arrays as well as the RF transceiver ICs. Tied closely to these performance related requirements is competing trade-offs of reliability, form factor and cost. We present assessment of packaging structures for (a) high performance mm-Wave network product and (b) consumer/mobile product and (c) automotive radar product. The former (a) is generally not challenged by form factor and can be enhanced by the addition of more antenna arrays and RFICs. However, care has to be taken to address the thermal solutions for effective heat dissipation as well as manufacturability issues as the package size may target ~400mm2 for Gen 1 and double or triple the area for subsequent generations. For (b), the primary drivers are cost and form factor. To manage antenna propagation and losses in a constrained form factor, mobile products generally require antenna in package (AiP) integration. The integration of the antenna within the same package as the RF IC greatly reduces the difficulty at the system level. This approach coupled to aggressive miniaturization of the antenna itself, using the same substrate technologies as the SiP leads to a new class of sub-systems termed Antenna in Package (AiP). This is extremely challenging from design, manufacturability and test perspectives. For example, Fan out wafer level packaging, such as eWLB packaging provides extremely smooth copper surfaces with tight etch tolerance compared to standard laminate based packaging. However, having multiport antenna structures fabricated in fan out technology with inductance matching and efficient ground ports, continue to be problematic. Hence adoption of 3D structures, in conjunction with SIP integration (with inductors and IPDs) can potentially provide relief. Inductors can also be built into the eWLB structure using the RDL as well as in the laminate packages using substrate embedded thin film cores.
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Xiaofei, Wang. "Movies Without Mercy: Race, War, and Images of Japanese People in American Films, 1942-1945." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18, no. 1 (2011): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656111x577465.
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AbstractHistorian John Dower titles his book War Without Mercy. Similarly, wartime Hollywood showed no mercy when depicting Japanese. Negative portrayals were often based on actual atrocities, but it was racism to demonize an entire people and culture. The story of how politics in Hollywood and Washington, the conduct of war, and international relations shaped and changed film racism involves a much more complex approach than has been practiced to date. Using archives of film studios, the Production Code Administration (PCA), and governmental agencies such as the Office of War Information (OWI), this article traces the power struggle among them and a new racism which emerged after 1941. Filmmakers now projected favorable images of Chinese to distinguish their new allies from the Japanese enemy. OWI struggled to promote a liberal agenda which saw the enemy as world fascism, not the Japanese people. The article analyzes more than two dozen films to trace the complications in three types of wartime screen racism: (1) "Verbal racism," such as derogating words like "Jap." (2) "Physical racism," which dramatized and ridiculed physical characteristics of Japanese people. (3) "Psychological racism," which saw all Japanese people as cruel and treacherous.
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Jati, Kumara, Arie Mardiansyah, Muhammad Fawaiq, and Steven Raja Ingot. "The Importance Of Education To Understand Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA)." Cendekia Niaga 3, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52391/jcn.v3i2.480.
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Education is a very essential factor in human life, because if someone get the certain knowledge then they will be able to make a better decision, self empowerment and aware of rules and regulations in the world. Two of the important regulations related to international trade are coming from The World Trade Organization (WTO) and Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). Indonesia has ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) on 5
December 2017. The new agreement related to WTO and TFA needed to be learnt and teach with a good Education Model. The most important role of skill policies and education in globalization era is its role in facilitating the international flow of ideas. This research can fill the gap to make an Educational Model of TFA based on Non-Juridical and Juridical Education. Both factors become very important things because the stakeholders can use this model to more quickly and easily understand the substance of TFA, so that Indonesia can fully implement the TFA commitments in the digital database WTO in the year 2022.
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Jensen, J. Bradford, Dennis P. Quinn, and Stephen Weymouth. "The Influence of Firm Global Supply Chains and Foreign Currency Undervaluations on US Trade Disputes." International Organization 69, no. 4 (2015): 913–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818315000247.
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AbstractWe apply insights from “new, new” trade theory to explain a puzzling decline in US firm antidumping (AD) filings in an era of persistent foreign currency undervaluations and increasing import competition. Firms exhibit heterogeneity both within and across industries regarding foreign direct investment (FDI). We propose that firms making vertical or resource-seeking investments abroad will be less likely to file AD petitions, and firms are likely to undertake vertical FDI in the context of currency undervaluation. Hence, we argue, the increasing vertical FDI of US firms makes trade disputes far less likely. We use firm-level data to examine the universe of US manufacturing firms and find that AD filers generally conduct no intrafirm trade with filed-against countries. We also find that persistent currency undervaluation is associated over time with increased vertical FDI and intrafirm trade by US multinational corporations (MNCs) in the undervaluing country. Among larger US MNCs, the likelihood of an AD filing is negatively associated with increases in intrafirm trade. In the context of currency undervaluation, we confirm the existing finding that undervaluation is associated with more AD filings. We also find, however, that high levels of intrafirm imports from countries with undervalued currencies significantly decrease the likelihood of AD filings. Our study highlights the centrality of firm heterogeneity in international trade and investment in understanding political mobilization over international economic policy.
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Arnold, M. I. B., and M. C. E. J. Bronckers. "The EC New Trade Policy Instrument: A Brief Review of the Application of Regulation 2641/84." Leiden Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (May 1989): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001126.
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On 17 September 1984, Regulation 2641/84, also called the EC New Trade Policy Instrument, or simply the New Instrument, became effective. Pursuant to the New Instrument, a Community industry can File a complaint with the EC against an illicit trade practice of a foreign government. From the effective date of the New Instrument until the day of writing of this article (February 1989) four complaints have formally been lodged.
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Dat Dang, Tien, and Thi Van Trang Do. "Does capital structure affect firm value in Vietnam?" Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(1).2021.03.
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This study aims to examine whether the capital structure and several factors have significant influences on firm value in Vietnam. To achieve this objective, 435 non-financial listed companies have been selected from 2012 to 2019 on Vietnamese stock exchanges. Four groups of firms continue to be chosen from the total to investigate the differences in the outcomes among industries. The results altogether using the GMM method show that the impact of capital structure and other control variables on firm value is significant, yet different across industries: capital structure has a significant positive impact on firm value in the food and beverage industry, but has a significant negative effect on the value of the firm in wholesale trade and construction, as well as real estate industry, while has an insignificant influence on enterprise value considering all industries. Apart from the firm size, the impact of other control factors on firm value also indicates mixed results.
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Sumanasiri, Ayoma. "Exploring Barriers to International Trade Faced by Sri Lankan Exporters to the Indian Market." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.82.9661.
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In recent decades, India has emerged as a major economy in the world. Although Sri Lanka is situated in close proximity to India and has entered into trade agreements with India to boost its international trade, it has still not been able to achieve the expected level of growth in exports to India. Based on the 2019 United Nations COMTRAD data, India is the third largest export destination of Sri Lanka, and the export revenue from trade with India amounted to US $ 759 million in 2019. However, the statistics in the past years indicate a drop in Sri Lankan export revenue to India from $ 767 million in 2018 to $ 759 million in 2019. In spite of different bilateral and multilateral trade agreements entered into between the two countries, Sri Lankan export performance still remains unsatisfactory. This indicates that apart from tariff reductions, certain other non-tariff barriers influence international trade performance between the two countries. Therefore, this study aims to explore barriers to Sri Lankan exporters which undermine their international trade performance in the Indian market. The study follows a qualitative research methodology and has collected data using face-to-face unstructured interviews with twenty (20) respondents representing different stakeholders engaged in the process of exporting from Sri Lanka to India. The collected data was coded and analyzed through template analysis. Findings revealed thirty-five (35) important factors which influence successful penetration into and performance in the Indian market. The results reveal that host market and home market characteristics have a greater impact on successful performance in the Indian market than product or firm characteristics.
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Ng, Ignace, and John McCallum. "Trade Unions, Economic Growth and Politics." Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 3 (September 1989): 372–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568903100304.
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Even though identifying the causes of economic growth has been the subject of numerous empirical studies, little is known about the impact of inter-country variations in unionization on differences in economic growth between countries. To fill this apparent gap in the literature, the primary objective of this paper is to examine the influence of trade unions on economic growth in seventeen oECD countries from 1960 to 1979. The results show that the nature of the relationship between trade unions and economic growth depends upon the ideology of the government in power. Under 'non-socialist' governments, increased union density reduces economic growth, whereas under `socialist' governments, a higher level of unionization increases economic growth. This, in turn, implies that governments can have an influence on whether trade unions are growth-inhibiting or growth-promoting. However, because of the limitations in the sample used, additional studies are needed before a consensus can be reached on this issue.
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Akter, Mansura, Mahfuzur Rahman, and Dragana Radicic. "Women Entrepreneurship in International Trade: Bridging the Gap by Bringing Feminist Theories into Entrepreneurship and Internationalization Theories." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 7, 2019): 6230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226230.
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Participation of women-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in international trade is gaining more importance in the transformation of institutional changes. Although women entrepreneurs contribute to the social and economic development, the role of social, cultural, and legal institutions in fostering women entrepreneurship is still debatable. This argument remains controversial as there is no single theory that has explained the phenomenon of women-owned firms in international trade. Because of the missing link between gender sensitivity and the existing theories of entrepreneurship and internationalization, there is a significant research gap. To fill up this research gap, this study revisited existing theories from three research domains: feminism, entrepreneurship, and internationalization. Factors derived from revisiting theories of entrepreneurship and internationalization were evaluated based on findings from the review of the feminist theories. Finally, key parameters were selected to assess the internationalization of women-owned SMEs, which require future empirical investigation.
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Rachmadi, Adi. "Pengembangan Infrastruktur Pelabuhan Panjang Sebagai Pelabuhan Cargo Bertaraf Internasional." JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH & KOTA 12, no. 1 (March 10, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v12i1.11452.
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Infrastructure development in Indonesia continued to show progress, including the development of the port as a place which is an integrated system consisting of transport in the waters, port, safety and security, and environmental protection in maritime. Lampung province that has the port will control that is essential for the regions surrounding potential in improving the economy, especially industry and trade both nationally and internationally. The purpose of this study was to assess the Port of Panjang infrastructure development as an international cargo port. Therefore, researchers using the theory to fill positivistic approach and examples of best practice to fill rationalistic. Best practice is used is the Port of TanjungPriok, Jakarta, and Port of Busan, South Korea as a cornerstone of researchers to conduct research. The research character is a descriptive. Methods of data collection is done by direct observation to the test site and interview techniques combined with a list of questions to the government and service users. The results showed Port of Panjang Infrastructure meet the minimum requirements of international cargo ports established by the IMO, the Port of Panjang must add infrastructure and supporting facilities. Water facilities, ports should be developed, among others, relocation is docked tug boat, pilot boat and service boat, while the infrastructure to be developed is the yard, office building (banking) and postal telecommunications, reactivation of the railway to transport coal, and gangway to lane expressway passenger sea.
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Grossman, Shelby. "The Politics of Order in Informal Markets: Evidence from Lagos." World Politics 72, no. 1 (November 11, 2019): 47–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887119000121.
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AbstractProperty rights are important for economic exchange, but in many parts of the world, they are not publicly guaranteed. Private market associations can fill this gap by providing an institutional structure to enforce agreements, but with this power comes the ability to extort from group members. Under what circumstances do private associations provide a stable environment for economic activity? The author uses survey data collected from 1,179 randomly sampled traders across 199 markets in Lagos, Nigeria, and finds that markets maintain institutions to support trade not in the absence of government, but rather in response to active government interference. The author argues that associations develop protrade policies when threatened by politicians they perceive to be predatory and when the organizations can respond with threats of their own. The latter is easier when traders are not competing with one another. To maintain this balance of power, an association will not extort; it needs trader support to maintain the credibility of its threats to mobilize against predatory politicians.
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Albano, Caterina. "Forgotten Images and the Geopolitics of Memory: The Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–6)." Cultural History 9, no. 1 (April 2020): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cult.2020.0209.
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The Italo-Ethiopian war (1935–6) had a profoundly destabilising effect internationally and can be regarded as one of the events that led to the outbreak of the Second World War. Benito Mussolini's occupation of the country (then known as Abyssinia) was facilitated by the massive use of air power and chemical weapons – in ways that at the time were still unprecedented. Mussolini's chemical war, occurring in a country at the periphery of geopolitical spheres of interest, has remained marginal to established historical narratives, rendering it anachronistically topical to today's politics of memory. By examining two films based on archival film footage, respectively Lutz Becker's documentary The Lion of Judah, War in Ethiopia 1935–1936 (1975) and Yervant Gianikian and Angela Ricci Lucchi's video work Barbaric Land ( Paese barbaro, 2013), this article considers the significance of the moving image as a trace of events that have mostly remained visually undocumented and questions its relevance vis à vis today's mediated warfare and the ethics of images.
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Garg, Risham. "Issues in Insolvency of Enterprise Groups." Journal of National Law University Delhi 6, no. 1 (June 2019): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277401719870006.
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Insolvency of enterprise groups has long remained an enigmatic and untouched issue in the realm of international insolvency law. Recently, the Working Group V of United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL WG V) has taken up the onerous task to fill this void and to draft an instrument/model law to govern international aspects of insolvency resolution of enterprise groups (two or more enterprises that are interconnected by control or significant ownership)2 including obligations of directors of enterprise group companies for acts done in the ‘twilight zone’. This article attempts to introduce and outline certain key issues relating to insolvency resolution of enterprise group companies and discuss a few of them, reserving a comprehensive discussion shared in subsequent papers.
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Watanabe, Susumu. "The Lewisian Turning Point and International Migration: The Case of Japan." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 1 (March 1994): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300107.
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This article critically examines the Lewisian turning point in light of Japan's experience since the mid-1800s. Japan reached its Lewisian turning point around 1960. Contrary to the assumptions of the theory however, the findings for Japan indicate that political factors have been more determinative of the rate of migration than purely economic ones. Prior to its turning point in 1960, international relations, war and forced repatriation were the decisive factors. Recently, though the inflow of foreign workers to fill labor shortages has increased, so also has the outflow of Japanese to accompany direct foreign investment. DFI itself is more responsive to trade barriers, exchange rates and incentives offered by host governments than to differing wage levels or labor market conditions.
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Griff, Catherine, and Drew MacRae. "Flexible Vision: Emerging Audiovisual Technologies and Services, and Options to Support Australian Content." Media International Australia 111, no. 1 (May 2004): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0411100105.
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The Australian audiovisual industry is facing two significant policy challenges — rapid technological change and trade liberalisation — both of which have the potential to limit the scope of government regulatory action to support local content. The Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) brought into focus both of these challenges, with Australia's ability to regulate future audiovisual delivery services becoming a central issue of the services negotiations. This article draws upon recent research by the Australian Film Commission on regulatory options to ensure the ongoing availability of Australian content via new media. Internationally, many new media technologies are now regulated to support local content, and many governments are reviewing content regulation options on digital and interactive delivery systems. This article discusses the merits of the key policy levers available to government in order to support the continued presence of Australian content in new services and delivery technologies.
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Alavi, Hamed. "Mitigating the Risk of Fraud in Documentary Letters of Credit." Baltic Journal of European Studies 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2016-0006.
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AbstractDespite the fact that documentary letters of credit (LC) are meant to facilitate the process of international trade, their specific characteristics may increase the risk of fraud while being used as the method of payment in the process of international transaction. Many factors like exclusive use of documents, geographical distance, absence of efficient prosecution, the diversity of legal system at the global level and restricted application of fraud rule can be considered as reasons for LC fraud. While billions of dollars are lost annually due to fraud in the course of LC operations, such vulnerability can result in reducing the global popularity of documentary letters of credit as the main method of payment used in international trade. Meanwhile, it is worth mentioning that fraud risk management is an unexplored territory in the practice of documentary letters of credit operation. Existing research tries to fill the gap in the study on comprehensive methods for mitigating fraud risk in operations with documentary letters of credit by using risk management theory in order to answer the question of how to manage fraud risk in LC transactions? In a quest to answer the research question, the paper is divided into two parts: the first part is dedicated to preventive measures while the latter explores responsive measures of an enterprise to manage fraud risk in LC transactions.
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Hamouri, Basem, Mahmoud Al-Rdaydeh, and Anas Ghazalat. "Effect of financial leverage on firm growth: empirical evidence from listed firms in Amman stock exchange." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 2 (May 22, 2018): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(2).2018.14.
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Past studies have mostly investigated the significance of financial attributes in trade affairs of developed countries, while dismissing such importance among developing nations. As such, this study looked into the influence of financial leverage upon the growth of Jordanian firms. For that purpose, a sample of 91 firms from Jordan had been analyzed via panel data regression method for the period between 2006 and 2015. As a result, the findings portrayed the irrelevance between financial leverage and growth of assets, but a significantly positive correlation with the growth of sales and employment. On top of that, this study revealed that growth of sales and employment had been significantly and positively correlated with firm size. In short, this study dismissed the speculation the constraint Jordanian firms were in, but on the contrary, displayed the ability to gain external financing to ascertain successful progress.
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Kupchyk, O. "CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF SOVIET UKRAINE IN 1920-1922." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 143 (2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.143.5.
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The article describes the circumstances under which the Soviet Ukraine established trade relations with Czechoslovakian Republic in the early 1920’s. The analysis of historiography of this scientific problem recovered the absence of the researches in modern Ukrainian historical science on the relations between Czechoslovakia and Soviet Ukraine in the early 1920’s. It’s established that the source database, including archival documents, allows a comprehensive answer to the task in the study. The contractual legal framework, organizational forms of trade activities of the Soviet Ukraine in Czechoslovakia have been clarified. It is stated that the inability to compete with the Germans in the Russian market caused the Czechoslovakians’ great interest in the Ukrainian market. There was a positive experience of Czechoslovakian-Ukrainian economic relations even before the First World War, which was to guarantee the resumption of trade relations between the countries in the early 1920s. This had been facilitated by shipping on the Danube to the Black Sea. 'Trade Representative Office' considered the logistics of trade (demanded goods, ways of delivery, placement of warehouses, sanitary and technical control). Persons of sales representatives were established (Y. Novakovsky, M. Lomovsky, I. Girsa, V. Benesh). The role of the Soviet Ukraine 'Trade Representative Office' in Prague in the foreign trade activities of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic is revealed. The place of the Czechoslovakian market in the export and import operations of Soviet Ukraine has been determined. The interest of Czechoslovakian traders in Ukrainian raw materials, namely flax, hemp, wool and leather was noted. It is stated that the trade representatives of the Soviet Ukraine were exploring the possibility of selling other raw materials on the Czechoslovakian market, namely iron ore, coal, etc. It is found that the trading company has purchased in large quantities flour (wheat, rye), sugar (refinement, sand) and cereals (wheat, barley, rye, peas, oats). The Czechoslovakian traders and entrepreneurs were particularly interested in forming «mixed partnerships» with the Ukrainians (supplying railway equipment, making file sheets, production of medicines, glass and porcelain). Czechoslovakians also sought to obtain a concession for tractor cultivation of lands in Ukraine. At the same time, participation in the Ukrainian-Czechoslovakian trade «Vokoopspilka» was revealed. The participation of the Soviet Ukraine at the Prague International Exhibition in 1922 was covered, which became its first participation in international exhibitions.
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Martin, Philip. "COVID-19 and International Labor Migration in Agriculture." DEMIS. Demographic research 1, no. 1 (2021): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2021.1.1.4.
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Two thirds of the 272 million international migrants in 2019 were employed in the destination country. Demographic and economic inequalities between countries, combined with globalization that reduced barriers to migrants, were expected to continue to increase the number of international migrant workers. Covid-19 closed many national borders to non- essential travelers, with limited exceptions. Seasonal farm workers were one of the notable exceptions, suggesting that many governments do not expect local workers to fill seasonal farm jobs despite record-high unemployment rates. For agriculture, the longer term effects of the pandemic include faster mechanization, more guest workers, and rising imports. Responses are likely to vary by commodity and be shaped by government policies. This article provides a review of the distribution and activities of the world’s 164 million international migrant workers in 2017, including the 111 million in high-income countries. The analysis focuses on the North American migrant worker and the differences between their integration in the agricultural industries. American agricultural systems are integrating in the sense that Canadian blueberries, Mexican avocados and U.S. meat trade freely, but the farm workforces in each country are increasingly Mexican.
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D. Kaya, Halil, and Nancy L. Lumpkin-Sowers. "Does Fed policy affect blockholder behavior in U.S. publicly traded firms?" Investment Management and Financial Innovations 14, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.14(1-1).2017.01.
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This paper documents the empirical relationship between ownership concentration and monetary policy to fill out the picture for when ownership concentration is likely to change within U.S. publicly traded firms. Our sample is drawn from the Dlugosz et al. (2006) data set for firms between 1996 and 2001. The authors explore the patterns between the Federal Reserve’s policy position and ownership concentration rather than asserting causal direction between the two. This empirical paper tests alternative theories on blockholder activism by examining whether “voice” or “exit” is more dominant under contractionary monetary policy. Using the series of same direction changes in the Federal Funds Rate to establish time periods as a proxy for monetary policy in the U.S., nonparametric tests show that there are more blockholders per firm, the sum of their blockholdings in percentage terms is higher, and the total percentage held by the blockholder in U.S. firms is greater under contractionary policy periods. This supports an active theory of blockholder behavior in corporate governance.
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Gouveia, Sofia, João Rebelo, and Lina Lourenço-Gomes. "Port wine exports: a gravity model approach." International Journal of Wine Business Research 30, no. 2 (June 18, 2018): 218–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-02-2017-0008.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the macroeconomic determinants of Port wine exports, taking into account the diversity and various quality levels associated with this product. Design/methodology/approach Port wine is a fortified wine only produced in Portugal. In the period 2006-2014, an extended gravity model is applied to data on the exports of the top 20 importing countries, accounting for 94 per cent of total exports. The authors base their empirical strategy on the Hausman–Taylor estimator (1971), overcoming endogeneity and accounting for time invariant variables. They estimate the impact of several factors on the total trade of Port wine, namely: gross domestic product (GDP), GDP per capita, tariffs, exchange rates, distance from original supplier, mutual language familiarity, landlockedness, wine consumption per capita and presence of Portuguese emigrants, all measured in volume and value terms, and for each of the four categories (Standard, High Standard, Vintage and Aged). Findings The findings show that the quantity and value of total Port wine exports are positively determined by overall GDP per capita, the presence of a Portuguese emigrant community (which implies that to some degree a common language and culture are shared), while exports are negatively influenced by landlockedness. In contrast to the traditional gravity model, distance from the source of supply does not appear to be a significant determinant, a fact explained by the specific and singular nature of Port wine and by the long tradition of this product in international markets. In addition, the results revealed specific determinants for specific product categories – such as GDP for aged Port and wine consumption per capita for high standard, vintage and aged Port, suggesting that Portugal needs to increase its exports of high-quality Port wine to markets that exhibit a tendency towards increased wine consumption per capita and are coming to be considered large and fast-growing economies. Originality/value This paper extends the literature, by respecifying the typical gravity model for aggregate goods to permit the analysis of wine exports. There has been relatively little application of this model to assess the determinants of the wine trade, and when it has been used, generally it has been in studies focusing on aggregate wine trade between countries. This paper seeks to fill this gap by focusing on the determinants of exports of a specific wine – Port wine, which is an internationally recognised product, with a clear internal product differentiation according to distinct quality levels – and in this regard provides new insights into the international patterns of trade in wine.
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Jelisavac, Sanja. "International regulation of intellectual property rights." Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 2-3 (2004): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0403279j.
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Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and works of art, as well as symbols, names, images, and designs that are used in commerce. Intellectual property is divided into two categories industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and copyright which includes literary and works of art such as novels, poems and plays films, musical works, works of art such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programmes. 1883 marked the birth of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the first major international treaty designed to help the people from one country obtain protection in other countries for their intellectual creations in the form of industrial property rights, known as: inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs. In 1886, copyright entered the international arena with the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. The aim of this Convention was to help nationals of its member States obtain international protection of their right to control, and receive payment for the use of their creative works such as: novels, short stories, poems plays; songs, operas, musicals, sonatas; and drawings, paintings sculptures, architectural works. The Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) was adopted in 1952 and formalised in 1955, as a complementary agreement to the Berne Convention. The UCC membership included the United States, and many developing countries that did not wish to comply with the Berne Convention, since they viewed its provisions as overly favourable to the developed world. Patent Cooperation Treaty, signed on June 19,1970, provides for the filing of a single international patent application which has the same effect as national applications filed in the designated countries. An applicant seeking protection may file one application and request protection in as many signatory states as needed. On November 6, 1925, the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs was adopted within the framework of the Paris Convention. Under the provisions of the Hague Agreement, any person entitled to effect an international deposit has the possibility of obtaining, by means of a single deposit protection for his industrial designs in a number of States with a minimum of formalities and of expense. The system of international registration of marks is governed by two treaties, the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, which dates from 1891, and the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement that was adopted in 1989. It entered into force on December 1, 1995, and came into operation on April 1, 1996. The reason for adopting the much more recent Protocol, following the original Madrid Agreement of 1891 (last amended at Stockholm in 1967), was the absence from the Madrid Union of some of the major countries in the trademark field, for example, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. The Protocol is intended to make the Madrid system acceptable to more countries. The Rome Convention consists basically of the national treatment that a State grants under its domestic law to domestic performances, phonograms and broadcasts. Apart from the rights guaranteed by the Convention itself as constituting that minimum of protection, and subject to specific exceptions or reservations allowed for by the Convention, performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organisations to which the Convention applies, enjoy in Contracting States the same rights as those countries grant to their nationals. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an international organisation dedicated to promoting the use and protection of works of the human spirit. These works, intellectual property, are expanding the bounds of science and technology and enriching the world of the arts. Through its work, WIPO plays an important role in enhancing the quality and enjoyment of life, as well as creating real wealth for nations. In 1974, WIPO became a specialised agency of the United Nations system of organisations, with a mandate to administer intellectual property matters recognised by the member states of the UN. With headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, WIPO is one of the 16 specialised agencies of the United Nations system of organisations. It administers 21 international treaties dealing with different aspects of intellectual property protection. The Organisation counts 177 nations as member states. One of the successes of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS Agreement), which came into effect on 1 January 1995, and up to date it the most comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property. The TRIPS Agreement is a minimum standards agreement, which allows Members to provide more extensive protection of intellectual property if they wish so. Members are left free to determine the appropriate method of implementing the provisions of the Agreement within their own legal system and practice On January 1, 1996, an Agreement Between the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization entered into force. It provides for cooperation concerning the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement, such as notification of laws and regulations and legal-technical assistance and technical co-operation in favour of developing countries. In the 21st century intellectual property will play an increasingly important role at the international stage. Works of the mind - intellectual property such as inventions, designs, trademarks, books, music, and films, are now used and enjoyed on every continent on the earth. In the new millennium international protection of intellectual property rights faces many new challenges; one of the most urgent is the need for states to adapt to and benefit from rapid and wide-ranging technological change, particularly in the field of information technology and the Internet.
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Sollund, Ragnhild. "Wildlife Crime: A Crime of Hegemonic Masculinity?" Social Sciences 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9060093.
Full textAbstract:
Scholarship within green criminology focusing on crimes and harms against nonhuman animals has been increasing. Little attention, however, has been directed at the gendered aspects of these crimes. For example, why is it that the great majority of offenders involved in wildlife trade and the illegal killing of endangered predators are male? The aim of this article is to fill the gap in the literature, relying on confiscation reports from Norwegian Customs of nonhuman animals—most of whom are listed in CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora)—as well as an analysis of verdicts in cases in Norwegian courts of “theriocides” (animal murders) of large predators. This article will assess the number of men and women involved in these crimes and harms, and will present some trends of theriociders. This article will employ ecofeminist and masculinities theories to better understand the gendered dynamics involved in wildlife trafficking and the theriocides of large carnivores.