Dissertations / Theses: 'International film trade'

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Colson-Duparchy, Alexia. "Bridges, hoops and pools : international film co-production : the interface between culture and trade." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78210.

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International film co-productions are sometimes thought of by the Americans as a form of financing providing the U.S. with the ability to sell works to its most important export market, Europe. Europe prefers thinking of it as way to provide its market with works that reflect European culture and ideals. This thesis questions the reality of such a statement, using the examples of the EU, the U.S. and Canada.
The author first explains the mechanism of co-production within the framework of a presentation of the methods of film financing. Follows a twofold discussion on the current nature of international co-productions, on both the international and national levels.
A considerable portion of this work examines the terms of the debate about the interplay between culture and trade. As an instrument used in the audiovisual industry, therefore strongly connected to cultural industries, international co-production is indeed an ideal model to represent the tensions existing between culture and global trade. This thesis sets international co-production up as a symbol of the interface between culture and trade.
Follows a debate on the congruity of the existing global and regional trade agreements for the protection of a culture always weaker in its diversity and propagation. With the prospect of the imminent phasing out of the sectoral exemptions allowed by the GATS, the inadequacy of the NAFTA cultural exemption and current quota policy systems, what would be best to calm down the tensions between culture and trade? Three solutions are discussed here: the New International Instrument on Cultural Diversity; a powerful competitor to the American majors such as Vivendi-Universal, and the technique of co-ventures.

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Hope, Cathy, and n/a. "A History of the Sydney and Melbourne Film Festivals, 1945-1972: negotiating between culture and industry." University of Canberra. Creative Communication, 2004. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050630.130907.

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This thesis is a history of the Sydney and Melbourne International Film Festivals, and covers the years from 1945 to 1972. Based primarily on archival material, it is an organisational history dealing with the attempts by the two Film Festivals to negotiate between the demands of �culture� and �industry� throughout this period. The thesis begins with a consideration of the origins of the Festivals in the post-war period �with the attempts by non-Hollywood producers to break into the cinema market, the collapse of the �mass audience�, and the growth of the film society movement in Australia. The thesis then examines the establishment in the early 1950s of the Sydney and Melbourne Festivals as small, amateur events, run by and for film enthusiasts. It then traces the Festivals� historical development until 1972, by which time both Festivals had achieved an important status as social and cultural organisations within Australia. The main themes dealt with throughout this period of development include the Festivals� difficult negotiations with both the international and domestic film trade, their ongoing internal debates over their role and purpose as cultural organisations, their responses to the appearance of other international film festivals in Australia, their relation to the Australian film industry, and their fight to liberalise Australia�s film censorship regulations.

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Howard, Christopher. "From the reverse-course policy to high-growth: japanese international film trade in the context of the Cold War." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540697.

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The aim of this thesis is to reappraise the effects of the Cold War on Japanese cinema from the immediate postwar period until the start of Japan's economic boom in the 1960s. Studies of Japanese films from this period have typically analysed the 'textual' effects of the Cold War realignment with America, patiicularly in regard to Japanese cinema's assimilation of 'humanist' values during the Occupation period. Whilst an attention to 'representational politics' remains important, my argument is that in the context of the Cold War, an analysis of the discourses and practices peliaining to 'film trade' is an equally essential framework with which to examine how co-productions, international film distribution and the Japanese film quota and remission system were all framed by power relations between Japan and America. On the one hand, despite the rhetoric of Cold War friendship offered by the MP AAlMPEA (Motion Picture Association of America/Motion Picture Export Association) it was evident that the Hollywood majors were able to exploit the relation to Japan for their own ends. This was apparent both in their handling of Japanese films overseas and in the increasing success of Hollywood films imported into Japan. Rather than this simply being an issue for the commercial sector, however, the inequality ofthis trade relationship also raises critical questions about government attitudes to film. Here the ferocity with which the MP AA attempted to circumvent Japan's film quota and remission system, often adopting threatening tactics, may seem surprising in the context of America's wider trade policies with Japan. Here Japan received 'free trade' access to American markets whilst Washington still permitted Tokyo to maintain many of its trade barriers as a means to secure Japan's Cold War allegiance. The different attitude towards' film trade is particulat)y revealing given the support for the MP AA offered by. Washington, most notably in connection with chairman Eric Johnston's argument that Hollywood cinema was an important form of what today would be called American 'soft power

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Pujolàs, Fons Pau Salvador. "Essays on International Trade and Firm Dynamics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/120540.

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El primer capítol d’aquesta Tesis porta per Títol “Trade Patterns, Income Differences and Gains From Trade” i ha estat elaborada conjuntament amb el meu col·lega Wyatt J. Brooks. Quantificar els guanys provinents de comerç internacional és una àrea de recerca que ha estat estudiada usant una gran varietat de models de comerç. Al mateix temps, s’ha mostrat com les no-homoteticitats són molt útils per explicar patrons de comerç observats en dades molt desagregades. Posem ambdues literatures juntes per preguntar com les no-homoteticitats afecten les prediccions de guanys de comerç. A tal fi, desenvolupem un model de comerç amb N països amb els mateixos volums de comerç internacional, població, PIB per càpita i desigualtat dins de cada país que a les dades. Incloem les no-homoteticitats per tal que el comerç entre països rics i països pobres sigui igual al que observem a les dades. Amb aquest model, podem comparar els resultats en benestar obtinguts amb els que impliquen Arkolakis, Costinot, and Rodriguez-Clare (2012) – que dóna una fórmula senzilla de guanys comercials per part d’un gran nombre de models homotètics (també la versió d’aquest model quan les preferències són homotètiques). El principal resultat és que els models homotètics esbiaixen a la baixa els guanys comercials en països amb poca població i baixa productivitat, i a l’alça el dels països molt poblats i molt productius. El model homotètic esbiaixa a l’alça els guanys comercials dels EE.UU. i de Japó en 14% i 22%, mentre que ho fa a la baixa per Espanya i Itàlia en un 24% i un 14%. El segon capitol d’aquesta Tesis porta per títol “Measured Productivity and International Trade: An Unresolved Puzzle”. Utilitzar models de dinàmica d’empreses correctes quan s’analitza l’impacte del comerç és clau a fi d’entendre completament quins són els efectes a la part productiva de l’economia quan aquesta es dedica a comerciar més. Hi ha diversos models de comerç que intenten entendre la relació entre comerç i dinàmica d’empreses, però un d’ells és sens dubte el més utilitzat per economistes de comerç: el de Melitz (2003). Aquest model explica algunes característiques de les dades. En particular, vol explicar per què les empreses més productives exporten. És de comú parer entre els economistes que aquest model explica bé les característiques de productivitat de les empreses. En aquest capítol ens preguntem: ho és? Concretament, mostrem que si hom mesura la productivitat als resultats del model tal i com es fa a les dades, ens trobem amb resultats sorprenents sobre quines són les empreses més productives: poden ser les que no exporten. El tercer capítol de la Tesis es titula “Distortions, Productivity, and Idiosyncratic Shocks” i és escrita conjuntament amb el meu professor José María Da Rocha. Considerem distorsions en un model on les plantes tenen xocs idiosincràtics a la productivitat que evolucionen amb una moció Browniana. Introduir els xocs en el model implica que les plantes tenen beneficis no constants i com a resultat el marge de sortida es torna exogen, i les plantes han de decidir en cada període si es queden o no produint. Utilitzem l’equació de Kolmogorov per tal de caracteritzar l’equilibri estacionari. La contribució de l’estudi consisteix en mostrar que si un model es calibra/s’estima sense xocs idiosincràtics, les plantes tenen productivitat constant en el temps i la rati de sortida és exògena a fi d’obtenir els moments generats pel model amb xocs i sortida endògena, les distorsions en PTF són esbiaixades a l’alça.
The first chapter of this Thesis is entitled Trade Patterns, Income Differences and Gains From Trade and is coauthored with my colleague Wyatt J. Brooks. Quantifying the gains from international trade is an area of research that has been widely studied using a variety of trade models. At the same time, it has been shown that nonhomotheticities are useful for matching the systematic patterns of trade present in disaggregated trade data. We bring these two literatures together to ask how nonhomotheticities affect our predictions for gains from trade. To do so, we develop a N-country trade model that exactly matches bilateral trade, population, GDP per capita and within country income inequality for many countries. We include nonhomotheticities to match patterns of trade between rich and poor countries that we observe in highly disaggregated trade data. We then make use of the results from Arkolakis, Costinot, and Rodriguez-Clare (2012), which gives a simple formula for gains from trade in a large class of homothetic models, including a version of our model with the nonhomotheticity removed. Our main finding is that homothetic models underestimate gains from trade in countries with small populations and low productivities, and overestimate gains in countries with large populations and high productivities. The homothetic model overestimates the gains from being open to trade in the U.S. and Japan by 14% and 22%, and underestimates them in Spain and Italy by 24% and 14%. The second chapter of this Thesis is entitled Measured Productivity and International Trade: An Unresolved Puzzle. Using correct models of firm dynamics when analyzing the impact of trade is key in order to fully understand what are the effects to the supply side of the economy when it engages into trade. There are several models of trade that try to understand the role of trade and firm dynamics, but there is one that is most used by trade economists: the Melitz model (2003). This model explains several features of the data. In particular, it aims to explain why more productive firms export. It is a common agreement among economists that the model is well suited in order to explain these patterns. In this chapter we ask: is it? In particular, we show that measuring productivity in the model's outcome as it is done in the data may lead to some surprising results regarding what more productive firms do: they may be the non-exporters. The third chapter of this Thesis is entitled Distortions, Productivity, and Idiosyncratic Shocks and is coauthored with my professor José María Da Rocha. We consider policy distortions in a model where plants face idiosyncratic productivity shocks that evolve following a Brownian motion. Introducing idiosyncratic shocks into the model implies that plants have non-constant operating profits and as a result there is an endogenous exit margin and incumbent plants must decide in each period whether or not to remain in the industry. By using the forward Kolmogorov equation, we analytically characterize the Stationary Equilibrium. Our main contribution is to show that if a model is being calibrated/estimated without idiosyncratic shocks, where plants face constant productivity over time and the exit rate is exogenous to fit data generated from a model with shocks and endogenous entry, TFP distortions will be overestimated.

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Saadatnia, Ali. "Essays on firm dynamics and international trade." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/319451.

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Esta tesis se centra en la dinámica de la firma y el comercio internacional, y la relación entre ellos. Hay gran número de documentos que ya se han reportado aumentos de la productividad del comercio o de papel de la productividad internacional en la selección y el crecimiento de la empresa. Todos ellos tratan de responder a las siguientes preguntas conocidas: "¿La productividad determinan la selección y el crecimiento de las empresas?"; Aquí, podemos agregar algunas otras preguntas: ¿Cuál es el efecto del comercio en empresas de alta tecnología y de baja tecnología? ¿Tiene la inversión en actividades de innovación tiene ningún efecto sobre la productividad? El punto es que en la mayor de las obras anteriores, el efecto del comercio sobre la productividad y la demanda ha sido desigual. Si el uso de los resultados anteriores misdirects dinámica de firmes o efecto del comercio sobre la productividad de las empresas, puede haber algunas cosas que pueden ser dirigidas por una mejor medida de la productividad y el acceso a la ESEE. El primer capítulo, aborda la estimación de la productividad a nivel de empresa y la relación entre la productividad y el valor del producto con el rendimiento de las empresas. La productividad de la empresa se descompone al componente técnico y el componente de valor del producto. Nos encontramos con que el componente de valor del producto es significativamente importante como perturbaciones a la PTF en los resultados empresariales y la rotación, sin embargo, el grado de respuesta a la producción y los precios es más largo y más grande para perturbaciones a la PTF. Nuestros resultados muestran que tanto los exportadores y las empresas multinacionales tienen valores de productividad y de productos superiores. El papel del valor del producto es, sin embargo, más importante que el acceso a los mercados extranjeros. Usando STF físicas y de ingresos para evaluar la apertura comercial sobre el desempeño de las empresas muestra que la literatura previa exagera el papel del comercio en la productividad de las empresas, y distorsiona su efecto sobre la demanda. En este capítulo también se investiga el efecto de los gastos en I + D en la productividad a nivel de empresa, y el vínculo entre las actividades de innovación en firme y la productividad. Los resultados muestran que las empresas que invierten en actividades de I + D tienen una productividad más alta en comparación con otras empresas y empresas con eficiencia técnica bajo o alto valor del producto son más propensos a emprender la innovación de productos. En el último capítulo de la tesis, un modelo de equilibrio general de dos países se estudia que aborda conjuntamente la decisión de las empresas heterogéneas para servir a los mercados extranjeros, ya sea a través de las exportaciones o la inversión extranjera directa y sus opciones tecnológicas. En equilibrio, solamente las empresas más productivas optan por servir en los mercados extranjeros y las empresas más productivas elegirán además a actualizar su tecnología. Por último, las empresas de propiedad extranjera con tecnología de bajo nivel de salida del mercado más que los que la adopción de la alta tecnología. ESEE se emplea para verificar el efecto de la apertura sobre la productividad a nivel de empresa. Los resultados muestran que la reducción de aranceles, en promedio, disminuye la IED de baja tecnología en un 4% a 6%, pero no hay ningún efecto significativo en la alta tecnología las empresas de propiedad extranjera 1990-2009.
This thesis focuses on firm dynamics and international trade, and the link between them. During the last decade, extensive researches have been done on firm dynamics, especially on productivity, firms’ growth and innovation. Here, it is deeply focused on productiv- ity, innovation and trade. There are huge number of papers that have already reported productivity gains from international trade or role of productivity in firm’s selection and growth. They all try to answer the following well-known questions: ”Does productivity determine firms’ selection and growth?”; ”Are there productivity gains from opening to trade?” Here, we may add some other questions: What is the effect of trade on high-tech and low-tech firms? Does investing in innovation activities have any effect on productiv- ity? The point is that in the most of previous works, the effect of trade on productivity and demand has been mixed (due to lack of data on firm level prices). If using previous results misdirects firm dynamics or trade effect on firms’ productivity, there may be few things that can be directed by a better measure of productivity and accessing to a rich data set, ESEE. The first Chapter, addresses estimation of firm level productivity and the link between productivity and product value with firms performance by using information on firm level prices. Following Foster et al. (2008), a unique data set is employed to disentangle the role of productivity on manufacturing firms performance. Productivity of the firm is decomposed to technical component and product value component. We find that product value component is significantly as important as TFP shocks in firm performance and turnover, however the degree of response to output and prices is longer and larger for TFP shocks. Olley and Pakes (1996) method, for estimating the parameters of the production function, is extended to include other endogenous variables that impact on productivity like firms’ R&D expenses. Our results show that both exporters and MNEs (multinational enterprises) have higher productivity and product values. The role of product value is, however, more important for accessing to foreign markets. Using Physical and Revenue TFPs to evaluate trade openness on firms’ performance shows that previous literature exaggerates the role of trade in firms’ productivity, and distorts its effect on demand side. This chapter also investigates the effect of R&D expenditures on firm level productivity, and the link between firm innovation activities and productivity. Results show that those firms that invest in R&D activities have higher productivity comparing to other firms and firms with low technical efficiency or high product value are more likely to undertake product innovation, but firms that have high technical efficiency or high product value are more likely to perform process innovation. In the last chapter of thesis, a two-country general equilibrium model is studied that jointly addresses the decision of heterogeneous firms to serve foreign market either through export or foreign direct in- vestment (FDI) and their technological choices. In equilibrium, only the more productive firms (Exporters and FDIs) choose to serve in foreign markets and the most productive firms will further choose to upgrade their technology. In addition, as trade liberalization takes place, the cut off productivity of exporters increases and the cut off productivity of foreign-owned firms decreases. Finally, foreign-owned firms with low level technology leave the market more than those adopting high technology. ESEE is employed to verify the effect of openness on firm level productivity. Results show that tariffs reduction, in average, decreases low-tech FDIs by 4% to 6% but there is not any significant effect on high-tech foreign-owned firms from 1990 to 2009.

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Spiegel, Gilbert. "Essays on international trade and firm dynamics." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-182654.

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Berlingieri, Giuseppe. "Essays on international trade and firm organization." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/761/.

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This thesis analyses the impact of globalisation on the boundary of the firm and, in turn, how outsourcing policies have shaped the reallocation of labour across sectors. The first chapter ("Outsourcing and the Rise in Services") investigates the impact of out sourcing on sectoral reallocation in the U.S. over the period 1947-2007. Roughly 40% of the growth of the service sector comes from professional and business services, an industry highly specialized in the production of intermediates and where most of the service outsourcing activity is concentrated. As a result, business services have experienced an almost fourfold increase in their forward linkage, the largest change among all industries. I find that the overall change in input-output structure of the economy accounts for 33% of the increase in service employment, and business services outsourcing contributes almost half of that amount. The second chapter ("Exporting, Coordination Complexity, and Service Outsourcing") investigates the determinants of service outsourcing, and professional and business services in particular. Drawing on the insights of a model of the boundary of the firm based on adaptation costs and diminishing return to management, I argue that an increase in coordination complexity (e.g.: more inputs in the production process) leads firms to outsource a higher share of their total costs and to focus on their core competences. Since country-specific inputs are needed to export to a particular country (e.g.: a specific advertisement campaign), I proxy coordination complexity with the number of export destination markets and I find support for the theory using an extensive dataset of French firms. Over time, firms that export to more countries increase the amount of purchased business services; the finding is very strong and robust to size and many other determinants of outsourcing proposed in the literature. The firm-level evidence also contributes to opening the black box of fixed export costs and to establishing a new causal link between globalization and structural transformation exploiting plausibly exogenous demand shifters The third chapter ("Variety Growth, Welfare Gains and the Fall of the Iron Curtain") analyses two key issues in the literature of international trade: the welfare gains from trade and the estimation of the elasticity of substitution across goods. In particular I investigate the welfare gains coming from the increase in the number of varieties in the U.K. I find that the fall of the Iron Curtain and the expansion of trade with the countries of the former Soviet contribute for roughly 10% of the total gains. China, in comparison, accounts for 5% of the gains. The methodology is an improved version of the one proposed by Broda and Weinstein (2006) and Feenstra (1994), which is more robust to the definition of goods and to the classification used.

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Chen, Cheng. "Essays on Firm Organization and International Trade." Thesis, Princeton University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3642068.

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This dissertation consists of three essays at the intersection of organizational economics and international trade. In the first essay, I investigate how the quality of management technology (MT) to monitor and incentivize employees affects aggregate economic outcomes. The key economic insight is that a common improvement in MT across all firms favors big firms, since these firms use management more intensively by adopting management hierarchies with more layers. This heterogeneous impact on firms with different numbers of layers creates a selection effect that the smallest firms exit the market, and the biggest firms expand. As a result, average firm size and aggregate productivity increase. In the second essay, I extend the baseline model developed in the first essay into the international context and investigate how an improvement in MT interacts with trade liberalization. Two theoretical results deserve particular attention. First, countries with better MT trade more with each other conditional on other factors. Second, a better MT amplifies the welfare gains from trade under certain conditions. Quantitative exercises show that an improvement in MT has quantitatively significant impacts on average firm size, aggregate productivity, and the welfare gains from trade. The final essay develops a general equilibrium model featuring an agency problem inside the firm (i.e., the separation of ownership and control) and points out a new channel through which trade liberalization leads to within-firm productivity gains. In the closed economy, managers working in the least productive firms exert effort higher than the second-best level to induce their owners to produce. After trade liberalization, a fraction of these managers is incentivized to exert more effort, since they still want to induce their owners to produce and continue to receive rents. Therefore, the least productive surviving firms whose ownership is separate from control receive productivity gains after trade liberalization.

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Senalp, Umut. "Essays on firm heterogeneity and international trade." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18811.

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This thesis provides four contributions to the literature on the productivity- internationalization nexus by considering some recent developments in the literature. A well-established stylized fact is reported by this literature, which is that exporters are more productive and larger than non-exporters, and two hypotheses attempt to explain this finding. The first, often referred to as the self-selection hypothesis, suggests that more productive firms select themselves into export markets, while the learning-by-exporting hypothesis highlights the role of learning from exporting. In this thesis, first, the self-selection hypothesis is revisited, and it is shown that evidence against self-selection exists in some UK industries. Second, it is demon- strated that some UK firms experience rising marginal costs, although both tra- ditional and new trade theories assume constant marginal cost. It is then shown that the evidence against self-selection that we report can be best explained by the existence of increasing, rather than constant, marginal costs. Third, the learning by exporting hypothesis is tested empirically for UK firms. Highlighting the importance of the scale effect in total factor productivity growth, it is shown that any learning by exporting effects are predominantly attributable to a change in scale efficiency. Unlike Melitz (2003), some recent studies consider some other strategies to access foreign markets, such as foreign direct investment, and cross-border mergers. Finally, following this new branch of the literature, the productivity-internationalization nexus is examined by utilizing a two-country oligopolistic model. It is shown that more productive firm might prefer greenfield investment over cross-border merger, which contradicts the findings provided by the relevant literature.

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Åkerman, Anders. "Essays on international trade, productivity and firm heterogeneity /." Stockholm : Department of Economics, Stockholm University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8166.

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Douch, Mustapha. "Essays on firm performance, agglomeration and international trade." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27620.

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Demir, Fitnat Banu. "Firm behaviour in international markets." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:18120f01-bf78-4a88-998b-9375f874bca5.

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This thesis consists of three essays on firm behaviour in international markets. Abstracts can be found at the beginning of their respective chapters. The first chapter, titled "Trading Tasks and Quality", presents a tractable trade model that combines vertical product differentiation at the firm-level with international fragmentation of production to explain some recently unearthed stylised facts about exporters in developing countries. In line with the recent empirical evidence, it suggests that there is a close link between exports and imports at the firm-level, and it is quality that establishes the link between the two. The second and third chapters revisit the debate on globalisation and wage inequality. The second chapter, titled "The Trade and Wages Debate Revisited: A new explanation for an old mystery", develops a general equilibrium model where trade liberalisation between two identical countries increases wage inequality in favour of white-collar workers. It shows that country characteristics, such as the relative endowment of white-collar workers and the degree of competition, matter for the equilibrium level of wage inequality after trade liberalisation. The endowment of white-collar labour also affects the level of openness; an increase in the worldwide supply of white-collar labour expands the range of traded goods and increases the volume of trade in already-traded goods. Furthermore, it improves global welfare. The third chapter, titled "Cross-border Mergers and Wage Inequality", focuses on another aspect of globalisation and its effect on wage inequality. It suggests a two-way relationship between cross-border mergers and wage inequality: on the one hand, wage inequality in favour of white-collar workers increases the protability of cross-border mergers; on the other hand, at any level of openness, wage inequality is lower in the presence of cross-border mergers than in their absence. Therefore, participation of a country in global business raises wage inequality, but its level is lower under trade and investment integration compared to trade integration only.

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Bekkers, Eddy. "Essays on firm heterogeneity and quality in international trade = Essays over heterogeniteit van bedrijven en kwaliteit bij internationale handel /." Rotterdam : Erasmus Universiteit, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9789051709032.

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Aquilante, Tommaso. "Essays in International Trade and Political Economy." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/216757.

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This dissertation consists of three independent essays which contribute to the literatures on International Trade and Political Economy. The first essay addresses questions related to the political economy of antidumping (AD). With the remarkable falling in tariff barriers that has characterized the post-World War II period, AD has become the most used non-tariff barrier (NTB).1 Studying the use of AD is thus of great importance, also because the restrictive effects of AD measures on trade can be sizable (see for instance Ruhl, 2014). Moreover, there is an increasing concern that AD has turned to be an industrial policy tool rather than a mean that governments can use to restore the “level-playing field” (Vandenbussche and Zanardi, 2008). This worry is in line with the findings presented in the first chapter of this dissertation, Bureaucrats or Politicians? Political Parties and Antidumping in the US, which shows that the adoption of ADmeasures in the US is heavily shaped by political parties’ interests. I focus on the voting behavior of the International Trade Commission (ITC), a US quasijudicial agency composed by six non-elected commissioners who are supposed to conduct (an important part of the) AD investigations in a fair and objective manner. Using a newly collected dataset containing all ITC commissioners’ votes on AD over the period 1980-2010, I show that political parties can affect the ITC voting behavior in two ways: by selecting ITC commissioners who have a similar stance on trade policy as their own (selection effect) and by influencing them while they are in office (pressure effect). While other studies have emphasised that Congress can put pressure on the ITC, the novelty of this work is to show that this pressure is party-specific. First, I show that Democratic-appointed commissioners are systematically more protectionist than Republican-appointed ones. This effect is sizable (the probability of voting in favor of AD is at least 8 percentage points higher for Democratic-appointed commissioners) and suggests that political parties can play an important role by influencing the choice of ITC commissioners who have a similar preferences on trade. This result is insensitive to several changes in the econometric specifications and to the use of different methodologies. Moreover, commissioners’ votes on AD depend on the trade policy interests of key senators (i.e. Trade subcommittee members) in the party they are associated to.2 In particular, whether (Democratic) Republican-appointed commissioners vote in favor of AD depends crucially on whether the petitioning industry is key (in terms of employment) in the states represented by leading (Democratic) Republican senators at the time. This result is robust to several checks also holds when controlling for any unobserved time-invariant characteristic of ITC commissioners (e.g. the state of origin) that could influence their votes on AD and be correlated with the pressure variables, i.e. when commissioner fixed effects are included in the specifications. In addition, the pressure effect can actually overcome the selection effect, making a Republican-appointed commissioner more protectionist than the average Democratic-appointed one. The second essay, Internationalization and Innovation of Firms: Evidence and Policy, analyzes the link between internationalization and innovation at the firm level.3 The evidence presented Chapter 2 shows that the degrees of involvement in internationalization and innovation activities are inextricably linked. However, the European policy context seems at odds with this evidence: trade-promotion and innovation-enhancing policies are largely unrelated and often carried out through various agencies (see EIM, 2010).4 Thus, understanding the interaction between internationalization and innovation can be crucial for policy makers, especially in a world which is increasingly characterized by global value chains.5 The interplay between internationalization and innovation is investigated in a unique, representative and cross-country comparable sample of manufacturing firms with at least ten employees (EFIGE), across seven European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, UK) for the year 2008. We find that firms in the sample at hand are quite active in both innovation and internationalization: 87% of firms devote resources to R&D projects, IT solutions, or patent/design/ trademark registrations, while 77% of our firms are active in international trade, cross-border outsourcing relations, or FDI. For modes of internationalization, there is a clear ranking of associated firm performance: FDI makers show the highest productivity, followed by outsourcers and traders. Innovation differences across modes are less clear cut. Moreover, defining internationalization (innovation) intensity as the number of internationalization (innovation) modes in which firms are involved, we show that firms with high innovation intensity tend also to show high internationalization intensity. Instrumenting innovation intensity by the share of firms that have benefitted from R&D financial incentives in a given (NACE 2 digits) industry-country pair and by the share of investment in R&D over the value added in the same industry-country pair, for the years 2002-2006, we are not able to find conclusive evidence of a causal effect of innovation on internationalization. Finally, a positive association between innovation and internationalization intensities appears at both firm level and country-industry (milieu) level, and at country level when average intensity is calculated disregarding the relative numbers of firms in the different industries. If country average intensities are computed weighting by firm numbers in the various industries, the correlation between innovation and internationalization intensities across countries appears weaker, suggesting that innovation matters more than internationalization for driving differences across countries. Based on the evidence we collected, we suggest a higher coordination/integration of internationalization and innovation policies at both the national and EU levels, and propose a bigger coordinating role for EU institutions, in order to reduce the current paradox of generally uncorrelated policies aimed at mostly correlated outcomes. The third essay, Cooperation Among Criminal Organizations: Evidence from Organized Crime in Italy, uncovers new facts about the behavior criminal organizations on the Italian territory. Since Becker (1968) the economic analysis of crime has especially focused on the behavior of individual offenders. Much less attention has been devoted to the activities of criminal organizations, especially from an empirical point of view. Nevertheless, organized crime is a prominent and alarming presence in the world economy: it destroys physical and human capital and deteriorates the business environment, ultimately lowering the growth potential of an economy (Acconcia et al. 2014; Pinotti, 2015). The third chapter of this dissertation contributes to the literature on economics of organized crime by shedding light on the interaction between domestic and foreign organizations in Italy, showing that the probability of cooperation among them depends both on the type of crime committed and on the presence of traditional (incumbent) organizations in some regions of the country. More specifically, cooperation between domestic and foreign criminal organizations is studied using a novel dataset containing information on their activities in the Italian territory during 2007-2010. Italian territory during 2007-2010. We first show that cooperation among Italians and foreigners is skewed towards specific crimes (e.g. counterfeiting activities). We then show that the presence of traditional (incumbent) organizations in some regions reduces the probability of cooperating. Interestingly, in these areas the same probability is higher when cooperation takes place for criminal activities in which foreign organizations can play an important role in providing inputs.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Schutte, Maria Gabriela. "Three essays on firm-specific volatility." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5934.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on December 28, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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Stoyanov, Andrey. "Essays in international trade, political economy of protection and firm heterogeneity." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1010.

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The first two chapters study the effect of foreign lobbies on trade policy of a country which is a member of a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). They rely on a monopolistically competitive political economy model in which the government determines external tariffs endogenously. In the first paper the effect of foreign lobbying under the FTA is examined empirically using Canadian industry-level trade data that allow differentiating of lobby groups by the country of origin. The analysis suggests that the presence of foreign lobbying has a significant effect on the domestic trade policy: the presence of an organized lobbying group in an FTA partner country tends to raise trade barriers while an organized lobbying group of exporters from outside of the FTA is associated with less protection. The second paper analyses political viability of FTAs and their effect on the world trading system in the presence of lobbying by organized foreign interest groups. I show that the FTA in the presence of an organized lobby group in a prospective partner country may cause an increase in the level of protection against imports from third countries and impede trade with non-member countries. I also find that foreign lobby may encourage the local government to enter a welfare-reducing trade-diverting FTA. Finally, I show that the FTA increases the lobbying power of the organized lobby groups of the member countries, which can potentially obstruct the viability of welfare-improving multilateral trade liberalization. The last paper shows that the reason for a higher capital-labor ratio observed for exporting firms is a higher capital intensity of their production technology. Exporters are more productive, more likely to survive and, hence, more likely to repay loans. A higher repayment probability causes creditors to charge lower interest rate and reduces the marginal cost of the firm when a more capital-intensive technology is used. Here, a reduction in international trade costs stimulates exporting firms to use more efficient capital-intensive technologies, while non-exporters switch to less capital-intensive ones. This within-industry change in the composition of technologies reinforces the productivity advantage of exporters and contributes further to industry-wide productivity improvement. The results of model simulations highlight that to 10% of welfare and productivity gains of trade liberalization come from the adoption of new technologies by existing firms in the industry, thus amplifying the effect of resource reallocation from firms' entry and exit.

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Lundin, Nannan. "Impact of international competition on Swedish manufacturing : individual and firm-level evidence from the 1990s /." Örebro : Örebro universitetsbibliotek, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-74.

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Monastyrenko, Evgenii. "Essays in international trade and energy." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E018/document.

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Dans le chapitre 1, j’examine les résultats des fusions entre producteurs européens d’énergie en termes d’efﬁcacité. Je calcule l’éco-efﬁcacité en utilisant l’analyse de l’enveloppement des données et l’indice de productivité Malmquist-Luenberger. Je trouve que les fusions horizontales nationales, qui sont soigneusement réglementées, n’ont pas d’impact. Les fusions horizontales transfrontalières nuisent à l’éco-efﬁcacité à court terme mais la stimulent deux ans après l’achèvement. Les fusions verticales nuisent à l’éco-efficacité. Je présente des suggestions de politiques concernant la réglementation des fusions. Le chapitre 2 est un travail conjoint avec Julian Hinz. Nous enquêtons sur les effets de l’embargo russe auto-imposé sur les importations de produits alimentaires en provenance des pays occidentaux. Nous construisons un modèle ricardien avec des liens sectoriels, des échanges de biens intermédiaires et une hétérogénéité sectorielle dans la production. L’étalonnage du modèle avec des données réelles permet de simuler les résultats de l’embargo en termes de changements de bien-être et de prix. Nous quantifions en outre l’impact sur les prix à la consommation en Russie à l’aide de la méthode des doubles différences. Le chapitre 3 est basé sur un article co-écrit avec Cristina Herghelegiu. Nous enquêtons sur l’utilisation des conditions commerciales internationales (Incoterms). Ce sont les schémas prédéfinis de la répartition des coûts et des risques entre les acheteurs et les vendeurs. Nous nous appuyons sur un ensemble de données très détaillées sur les exportations russes durant la période 2012-2015. Nous constatons que les grandes entreprises sont plus susceptibles d’assumer des responsabilités. Les gros acheteurs assument plus de responsabilités, quelle que soit la taille du vendeur, alors que les gros vendeurs le font uniquement lorsque leur partenaire est petit. C’est plus probable que les risques et les coûts sont sur les acheteurs dans les transactions de biens intermédiaires et de biens d’équipement
In Chapter 1 I investigate ﬁrm-level efﬁciency outcomes of mergers between the European energy producers. I compute eco-efﬁciency using data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index. I ﬁnd that carefully regulated domestic horizontal mergers do not have a statistically signiﬁcant impact. Cross-border horizontal mergers hamper eco-efﬁciency in the short run but stimulate it two years after completion. Vertical mergers are detrimental to eco-efﬁciency. I put forward policy suggestions regarding the regulation of mergers. Chapter 2 is joint work with Julian Hinz. We investigate the effects of self-imposed Russian embargo on food import from Western countries. We build a Ricardian model with sectoral linkages, trade in intermediate goods and sectoral heterogeneity in production. The calibration of the model with real data allows to simulate the outcomes of embargo in terms of changes in welfare and prices. We further quantify the impact on consumer prices in Russia with the difference-in-differences estimator. Chapter 3 is based on a paper co-written with Cristina Herghelegiu. We investigate the use of International Commercial Terms. They are pre-deﬁned schemes of repartition of costs and risks between buyers and sellers, which serve to mitigate the uncertainty. We rely on a highly detailed dataset on Russian exports over the 2012-2015 period. We ﬁnd that big ﬁrms are more likely to take on responsibilities. Big buyers bear more responsibilities regardless of the seller size, whereas big sellers do so only when their partner is small. Risks and costs are more likely on buyers in transactions of intermediate and capital goods

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Pavelin, Stephen. "Multinational motives : firm interdependence and the choice between exporting and foreign production." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323467.

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20

Spiegel, Gilbert [Verfasser], and Gabriel [Akademischer Betreuer] Felbermayr. "Essays on international trade and firm dynamics / Gilbert Spiegel. Betreuer: Gabriel Felbermayr." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1072038463/34.

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Spiegel, Gilbert Verfasser], and Gabriel [Akademischer Betreuer] [Felbermayr. "Essays on international trade and firm dynamics / Gilbert Spiegel. Betreuer: Gabriel Felbermayr." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-182654.

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22

Paulsson, Gunnar. "Marketing strategies of the 'new' exporters : based on a firm-level study of Asian clothing-market penetration." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292865.

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Read, Robert. "The determinants of intra-firm trade in intermediate products : case studies of the synthetic fibre, copper and banana export industries." Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284096.

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Baeuml, Matthias. "Schweiz, Suisse or Svizzera? Why common official languages are overrated in international trade /." St. Gallen, 2009. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/05609698101/$FILE/05609698101.pdf.

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25

Venturini, Roberto. "Essays in the Law and Economics of the Firm." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/235029.

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Firms are central to the functioning of the economy. Ever since Smith (1838) and Coase (1937), economists have gone a long way trying to understand why firms exist, how they are organized, and how they interact through the market.This thesis contributes to the study of how regulation and market incentives can affect firm decisions and their organization.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Dougherty, Sean Michael. "Regulation and trade in development : explaining productivity at the firm level." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010012/document.

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Les institutions et leurs règles sous-jacentes sont essentielles pour le développement économique, car elles fournissent un cadre pour le bon fonctionnement des marchés. Cependant, les différents types de réglementations et même les cadres institutionnels peuvent avoir des effets très différents sur les résultats au niveau de l'entreprise ou de l'individu. Cette dissertation examine l'effet de plusieurs types de règlementations et d'institutions sur la productivité et des mesures apparentées à celle-ci. Le premier chapitre examine l'effet de la concurrence internationale et des barrières compétitives intérieures sur la croissance de la productivité au niveau de l'entreprise dans les pays de l'OCDE. Une interaction étroite est observée entre la pénétration des importations et les obstacles à l'entrée d'origine nationale, conditionnelle à la distance où se trouve une entreprise par rapport à la frontière technologique. Le deuxième chapitre examine les effets de la réforme du marché du travail dans les usines situées dans les différents états de l'Inde. Un effet positif de la réforme du marché du travail est observé sur la croissance de productivité au niveau de l'entreprise dans les industries à forte intensité de main-d'œuvre et les industries volatiles. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur les exportateurs indiens qui ont profité de la libéralisation des capitaux pour investir à l'étranger et cherchent à savoir s'ils ont profité grâce à l'apprentissage par la pratique. Après avoir fait correspondre ces entreprises avec des entreprises semblables mais qui n'ont pas investi à l'étranger, le chapitre montre que la productivité n'a pas été stimulée, bien que les entreprises aient vraiment gagné en termes de taille globale grâce à l'accès au marché. Le quatrième chapitre explore comment la qualité du système juridique dans les différents États du Mexique a eu un impact sur la taille des entreprises. Les états pourvus de meilleures institutions juridiques apparaissent comme ayant des entreprises avec un capital plus grand, plus intense et étant plus productives
Institutions, and their underlying rules, are essential for economic development, in that they provide a framework for markets to operate. However, different types of regulatory roles and even institutional settings may have very different effects on outcomes at the firm or individual level. This dissertation examines the effect of several types of rules and institutions on productivity and related measures. The first chapter examines the effect of international competition and domestic competitive barriers on firm-level productivity growth in the OECD. A close interaction is observed between import penetration and domestic barriers to entry, conditional on a firm's distance to the technological frontier. The second chapter examines the effects of labor market reform on plants in different Indian states. A positive effect of labor market reform is found on plant-level productivity growth in labor-intensive and volatile industries. The third chapter looks at Indian exporters who took advantage of capital account liberalization to invest abroad, and explores whether they gained through learning-by-doing. After matching these firms with similar firms that did not invest abroad, the chapter finds that productivity was not boosted, though firms did gain in terms of their overall size through market access. The fourth chapter explores how the legal system in different Mexican states has impacted the size of firms through heightened capital intensity. States with higher quality legal institutions are found to have systematically larger and more productive firms

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27

Bell, James David. "The role of government in small-firm internationalisation : a comparative study of export promotion in Finland, Ireland and Norway, with specific reference to the computer software industry." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1994. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21282.

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This thesis involves a comparative study of export promotion systems in Finland, Ireland and Norway. Empirical research was conducted among small firms in the computer software sector. The export behaviour and internationalisation process of these firms are explored. Thereafter, the focus of enquiry is on firms' export problems and on awareness and usage of - and satisfaction with - services provided by the national export promotion organisations (EPO's). The main findings are that: - Firms' size and age are not impediments to export initiation. - Decision-makers' characteristics and attitudes are critical to firms' export development. However - apart from greater prior overseas experience - these are essentially entrepreneurial. - Domestic market environment and industry/sector factors influence export initiation, as do commercial opportunities at home and abroad. However, EPO stimulation measures do not appear to play a significant part in encouraging firms to start exporting . - Most problems facing small software exporters are finance-related, they also perceive their market intelligence activities to be weak. - Awareness of EPO services are high. Usage and satisfaction levels are also high for programmes which provide financial support for export development activities, but are only moderate for services which provide information. The latter are considered to be too general to be useful. - Export development and training programmes are not utilised as widely as they could be. The inherent human resource limitations of small firms are a major contributory factor. Based on these results, the main recommendations are that EPO's should: - Focus on pre-export development which will internationalise firms before they begin exporting. - Offer training which specifically addresses finance-related and market intelligence gathering limitations. - Prioritise support programmes, if necessary, at the expense of information services. - Link export development/training programmes with the opportunity to acquire additional human resources.

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Shintaku, Koji. "Essays on International Trade and the Division of Labor within Firms." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/200426.

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29

Unger, Florian [Verfasser], and Carsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Eckel. "Essays on credit frictions and firm heterogeneity in international trade / Florian Unger. Betreuer: Carsten Eckel." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1102157295/34.

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30

Hargreaves, Michael. "Innovation, Collaboration, and the International Firm." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15928/.

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In the lead up to the Year 2000 dot.com crash of publicly traded high-technology equities, Information Communication Technology (ICT) Companies proudly displayed inter-firm allegiances on their newly created websites. These collaborative relationships were in reality licensing agreements to develop or market new products internationally. Phenomena associated with ICT product development - collaboration, innovation, and internationalisation - are the core tenets of the accompanying dissertation. Leading scholars have suggested these phenomena challenge conventional economic theories of the firm. This study commences with tracing the evolution of trade and production theories from absolute advantage through to competitive advantage and introduces the concepts of non-adversarial collaborative advantage. Within the framework of the technology cycle, this dissertation then seeks to answer why firms engage in international collaborative innovation. The cycle of technological innovation is investigated and this leads to postulating a period of technological overlap and its implications for collaboration. One of the shortcomings acknowledged in the literature is the generic application of the term collaboration to cover a wide scope of inter-firm agreements. Within the literature this is referred to as a problem of multidimensionality. A model is developed in this dissertation that identifies the choices available to the firm and addresses the problem of defining collaboration. The choices provided in the developed model are more complex than simply choosing between external and internal intermediate markets. As a separable form of industry organisation, the success rates of alliance collaboration are compared to Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) to validate issues of sustainability before examining the impact of location on innovation and collaboration. Again, theory is tested by recent events that require explanation. These events include the relocation of early stage foreign R&D to both developed and lesser-developed nations. The final chapter assesses the findings throughout this study and identifies separate and distinct roles for large and small firms in the international and collaborative commercialisation of new innovations. This central conclusion requires empirical validation and suggests the need investigate how firms shape the cycle of innovation from a reflected vantage point to the evolutionary perspective taken in this study. Further research is warranted because the literature on international innovation and collaboration is at an early stage and gaps in understanding remain.

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Smagghue, Gabriel. "Essays on the impact of international trade and labor regulation on firms." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0022/document.

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La littérature récente en commerce international et macroéconomie a souligné le rôle majeur de grandes firmes dans les résultats agrégés d'une économie. Les grandes firmes influencent, inter alia, les fluctuations économiques, les performances à l'exportation et les inégalités de salaires et de coût de la vie. Il est donc crucial de saisir comment les grandes firmes émergent et se comportent. Cette thèse s'intéresse à trois aspects de cette question. Premièrement, j'étudie comment les firmes ajustent la qualité de leurs produits à une intensification de la compétition "low-cost" sur les marchés étrangers. Pour ce faire, je développe une nouvelle méthode d'estimation de la qualité des produits au niveau firme et je trouve que les firmes augmentent leur qualité en réponse à la compétition "low-cost". Deuxièmement, j'examine la manière dont les firmes ajustent leurs ventes lorsqu'un choc de demande (e.g., une récession) frappe une de leurs destinations. Dans le cadre de l'industrie du Champagne durant la récession de 2000-2001, je montre que les firmes ré-allouent leurs ventes vers les marchés dont les conditions de demandes sont plus favorables. Cela suggère un nouveau mécanisme de diffusion internationale des chocs. Finalement, je regarde la manière dont les firmes ajustent leur taille et leur mix de capital et travail lorsque la régulation du travail contraint plus fortement les grandes firmes. Dans le cas du seuil de 50 employés en France, je trouve que les firmes se contractent et substituent du travail au capital pour limiter le coût de la régulation. Au niveau macro, mes résultats suggèrent que la régulation profite aux travailleurs mais pas aux détenteurs de capital
Recent literature in international economics and macroeconomics has pointed to the major role played by large firms in shaping aggregate economic outcomes. Large firms influence, inter alia, economic fluctuations, performance on export markets and inequalities between workers and between consumers. It is therefore crucial to understand how large firms emerge and behave. In the present thesis, I look at three independent aspects of this question. First, I study how exporting firms adjust the quality of the products they export in response to an intensification of "low-cost" competition in foreign markets. To this end, I develop a new method to estimate the quality of products at the firm-level and I find evidence that firms upgrade quality in response to "low-cost" competition. Second, I investigate the way exporting firms adjust their sales when a demand shock (e.g. an economic recession, a war) occurs in one of their destinations. In the context of the Champagne wine industry during the 2000-2001 economic recession, I show that firms reallocate their sales toward markets where demand conditions are relatively more favorable. Lastly, I look at the way firms adjust their size and their mix of capital and labor in response to labor regulations which are more binding to large firms. I find that firms shrink and substitute capital for labor to mitigate the labor cost of the regulation. At the aggregate level, preliminary results suggests that workers gain from the regulation while capital owners lose

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32

Tamasiga, Phemelo [Verfasser], Gerald [Akademischer Betreuer] Willmann, and Alfred [Akademischer Betreuer] Greiner. "Essays in International Trade, Multinational Firm Production and Economic Growth / Phemelo Tamasiga ; Gerald Willmann, Alfred Greiner." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1153544253/34.

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Kokajeva, Ingrid. "Influence of Transparency Implications of Russia's WTO Accession /." St. Gallen, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/00424986001/$FILE/00424986001.pdf.

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34

Caldera, Sanchez Aïda. "Firms, technology and trade." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210079.

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This doctoral dissertation studies the effect of economic integration on the performance of firms. The ongoing process of global economic integration has been characterized by dismantling of trade barriers and openness to foreign direct investments (FDI). These changes have not only brought opportunities to firms in terms of market access and the possibility to learn about foreign technologies brought in by foreign counterparts. The new economic environment has also posed new challenges through a greater competitive pressure urging firms to continuously align their production patterns to more efficient business practices. The agility of firms to adjust to external shocks, and hence the potential of countries to benefit from economic integration, does presumably not only depend on the internal assets of firms but may also be influenced by government policies and national institutional settings. This conceptual background constitutes the storyline of the doctoral dissertation.

Chapter 1 of the dissertation is a step forward in understanding the externalities of foreign direct investments on the economic performance of domestic firms. During the late eighties and early nineties, Spain saw an upswing in foreign direct investments that placed the economic at the top of FDI recipients in Europe. To provide fresh insights into the firm-levels responses to FDI, Chapter 1 investigates the effects of foreign direct investment on the productivity of domestic firms within the same sector of activity as foreign firms, and whether FDI externalities differed depending on their level of technology. The empirical results show that foreign presence had an overall positive effect on the productivity growth of domestic firms. The gains were not, however, evenly distributed across firms. Firms closer to the frontier benefited more from FDI than firms far from the technology frontier.

A further integration of the world economy with new economic actors, like China and India, has highlighted the need for European firms to climb the quality ladder and shift towards high value added products and greater flexibility in delivering new products in order to survive new competitive threats. Chapter 2 is a theoretical and empirical examination of the role of innovation for the export activities of firms. The intuition is that firms through innovation enhance their access to foreign markets by improving cost competitiveness and the quality of products. The Chapter builds on previous literature to develop a trade model in which firms differ in their propensity to innovate and export based on their underlying productivity. The empirical results, in line with the theoretical model, suggest a positive effect of innovation on the probability of participation in export markets.

The innovative activities of firms may not only depend on their internal assets, but presumably also on their relations with other actors in the national innovation systems. To understand better the role of firms’ relations with the science sector, Chapter 3 turns to one of the major producers of knowledge –universities- and investigates the factors that contribute to the successful transfer of knowledge from universities to the market. The results from Chapter 3 show that universities with established technology transfer policies, procedures, and large and experienced technology transfer offices perform better.

Previous chapters demonstrate that innovation gives a competitive edge to firms exploring foreign markets. Chapter 4, which is joint work with economists from France’s central bank, investigates how credit market imperfections affect the expansion and survival of firms in foreign markets, which is essential for the design of policies stimulating aggregate trade and competitiveness. Chapter 4 develops a theoretical model to study the impact of credit constraints on the number of newly served export destinations by firms and their exits from the export market and tests it using French firm-level data. The results show that credit constraints negatively affect the number of newly created export relations and have a negative effect on the probability of exit from the export market.

Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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35

Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim. "Essays in international economics." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010012.

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Cette thèse de doctorat est composée de trois chapitres indépendants. Dans le premier chapitre, je découvre l'existence, l'étendue, et le mécanisme de déviation des exportations, qui a suivi la destruction des exportations, après l'imposition de sanctions contre les exportations des exportateurs iraniens. En utilisant des données très désagrégées sur les exportations non-pétrolières iraniennes, je conclus que les sanctions sur les exportations peuvent être moins efficaces dans un monde globalisé, les exportateurs peuvent détourner leurs exportations d'une destination à une autre. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je montre que (I) les effets de pairs existent à travers les exportateurs aux marges intensives et extensives dans le commerce international et (II) les explorateurs ne sont pas nécessaires des exploiteurs. Ces résultats suggèrent un rôle aux décideurs politiques pour inciter les exportateurs à internaliser les externalités créées par l'exploration du marché, de manière à exploiter (non seulement explorer) ces marchés ainsi que survivre plus longtemps et de se développer plus rapidement dans ces marchés. Dans le troisième chapitre, je vérifie si l'effet de la langue sur le commerce provient de l'ethnicité et de la confiance ou de la facilité de communication. Je montre que (I) la facilité de canal de communication est beaucoup plus importante que l'origine ethnique et le canal de confiance au sein de l'effet de la langue sur le commerce; (II) la plupart des exportateurs sont capables de traverser quelques barrières linguistiques seulement, limitant leur capacité à pénétrer de nouveaux marchés; et (III) un effet de langage acquis parlé en commun existe entre les marchés séquentiels à quoi les exportateurs entrent, suggérant que les exportateurs pénètrent de nouveaux marchés de manière systématique. Du point de vue politique à prévoir, comme plusieurs pays sont actuellement en train de remodeler leurs institutions, ces résultats mettent en évidence les avantages économiques - par la voie du commerce potentiel - d'encourager l'apprentissage des langues étrangères
This Ph.D. thesis is composed of three independent chapters. In the first chapter, I uncover the existence, extent, and mechanism of exports deflection, which followed exports destruction, after the imposition of exports sanctions against Iranian exporters. Using highly disaggregated data about Iranian non-oil exports, I conclude that exports sanctions may be less effective in a globalized world as exporters can deflect their exports from one export destination to another. In the second chapter, I show that (i) peer-effects exist across exporters at the intensive and extensive margins in international trade and (ii) explorers are not necessary exploiters. These findings suggest a role for policy makers to provide incentives for exporters to internalize externalities created by market exploration in a way to exploit (not only explore) these markets as well as survive longer and grow faster in them. In the third chapter, I investigate whether the language effect on trade comes from ethnicity and trust or from ease of communication. I show that (i) the ease of communication channel is much more important than ethnicity and trust channel within the language effect on trade; (ii) most exporters are able to cross few linguistic barriers only, limiting their ability to enter new markets; and (iii) a common spoken acquired language effect exists between sequential markets that exporters enter to, suggesting that exporters enter new markets in a systematic manner. From a policy perspective, given various countries are currently re-shaping their institutions, these results highlight economic benefits - through the potential trade channel - of encouraging foreign language learning

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Sandoz-Dit-Bragard, Charlotte. "Essays in international economics : firm heterogeneity, aggregate productivity and misallocation." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E039/document.

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La présente thèse contribue à la littérature en économie internationale en s'intéressant à l'impact des lieux commerciaux et des réformes structurelles sur la croissance de la productivité agrégée dans le secteur manufacturier en Europe et en Inde. Dans le premier chapitre co-écrit avec Antoine Berthou, Jong-Chung Chung et Kalina Manova, nous montrons que l'expansion des exportations et des importations stimule la productivité du travail, mais seule la demande à l’exportation réalloue l'activité vers les entreprises plus productives en présence de distorsions de prix. De plus, les frictions liées aux imperfections de marché et la mauvaise qualité des institutions freinent la capacité des économies à réagir aux chocs de commerce subis par les entreprises nationales. Dans le second chapitre, je trouve que l'augmentation des importations d'intrants intermédiaires depuis la Chine contribue de manière significative à la croissance agrégée de la PTF en France grâce à une plus grande efficacité de répartition des parts de marché entre les entreprises. En effet, permettre à un plus grand nombre d'entreprises d'avoir accès à des biens intermédiaires au meilleur rapport qualité-prix stimule la croissance de la productivité agrégée. Dans le troisième chapitre co-écrit avec Adil Mohommad et Piyaporn Sodsriwiboon, nous montrons que des réformes favorisant davantage de flexibilité sur le marché du travail et une meilleure allocation des crédits entre entreprises réduisent les distorsions de marché payées par les entreprises et génèrent des gains de productivité et une croissance économique plus forte à long terme en Inde
In this dissertation, I contribute to the literature on international economics by drawing attention to the impact of trade flows and structural reforms on productivity growth in the manufacturing sector in Europe and India. ln the first chapter co-authored, with Antoine Berthou, Jong-Chung Chung and Kalina Manova, we demonstrate that growth in exports and imports boosts labor productivity, but only export demand reallocates activity toward more productive firms in presence of price distortions. Moreover, market and institutional frictions dampen the ability of economies to react and gain from trade shocks. ln the second chapter, I show that the increase in Chinese imports of intermediate inputs is a significant driver of aggregate TFP growth in France as it increases efficiency in sharing market shares between firms. Allowing more firms to access intermediate goods at the best price-quality ratio stimulates aggregate productivity growth. ln the third chapter, co-written with Adil Mohommad and Piyapom Sodsriwiboon, our finding suggests that removing structural rigidities in the labor market and improving credit allocation would reduce distortions and contribute to productivity gains and long term growth in India

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Tabarki, Badis. "Firm heterogeneity, country-level asymmetry and the structure of the gains from trade." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E022.

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L'objectif principal de cette dissertation est d'examiner trois questions qui ont reçu peu d'attention dans les travaux théoriques existants sur le commerce international. Ainsi, cette thèse a trois objectifs. Le premier consiste à étudier les effets sur le bien-être de la libéralisation des normes entre des pays asymétriques. Le deuxième consiste à examiner théoriquement et empiriquement l'effet revenu sur les marges du commerce et leur degré de sensibilité aux coûts des échanges. Le troisième objectif est de se concentrer sur l'aspect firme-spécifique de l'élasticité prix de la demande au-delà de la CES et d'examiner le rôle qu'il joue dans la détermination de la magnitude et de la structure des gains à l'échange. En vue d'atteindre cet objectif, j'intègre des hypothèses alternatives dans le modèle canonique de Melitz-Chaney du commerce international avec des firmes hétérogènes (Melitz, 2003; Chaney, 2008). Ce faisant, la thèse actuelle contribue à la théorie du commerce avec des firmes hétérogènes sur trois axes. Dans le chapitre 1, je montre que la libéralisation des normes améliore le bien-être seulement lorsque la hiérarchie des normes est de type "verti-zontal" et que le partenaire commercial est plus large que le pays exclu. Dans le chapitre 2, je montre que la marge intensive n'augmente qu'avec le revenu par habitant en équilibre général, et que le revenu par habitant atténue la sensibilité des marges aux coûts des échanges. Dans le chapitre 3, je démontre que la structure et la magnitude des gains à l'échange dépendent principalement de la courbure de la demande et ne sont affectées que marginalement par le type des préférences
The main objective of this dissertation is to address three questions, which despite their theoretical appeal, received little attention in existing theoretical work in international trade, and are thus still open. The goal of this dissertation is thus threefold. The first consists in studying the welfare implications of standards liberalization under country-level asymmetry both in market size and stringency of local standards. The second is to examine both theoretically and empirically the income effect on trade margins and on the degree of their sensitivity to trade costs. The third objective is to concentrate on the firm-specific aspect of the demand elasticity beyond the CES, and to examine the role it plays in determining the magnitude and the structure of the gains from trade. Towards this goal, I embed alternative assumptions on both the demand and supply side in the canonical Melitz-Chaney model of international trade with heterogeneous firms (Melitz, 2003; Chaney, 2008). ln so doing, the current dissertation contributes to trade theory with heterogeneous firms along three lines. ln Chapter 1, I show that standards liberalization is welfare improving only when the cost hierarchy is "verti-zontal" and the trading partner is larger than the excluded country. ln Chapter 2, I show that the intensive margin of trade increases only with per-capita income in general equilibrium, and that per-capita income dampens the sensitivity of trade margins to trade costs. ln Chapter3, I demonstrate that demand curvature plays a crucial role in determining the structure and the magnitude of the gains from trade, whereas the type of preferences affects only marginally these results

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Osegowitsch, Thomas. "The relationship between global integration and performance in multinational professional engineering companies." University of Western Australia. Graduate School of Management, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0059.

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This study investigates the link between global integration -- defined as the intra-firm cross-border transfer of operational resources -- and performance in multinational professional engineering companies. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques, we find some support for a positive association. We review two bodies of scholarship germane to our topic: the global integration - performance literature and the multinationality - performance literature. The inclusion of the latter is justified since the espoused performance benefits of multinationality are predominantly realised through global integration. Based upon an evaluation of these two bodies of scholarship and qualitative insights, we propose a positive relationship between global integration and performance as well as a mediating relationship, with global integration acting as a mediator between multinationality and performance. Hypothesis testing is performed in Partial Least Squares, a structural equation modelling technique ideally suited for small samples. Results reveal a significant positive association between global integration and MNC profitability. A separate research model testing the relationship between global integration and the alternative dependent, MNC growth, is rejected. Further analysis of the profitability-based research model provides support for the mediational hypothesis: the relationship between multinationality and profitability is fully mediated, suggesting no gains from multinationality per se. Supplementary tests reveal that the profitability effects of global integration are enhanced when it is strongly motivated by the desire to take advantage of specialised skills within the MNC; no such claim of moderation can be made when global integration is strongly motivated by a desire to improve staff utilisation on a global basis. The relationship between global integration and profitability is also unaffected by the origins (headquarters vs. subsidiaries) of the intra-firm operational resource transfers that constitute global integration.

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Brink, Andries Petrus. "Strategies engaged by a South African beverage organisation entering African markets." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/410.

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Africa is acknowledged as a vast, untapped market for consumer goods as trade barriers are coming down and economies are starting to develop. The need for consumer goods arises with economic activity. This poses the following question, which will be addressed by this research: How can potential African consumer markets be successfully unlocked by a South African beverage organisation, thereby reducing risk of failure and eliminating the cost of a hit-and-miss approach? The secondary study focused on evaluating the aspects involved with risks and the modes of entry into foreign markets. The macro-environmental factors affecting the expansion into foreign markets were investigated to determine what influence they had on the entry mode chosen for a specific country targeted for expansion. Finally the marketing factors influencing the entry mode were analysed. The significance of trade blocs together with the advantages thereof was included in the study. The primary study was based on the theory and principles of existing literature. The Coca-Cola Sabco organisation was taken as a case study. Four countries, namely Kenya, Uganda, Mozambique and Namibia, were investigated. Questionnaires containing a set of questions to satisfy the sub-problems were sent to the various country managers and their first layers of management. Likewise, interviews were conducted with Coca-Cola Sabco head office strategic management. The empirical results obtained, indicated a strong concurrence, with the theory of entry modes and the influences of macro-environmental factors. In certain aspects, however, some contradictions with the theory pertaining to the Coca-Cola Sabco organisation, were observed. The findings concurred with the theory in that risk were minimised by the acquisition of a going concern that already possessed the infrastructure and logistics such as raw material procurement, manufacturing staff skills, distribution networks and political contacts. The empirical results contradict theory with respect to location economies and scale economies, as the Coca-Cola Company’s franchise agreement excludes the exporting of beverage products. Furthermore, Coca-Cola Sabco becomes involved in expansion initiatives only in reaction to an invitation from the Coca-Cola Company and not of its own desire. Therefore, market surveys are conducted subsequent to an invitation from the Coca-Cola Company. South African organisations planning expansion initiatives into emerging African markets need to take the specific macro- environmental factors of the country in question into consideration in order to minimise risk. A franchise agreement restricting exporting as in the case of Coco-Cola Company or any other restrictive agreement, might cause a deviation from contemporary theory, for example, where markets will be assessed for purposes of location and scale economies. Deviations from contemporary theory could also occur where a franchise opportunity is offered in a specific country that may not be the preferred market choice, due to its lack of growth potential.

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Beyazay, Odemis Basak. "To what extent and why has the relationship between international oil companies and oil services companies changed in recent years and what are the implications for the nature of the firm?" Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608171.

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Andersson, Jonas. "Inomföretagshandel : en deskriptiv studie av de gängse ekonomiska modellernas förmåga att förklara inomföretagshandel." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Social and Economic Geography, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-106133.

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This essay in economic geography describes what intra-firm trade as a concept is and different ways to determine in which cases trade is to be labeled as intra-firm trade (IFT) or not. The method used by the author is most easily described as descriptive. This method was chosen in order to test if existing theories; classic and neoclassic economics, new trade theory and international business studies, are capable to explain the phenomena of IFT. The theories are tested trough primary and secondary literature but also trough reasoning by the author.

The conclusion is that the most reasonable way to determine whether trade occurs intra-firm or not, is to decide upon a 5-% rule where it when one part owns 5-% of the voting strength in the other company is to be considered intra-firm trade. This is a conclusion based on several reasons; the strongest one being that a common view on IFT could boost comparative studies as the U.S already collects data based on the 5-% rule.

Classic and neoclassic economics are incapable of explaining IFT as aprerequisite for these theories is that markets are perfect. IFT can only beexplained by models building on imperfect markets hence new trade theory and international business are more successful in explaining IFT.

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Tayara, Saeed. "Commerce international et investissements directs étrangers : complémentarité ou substituabilité ?" Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT4001/document.

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Ce travail étudie, théoriquement et empiriquement, l'interaction entre le commerce international et l'investissement direct étranger (IDE), interaction qui a été un des principaux canaux de la mondialisation économique et de l'essor des chaînes de valeur mondiales dans la segmentation des activités de production. Les modèles théoriques montrent que le commerce international et les IDE peuvent se développer dans une relation de substituabilité ou de complémentarité. La nature de cette relation peut être la conséquence de facteurs exogènes, déterminants de la spécialisation des pays, ou le résultat de la stratégie endogène des firmes dans l'organisation de leurs activités à l'international. La validation empirique s'appuie sur une adaptation du modèle de gravité, en appliquant les techniques économétrique sur données de panel sur des données bilatérales pour la France au cours de la période de 1993 à 2012. Les estimations mettent en évidence une relation de complémentarité entre le commerce et l'IDE au niveau le plus agrégé. Cependant, une analyse comparative à un niveau plus désagrégé permet de trouver des indices de substituabilité et de complémentarité selon les groupes de pays partenaires
This work investigates, theoretically and empirically, the relationship between international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), which has been one of the key channels of economic globalization, and of the development of global value chains in the international segmentation of production. Theoretical models show that international and FDI may be substitutes or complements. The nature of this relationship may be the consequence of exogenous factors, determinants of country specialization, or the result of the endogenous strategy of firms in the organization of their international activities. The empirical validation relies on an adaptation of the gravity model, using panel econometrics with bilateral data for France during the 1993-2012 period. Estimates show a complementarity relationship between trade and FDI at the most aggregated level. However, a comparative analysis at a more disaggregated level reveals some signs of substitutability or complementarity according to the group of partner countries

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Elewa, Aya. "Trade liberalization, competition and market structure : theory and empirical evidence." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E063.

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Étant donné les caractéristiques du nouveau système du commerce international, il est important de revoir la théorie du commerce international dans un cadre d’économie industrielle (IO) qui capture la nature internationale de cartels, l’existence des firmes multiproduits, les interactions stratégiques entre les firmes (structure du marché oligopolistique) et l’hétérogénéité entre les firmes en matière de leur taille (grande vs. petites) afin de tirer des conclusions sur le fait que si la libéralisation du commerce sera suffisante pour encourager la concurrence ou plutôt une politique de concurrence rigoureuse devrait être appliquée en même temps afin de garantir un environnement concurrentiel et donc améliorer le bien-être. Plus précisément, les interactions stratégiques entre les entreprises jouent un rôle important dans l’évaluation de l’effet concurrentiel de la libéralisation du commerce. Cette étude vise à analyser, tout d’abord, comment l’ouverture commerciale et, par conséquent, la baisse des tarifs affectent le niveau de concurrence, la structure du marché, la formation des cartels et, par conséquent le niveau des prix. Deuxièmement, d’étudier comment le commerce affecte le comportement des firmes. L’utilisation des modèles théoriques et des données sur les firmes égyptiennes pour analyser ces questions me permettent de tirer des conclusions sur la substituabilité entre la politique de libéralisation du commerce et la politique de concurrence. Les résultats montrent que, dans un contexte de collusion entre les firmes, l’ouverture au commerce peut induire une augmentation du niveau des prix. De plus, les résultats montrent que les firmes multiproduits ajustent leur portefeuille de produit selon les caractéristiques des destinations. Enfin, proposant une structure de marché mixte quand on analyse le comportement des firmes multiproduits, montre que la mondialisation affecte la structure du marché par le biais de la sortie des petites firmes. Les effets pro-concurrentiels d’ouverture commerciale ne sont pas si évidents. Une politique de concurrence rigoureuse est indispensable afin de dissuader les comportements anticoncurrentiels
Given the features of the new trade system, it is important to reconsider international trade theory in an Industrial Organization (IO) framework that captures the international nature of cartels, the existence of multi-product firms, strategic interactions between firms (oligopolistic market structure) and the heterogeneity between firms in terms of size (large vs. small firms) to draw conclusions on whether trade liberalization will be sufficient to enhance competition or should a rigorous competition policy be applied at the same time to ensure competition and hence welfare promotion. More precisely, strategic interactions between firms play an important role in assessing the competitive effect of trade liberalization.This study aims to analyze, first, how trade liberalization and, hence, a decline in trade costs affect the level of competition, market structure and cartel formation in the market and, hence the price level. Second, how trade openness affects firms’ behavior. Building theoretical model and using firm-level data from Egypt to analyze these questions allow me to draw conclusions on the substitutability between trade liberalization and competition policy. Findings show that trade openness, in a context of collusion between firms, may induce an increase in the level of price when there are sufficiently large firms in the market. Overall, evidence on a change in multi-product firms’ choice of product mix with tougher competition and larger market size in the destination is revealed. Finally, using a mixed market structure when analyzing multi-product firms’ behavior, shows that globalization affects the market structure through inducing the exit of small firms. Pro-competitive effects of trade openness were not so clear, a rigorous competition policy is crucial to deter anti-competitive behaviors with increasing trade liberalization

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Amaral, Daniel Furlan. "Efeitos do fim do Acordo Multifibras sobre a produção e o emprego dos setores têxtil e de vestuário no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-10072008-154231/.

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A importância das indústrias têxtil e de vestuário é fundamentada nas suas elevadas capacidades de geração de empregos e renda, dada a sua característica de reduzida possibilidade de automatização dos seus processos produtivos, fato que ocorre principalmente na cadeia do vestuário. Além disso, os setores são responsáveis por uma parcela importante dos empregos menos qualificados em países desenvolvidos. Diante disso, as indústrias conseguiram receber um tratamento diferenciado, relativamente aos demais bens manufaturados, nas regras de liberalização comercial definidas no Acordo Geral de Tarifas e Comércio - GATT. O Acordo de Têxteis e Vestuário (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing - ATC) da Organização Mundial do Comércio, com vigência a partir de 1995, pôs início à eliminação gradual de quotas bilaterais de exportação existentes até a referida data durante um prazo de dez anos. Após 1º de janeiro de 2005, portanto, tal acordo completou seus objetivos, devendo o comércio internacional de produtos têxteis e de vestuário estar sob as demais regras de manufaturados do GATT 1994. Com a eliminação das barreiras quantitativas, os custos de exportação e, conseqüentemente, os seus preços de exportação, tiveram uma redução. Contudo, o fim do ATC pôs início a novas medidas protecionistas pelos setores, que passaram a sofrer concorrência direta com países cujos preços de exportação são significativamente menores, tal como a China. Sendo assim, este trabalho analisou os efeitos do fim do ATC para a produção, emprego e desempenho comercial dos setores têxtil e de vestuário no Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar a necessidade de tais indústrias receberem novas medidas de proteção comercial. Para avaliar tais impactos, utilizou-se uma simulação em um modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável global adotando hipóteses de comportamento de médio prazo da economia, onde as restrições quantitativas foram transformadas em tarifas em equivalente ad valorem dos preços de exportação. Os resultados do modelo indicam um aumento da produção e do emprego de fatores produtivos nas indústrias referidas e nas diretamente relacionadas às atividades produtivas no Brasil, tal como o setor de fibras naturais e serviços. Também se verificou uma realocação dos fornecedores de insumos importados e destinos das exportações de bens finais no Brasil, com desempenho positivo do saldo comercial, o que se refletiu em valorização real do câmbio e aumento relativo dos preços dos produtos domésticos sobre os importados. As conclusões foram que a eliminação completa de barreiras quantitativas devem ter efeitos diferenciados dentro diferentes segmentos das indústrias, como exemplo os de fibras naturais e sintéticas, sendo seu impacto agregado positivo para os setores analisados e para a economia brasileira.
The importance of the textile and clothing industry is based on its high capacities to generate employment and income, provided its basic characteristic of reduced ability to automate the production processes. Besides that, these sectors are responsible for an important share of the low qualified jobs in the developed countries. Therefore, the industries achieved a different treatment, compared to the other manufactured goods, in the liberalization rules defined in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing - ATC of the World Trade Organization, in vigor since 1995, started a process of gradual elimination of the bilateral export quotas existent from the mentioned data during a period of ten years. After January 1st, 2005, therefore, the agreement completed its objectives, with the international trade of textiles and clothing under the same rules for manufactures of the GATT 1994. With the elimination of the quantitative barriers, the exportation costs and, consequently, the exports prices, got a reduction. However, the end of the ATC marked a beginning of new protectionist measures by the industries, which faced the direct competition whit countries whose export prices are quite smaller, such as China. In this context, this work analyzed the effects of the end of the ATC on production, employment and trade performance of the textiles and clothing sectors in Brazil, with the objective of measuring the necessity of these industries to receive new forms protectionism. To assess these impacts, a global General Equilibrium Model was utilized adopting medium term hypothesis about the economy´s behavior, where the quantitative restrictions were transformed in ad valorem tariff equivalent of the export prices. The results of the model indicate an increase in the production and employment of the primary factors in the two mentioned industries and on the directly related activities in Brazil, such as the natural fibers and services. It was also verified a reallocation of the imported input suppliers and destinations of the exports of goods in Brazil, with a positive performance of the net trade, what reflected in a real valorization of exchange rate and a relative increase of the domestic prices over the imported. The conclusions are that the complete elimination of the quantitative barriers must have different effects in diverse segments of the industries, for instance the natural and synthetic fibers, with a positive aggregated impact to the analyzed sectors and to the Brazilian economy.

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Meunier, Bogdan. "Complexity, diplomatic relationships and business creation : a cross-regional analysis of the development of productive knowledge, trade facilitation and firm entry in regional markets." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E001/document.

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Cette thèse adopte une approche analytique interrégionale de trois régions économiques pour évaluer les connaissances productives et la diplomatie dans le contexte d’intégration régionale, et en parallèle, les déterminants de la création d'entreprises. Du point de vue de l'intégration européenne, nous introduisons une nouvelle méthodologie de contrôle synthétique pour évaluer l'impact de l'adhésion à l'UE sur l'indice de complexité économique des nouveaux États membres d'Europe centrale et orientale. Nos résultats indiquent que l'adhésion à l'UE a joué un rôle catalyseur pour la connaissance productive des pays portant de faibles niveaux de complexité avant l'adhésion, permettant un taux de développement plus élevé dans la sophistication de l'espace d'exportation de leurs produits. En élargissant notre analyse à tous les pays européens et aux États d’Afrique du Nord, nous procédons dans un deuxième temps à l’analyse des déterminants du commerce des infrastructures institutionnelles et logistiques en élargissant le modèle de Gravité pour y incorporer des éléments de diplomatie (notamment la présence d’ambassades et d’ambassadeurs). Nos résultats démontrent les avantages des infrastructures immatérielles et matérielles ainsi que de l'activité diplomatique sur le commerce bilatéral des PECO et de l'Afrique du Nord, confirmant l'importance de ces variables en tant que moteurs de l'intégration régionale. Dans une dernière partie, nous concentrons notre analyse sur Fédération de Russie en tant que région géographique en introduisant une régression panel des déterminants de l’entrée et de la sortie d’entreprises. Cette évaluation empirique conclut que les défaillances institutionnelles et l’environnement politico-économique ont des effets significatifs sur la création et la destruction d’entreprises russes, avec une estimation robuste du prix mondial du pétrole (quelle que soit la différence entre les régions cibles) suggérant une forte exposition de chaque région russe à une crise mondiale
This thesis takes a cross-regional analytical approach of three distinct economic areas to evaluate productive knowledge and diplomacy in the context of regional integration alongside determinants of business creation. From the angle of European integration, we introduce a new synthetic control methodology to evaluate the impact of EU accession on the economic complexity index of new CEE member states its results indicating that accession to the EU acted as a catalyst for the productive knowledge of countries with low levels of complexity before accession, allowing a higher rate of development in the sophistication of their product export space. Expanding our analysis to include all European countries and North African states, we proceed in a second stage to analyse institutional and logistical infrastructure determinants of trade by extending the traditional Gravity model to incorporate elements of diplomacy (including the presence of embassies and ambassadors). Our results demonstrate the benefits of soft and hard infrastructure as well as diplomatic activity on the bilateral trade fixed effect CEE and North African countries, validating their importance of these variables as powerful drivers of regional integration. In a final part, we turn our analysis to the Russian Federation as a regional geography with a panel regression analysis of the determinants of firm entry and exit. The empirical evaluation concludes that institutional failures and the politico-economic environment exhibit statistically significant and economically meaningful effects both on the creation and destruction of Russian firms, with a robust estimate of the world oil price (irrespective of the difference in target regions) suggesting a possible high exposure of each Russian region to a global crisis

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Zdanowska, Natalia. "Intégration des villes d'Europe centrale et orientale dans l'économie-monde depuis 1989 : une entrée par les réseaux internationaux de commerce, de transport aérien et de firmes." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H061.

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Plus d’un quart de siècle après la chute du Mur de Berlin, la radicalité des changements politiques et économiques, caractérisés par l’intégration dans l’économie-monde et l’Union européenne, ainsi que par la récente montée du nationalisme, continue à poser des questions quant au devenir de l’espace centre-est européen. Ce contexte amène à appréhender dans ce travail l’effet de ces bouleversements au prisme des villes et de leurs évolutions. Trois forces majeures ayant guidé les transformations en Europe centrale et orientale sont examinées depuis 1989 : l’européanisation, la mondialisation et le changement endogène – relevant des traces du passé. Les dynamiques respectives de ces trois forces sont évaluées au moyen d’une approche interurbaine. Les échanges économiques entre villes centre-est européennes et celles du reste du monde sont examinés au travers de réseaux transnationaux et mondialisés – de transport aérien et de firmes. Ces échanges sont confrontés aux réseaux commerciaux entre pays. Cette thèse contribue à montrer que l’intégration à l’économie-monde s’est accompagnée d’un renforcement des logiques de polarisation divisant l’espace centre-est européen entre le Nord-Ouest et le Sud-Est. Cette intégration en cours, ou plutôt ces différentes « intégrations », ne se sont toutefois pas opérées uniquement au profit des métropoles. En effet, malgré une prédominance de l’européanisation, les liens de l’époque communiste constituent une force économique majeure pour certaines petites et moyennes villes – à l’image de l’entre-deux historique de l’espace centre-est européen
A quarter of century after the fall of the Berlin Wall, radical political and economic changes, integration into the world economy and the European Union, and the recent reinforcement of nationalism are still persistent subjects of debate with regards to the future of Central and Eastern Europe. This thesis examines three major transformative forces in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989 at city-level: europeanisation, globalization and endogenous changes – related to path dependence effects. The dynamics of these three forces are analyzed by looking at the evolution of economic exchanges of CEE cities with other worldwide cities in the context of transnational and globalized networks – air traffic and firms. They are confronted with trade networks at country level. This dissertation illustrates that integration into the world-economy has deepened polarization in Central and Eastern Europe between the Nord-West and the South-West. This integration process or different types of integration are not only a matter for big cities and metropolises. In spite of the predominance of europeanisation, links from the communist period continue to be a major economic force, especially for small and medium-sized cities, reflecting the historical in-between situation of Central and Eastern Europe
Ćwierć wieku później, radykalne zmiany polityczne i gospodarcze po upadku Muru Berlińskiego, integracja z gospodarką światową, przystąpienie do Unii Europejskiej oraz nasilające się tendencje nacjonalistyczne są wciąż bieżącymi tematami w dyskusji o przyszłości Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. W tym kontekście, dysertacja proponuje analizę zmian systemowych, które dokonały się w regionie na poziomie miast. Przedmiotem badania są trzy procesy towarzyszące transformacjom po 1989: europeizacja, globalizacja oraz przemiany w regionie uwarunkowane relacjami z przeszłości. Dynamika wymienionych trzech procesów zostanie zbadana w odniesieniu do wymian ekonomicznych między miastami Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej a innymi miastami Europy i świata w sferze międzynarodowych powiązań lotniczych i firmowych, porównanych z siecią handlową ukształtowaną między państwami regionu. Wnioski badawcze wykazują, że w rezultacie integracji z gospodarką światową pogłębia się polaryzacja przestrzeni Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w układzie północny zachód i południowy wschód. Różnorodność typów integracji odnosi się nie tylko do metropolii i dużych miast. Wobec dominującej siły europeizacji, powiązania z miastami z czasów komunistycznych są nadal ważnym aspektem funkcjonowania miast małych i średnich, ilustrując zarazem historyczną sytuację entre-deux Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

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"Firm-level investigations of international trade." COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 2010. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3373718.

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Wei, Shu-Yun, and 魏淑韻. "The Correlational Research of Intra-firm Trade Effect and International Trade Performance." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04222028494299144313.

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碩士
中國文化大學
國際企業管理研究所
90
Owing to be limit of the natural resource in Taiwan early periods, it should be depend on International Trade to maintain the economic growth. For the past research, it was absorbed in the ways of entry the international market and the methods of promote the balance of trade surplus. However, the situation of the balance of trade surplus between Taiwan and America increasingly, how the Taiwanese MNE could get rid of the unfair trade accusation raised by foreign competitors or relevant foreign governmental agencies. The study supported that looking at the scope of the influences of each MNE’s characteristics on the effects of International trade performance, and discussion that the Intra-firm trade effect were adopted by MNE, is there more international trade performance would be happened. The independent variable on the study are “Production cost”, “R&D”, “How many subsidiary company”; Another independent variable on the study are “Intra-firm trade effect”, including export replacement, reverse import, lead export and import exchange. The dependent variable on the study are the ratio of Export growth, the ratio of Export profitability and the Balance of the trade surplus. The results show that both of Taiwanese MNE and Japanese MNE consider that to reduce the production cost, to increase R&D expense and to increase the subsidiary company will increase international trade performance. The percent of the Taiwanese and Japanese MNE have adopted the Intra-firm trade effect are about 20%-40%, and about 80% agree the intra-firm trade effect will improve balance of payments and frictions of international trade.

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Pinto, Carlos Manuel Guimarães Oliveira. "Essays on International Trade: Firm Heterogeneity, Economic Crisis and International Business Cycle Transmission." Tese, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134177.

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Pinto, Carlos Manuel Guimarães Oliveira. "Essays on International Trade: Firm Heterogeneity, Economic Crisis and International Business Cycle Transmission." Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134177.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'International film trade'

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