Journal articles: 'International entrepreneurship; international opportunity identification'

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Corbett, Andrew C. "Experiential Learning within the Process of Opportunity Identification and Exploitation." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29, no. 4 (July 2005): 473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00094.x.

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The article uses experiential learning theory to magnify the importance of learning within the process of entrepreneurship. Previous research details the contributions of prior knowledge, creativity, and cognitive mechanisms to the process of opportunity identification and exploitation; however, the literature is devoid of work that directly addresses learning. The extant research assumes learning is occurring but does not directly address the importance of learning to the process. To fully understand the nature of the entrepreneurial process, researchers must take into account how individuals learn and how different modes of learning influence opportunity identification and exploitation. This article makes connections between knowledge, cognition, and creativity to develop the concept of learning asymmetries and illustrates how a greater appreciation for the differences in individual learning will fortify entrepreneurship research.

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John, Arielle, and Virgil Henry Storr. "Kirznerian and Schumpeterian entrepreneurship in Trinidad and Tobago." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 12, no. 5 (November 6, 2018): 582–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-05-2018-0034.

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PurposeThis paper aims to highlight the possibility that the same cultural and/or institutional environment can differentially affect each of the two moments of entrepreneurship – opportunity identification and opportunity exploitation. It is possible that the cultural and institutional environment in a particular place may encourage opportunity identification, but discourage opportunity exploitation, or vice versa. Specifically, this paper argues that understanding entrepreneurship in Trinidad and Tobago requires that we focus on how Trinidadian culture and institutions differentially affect both moments of entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachTo examine how Trinidad and Tobago’s culture and institutions affect entrepreneurial opportunity identification and exploitation in that country, the paper uses a qualitative approach. In total, 25 subjects agreed to interviews, conducted in July and August 2009 in Trinidad. The questions were geared at understanding attitudes toward work and entrepreneurship in Trinidad, and how politics, culture and ethnicity interacted with those attitudes. The paper also examined institutional indicators from the Economic Freedom of the World: 2013 Annual Report and the World Bank’s 2016 Doing Business Report.FindingsThe research identified features of the cultural and institutional environment in Trinidad and Tobago that help to explain why opportunity identification is relatively common among all ethnic groups there, but why opportunity exploitation appears relatively suppressed among African–Trinidadians. In particular, the research finds that the inheritance of British institutions, a post-colonial political culture, a post-colonial business culture and ethnically based social networks all have positive and negative influences on each moment of entrepreneurship.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research would involve an analysis of a wider set of both formal and informal entrepreneurial activities in Trinidad and Tobago, across industries and periods.Practical implicationsThis paper has implications for understanding the complex nature of entrepreneurship, which many policymakers try to encourage, but which is shaped by deep cultural and historical factors, and also indirectly influenced by state policies and laws.Social implicationsEthnic patterns in entrepreneurship shape the way groups see themselves and others.Originality/valueWhile authors writing about opportunity recognition/identification and opportunity exploitation have captured the important dimensions of entrepreneurship, they underestimate the possibility of a disconnect between entrepreneurial identification and exploitation. Focusing on instances where the disconnect exists allows us to move away from characterizations of cultures as progress-prone or progress-resistant, and instead allows us to focus on these gaps between identifying and exploiting entrepreneurship across cultures.

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Ali, Hazem, Min Li, Xunmin Qiu, and Qamar Farooq. "Global Mindset and Adaptive Marketing Capabilities in the Internationalization of Mature Chinese SMEs: International Opportunity Perspective." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032044.

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Despite the centrality of international opportunity concept in international entrepreneurship field, SMEs’ internationalization literature has focused mainly on SMEs’ international performance with limited attention paid by researchers to understanding the factors influencing the identification of international opportunities especially among mature internationalized SMEs. To this end, the current study examined the impact of SMEs managers’ global mindset (GM) and adaptive marketing capabilities (AMCs) on international opportunity identification (IOI) among mature Chinese SMEs with emphasis on the moderating impact of export market dynamism (EMD). Initial exploratory study using interviews with five managers of exporting SMEs was conducted to figure the relevance of GM and AMC in explaining IOI; and the presence of EMD. Later, self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from founders/managers of 217 exporting SMEs. Findings showed that IOI is positively influenced by SME manager’s GM and AMCs. Despite the presence of EMD, it had no significant moderating impact on the relationship between GM and AMCs; and IOI. In the respondents’ characteristics analysis, it was revealed that no significant statistical impact of SME’s size, SME’s age, and SME manager’s international experience on IOI. This paper ends with drawing a set of implications and future research avenues.

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Arnold, Aaron. "Being alert: bridging theory and practice in public sector entrepreneurship." International Journal of Public Sector Management 32, no. 7 (October 3, 2019): 706–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-11-2018-0239.

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Purpose Studies on entrepreneurship in public agencies suggest that managing for innovation may increase organizational performance. These studies, however, do not take into consideration the processes of opportunity identification. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to, first, situate the concept of opportunity identification within the broader research on public sector entrepreneurship, and second, to explore the relationship between managerial empowerment practices and employee alertness to new opportunities. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses aggregated data from the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey – an annual survey of the US Federal employees – to examine the relationship between managerial empowerment practices and employee alertness. The analysis employs a fixed-effects regression to model each panel of the US Federal agencies, from 2011 to 2017. Findings The results indicate that managerial empowerment practices have a clear correlation to employee alertness and are substantively different from empowerment practice’s relationship to “innovation” – an outcome of entrepreneurship. These findings suggest that scholarship should include opportunity identification as a moderating variable in future studies on public sector entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications The empirical analysis should be viewed as a novel approach to alertness in order to demonstrate the need to include opportunity identification processes in studies on managing for public sector entrepreneurship. Consequently, the results are not generalizable to all public agencies. Originality/value This paper highlights processes of entrepreneurial opportunity identification concerning management practices in the public sector, which scholarship has traditionally ignored.

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Cox, Kevin C. "Fundamental Entrepreneurial Planning Processes: Resource Assessment and Opportunity Evaluation." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 15, no. 2 (May 2014): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ijei.2014.0145.

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Research focused on new venture planning has received much attention in the entrepreneurship literature. However, while this stream of research has enjoyed substantial development, it also faces numerous challenges that must be addressed to ensure future progress. This paper identifies existing challenges in research focused on entrepreneurial planning and offers resolution via the development of a more parsimonious but fuller conceptualization of new venture planning. Focus is placed specifically on the most basic and fundamental planning processes and on the identification of important internal and external factors that influence how entrepreneurs progress through these fundamental planning processes.

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Santika, I. Wayan, I. Made Wardana, Putu Yudi Setiawan, and I. G. N. J. A. Widagda. "Entrepreneurship education and green entrepreneurial intention." Linguistics and Culture Review 6 (February 7, 2022): 797–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v6ns1.2159.

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The developments and changes that have occurred related to business and environmental aspects that have occurred in the last decade have led the international community to apply the concept of a green economy. A behavioral approach to green entrepreneurship can be done through the delivery of its values at the higher education level. Despite much attention has been focused on the importance of entrepreneurship education, its impacts on green entrepreneurial intention among students remain unclear. This study is a literature review to explain the relationship between entrepreneurship education and green entrepreneurship intentions with moderating environmental values and institutional support for green entrepreneurship. A literature review was conducted on 20 articles on the relationship between entrepreneurship education and green entrepreneurial intention. The results of a literature review referring to the Theory of Planned Behavior propose a conceptual framework for research on green entrepreneurial intention. This study is the first to explore the role of environmental values in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and the three antecedents of intention, namely attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. This study also explores the role of institutional support and green opportunity identification to increase green entrepreneurial intentions.

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Cabrera, Ezilda María, and David Mauricio. "Factors affecting the success of women’s entrepreneurship: a review of literature." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 9, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 31–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-01-2016-0001.

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Purpose Women entrepreneurship has grown significantly all over the world, and it is widely established that entrepreneurship is important for economic growth and wealth. Despite those facts, women’s participation in entrepreneurship is lower than men’s in almost all societies. Those phenomena get the attention of scholars from diverse disciplines, all of them interested in the behaviour and profile of female entrepreneurs and their business success rates. Several isolated factors were studied, with positive and negative effects on each stage of the entrepreneur process, for women entrepreneurs, so the purpose of this research is identify, classify by their impact and organise those factors in relation to the stages of the entrepreneur process. Design/methodology/approach The literature on factors affecting female entrepreneurship produced since January 2010 until October 2015 is analysed to define entrepreneurial success, identify factors affecting success at each stage of the entrepreneurial process and propose and organise those factors at individual and environment levels. Findings Several factors affecting female entrepreneurial success at each stage of the entrepreneurship process were found and organised at the internal (individual), micro, meso and macro environment level. In the literature reviewed, the most considered factors are: at the internal level, human capital, education and experience, with effects on the opportunity identification stage of the entrepreneurial process, and at the micro environment level, access to resources with effects on the opportunity recognition, acquiring resources and entrepreneurial performance stages, both with influence on quantitative and qualitative indicators of success. Originality/value This paper proposes an integrated classification and an array for all those factors that have an influence on women’s entrepreneurship and its success, relating those to the entrepreneurship process.

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Ma, Zhenzhong, Jinwei Zhu, Yong Meng, and Ying Teng. "The impact of overseas human capital and social ties on Chinese returnee entrepreneurs’ venture performance." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2017-0246.

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Purpose Entrepreneurship research clearly documents the importance of human and social capital and stresses the way in which entrepreneurs take advantage of their own social affiliations and network strategies in pursuit of their entrepreneurial goals, yet the research on returnee entrepreneurs’ human and social capital is not sufficiently studied in the international context, in particular when returnees’ overseas human capital and social capital may be a misfit with local business environment. Using the data from Chinese returnee entrepreneurs’ venture activities in China, the purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of returnee entrepreneurs’ overseas capital (human and social) and domestic capital (human and social) on their venture performance in China, and further explore the interaction effect of different social and human capital with China’s entrepreneurial environment. Design/methodology/approach This study surveyed 500 start-up businesses created by returnee entrepreneurs in China to collect data. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on their demographic information, the information about the human and social capital of these returnee entrepreneurs, including domestic and overseas capital, various performance measures, and other control variables ending up with 226 usable questionnaires. Findings The results show that Chinese returnee entrepreneurs’ overseas human capital and social capital, as well as their domestic social capital, but not domestic human capital, have a significant impact on their venture performance. In addition, while domestic entrepreneurial environment does not affect the impact of overseas human and social capital on venture performance, it does provide an important contextual setting for domestic capital to improve returnee entrepreneurs’ venture performance. Originality/value The findings help enrich the understanding of the dynamic interplays among Chinese returnee entrepreneurs’ domestic human capital and social capital, overseas human capital, and social capital, as well as the entrepreneurial environment for returnee entrepreneurs’ success, which makes an important contribution to the international entrepreneurship theory by showing that overseas human capital and social capital are not a misfit with local markets. It also provides empirical support for the mediating effect of entrepreneurial opportunity identification. The important role of entrepreneurial opportunity is empirically supported in an international context: entrepreneurship is all about the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities and exploitation of this opportunity to create viable business entities for new products and services, even in the Chinese context, a culture which is very different from the ones where the entrepreneurship theory was developed.

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M. Gordon, Jason, and Tracey King Schaller. "The role of mindfulness in entrepreneurial market analysis." Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship 16, no. 1 (July 8, 2014): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrme-02-2013-0005.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore mindfulness as a cognitive construct that affects the identification and processing of information during market analysis leading to opportunity evaluation. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws from theory on entrepreneurial cognition and introduces the concept of mindfulness in market analysis to better understand the entrepreneurial mindset at the opportunity evaluation stage of the value-creation process. Findings – Based on a review of the literature on entrepreneurial cognition and mindfulness at the marketing/entrepreneurship interface, a detailed description of the concept of mindful market analysis is presented. In addition, propositions are developed regarding the moderating effects of mindful market analysis on the relationships between various personal and psychological factors and information processing outcomes related to opportunity evaluation. Originality/value – Much research exists regarding idea creation, entrepreneurial action, opportunity discovery and recognition and entrepreneurial traits. Taking a different approach, this research focuses on opportunity evaluation and the role of market analysis at this stage of the entrepreneurial process. Overall, these contributions help to fulfill the call for more research on the intrapersonal cognitive processes of entrepreneurs and their role in opportunity evaluation.

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Wu, Jingjing, Ayman Alshaabani, and Ildikó Rudnák. "Testing the Influence of Self-Efficacy and Demographic Characteristics among International Students on Entrepreneurial Intention in the Context of Hungary." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031069.

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With the fact that studying abroad has gradually become the priority choice for students to pursue higher education, the number of international students is undergoing dramatic growth. However, little is known about the entrepreneurship of this growing group. Moreover, a considerable number of researchers propose that entrepreneurial self-efficacy is one of the critical factors that influence individuals to make entrepreneurial decisions in the entrepreneurial domain. Therefore, this paper takes a group of international students as its research object to explore the impact of the four capability dimensions of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention (EI) and its relationship with demographic characteristics in the Hungarian context. The four capability dimensions tested in this study include operation and management capacity (OMC), relationship coordination capacity (RCC), risk tolerance capacity (RTC), and innovative and opportunity identification capacity (IOIC). To test the hypothesis in this paper, the hierarchical regression and independent samples t-test are used. The results show that OMC, RTC, and IOIC have a significant impact on the EI of international students, but RCC has not been confirmed. Additionally, the demographic characteristics of international students are associated with their EI in the context of Hungary. This finding contributes to adopting more effective and comprehensive entrepreneurial practices for relevant institutions.

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Lewis, Kate V., Marcus Ho, Candice Harris, and Rachel Morrison. "Becoming an entrepreneur: opportunities and identity transitions." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 8, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-02-2015-0006.

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Purpose This paper aims to report an empirically grounded theoretical framework within which to understand the role of entrepreneurial identity development in the discovery, development and exploitation of opportunity, and to elaborate on how these identity transitions both mobilise and constrain female entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative case study-based research design was used in this study. Primary and secondary data were collected from eight female participants (all of whom can be categorised as “mumpreneurs”) and analysed to inform the theoretical framework that is the foundation of the paper. Findings The authors describe how identity conflict, role congruence and reciprocal identity creation play a critical role in venture creation as a form of entrepreneurship. Drawing on the constructs of identification, self-verification and identity enactment, the authors build a theoretical framework for understanding entrepreneurial identity transitions in relation to opportunity-seeking behaviours. Research limitations/implications The work is theoretical in character and based on a sample that, whilst rich in the provision of theoretical insight, is small in scope. Additionally, the sample is located in one geographical context (New Zealand) which likely has implications for the way in which the key constructs are perceived and enacted. Originality/value This paper is an attempt to integrate conceptualisations of entrepreneurial identity development with opportunity-related processes in the context of venture creation. A holistic focus on identity transitions and their relevance to perception and action in relation to opportunity (the root of entrepreneurial behaviour) is novel; at this point, it is exploratory in intention and tentative in reach.

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Giniuniene, Jurgita, and Asta Pundziene. "Dynamic Capabilities: Closing the Competence Gap in Order to Assure Exploitation of New Opportunities." Engineering Economics 31, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.31.4.24239.

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Current dynamics of business environment and challenges that businesses are facing force firms to reorganize resources for becoming more effective at opportunity identification and exploitation. However, exploitation of new opportunities is often challenged by competency gap at the firm level. Often current level of competence of the firm does not meet the requirements coming with the new opportunities. In the literature on management science, learning is perceived as one of the greatest contributors in smooth and directed resource reconfiguration process. The outcome of learning is often linked to new knowledge and competencies that allow successful exploitation of identified opportunities within an external and internal business environment. Therefore, this paper aims to propose hypothetical model on how the successful implementation of new business opportunities is linked to multiple-loop organizational learning and closing of the competence gap of the firm. The aim is achieved by synergizing extant literature in the fields of dynamic capabilities, entrepreneurship and organizational learning. Critical analysis of relevant research leads to the development of a conceptual model explaining the process of how the firm is able to close the competence gap and assure successful opportunity exploitation within the firm. This results in the formation of the research questions for future empirical research. The study adds value to the existing literature by identifying the learning process that stimulates successful opportunity exploitation, drawing on the multiple-loop learning perspective, and applying dynamic capabilities framework.

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Raghavan, Srividya. "Reboot Systems: bridging digital divide – the green way." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 3, no. 6 (November 19, 2013): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-06-2013-0077.

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Subject area Emerging markets – marketing and business strategy; social entrepreneurship; opportunity identification; frugal innovation. Study level/applicability MBA; marketing management; specialis ed courses such as entrepreneurship and international marketing. Data rich case, but analytical difficulty is only moderate. Case overview Reboot Systems was conceived as a reverse engineering/refurbishing company for used computers when Rahul Chowdhury and Subbarao came in contact with Anand Tater who had started a small business in the used computer market. The team recognised the potential of the refurbished computer market in India, which was largely unorganised with penetration of personal computers pegged at less than 5 per cent. They identified the opportunity to address the digital divide, caused by lack of affordability and accessibility, by providing inexpensive “as good as new” used computers to those who aspired to own a computer. Additionally, in extending the life of used computers on a large-scale through “frugal innovation”, they hoped to reduce the extent of e-waste generated in the economy. This case provides a rich description of an emerging market characterised by market heterogeneity, social-political governance with poor policy measures, unorganised markets, chronic shortage of resources and inadequate infrastructure. Entrepreneurs hoping to address social issues must tackle these problems at the grass-root level and come up with improvised solutions that address the unique needs of the heterogeneous and resource constrained market. Some of Reboot Systems pressing challenges were in building a viable strategic approach to the market and ensuring scalability in a sustainable way. Expected learning outcomes An understanding of the characteristics of an emerging market from a macro (environmental) as well as micro (industry specific) perspective, an appreciation of opportunity identification and improvisation in emerging markets as well as differentiating “frugal” innovation from the idea of “Jugaad”, an understanding of the role of strategic vision and mission in accomplishing social and business objectives, an understanding of how to develop sustainability and competitive advantage from a social as well as business perspective. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

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McPherson, Mark Christopher. "Identity and difference – re-thinking UK South Asian entrepreneurship." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 11, no. 5 (November 6, 2017): 564–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-04-2016-0012.

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Purpose This paper, which is part of a larger study, aims to discuss from an ethno-cultural perspective, the notion of self-identification and difference pertaining to first and second-generation South Asian male entrepreneurs. In essence, previous studies have not explored this dimension to any sufficient depth. Therefore, evidence is unclear as to how ethno-culture has informed entrepreneurial identity and difference. Design/methodology/approach Adopting a phenomenological research paradigm, 42 semi-structured interviews were conducted with first- and second-generation Sikh and Pakistani Muslim male entrepreneurs in Greater London. A typology of second-generation entrepreneurs is developed and a research agenda proposed. Findings First-generation respondents regard the UK as home and do not suffer from shifts in identity. These particular respondents identify themselves as Sikh or Pakistani Muslim or a Businessman. However, the second-generation identify themselves via three distinct labels. Here respondents stress their ethnicity by using Hyphenated British identities or hide their ethnicity behind the term a Normal Businessman, or appear opportunists by using ethnicity as a resource to espouse a true entrepreneurial identity. Research limitations/implications The research environment within the Greater London area where the respondents are located may not be as generalisable when compared with other parts of the UK. Originality/value This paper offers a unique insight into self-prescribed identity and difference noted among London’s ethnic entrepreneurs.

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van der Westhuizen, Thea, and Marialauda Joel Goyayi. "The influence of technology on entrepreneurial self-efficacy development for online business start-up in developing nations." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 21, no. 3 (November 21, 2019): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465750319889224.

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Business start-ups are usually volatile and risky. They require rapid response and adaptability, calling for entrepreneurial self-confidence among young entrepreneurs. As there is a presumption that technology can alleviate these challenges, this study assessed transformation in entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) among young South Africans in relation to an online business start-up. The article’s contribution centres on the advancement of knowledge on youth entrepreneurship development by understanding/exploring the impact of technology in boosting entrepreneurial confidence and thus stimulating entrepreneurial activities. Using an action learning approach, a business tech start-up process was simulated with a group of 109 randomly recruited participants. Their ESE moving through the start-up cycle was captured and analysed. Likert-scale data were collected on their perceptions before and after the simulation in relation to tolerance self-efficacy, relationship self-efficacy, managerial self-efficacy and opportunity identification self-efficacy. Findings showed significant change in ESE for business start-up after exposure to the potentials and opportunities of technology-related businesses. Participants showed increased confidence and enthusiasm on prospects of success in establishing tech businesses. Effect on the development of ESE was also more pronounced in male participants than female participants.

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Kaur, Harsimar, and Gopalakrishnan Narayanamurthy. "Sasta Bhojan Sewa: the pricing dilemma." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-06-2020-0235.

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Learning outcomes After studying this case, students should be able to: understand the process of opportunity identification for forming social enterprises (knowledge), discuss various concepts related to social entrepreneurship and not-for-profit firms (comprehension), apply tools to differentiate between social and commercial enterprises (application), analyze the role of environmental factors like culture in influencing business (analysis) and develop decision-making skills by critically evaluating the options (evaluation). Case overview/synopsis Sasta Bhojan Sewa (SBS) was one of the key projects of Parupkar Sewa Society. The social venture initiated by Jaswinder Singh, a young resident of Ambala (a small town in Haryana, India), got registered as a not-for-profit society in the year 2018. Mr. Singh initiated various social welfare projects since the year 2006 when he got inspired from the history of Sikh Gurus. As years passed, he was able to employ more and more people. This led to the development of a social venture, which had 33 employees at the end of the year 2019. The society was running seven major projects with the help of dasvandh (donations). Project SBS was about providing home-like hygienic meals to people at merely INR10. There were 11 canteens in Ambala city and cantonment, which were being run under that project. Around 1,500 people were eating daily in those canteens, out of which around 70–80 people were not able to pay even INR10. The project had employed 30 people. The salaries of the staff and other operating expenses like liquid petroleum gas (LPG) expense, transportation cost and electricity were met through dasvandh (donations) from the local households. When the project was initiated, the cost of preparing a meal was INR10, but by the end of 2019, the cost went up to INR12 per meal due to food inflation. The meal was still being sold at INR10 at a loss of INR2 per meal. On December 28, 2019, as founder of the society, Mr. Singh was thinking of raising the selling price to INR12 per meal, which had to be implemented on January 01, 2020 but he was doubtful in doing so. He thought increasing the price might defeat the purpose of starting SBS as he was reflecting on how poor people were and how each rupee mattered to them. He was also considering that it might affect the goodwill of the society that was known for selling food at an extremely low price. By using the example of SBS, we explain various concepts of not-for-profit social enterprises like opportunity identification, key drivers, business model canvas and environmental effects in this teaching note. The teaching note also provides cost–benefit analysis of the available options to facilitate effective decision-making. Complexity academic level Undergraduate and graduate-level business programs. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

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Ozgen Novelli, Sibel, and Sumit Kumar Kundu. "Opportunity-Based International Entrepreneurship: A Configurational Approach." Academy of Management Proceedings 2018, no. 1 (August 2018): 12904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.12904abstract.

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Ferguson, Julie E., San Tea, Heidi Dahles, Ingrid Wakkee, Christine Moser, and Marja Spierenburg. "Problematizing Opportunity Pursuit Multidimensional Embeddedness of International Entrepreneurship." Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (August 2017): 12802. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.12802abstract.

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Chandra, Yanto. "Beyond Single Opportunity Explanations in International Entrepreneurship Research." Academy of Management Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (January 2014): 13373. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.13373abstract.

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Dimitratos, Pavlos, Irini Voudouris, Emmanuella Plakoyiannaki, and George Nakos. "International entrepreneurial culture—Toward a comprehensive opportunity-based operationalization of international entrepreneurship." International Business Review 21, no. 4 (August 2012): 708–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.08.001.

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Chandra, Yanto, Chris Styles, and Ian F. Wilkinson. "Opportunity portfolio: Moving beyond single opportunity explanations in international entrepreneurship research." Asia Pacific Journal of Management 32, no. 1 (November 25, 2014): 199–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10490-014-9400-1.

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Zahra, Shaker A., Juha Santeri Korri, and JiFeng Yu. "Cognition and international entrepreneurship: implications for research on international opportunity recognition and exploitation." International Business Review 14, no. 2 (April 2005): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2004.04.005.

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Butler, John E., Robert Doktor, and Frederick A. Lins. "Linking international entrepreneurship to uncertainty, opportunity discovery, and cognition." Journal of International Entrepreneurship 8, no. 2 (April 13, 2010): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10843-010-0054-x.

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Mainela, Tuija, Vesa Puhakka, and Per Servais. "The Concept of International Opportunity in International Entrepreneurship: A Review and a Research Agenda." International Journal of Management Reviews 16, no. 1 (March 3, 2013): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12011.

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GEURSEN, GUS M., and LEO PAUL DANA. "INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE CONCEPT OF INTELLECTUAL INTERNATIONALISATION." Journal of Enterprising Culture 09, no. 03 (September 2001): 331–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495801000183.

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Much of the internationalisation literature deals with how firms have grown by extending their technologies, brands or organisational structures internationally. These literatures are about firms extending operational territories and gaining access to larger markets. However, in contemporary economies territorial extension is not the only form of internationalisation. Some individuals travel to new countries and see entrepreneurial opportunities. Their contribution to a new or existing venture is "intellect" as part of an internationalisation culture. Somehow, the global environment has changed from a place to be conquered by large corporations to and opportunity-rich environment for sensitive, entrepreneurial participants. The purpose of this exploratory study is to stimulate future research that examines what has changed, in business contexts, structures and markets, and to place intellectual entrepreneurship at the core of the internationalisation discussion.

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Choi, Yu-Ri, and Ho-Yeol Bang. "A Relationship between International Entrepreneurship, Internationalization Opportunity, and Internationalization Performance." International Business Journal 29, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14365/ibj.2018.29.4.2.

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Oviatt, Benjamin M., and Patricia P. McDougall. "Defining International Entrepreneurship and Modeling the Speed of Internationalization." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29, no. 5 (September 2005): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00097.x.

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This article provides a reformulated definition of international entrepreneurship. Consistent with the new definition, a model is presented of how the speed of entrepreneurial internationalization is influenced by various forces. The model begins with an entrepreneurial opportunity and depicts the enabling forces of technology, the motivating forces of competition, the mediating perceptions of entrepreneurs, and the moderating forces of knowledge and networks that collectively determine the speed of internationalization.

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Nuhu, Nuraddeen Sani, Martin Owens, and Deirdre McQuillan. "International entrepreneurship from emerging to developed markets: an institutional perspective." International Marketing Review 38, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 453–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-02-2020-0028.

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PurposeThe authors explore how home and host market institutions impact emerging market (EM) international entrepreneurship (IE) into developed markets.Design/methodology/approachBased on four case studies of Nigerian entrepreneurs expanding into the USA, this qualitative research adopts an institutional perspective to the study of EM IE.FindingsThe findings show home and host formal and informal institutions simultaneously enable and constrain the IE process. Weak home institutions shape the international opportunity recognition decision but seriously impede international opportunity development and exploitation activities in the developed market. EM entrepreneurs benefit from highly functioning regulation in the developed market whilst also experiencing discriminatory treatment from institutions. The findings of the study further show the positive and constraining effects of host institutions throughout the process.Originality/valueBased on the findings, the paper details future research ideas, managerial implications and recommendation for policymakers.

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Felix, Claudia, Sebastian Aparicio, and David Urbano. "Leadership as a driver of entrepreneurship: an international exploratory study." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 26, no. 3 (June 4, 2019): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-03-2018-0106.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of cultural leadership factors (charismatic/value-based, team oriented, participative, humane, autonomous and self-protective) on the rates of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachThe study integrates insights from institutional and cultural leadership theories to provide a fresh perspective to advance comparative entrepreneurship research. To test the hypotheses, the authors conduct a multiple regression analysis with observations from 34 countries, using data (from the year 2013) from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for the dependent variable and from Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness to create leadership factors as independent variables.FindingsThe results show that all the types of leadership considered in the study have a relevant effect on entrepreneurial activity. However, charismatic leadership has a greater effect on entrepreneurial activity, particularly on opportunity entrepreneurship. The research also shows that autonomous leadership has a negative impact on entrepreneurial activity, although, when it is moderated by the humane dimension, this relationship changes.Practical implicationsSince the alternative dimensions facilitate or inhibit the generation of new firm creation, it is critical for researchers, teachers and leaders to learn about and to foster such leadership types.Originality/valueThis research covers a gap in the cross-cultural evidence presented in the literature and suggests the integration of the concepts leadership and entrepreneurship.

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Musteen, Martina, Ross Curran, Nuno Arroteia, Maria Ripollés, and Andreu Blesa. "A Community of Practice Approach to Teaching International Entrepreneurship." Administrative Sciences 8, no. 4 (September 23, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci8040056.

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With a dearth of research on international entrepreneurship pedagogy, there is a gap in knowledge on the effectiveness of educational programs, courses, and teaching methods in stimulating and promoting international entrepreneurship practice. To address the gap, this study evaluates an experiential teaching innovation in the area of international entrepreneurship, the Global Board Game project. Designed as a Community of Practice (CoP), the project provides students the opportunity to participate in the construction of their knowledge through interactions with their counterparts in other countries. A qualitative analysis of student essays indicates that the Global Board Game project is effective in helping students achieve learning outcomes, which include defining, recognizing, and evaluating international business opportunities; designing and validating a business model based on such opportunities; and creating a plan for pursuing these opportunities. Additionally, it indicates that participation in the project enhanced students’ attitudes toward entrepreneurship as a career path.

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Ahmed, Zafar U., Craig C. Julian, and Abdul Jumaat Majar. "Export Incentives and International Entrepreneurship in Malaysian Firms." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 7, no. 1 (February 2006): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000006775870497.

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This study explores Malaysian entrepreneurs' incentives to export when engaging in international business. The data gathered were based on a survey of 214 Malaysian manufacturing firms. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance. With the exception of a ‘decline in the value of currency relative to foreign markets’, the results indicate no significant differences in the perceptions of exporters and non-exporters towards the various incentives to export. Thirteen of the export incentives tested in this study were deemed to be significant to Malaysian entrepreneurs. These were: reduction of tariffs in target countries; attractive export incentives provided by the home country government; the presence of export-minded management; expectation of economies of scale resulting from added volume of trade; favourable sales and profit opportunities in foreign markets; chance to diversify into new markets; receipt of voluntary orders from foreign buyers; availability of profitable ways to ship to foreign markets; eased product regulations in target countries; opportunity to reduce inventories; moves by domestic competitors to export; decline in the value of currency relative to foreign markets; and entry of foreign competitors into the domestic market.

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Ren, Shuang, Di Fan, and Zijie Li. "International opportunity identification during the internationalization of Chinese MNEs." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 14875. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.14875abstract.

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Muzychenko, Olga, and Peter W. Liesch. "International opportunity identification in the internationalisation of the firm." Journal of World Business 50, no. 4 (October 2015): 704–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2014.12.001.

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Yang, Man, and Peter Gabrielsson. "The Interface of International Marketing and Entrepreneurship Research: Review, Synthesis, and Future Directions." Journal of International Marketing 26, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x18809988.

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There is no intensive review available of research at the interface of international marketing and entrepreneurship. This article systematically logs and organizes the subject matter and provides research suggestions. An organizing framework with three main dimensions—international marketing, the nature of marketing, and entrepreneurship—guides the literature review, which relies on a full search of articles relevant to international marketing and entrepreneurship published in academic journals over the past two decades (1997–2016). The study adopts a qualitative research approach to analyze 169 articles that meet the definitions of both international marketing and entrepreneurship research. Nine research types emerge at the intersection of international marketing and entrepreneurship research, and the study examines the theoretical and empirical trends of each type. A promising avenue for future studies would be cross-cultural comparative research on the individual–opportunity nexus in marketing across countries. More mixed-method and longitudinal research designs are also welcomed. The authors conclude by offering suggestions for future interdisciplinary research.

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Cohen, Boyd, and Monika I. Winn. "Market imperfections, opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship." Journal of Business Venturing 22, no. 1 (January 2007): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.12.001.

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Hechavarría, Diana M., and Chris Welter. "Opportunity Types, Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 16, no. 4 (November 2015): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ijei.2015.0196.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there are differences in the degree of innovation as moderated by the type of opportunity pursued – found or formed – among social and non-social start-ups. The authors aim to further the discussion on opportunity types by drawing on an expansive data set, the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics I and II, to test the notion of opportunity types and their implications for innovation among social entrepreneurs. The findings suggest that social ventures are, on average, considerably more innovative than other kinds of start-ups. Furthermore, the authors find evidence which suggests that social entrepreneurs pursuing formed opportunities are less likely to be innovative.

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Westhead, Paul, Deniz Ucbasaran, and Mike Wright. "Information Search and Opportunity Identification." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 27, no. 6 (December 2009): 659–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242609344255.

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Lough, Benjamin J., and Amanda Moore McBride. "The Influence of Solution-Focused Reflection on International Social Entrepreneurship Identification." Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 4, no. 2 (July 2013): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2013.777361.

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Ropo, Arja, and James G. (Jerry) Hunt. "Entrepreneurial Processes as Virtuous and Vicious Spirals in a Changing Opportunity Structure: A Paradoxical Perspective." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 19, no. 3 (April 1995): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225879501900307.

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We develop the beginnings of a grounded theory of entrepreneurship based on the idea that entrepreneurship, in terms of a changing opportunity structure–-consisting of opportunity detection, opportunity facilitation and motivation to pursue opportunity–-can be viewed through a paradoxical perspective that considers the interplay of organizational and individual capabilities as virtuous and vicious spirals across time. The virtuous spiral led toward successful change because of supportive organizational and individual capabilities across time. The vicious spiral led away from successful change because of countervailing organizational and individual capabilities. Paradoxically, however, we found that entrepreneurship developed in both types of spirals. We discuss these points based on two case studies of Finnish banks and bank managers within the fundamentally changing opportunity structure of the banking business in the late 1980s.

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Vogel, Peter. "From Venture Idea to Venture Opportunity." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 41, no. 6 (November 2017): 943–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/etap.12234.

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Opportunities are a core construct in the field of entrepreneurship. Despite recent advances suggesting the separation of ideas from opportunities, the field still suffers from conceptual deficiencies. This article builds on this distinction and leverages insights from creativity and innovation management literature to propose a framework that allows tracing the evolution of a venture from first insight to exploitation. It discusses real–time/longitudinal and retrospective measurement techniques from the fields of entrepreneurship, creativity, and innovation management to empirically capture the framework. Several research questions for future studies are provided, concluding with a discussion of implications for research and practice.

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Dana, Leo-Paul. "Entrepreneurship in a Remote Sub-Arctic Community." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 20, no. 1 (October 1995): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225879502000104.

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This exploratory study attempts to provide a theoretical and empirically Informed Judgment about entrepreneurial activities In a small sub-Arctic Alaskan town. An Interdisciplinary literature review leads to the development of a theoretical typology of the entrepreneur, the framework of which Is used to analyze empirical findings. Having obtained, using ethnographic methodology, information onhowandwhypeople In that town become entrepreneurs, the author compares empirical findings with established theories. Evidence reveals that Eskimos and non-native respondents relate to opportunity quite differently. This supports the notion that entrepreneurship should not be viewed as a function of opportunity, but rather as a function of cultural perceptions of opportunity. Implications and topics for future research are discussed.

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Williams, Colin C. "Beyond Necessity-Driven Versus Opportunity-Driven Entrepreneurship." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 9, no. 3 (August 2008): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000008785096647.

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To evaluate critically the conventional view that entrepreneurs are either necessity-driven or opportunity-driven, empirical data are reported from England, Ukraine and Russia on the motives of a specific group of entrepreneurs – those operating wholly or partially in the informal economy. The paper finds that, for the vast majority, both necessity and opportunity drivers are involved in their decision to start up enterprises, along with a clear shift from necessity-oriented to opportunity-oriented motivations as their ventures become more established. The paper concludes with a discussion of the public policy implications of these findings.

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Mostafiz, Md Imtiaz, Murali Sambasivan, and See Kwong Goh. "Measurement scale of international opportunity identification in early internationalization firms." Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration 11, no. 2 (July 16, 2019): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjba-10-2018-0179.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop the international opportunity identification (IOI) scale through psychometric evaluation in an emerging economy context. Design/methodology/approach Samples consist of international firms operating in the apparel industry in Bangladesh. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on the first wave of responses to unfold the underlying dimensions of IOI. The second wave of data was used to confirm the validity of IOI scale through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Findings EFA suggests a unidimensional scale, which is supported by CFA. The relationship between IOI and financial performance is significant and confirms nomological validity. Results also confirm the validity and reliability of the IOI scale. Originality/value This study indicates that IOI is a reliable and valid scale to measure the strategic action of the international firms operating in emerging economies, and has a positive relationship with financial performance.

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Ren, Shuang, Di Fan, Xinli Huang, and Zijie Li. "The micro-foundation of ambidextrous opportunity identification in international expansion." International Business Review 30, no. 1 (February 2021): 101764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101764.

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Vinogradov, Evgueni, and Eva Jenny Benedikte Jørgensen. "Differences in international opportunity identification between native and immigrant entrepreneurs." Journal of International Entrepreneurship 15, no. 2 (December 7, 2016): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10843-016-0197-5.

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Zaefarian, Reza, Teck-Yong Eng, and Misagh Tasavori. "An exploratory study of international opportunity identification among family firms." International Business Review 25, no. 1 (February 2016): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.06.002.

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Medvedev, Roman. "International alliances as a tool for the development of intercountry entrepreneurship." KANT 37, no. 4 (December 2020): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2020-37.37.

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The article is devoted to the study of the activities of international strategic business alliances in the context of their influence on the development of the intercountry system of entrepreneurship, analysis of activities and identification of the characteristic features of the construction of these entrepreneurial structures. The author examines the specifics of the tools for the development of cross-country entrepreneurship, the economic essence of this phenomenon, its subjects and forms. The article also examines the main reasons for the emergence of cross-country entrepreneurship from the point of view of leading domestic and foreign scientists. It is concluded that the role of international alliances as a tool for building cross-country entrepreneurship is currently underestimated, despite the significant advantages to participants in the formation of a competitive environment.

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Torres, Pedro, and Pedro Godinho. "Opportunity entrepreneurship, oil rents and control of corruption." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 13, no. 5 (November 28, 2019): 647–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-07-2019-0067.

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Purpose This paper aims to better understand the conditions that can lead to high and low opportunity entrepreneurship in countries with oil rents. Additionally, the study aims to find out the differences between countries with oil rents and countries without oil rents. Design/methodology/approach A configurational analysis based on fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis was performed for a sample of 46 countries with oil rents and a sample of 20 countries without oil rents, using Country data from the World Bank World Development Indicators, World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Findings The results show that control of corruption is important to achieve high levels of opportunity entrepreneurship in countries with oil rents and countries without oil rents alike. It is highlighted that the abundance of oil resources in a given country is not a curse, if some conditions are met. Multiple configurations that lead to high levels of opportunity entrepreneurship in countries with oil rents are presented. The study shows that none of the antecedent conditions is necessary per se, it is the combination of conditions that leads to the outcome of interest. The study indicates that either high control of corruption or low taxes should occur, no matter the combination of conditions, to achieve high levels of opportunity entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications The relation between control of corruption and entrepreneurship is complex and, in spite of the insights that were gathered herein, much is still to be explored. The coverage rate of the solutions shows that there are countries with high levels of opportunity entrepreneurship that do not fit in any of the obtained configurations. The sample size is also a limitation. Furthermore, to compute the set membership thresholds, the anchors were based on the percentiles, given the lack of theoretical basis to do so. Thus, other methods should also be used in the future, if possible with a larger data sample. Practical implications The obtained results have implications for policy makers, authorities and potential entrepreneurs. In countries that are oil producers, policy makers aiming to promote opportunity entrepreneurship should take into account that it is the combination of conditions that is important, and not each condition by itself. They should consider that several solutions are possible. Authorities aiming to promote anti-corruption reforms, can leverage the findings of this study to demand for more resources to institute practices and structures to better control corruption, and should articulate among themselves the actions to carry on to improve the level of opportunity entrepreneurship in their country. Potential entrepreneurs can use the findings of this study to ask for anticorruption reforms and tax reforms, and they should use their entrepreneurial talent to try to speed up the change. Originality/value By overlapping streams of research in entrepreneurship, institutions and oil curse, this study makes several contributions to the entrepreneurship literature. Different from extant literature, the study uses a configurational approach and identifies the combinations of conditions that lead to high and low opportunity entrepreneurship in countries with oil rents. The non-linearity of the configurations is highlighted. Furthermore, for the first time, the study includes a panel without oil rents in the analysis, which enabled a comparison with the other set of countries and provides new insights about the importance of control of corruption to achieve high levels of opportunity entrepreneurship.

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Nor Hafiza Othman and Norasmah Othman. "The Mediating Effect of Emotion on Entrepreneurship Education and Business Opportunity Recognition." International Journal of Business and Society 21, no. 3 (April 28, 2021): 1479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3365.2020.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of entrepreneurial emotion on relationship between entrepreneurship education and business opportunity recognition. Entrepreneurship process begins when an entrepreneur recognizes a business opportunity that involves various emotions throughout the process. Although various activities and entrepreneurship programs are carried out in universities, the involvements of students and graduates in business start-ups are still small. The main factor is the failure to leverage potential business opportunities, which in turn, leads to the stability of emotion’s reliance. A total of 152 of final year students participated in this study. The data were collected from questionnaires, and the hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Square - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings indicated that entrepreneurship education, emotion and opportunity recognition were significantly related. It was also found that entrepreneurial emotion partially mediated the relationship between entrepreneurship education and opportunity recognition. The findings have confirmed that although entrepreneurship education helps improve students’ capabilities to adapt to new environments, and recognizes the potential of business opportunities, a stable emotion is crucial throughout the entire entrepreneurship process.

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Hu, Xiaoti, Susan Marlow, Angelika Zimmermann, Lee Martin, and Regina Frank. "Understanding Opportunities in Social Entrepreneurship: A Critical Realist Abstraction." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 44, no. 5 (October 13, 2019): 1032–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042258719879633.

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This article extends social entrepreneurship (SE) research by drawing upon a critical realist perspective to analyse dynamic structure/agency relations in SE opportunity emergence, illustrated by empirical evidence. Our findings demonstrate an agential aspect (opportunity actualisation following a path-dependent seeding-growing-shaping process) and a structural aspect (institutional, cognitive and embedded structures necessary for SE opportunity emergence) related to SE opportunities. These structures provide three boundary conditions for SE agency: institutional discrimination, an SE belief system and social feasibility. Within this article, we develop a novel theoretical framework to analyse SE opportunities plus, an applicable tool to advance related empirical research.

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Journal articles on the topic 'International entrepreneurship; international opportunity identification'

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