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Relevant bibliographies by topics / International environment law

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Academic literature on the topic 'International environment law'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "International environment law"

1

Warren, L. M. "International Law and the Environment." Journal of Environmental Law 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/15.2.264.

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Lauber, Sabina. "Japan and international environment law — Economy over environment?" Japanese Studies 13, no. 3 (December 1993): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371399308521846.

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Ovchinniko, Sergey. "International Customs Law and Environment Protection." Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 7, no. 7 (September 15, 2014): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajaps.2014.581.588.

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Phimolsathien, Thepparat. "Customary International Law and General Principles of Law and the Protection of the Environment." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 5, no. 9 (2015): 816–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2015.v5.563.

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Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich. "International Trade Law and International Environment LawPrevention and Settlement of International Disputes in GATT." Journal of World Trade 27, Issue 1 (February 1, 1993): 43–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1993003.

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Ong, D. M. "Review: The Global Environment and International Law." Journal of Environmental Law 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envlaw/eqi009.

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Barnes, Ashley, and Christopher Waters. "The Arctic Environment and International Humanitarian Law." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 49 (2012): 213–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800010353.

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SummaryWhile the law of the sea is rightly viewed as the most suitable international legal regime for the settlement of disputes in the Arctic, the militarization of this region in an era of climate change is also observable. Yet curiously, scant attention has been paid to the constraints the international humanitarian law (IHL) would impose on armed conflict in the Arctic, as unlikely as such conflict may be. These constraints include the specific prohibition on causing widespread, long-term, and severe environmental damage under Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions as well as the related obligation to have “due regard” for the natural environment, as referred to in, for example, theSan Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea. Similarly, environmental factors must play into military assessments of targets based on the general principles of IHL related to targeting. The authors explore how these various legal obligations could be applied in the Arctic context. Referring to the scientific literature, they suggest that, due to the particularly vulnerable nature of this regional environment, many traditional war-fighting techniques would lead to damage that is not legally permissible. This conclusion should provide an additional incentive to policy makers to demilitarize the Arctic and to solve peacefully any disputes that may arise over sovereignty, navigation, or resources.

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Chaurasia, Vinod Kumar, and Ulka Yadav. "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND INTERNATIONAL LAW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3284.

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The environment around us in which we live and live is made up of an environment consisting of all nature tree plants, and without this we can not imagine life is a very big challenge for us today. We have also made World Environment Day on 5 June every year, as the watchdog watchdog has given a decision on violation of the violation. हमारे आस पास के वातावरण जिसमें हम जिव-जन्तु समस्त प्रकृति पेड़ पौधों से मिलकर पर्यावरण बनता है और इसके बिना हम जिवन की कोई कल्पना नही कर सकते है हमारे समक्ष आज पर्यावरण को सुरक्षित रखना बहुत बड़ी चुनौती है, इस हेतु अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर और विधियों के उल्लंघन होने पर समय-समय पर सजग प्रहरी के रूप में माननीय उच्चतम न्यायालय ने निर्णय भी दिये हम हर वर्ष 5 जून को विश्व पर्यावरण दिवस भी बनाते है।

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Aimée Murphie, T. L. "Protection of Environment during Armed Conflicts." Review of Business and Economics Studies 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2308-944x-2018-6-2-19-29.

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Environmental protection during the armed conﬂicts is rarely considered as a prioritized concern. Due to the concept of state sovereignty, this is especially problematic when examining interference of warfare and environmental protection in non-international conflicts. Not only it is challenging to find any exhaustive and explicit legal provisions regulating the matter, but this issue has also been forgotten by international legal scholars. Therefore, in this article, the author reviews are written and customary norms laid down in documents of different branches of international law, such as human rights law, international humanitarian law, environmental law and international criminal law, which directly or by way of interpretation may favour environmental protection during the internally armed conﬂict. This is to be done in order to gather information about the sufficiency of the legal framework on the preservation of the environment during the non-international armed conﬂicts. After doing this research, a few possible means to improve current legal framework are suggested. The author suggests to impose civil liability, enact new comprehensive document, initiates changes in international criminal law and other.

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Yee, S. "The Environment, Risk and Liability in International Law." Chinese Journal of International Law 11, no. 1 (February 6, 2012): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jms003.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International environment law"

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Daniel, Anne. "Preserving the global environment, compliance with international environment treaties is key." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20970.pdf.

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Pevato, Paula Monica. "International law and the right to environment : encouraging environmental cooperation via the international protection of human rights." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286363.

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This thesis revolves around one central question, the thesis' leilmotif. 'What is a right to environment in contemporary internationalegal theory and practiceT In the course of determining a right to environment's legal status, historical and modem human rights theories are considered. The author demonstrates that most writers have fallen into various rights traps, for instance, when they refrain from considering a right to environment as something other than a human right, such as a non-right, a concept of international environmental cooperation (IEC), or simply one of many goals of international human rights and environmental law and policy (Chapter 2). The author continues the examination of the leitmotif by consulting the sources of internationall aw enumeratedin Article 38(l) of the Statuteo f the InternationalC ourt of Justice, viz., custom, convention, general principles of law, and subsidiary sources Oudicial decisions and teachings of highly qualified publicists), from the perspective of the policy science school of thought. From this legal philosophical perspective, international law is viewed as a process, a system of authoritative decision-making wherein policy choices play a role, thereby expanding the analysis from a strict positive law perspective. Thus, in addition to the 'traditional' sources, the author conducts an exhaustive analysis of 'soft law' sources, including resolutions and declarations; conventional and extra-conventional mechanisms to international human rights treaties (States parties periodic reports, concluding observations, summary records, views in communications, general comments); conference reports, background studies; and conceptso f EEC,p articularly sustainabled evelopment,a mong others,f or indications of any consensuso n a right to environment( Chapters3 and 4). t The author's research is completed by a thorough analysis of many human rights tensions, such as the inherent restrictions within human rights treaty regimes themselves (viz., derogations, limitations, reservations, the principle of legality, drittwirkung, among others), or due to other tensions in public international law, most notably sovereignty issues and competing interests manifested as anthropocentricity, property rights, international trade, development, and aboriginal issues (Chapter 5). These tensions add further hurdles to a human right to environment's fulfilment. The author deduces from an examination of specific human rights, IEC concepts, case law, States parties' periodic reports, and other sources of international law, that the characteristicsa genericr ight to environmentm ight possessa lready exist within various substantive and procedural rights, whilst other attributes are more suitably addressed via a plethora of conventional mechanisms and policies pertaining to international law for the environment. A right to environment does not exist in international law, whether described as a human right, general principle of law, or otherwise. Its recognition would merely duplicate rights and obligations and is thereforeu nnecessaryT. he author concludes that the ultimate goal of a right to environment -- the attainment of a satisfactory quality of life within a healthy, ecologically balanced environment for present and future generations, all thriving in the human and natural worlds -- are encouraged without an expressly recognized right to environment.

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Li, Zhao. "Securities regulation in the international environment." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/691/.

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It is undisputed that the world’s securities markets are becoming increasingly international and increasingly integrated. The internationalization of the world’s securities markets is one of the most significant developments affecting the securities markets of many nations. “How should regulators respond?” is an issue that is hotly contested. The purpose of this thesis is not to introduce a new theory but rather to offer a comprehensive analysis of past and present practice, in order to identify what is effective and what is not. There are three competing approaches to international securities regulation – harmonization, regulatory competition and cooperation. Thus the thesis analyzes these three leading current theoretical arguments in turn as paradigms for international securities regulation. On this basis, the paper will focus on these three approaches and address the fundamental questions posed by the internationalization of securities markets: which regulatory approach is the proper and best way to govern securities regulation in the new international market? Are there any areas which need to be improved? And therefore, how can international regulation be improved? The thesis will answer these questions in two ways: in theory and in practical application. With regard to theory, the thesis examines the definitions and arguments given to each approach. Harmonization is the idea that rules and regulations should be standardized across countries as much as possible. In contrast to the harmonization is the regulatory competition approach. Under this model, countries do not coordinate with one another – each country is free to enact whatever rules and regulations it chooses. Whereas, the third approach cooperation traditionally is an instrument to reduce conflicts and tensions. International cooperation is defined as conscious policy coordination among states. On a practical level, the thesis delineates the current stage of harmonization, regulatory competition and cooperation developments in the EU, US, as well as internationally. It should be recognized that each of the three securities regulatory approaches analyzed in this thesis have contributed much towards international securities regulation. However, as discussed each approach has its problems, none is perfect. As long as there are regulations, there will be abuses and room for improvements. One of major problem in the international arena is that there are no international law-making institutions vested with legal authority to address these issues. Instead of a formal international securities regulator there is a set of international institutions which include a limited number of countries which produce standards and norms that are then adopted by national authorities on a voluntary basis. Because of the diversity, complexity, and universality of issues likely to continue to arise over the next decade, a single international body should be considered to facilitate world cooperation in addressing these issues.

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Kuokkanen, Tuomas. "International law and the environment variations on a theme /." The Hague ; London : Kluwer Law International, 2002. http://www.ebrary.com/.

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冼澤榮 and Chak-wing Simon Sin. "International business environment: air services agreement." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31268286.

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Khanum, Farjina. "Trade and environment : striking a balance in international law." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14363/.

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This thesis seeks to balance trade and environmental concerns in international law. It studies a number of multilateral environmental and trade agreements to observe the extent to which environmental and trade treaty regimes have made allowances for each other's interests, and whether allowed such interests to be disregarded or overridden in practice. Serious questions remain, however, about the compatibility between overlapping environmental and trade rules in the absence of a clear authority relationship or means of securing unity in the international legal order as a whole. The international legal system does not possess well-developed hierarchies; thus, none of the agreements inherently takes precedence in the event of a conflict. Consequently, the aim should be to achieve a better harmonization of the two regimes through available mechanisms. The multilateral trade agreements have made allowances and included exceptions with regard to the protection of environmental concerns. However, the precise way in which trade institutions balance environmental considerations by comparison with trade considerations is likely to prove critically important for the protection of the environment. It is for this reason that this thesis analyses the current balance between trade and environmental considerations in the international legal order, and proposes ways for improving its coherence.

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A-Khavari, Afshin. "Environmental Principles and Change in International Law and Politics." Thesis, Griffith University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366628.

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Since the 1972 Declaration at United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, and subsequently the 1992 United Nations Declaration on Environment and Development, environmental principles have been frequently used at the international level in different institutional forums made up of a variety of actors including States and transnational corporations. There are a range of environmental principles which are either abstracted from broader episteme or established as open-textured norms within international environmental law and politics. Given how often they are used at the international level in negotiations, agreements, codes of conduct, or litigation within international courts and tribunals, this work studies whether as abstract and open-textured norms they have a role and function in changing international law and politics. It draws on the concept of social learning, in contrast to socialisation, as the dynamic for changing international law and politics. Environmental principles have to interplay with or constitute processes that can socially persuade or influence actors to establish interlocking beliefs, or to collectively identify with a particular culture. As such, what matters is how groups of actors create meaning from norms in their direct and diffuse interactions with each other, rather than whether individual actors comply with their obligations in accordance with environmental principles. Using three different case studies this work argues that environmental principles are significant for changing international law and politics. Their role and function in this process is relative to the weight and meaning that groups of actors give to them. As abstract and open-textured norms, environmental principles function as frames or structures for ideas and discourses which groups use to create meaning from. Their specific role and function during the interactions of actors’ is variable and depends on how they interplay with or constitute the processes that steer social learning. In this way, they can for example privilege certain discourses or provide groups with the creative impetus for the approaches that they might take to issues. Alternatively, they can establish the terms for how actors’ will socially associate a particular kind of membership within groups. Their versatility and flexibility in ideologically steering the common and collective responses of actors’ to protecting the environment from harm is essential to their significance in changing international law and politics.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Law
Arts, Education and Law
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Stephens, Tim. "The Role of International Courts and Tribunals in International Environmental Law." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/706.

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International environmental law is one of the most dynamic fields of public international law, and has rapidly acquired great breadth and sophistication. Yet the rate of global environmental decline has also increased and is accelerating. Halting and reversing this process is a challenge of effective governance, requiring institutions that can ensure that the now impressive body of environmental norms is faithfully implemented. This thesis explores whether and to what extent international courts and tribunals can play a useful role in international environmental regimes. Consideration is given to the threefold function of adjudication in resolving environmental disputes, in promoting compliance with environmental standards, and in developing environmental rules. The thesis is divided into three Parts. The first Part examines the spectrum of adjudicative bodies that have been involved in the resolution of environmental disputes, situates these within the evolution of institutions for compliance control, and offers a reassessment of their relevance in contemporary environmental governance. The second Part critically assesses the contribution that arbitral awards and judicial decisions have made to the development of norms and principles of environmental law, examining case law relating to transboundary pollution, shared freshwater resources and marine environmental protection. In the third Part of the thesis consideration is given to three looming challenges for international environmental litigation: accommodating greater levels of public participation in adjudicative processes, resolving practical problems stemming from the interaction among multiple jurisdictions, and ensuring that specialised courts and tribunals do not apply environmental norms in a parochial manner that privileges the policy objectives of issue-specific regimes.

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Stephens, Tim. "The Role of International Courts and Tribunals in International Environmental Law." University of Sydney. Law, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/706.

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International environmental law is one of the most dynamic fields of public international law, and has rapidly acquired great breadth and sophistication. Yet the rate of global environmental decline has also increased and is accelerating. Halting and reversing this process is a challenge of effective governance, requiring institutions that can ensure that the now impressive body of environmental norms is faithfully implemented. This thesis explores whether and to what extent international courts and tribunals can play a useful role in international environmental regimes. Consideration is given to the threefold function of adjudication in resolving environmental disputes, in promoting compliance with environmental standards, and in developing environmental rules. The thesis is divided into three Parts. The first Part examines the spectrum of adjudicative bodies that have been involved in the resolution of environmental disputes, situates these within the evolution of institutions for compliance control, and offers a reassessment of their relevance in contemporary environmental governance. The second Part critically assesses the contribution that arbitral awards and judicial decisions have made to the development of norms and principles of environmental law, examining case law relating to transboundary pollution, shared freshwater resources and marine environmental protection. In the third Part of the thesis consideration is given to three looming challenges for international environmental litigation: accommodating greater levels of public participation in adjudicative processes, resolving practical problems stemming from the interaction among multiple jurisdictions, and ensuring that specialised courts and tribunals do not apply environmental norms in a parochial manner that privileges the policy objectives of issue-specific regimes.

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Darby, Jonathan Michael. "The role of adjudication in the resolution of international environmental disputes and the development of international environment law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607996.

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Books on the topic "International environment law"

1

Birnie, Patricia W. International law and the environment. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

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E, Boyle Alan, ed. International law and the environment. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.

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E, Boyle Alan, and Redgwell Catherine, eds. International law and the environment. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Environment protection and international law. New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1985.

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Schaffer, Richard. International business law and its environment. St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1990.

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Beverley, Earle, and Agusti Filiberto, eds. International business law and its environment. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: Thomson/South-Western, 2005.

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Schaffer, Richard. International business law and its environment. 4th ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: West Educational Pub. Co., 1999.

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Schaffer, Richard. International business law and its environment. 3rd ed. Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1996.

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Schaffer, Richard. International business law and its environment. 2nd ed. Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1993.

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Beverley, Earle, and Agusti Filiberto, eds. International business law and its environment. 5th ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: West/Thomson Learning, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "International environment law"

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Dienelt, Anne. "The Environment and International Environmental Law." In Armed Conflicts and the Environment, 199–256. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99339-9_4.

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Bodansky, Daniel. "International Environmental Law." In The Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy, 179–96. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118326213.ch11.

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Bartsch, Ron. "Aviation and the Environment." In International Aviation Law, 323–46. 2nd edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203712986-17.

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DiMatteo, Larry A. "International Sales Law." In International Business Law and the Legal Environment, 351–94. fourth edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003036289-13.

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Al Faruque, Abdullah. "Nuclear Energy and International Environment Law." In Routledge Handbook of International Environmental Law, 429–39. 2nd edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge handbooks: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003137825-34.

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Kent, Avidan, and Markus Gehring. "Investment Law and the Environment." In Routledge Handbook of International Environmental Law, 386–402. 2nd edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge handbooks: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003137825-31.

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DiMatteo, Larry A. "Comparative and International Contract Law." In International Business Law and the Legal Environment, 313–50. fourth edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003036289-12.

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Mehrotra, S. P. "International Environment Law, Trade Law, Information Technology Law and Legal Education." In Contemporary Issues in International Law, 43–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6277-3_3.

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Dienelt, Anne. "Complementing the Laws of Armed Conflict with Human Rights Law and International Environmental Law." In Armed Conflicts and the Environment, 257–322. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99339-9_5.

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Alder, John, and David Wilkinson. "International Trade and the Environment: Ethical Issues." In Environmental Law and Ethics, 325–53. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14271-2_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "International environment law"

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Özenbaş, Nazmiye. "Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law and Crimes of Pollution." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00772.

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Environmental problems due to economic growth and development policies in the last century ignorant to humanitarian values has become a risky issue for the future of humanity. Since 70's it become a debatable problem in the international arena and due to the search of solutions for the environmental problems, right to environment has stated as a part of fundamental human rights and protected with law. Recently with the emphasis to the preventive functions of criminal law actions against the right of living in a healthy and balanced environment has started to be described as crime and are becoming subject to penalty in the criminal codes. With this study we will analyze crimes of polluting the environment.

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Gunawan, Yordan. "The Implementation Of International Disaster Response Laws Towards Indonesian Sovereignty." In ICLES 2018 - International Conference on Law, Environment and Society. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.10.32.

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Soares, Carlos, Ronald Mikatarian, Danny Schmidl, Courtney Pankop, and Kendall Smith. "External Contamination Environment of Internationa..." In 56th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-05-b4.3.06.

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Al-Abdulkarim, Latifa, Katie Atkinson, Sam Atkinson, and Trevor Bench-Capon. "Angelic environment." In ICAIL '17: Sixteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3086512.3086546.

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Shao, Yali. "Study on the Benchmarking and Optimization of Fujian International Business Environment." In 3rd International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emle-17.2017.88.

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Wilson, E. "Integrated information retrieval for law in a hypertext environment." In the 11th annual international ACM SIGIR conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/62437.62505.

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Budiartha, I. Nyoman Putu, I. Wayan Rideng, and Ida Ayu Putu Widiati. "The Application of Local Law in Marine Environment Conservation." In 2018 International Conference on Energy and Mining Law (ICEML 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceml-18.2018.30.

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Suyatno, Suyatno. "Progressive Law Implementation in the Southeast Asian Country Environment." In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Progressive Civil Society (ICONPROCS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iconprocs-19.2019.62.

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Cindawati, Cindawati. "A Sustainable Development of The Law Business Friendly Environment." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Management, Business, Applied Science, Engineering and Sustainability Development, ICMASES 2019, 9-10 February 2019, Malang, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.3-8-2019.2290768.

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Chen, Hua Qing, Yi Lian Li, Yu Ning, and Feng Lan Lv. "Experimental Study on Blockage Law of Constructed Rapid Infiltration System." In 2009 International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceet.2009.374.

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Reports on the topic "International environment law"

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Black, Richard, Joshua Busby, Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Cedric de Coning, Hafsa Maalim, Claire McAllister, Melvis Ndiloseh, et al. Environment of Peace: Security in a New Era of Risk. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/lcls7037.

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The environmental crisis is increasing risks to security and peace worldwide, notably in countries that are already fragile. Indicators of insecurity such as the number of conflicts, the number of hungry people and military expenditure are rising; so are indicators of environmental decline, in climate change, biodiversity, pollution and other areas. In combination, the security and environmental crises are creating compound, cascading, emergent, systemic and existential risks. Without profound changes of approach by institutions of authority, risks will inevitably proliferate quickly. Environment of Peace surveys the evolving risk landscape and documents a number of developments that indicate a pathway to solutions––in international law and policy, in peacekeeping operations and among non-governmental organizations. It finds that two principal avenues need to be developed: (a) combining peace-building and environmental restoration, and (b) effectively addressing the underlying environmental issues. It also analyses the potential of existing and emerging pro-environment measures for exacerbating risks to peace and security. The findings demonstrate that only just and peaceful transitions to more sustainable practices can be effective––and show that these transitions also need to be rapid.

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Macdonald, Keir. The Impact of Business Environment Reforms on Poverty, Gender and Inclusion. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.006.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how business environment reforms in middle-income countries impacts on poverty, gender and inclusion. Although, there is limited evidence on the direct impact of business environment reforms on poverty, gender, and inclusion, this review illustrates that there is evidence of indirect effects of such reforms. Business environment reform (BER) targets inadequate business regulations and institutions, in order to remove constraints to business investment and expansion, enabling growth and job creation, as well as new opportunities for international business to contribute to and benefit from this growth. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the impact of BER on gender and inclusion (G&I) outcomes, in terms of the potential to remove institutional barriers which exclude formerly marginalised groups from business opportunities, in ways that promote equal access to resources, opportunities, benefits, and services. The literature shows how the business environment affects women in business, and how women’s experiences of a given business environment can be different from those of men. This is the result of disparities in how they are treated under the law, but also based on structural and sociocultural factors which influence how men and women behave in a given business environment and the barriers they face.

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Saha, Amrita, Jodie Thorpe, Keir Macdonald, and Kelbesa Megersa. Linking Business Environment Reform with Gender and Inclusion: A Study of Business Licensing Reform in Indonesia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.001.

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Business environment reform (BER) targets inadequate business regulations. It is intended to remove constraints to business investment, enabling growth and job creation, and create opportunities for international business to contribute to and benefit from this growth. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the impact of BER on gender and inclusion (G&I). While a review of existing literature suggests that in general, there is no direct link between BER and G&I, indirect links are likely through the influence of BER on firm performance. Outcomes will be influenced by the differential ways in which women-led firms experience the business environment when compared to their male counterparts, with disparities based on how they are treated under the law, as well as structural and sociocultural factors. The fact that in many countries, female-led firms are fewer and smaller than those of their male counterparts, and may operate in different sectors, also affects these dynamics. This research offers new insights through an in-depth analysis of the impact of the Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (PTSP) or one-stop shop business licensing reform in 2009 on firm performance in Indonesia, and how these impacts vary based on the gender of firm leadership. The results find that on average, firms benefited from improved business performance (sales), as a direct or indirect effect of this reform, as well as an increase in the number of medium and large-scale firms. Outside Jakarta (Bali, Banten, Lampung), women-led firms experienced a small but significant benefit relative to male-led firms, related to both sales and the number of medium and large-scale firms they run. In Jakarta, women-led firms continued to lag behind men and there were no significant effects on employment, and this held across province and gender. These findings are based on an analysis of the PTSP reform using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), a survey of small, medium and large firms (i.e. with more than four employees) which took place in Indonesia between 2009 and 2015.

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Boelaert-Suominen, Sonja A. J. International Environmental Law and Naval War Newport paper no. 15. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada422385.

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Rassokha, Ekaterina. LEGAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY IN THE CURRENT ENVIRONMEN. Intellectual Archive, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2559.

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The article reflects the main views on international security problems in the legal aspect and identified actual problems and contradictions in the application and compliance with international humanitarian law norms.

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Price, Roz. Evidence on the Advantages of Low Carbon Growth in Jordan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.117.

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There has been a considerable amount of research generally into the benefits associated with low carbon development, showing that it can be synergistic with development priorities – such as job creation, improved public health, social inclusion and improved accessibility (see for example, Gouldson et al., 2018). However, this rapid review finds limited evidence and information around these benefits specifically for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. There has been much interest in green growth in Jordan in the last ten years, particularly as Jordan is seen as having a large renewable energy potential for solar and wind. International organisations have been working with Jordan to develop comprehensive national plans and strategies to encourage green growth investment. Within the Jordanian government, the green growth concept has mainly been promoted by the Ministry of Environment. The World Bank in particular has produced a number of reports that have fed into this review, that explore or touch on green growth in Jordan – however, they themselves recognise that there is a lack of research on the economic and job-generating impacts of a green growth pathway in Jordan, and emphasise the need for further analysis (see specifically Hakim et al., 2017). Many of the green growth statistics referenced are from single reports undertaken a number of years ago – for example, that environmental degradation costs Jordan 2% of its GDP per year comes from a World Bank report written in 2010 and based on data from 2006 (World Bank, 2010). No more recent reviews were found during this rapid review. This review draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature from government and international organisations.

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Torres-Mancera, Rocio, Carlos de las Heras-Pedrosa, Carmen Jambrino-Maldonado, and Patricia P. Iglesias-Sanchez. Public Relations and the Fundraising professional in the Cultural Heritage Industry: a study of Spain and Mexico / Las relaciones públicas y el profesional de la captación de fondos en la industria del patrimonio cultural: un estudio de España y México. Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5783/rirp-21-2021-03-27-48.

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The present research aims to understand the current situation of strategic communication and public relations applied in the professional field of fundraising in the cultural heritage environment. It observes the current patterns used in the sector to obtain and generate long-term sustainable funding, through the stimulation of investors and International Cooperation projects from the European Union in line with UNESCO. Two international case studies are compared: Spain and Mexico, through the selection of territorial samples in Malaga and San Luis Potosi. The methodology used is based on a combination of in-depth interviews with key informants and content analysis. In the first instance, the degree of application of communication and public relations tools for strategic purposes to directly attract economic resources to the management of cultural heritage (tangible and intangible) in the region is studied. In line with the results obtained, the current parameters and key indicators of the profile of the fundraising professional in public and private cultural management are presented.

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Bolton, Laura. Criminal Activity and Deforestation in Latin America. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.003.

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This review examines evidence on criminal deforestation activity in Latin America (particularly, but not exclusively the Amazon) and draws from the literature on the lessons learned in combatting criminal deforestation activity. This review focuses on Brazil as representative of the overwhelming majority of literature on criminal activity in relation to deforestation in the Amazon. The literature notes that Illegal deforestation occurs largely through criminal networks as they have the capacity for coordination, processing, selling, and the deployment of armed men to protect operations. Bribery, corruption, and fraud are deeply ingrained in deforestation. Networks may bribe geoprocessing experts, police, and public officials. Members of the criminal groups may become council members, mayors, and state representatives. Land titles are fabricated and trading documentation fraudulent. The literature also notes some interventions to combat this criminal deforestation activity: monitoring and law enforcement; national systems for registry and monitoring; legal enforcement for compliance of environmental law; International agreements and action; and Involving indigenous communities in combatting deforestation.

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Furman, Alex, Jan Hopmans, Shmuel Assouline, Jirka Simunek, and Jim Richards. Soil Environmental Effects on Root Growth and Uptake Dynamics for Irrigated Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592118.bard.

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Root water uptake is perhaps the most important unknown in the mass balance of hydrological and agricultural systems. The understanding and the ability to predict root uptake and the way it is influence by environmental conditions has great potential in increasing water and fertilizer use efficiency and allowing better control of water and contaminant leach towards groundwater. This BARD supported research is composed of several components, including a) intensive laboratory work for the quantification of root uptake and the way it is controlled by environmental conditions; b) development of tools for laboratory and field use that can help in sensing very low water fluxes and water content, which is a necessity for studying root uptake; c) development of capabilities to model compensated root uptake; and d) development of a database that will allow calibration of such a model. In addition some auxiliary research was performed as reported later. Some of the components, and especially the modeling and the HPP development, were completed in the framework of the project and even published in the international literature. The completed components provide a modeling environment that allows testing root compensated uptake modeling, a tool that is extremely important for true mechanistic understanding of root uptake and irrigation design that is based on mechanistic and not partially based myth. The new button HPP provides extended level of utilization of this important tool. As discussed below, other components did not get to maturity stage during the period of the project, but comprehensive datasets were collected and will be analyzed in the near future. A comprehensive dataset of high temporal and spatial resolution water contents for two different setups was recorded and should allow us understanding f the uptake at these fine resolutions. Additional important information about root growth dynamics and its dependence in environmental conditions was achieved in both Israel and the US. Overall, this BARD supported project provided insight on many important phenomena related to root uptake and to high resolution monitoring in the vadose zone. Although perhaps not to the level that we initially hoped for, we achieved better understanding of the related processes, better modeling capabilities, and better datasets that will allow continuation of this effort in the near future.

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Viguri, Sofía, Sandra López Tovar, Mariel Juárez Olvera, and Gloria Visconti. Analysis of External Climate Finance Access and Implementation: CIF, FCPF, GCF and GEF Projects and Programs by the Inter-American Development Bank. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003008.

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In response to the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the IDB Group Board of Governors endorsed the target of increasing climate-related financing in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) from 15% in 2015 to 30% of the IDB Groups combined total approvals by 2020. Currently, the IDB Group is on track to meet this commitment, as in 2018, it financed nearly US$5 billion in climate-change-related activities benefiting LAC, which accounted for 27% of total IDB Groups annual approvals. In 2019, the overall volume and proportion of climate finance in new IDBG approvals have increased to 29%. As the IDB continues to strive towards this goal by using its funds to ramp-up climate action, it also acknowledges that tackling climate change is an objective shared with the rest of the international community. For the past ten years, strategic partnerships have been forged with external sources of finance that are also looking to invest in low-carbon and climate-resilient development. Doing this has contributed to the Banks objective of mobilizing additional resources for climate action while also strengthening its position as a leading partner to accelerate climate innovation in many fields. From climate-smart technologies and resilient infrastructure to institutional reform and financial mechanisms, IDB's use of external sources of finance is helping countries in LAC advance toward meeting their international climate change commitments. This report collects a series of insights and lessons learned by the IDB in the preparation and implementation of projects with climate finance from four external sources: the Climate Investment Funds (CIF), the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It includes a systematic revision of their design and their progress on delivery, an assessment of broader impacts (scale-up, replication, and contributions to transformational change/paradigm shift), and a set of recommendations to optimize the access and use of these funds in future rounds of climate investment. The insights and lessons learned collected in this publication can inform the design of short and medium-term actions that support “green recovery” through the mobilization of investments that promote decarbonization.

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