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Relevant bibliographies by topics / International economic structure

Academic literature on the topic 'International economic structure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "International economic structure"

1

Mäkelä, Marjukka, and Harri Sintonen. "STRUCTURE FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 29, no. 2 (April 2013): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462313000172.

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Guidelines for reporting economic evaluations in health care are very welcome. A task force of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research has organized a two-round, modified Delphi Panel process to compile a set of recommendations for reporting Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards. The result is a 24-item checklist with the friendly acronym CHEERS (1), published in this issue of the International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

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2

Goodall, Chris. "Multinational enterprises, economic structure and international competitiveness." International Affairs 62, no. 4 (1986): 668–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2618583.

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Buckley, Peter J., and John H. Dunning. "Multinational Enterprises, Economic Structure and International Competitiveness." Economic Journal 96, no. 384 (December 1986): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233185.

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4

Wolf, Bernard M., and John H. Dunning. "Multinational Enterprises, Economic Structure and International Competitiveness." Canadian Journal of Economics 20, no. 2 (May 1987): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135382.

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Graham, Edward M. "Multinational Enterprises, Economic Structure and International Competitiveness." Journal of International Business Studies 18, no. 3 (September 1987): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.1987.38.

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Guerrieri, Paolo, and Pier Carlo Padoan. "Neomercantilism and international economic stability." International Organization 40, no. 1 (1986): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002081830000446x.

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In a recent paper, Barry Buzan disputes the widespread theory that associates a liberal international economic structure positively, and a mercantilist structure negatively, with international security. We do not take issue with Buzan's arguments on this point; rather we disagree with some of his assumptions concerning the relationship between mercantilistic policies and the international economic order. Those of Buzan's points that we question represent generally accepted views in the literature on mercantilismBuzan's definition of mercantilism focuses essentially if not exclusively on protectionist trade policies. We prefer a more general definition based on Keynesian and post-Keynesian literature. By including the macroeconomic goals of neomercantilism, this definition accounts for a country's foreign economic policy.

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Makoni, Patricia Lindelwa. "Exploring economic structure and drivers of economic growth in Botswana." Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, no. 4 (2015): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i4_c6_p1.

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This article set out to analyse the economic structure and main economic drivers in Botswana. Botswana, a country in sub-Saharan Africa, is a relatively small economy, hugely dependent on its diamond mineral wealth. Concerns have arisen in recent years that the diamond deposits will soon be depleted and the country therefore needs to embark on a diversification programme to broaden its economic base. In order to understand the Botswana economy, its economic structure and current domestic sectorial performance were evaluated, as well as its trends in imports and exports. An analysis of the data shows that, regardless of the awareness of the sensitivity to external shocks of commodity prices, as well as the obvious future depletion of diamond reserves, the Botswana economy continues to rely on diamonds, at the expense of attracting international capital flows to enhance and maintain sustainable economic growth, through investments in agriculture, manufacturing and tourism. It is therefore recommended that the Government of Botswana becomes proactive and implements recommended policies to diversify its economy, so that it can sustain or improve its economic growth by becoming a prime destination of international capital and domestic private sector investment, thereby increasing employment and trade opportunities.

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Bloom, David E., David Canning, Günther Fink, and Jocelyn E. Finlay. "Does age structure forecast economic growth?" International Journal of Forecasting 23, no. 4 (October 2007): 569–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2007.07.001.

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Webb, Michael C. "International economic structures, government interests, and international coordination of macroeconomic adjustment policies." International Organization 45, no. 3 (1991): 309–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300033129.

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Analysts have commonly argued that there has been a decline in international coordination of the kinds of policies that governments can use to manage the international payments imbalances that emerge when different governments pursue different macroeconomic policies. The decline typically has been attributed to a posited decline in American hegemony. In contrast, this article argues that international coordination of macroeconomic adjustment policies (trade and capital controls, exchange rate policies, balance-of-payments financing, and monetary and fiscal policies) was at least as extensive for much of the 1980s as it had been in the 1960s. There was, however, a shift away from coordination of balance-of-payments financing and other policies that have limited direct consequences for domestic economic and political conditions and a concurrent shift toward coordination of monetary and fiscal policies that are critically important for domestic politics and economics. This change is best explained as a consequence of changes in the structure of the international economy. Most important, international capital market integration encouraged governments to coordinate monetary and fiscal policies because balance-of-payments financing and exchange rate coordination alone are insufficient to manage the enormous payments imbalances that emerge when capital is able to flow internationally in search of higher interest rates and appreciating currencies.

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Condon, B. J. "Treaty Structure and Public Interest Regulation in International Economic Law." Journal of International Economic Law 17, no. 2 (May 24, 2014): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgu016.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "International economic structure"

1

Babones, Salvatore James. "The international structure of income and its implications for economic growth, 1960-2000." Available to US Hopkins community, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/dlnow/3068113.

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Wixted, Brian L., University of Western Sydney, College of Law and Business, and Australian Expert Group in Industry Studies. "Systems of innovation beyond borders: linked clustering and the role, scale and spatial structure of extra-territorial interdependencies." THESIS_CLAB_AEGIS_Wixted_B.xml, 2005. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/639.

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The study of technological innovation covers a broad range of issues. Everything, from the public funding of science, research policy to the role of universities, from the business development of new products and services, the financing of innovation, institutional arrangements through to the spatially located conditions that promote innovation has been considered by analysts. Mostly these subject matters have been conceptualised as components of 'national’ systems of innovation even when studied at different spatial levels (including regions and clusters). The emphasis of systems research is that places (nations or localities), within the global economic landscape, are especially important for the creation, spread and use of innovations. The systems perspective on innovation encourages, due to results on the development of endogenous capabilities and the proximity of knowledge spillovers, a view that production and innovation geographies are enclaves of activity, innovating largely in isolation from what is occurring in other technologically isolated systems. A central concern in the present thesis is that this view of national and sub-national systems does not provide a sufficiently comprehensive perspective on the global architecture of production. The primary goal is to begin to develop an innovation systems framework that combines the consideration of the advantages of individual spatial entities (clusters) with an analysis of value chains as they extend across regional and national borders. To achieve this, the analysis focuses on evaluating the role, scale and spatial structure of inter-cluster linkages. The literature on role of interdependencies within clusters suggests that user producer and tacit knowledge flows are more important for innovation than traded interdependencies. To aid the analysis of the scale and spatial structure of interdependencies and rather than be restricted by case studies methods which would facilitate analysis of only one or two clusters, two inter-country input-output datasets covering nine OECD countries (33 sectors) and fifteen European Union countries (25 sectors) were developed for the research project. To analyse these datasets in a manner that was consistent with the goals of the research new modelling software was constructed. The analysis of these spatial structures reveals that substantial associations exist between some clusters, with most national clusters maintaining one important connection. The analysis reveals differences in the global architecture of production for assembly based systems (motor vehicles and aerospace) when compared to modular component based systems such as electronics and computing. Just as businesses form networks, then it seems reasonable, on the basis of the research presented here, to suggest that global production consists of networks of clusters which are organised in hierarchical circuits. This evidence supports the argument developed through the present thesis that certain elements of innovation systems can be better understood through a crossborder cluster-to-cluster framework
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Mancus, Philip Michael. "An international division of nature : the effects of structural adjustment on agricultural sustainability /." Thesis, Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10247.

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Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. "This dissertation studies the effects of national economic restructuring programs, implemented under the administration of multilateral development institutions, on the fertilizer intensity, energy intensity, and value efficiency of national commodity agriculture for the period 1980 to 2002"--P. iv. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 167-182). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

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Bain, Bridgette M. "Essay 1:IMF Lending and the Emerging Markets' Governance Structure. Essay 2: Specialization Constructs among Business Incubators." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1608.

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The purpose of this paper is to observe and analyze whether the value system and political structure of a nation, gauged through its legal configuration, impacts its response to IMF debt and consequently impacts its GDP growth rates. This paper also analyzes whether involvement in the fund through a loan relationship affects the country’s real interest rate, inflation, exchange rate and import and export volume and whether this relationship is causal in that we can explain a nation’s loan relationship with the Fund through observance of the aforementioned variables. In this paper, we observe 34 emerging markets as defined by Dow Jones in 2010. The general consensus of the literature is that participation in IMF loan programs retards the economic growth of developing economies. In light of this, the contribution of this paper is to illustrate that some of the slowed growth experienced by these countries seeking out IMF debt is explained by their value system and general attitude toward debt. To carry out a comparable analysis we segment and group the emerging markets based on their current credit status with the IMF (as of Oct 2012) as well as by the origin of their legal system, a measure we use to assess their value system with respect to creditor and debt protection laws. We will observe the growth rates that these countries’ economies experience categorized by their involvement with the Fund, the amount of their loan and whether they fully repaid their debt or are currently indebted to the Fund. We will also identify the size and frequency of the loan in order to observe the impact that these variables have on the delayed growth rates that they experience. Furthermore, we will examine the impact on their GDP growth rates, imports of goods and services, inflation, exchange rates and real interest rates. We expect to find that there is not a generic relationship between involvement in a loan relationship with the Fund and GDP growth rates. In other words, having a loan from the IMF does not directly result in delayed growth rates, contrary to popular belief. However, we hypothesize that the legal system of the borrowing countries is an explanatory variable in determining their growth rates, alongside their loan relationship with the Fund. In addition, we expect to find empirical evidence that supports the claim that inappropriate and unmonitored involvement in the Fund can adversely affect emerging markets. Inappropriate and unmonitored involved is measured in this paper by the borrowers creditor and debtor protection laws. We aim to expand the current line of literature by analyzing whether a decline in economic growth prior to completion of an IMF loan program is a generic attribute of all participants or whether these traits are more pronounced in countries with a more unmonitored business and economic legal system.

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Papadopoulos, Socrates l. "An economic analysis of foreign tourism to Greece. An examination of the growth and structure of foreign tourism to Greece 1960-84 with a planning model and marketing policy recommendations." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4984.

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Tourism - in particular its determinants and effects - is an issue presently attracting much attention worldwide. International tourism is considered to be the largest single item of the world's foreign trade and for some countries it is the most important export industry and earner of foreign exchange. In addition to its economic significance, tourism contributes to the quality of life. It produces intangible benefits which are directly related to the physical and psychological health of people, and the enjoyment of the right to rest and free time. This applies with equal validity to both domestic and international tourism; the latter establishing international economic, political and socio-cultural links, as well as strengthening the domestic character of a nation. At the individual level, tourism satisfies the need to travel in search for relief from the stress of work and the routine of daily life in the big urban centres. At macro (country) level, tourism is, therefore, a human and economic activity which concerns most of us in many parts of the world, directly or indirectly. One country for which foreign tourism is of considerable importance is Greece. In order to identify likely supply constraints (e. g. tourist accommodation and basic infrastructure) and to establish the major market segments of Greek tourism, the growth and structure of foreign tourism in Greece between 1960 and 1984 is examined. Special attention is given to the magnitude of tourism in Greece and its economic effects on the national economy. The non-economic effects of tourism are also considered. This is followed by the construction of a tourist profile so that the types of foreign visitors that go to Greece are identified. Subsequently, an econometric model is developed and empirical results provided to explain foreign tourist arrivals in Greece and to assess the impact of promotional expenditure by the Greek National Tourist Organisation in a number of foreign tourist generating markets. Finally, a tourism marketing planning model is devised which highlights the main variables affecting the international tourism marketing policies of the Greek National Tourist Organisation and, in particular, empirical results are used in conjunction with- a tourism market choice matrix for selecting market targeting strategies. The major conclusion emerging from the research is that as the tourist industry in Greece is of vital importance, the adoption of a strategic, interdisciplinary and integrated tourism planning process along with the establishment of a tactically orientated task unit could provide important improvements in the effectiveness and contribution of tourism in Greece. A few proposals regarding future policies by the Greek authorities are made, such as the establishment of a co-ordinating body orchestrating the efforts of the appropriate groups relevant to the multifaceted nature of tourism.
Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)

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6

Tolley, Rebecca. "Review of Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present: v.1, Part A: Population; v.2, Part B: Work and Welfare; v.3, Part C: Economic Structure and Performance; v.4, Part D: Economic Sectors; v.5, Part E: Governance and International Relations." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5634.

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Review of Review of Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present: v.1, Part A: Population; v.2, Part B: Work and Welfare; v.3, Part C: Economic Structure and Performance; v.4, Part D: Economic Sectors; v.5, Part E: Governance and International Relations. Susan B. Carter et al Cambridge. 2006. 5v, 0521817919, $825.00

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7

Papadopoulos, Socrates loamou. "An economic analysis of foreign tourism to Greece : an examination of the growth and structure of foreign tourism to Greece 1960-84 with a planning model and marketing policy recommendations." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4984.

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Tourism - in particular its determinants and effects - is an issue presently attracting much attention worldwide. International tourism is considered to be the largest single item of the world's foreign trade and for some countries it is the most important export industry and earner of foreign exchange. In addition to its economic significance, tourism contributes to the quality of life. It produces intangible benefits which are directly related to the physical and psychological health of people, and the enjoyment of the right to rest and free time. This applies with equal validity to both domestic and international tourism; the latter establishing international economic, political and socio-cultural links, as well as strengthening the domestic character of a nation. At the individual level, tourism satisfies the need to travel in search for relief from the stress of work and the routine of daily life in the big urban centres. At macro (country) level, tourism is, therefore, a human and economic activity which concerns most of us in many parts of the world, directly or indirectly. One country for which foreign tourism is of considerable importance is Greece. In order to identify likely supply constraints (e. g. tourist accommodation and basic infrastructure) and to establish the major market segments of Greek tourism, the growth and structure of foreign tourism in Greece between 1960 and 1984 is examined. Special attention is given to the magnitude of tourism in Greece and its economic effects on the national economy. The non-economic effects of tourism are also considered. This is followed by the construction of a tourist profile so that the types of foreign visitors that go to Greece are identified. Subsequently, an econometric model is developed and empirical results provided to explain foreign tourist arrivals in Greece and to assess the impact of promotional expenditure by the Greek National Tourist Organisation in a number of foreign tourist generating markets. Finally, a tourism marketing planning model is devised which highlights the main variables affecting the international tourism marketing policies of the Greek National Tourist Organisation and, in particular, empirical results are used in conjunction with- a tourism market choice matrix for selecting market targeting strategies. The major conclusion emerging from the research is that as the tourist industry in Greece is of vital importance, the adoption of a strategic, interdisciplinary and integrated tourism planning process along with the establishment of a tactically orientated task unit could provide important improvements in the effectiveness and contribution of tourism in Greece. A few proposals regarding future policies by the Greek authorities are made, such as the establishment of a co-ordinating body orchestrating the efforts of the appropriate groups relevant to the multifaceted nature of tourism.

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8

Beckfield, Jason. "The consequences of regional political and economic integration for inequality and the welfare state in Western Europe." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3183488.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Sociology, 2005.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-08, Section: A, page: 3111. Adviser: Arthur S. Alderson. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 5, 2006).

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Watugala, Sumudu Weerakoon. "Essays on interconnected markets." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:50c12fb0-a354-40bb-9d07-9174ad1f594a.

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This thesis consists of three essays that explore the dynamics of interconnected markets and examine the relationships between markets, investor behavior, and fundamental characteristics of the firm and the economy. In the first essay, we investigate the role of trade credit links in generating cross-border return predictability between international firms. Using data from 43 countries from 1993 to 2009, we find that firms with high trade credit in producer countries have stock returns that are strongly predictable based on the returns of their associated customer countries. This behavior is especially prevalent among firms with high levels of foreign sales. To better understand this effect we develop an asset pricing model in which firms in different countries are connected by trade credit links. The model offers further predictions about this phenomenon, including stronger predictability during periods of high credit constraints and low uninformed trading volume. We find supportive empirical evidence for these predictions. The second essay investigates the dynamics of commodity futures volatility. I derive the variance decomposition for the futures basis to show how unexpected excess returns result from new information about expected future interest rates, convenience yields, and risk premia. Using data on major commodity futures markets and global bilateral commodity trade, I analyze the extent to which commodity volatility is related to fundamental uncertainty arising from increased emerging market demand and macroeconomic uncertainty, and control for the potential impact of financial frictions introduced by changing market structure and index trading. I find that a higher concentration in the emerging market importers of a commodity is associated with higher futures volatility. Commodity futures volatility is significantly predictable using variables capturing macroeconomic uncertainty. The third essay investigates the differential explanatory power of consumer (importing countries) and producer (exporting countries) risk in explaining the volatility of commodity spot premia and term premia using trade-weighted indices of GDP volatility. Using data for major commodity futures markets, bilateral commodity trade, exchange rates, and GDP for countries trading these commodities, I test hypotheses on the heterogeneous impact of consumer and producer shocks, potentially driven by differences in hedging preferences and investment planning horizons. Producer risk is significant for both short-dated and long-dated maturities, while consumer risk has greater explanatory power for the volatility of the term spread.

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Häggqvist, Henric. "On the Ocean of Protectionism : The Structure of Swedish Tariffs and Trade 1780–1830." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-264482.

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In the field of international trade there is an intriguing tension between the ideological allure of free trade and the political reality of protectionism. Typically, the former is favored by scholars while the latter has been more historically prevalent. Protectionism in the form of tariffs and other obstacles trade was generally a preferred trade policy around the globe in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Sweden was no exception and has been seen as highly protectionist and mercantilist during this period. This thesis has sought to shed new light on Swedish trade policy between 1780 and 1830. It has done so by quantifying and homogenizing tariffs and import bans in order to be able to analyze the structure of tariffs. The thesis stands on a theoretical ground which takes into account the different plausible reasons for setting tariffs. It has placed some emphasis on the possible tension between the desire to shelter one’s own industry from foreign competition and the need to use tariffs for fiscal purposes, as an important source of government revenue. It is therefore argued that tariffs need to be separated theoretically and empirically. A simple model is presented which aims to discern three types of tariffs. The model takes into account the tariff rate itself, and also the structure of trade and the presence of domestic substitution. The thesis has found that Swedish tariffs were generally high over the period and that protectionism was prevalent in a large number of economic sectors. There is tentative evidence that protectionist tariffs also distorted trade in certain types of goods, even if they didn’t have an impact on total import levels. Tariffs were also set so as to separate between raw materials and more processed goods, what is called mercantilist differentiation. Substantial empirical support is given to the claim that certain tariffs on inelastic consumption goods were of great fiscal importance, and increasingly so as the period progressed. The fiscal pressure maintained or even increased the import tariffs, which made it possible to decrease tariffs on exports.

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Books on the topic "International economic structure"

1

The economic structure of international law. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2008.

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H, Dunning John, ed. Multinational enterprises, economic structure, and international competitiveness. Chichester: Wiley, 1985.

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Tawada, Makoto. Production structure and international trade. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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G, Mayes David, and Wood Geoffrey Edward, eds. The structure of financial regulation. London: Routledge, 2007.

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Gregory, Paul R. Russian and Soviet economic performance and structure. 6th ed. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1998.

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Bourdet, Yves. International integration, market structure, and prices. London: Routledge, 1988.

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Babones, Salvatore J. The international structure of income: Its implications for economic growth. Saarbru cken, Germany: VDM Verlag, 2009.

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Sesay, Amadu. The impact of the structural adjustment program on the structure of Nigeria's international economic relations. [Ibadan]: NISER, 1998.

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Multinational investment and economic structure: Globalisation and competitiveness. London: Routledge, 1996.

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1961-, Zhang Wei-Bin, ed. International trade theory: Capital, knowledge, economic structure, money, and prices over time. Berlin: Springer, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "International economic structure"

1

Greenaway, David. "Evaluating the Structure of Protection in Less Developed Countries." In Economic Development and International Trade, 77–94. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19174-1_5.

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Feng, Zhixuan. "International Value, International Production Price and Unequal Exchange." In Economic Growth and Transition of Industrial Structure in East Asia, 73–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2868-8_4.

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Sumida, Gerald A. "CHAPTER 14. Transnational Movements and Economic Structures." In The Future of the International Legal Order, Volume 4: The Structure of the International Environment, edited by Cyril E. Black and Richard A. Falk, 524–68. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400873074-016.

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Geringer, J. Michael, and C. Patrick Woodcock. "Agency Costs and the Structure and Performance of International Joint Ventures." In International Joint Ventures: Economic and Organizational Perspectives, 75–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1944-5_6.

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Doherty, Neil. "On the Capital Structure of Insurance Firms." In Huebner International Series on Risk, Insurance, and Economic Security, 267–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2506-9_9.

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Bradford, Scott. "Protection and Jobs: Explaining the Structure of Trade Barriers Across Industries." In International Economic Policies in a Globalized World, 97–116. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17134-5_6.

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Dessauer, John P. "Coming Full Circle at Macmillan: A Publishing Merger in Economic Perspective." In The Structure of International Publishing in the 1990s, 25–37. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429339394-3.

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Liu, Hongxia, Zongtang Xie, and Xin Song. "The Impact of Industrial Structure Change on Economic Growth." In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management, 522–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59280-0_42.

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Kononov, Yu D., H. G. Huntington, E. A. Medvedeva, and G. A. Boyd. "The effects of changes in the economic structure on energy demand in the Soviet Union and the United States of America." In International Energy Economics, 47–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2334-1_4.

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Fukumoto, Yukio, and Tomoko Kinugasa. "Does Demographic Change Influence International Trade?: An Empirical Study on APEC Economies." In Economic Growth and Transition of Industrial Structure in East Asia, 1–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2868-8_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "International economic structure"

1

Sythongbay, Somsanith. "Laos Economic Structure and Economic Development Policy." In 6th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210319.033.

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Kozhobekov, Muratbek. "Economic Structure of Early Medieval Kyrgyz." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01799.

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The level of the command economy is primarily determined by how it is adapted to the environment and then using only spectacular food-producing economy to nasushnoy needs of the population. The close relationship between the natural and geographical conditions and economic activities shows the ethno-political determenirovannost nomadic society. Despite the huge reservoir of the study and the availability of general works on the history of the Kyrgyz period under consideration, remain controversial questions of economic structure, species composition of herds, the existence of ancillary hozyayaystva, the value and location of the household and the level of development of commodity-money relations. The use of empirical research base and the historical and cultural interpretation of material evidence allow rekonstruktrirovat structure of the economy and the Kyrgyz life.

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Lankauskien�, Toma, and Manuela Tvaronavi�ien�. "Economy Structure, Productivity And Economic Growth: Towards Methodological Perspective." In The 8th International Scientific Conference "Business and Management 2014". Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House Technika, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2014.064.

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"Demographic Structure and Economic Growth." In 2020 International Conference on Social and Human Sciences. Scholar Publishing Group, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38007/proceedings.0000096.

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Larionova, Natalia, Julia Kolesnikova, and Julia Varlamova. "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION: AGE STRUCTURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." In 12th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2019.2847.

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Han, Zhenfang, Pengcheng Ma, and Xiuliang Zheng. "Industrial structure to economic growth influence." In 2011 9th International Conference on Reliability, Maintainability and Safety (ICRMS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrms.2011.5979312.

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Dong, Dou. "Energy Structure Optimization and Economic Growth." In 2017 5th International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Computing Technology (ICMMCT 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmmct-17.2017.302.

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Pan, Shaoqi, Yating Li, and Jianhua Gao. "Spatial structure of the economic network of Central Plains Economic Zone." In 2013 21st International Conference on Geoinformatics. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/geoinformatics.2013.6626021.

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Gerni, Cevat, Selahattin Sarı, Mustafa Kemal Değer, and Ömer Selçuk Emsen. "Liberalism and Economic Growth in Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00290.

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In the world economy, since 1960s, countries, which are open and apply liberal policies succeeded higher economic growth and welfare. Therefore, liberal policies became more attractive. In that case, the transition, which has political, economic, and socio-cultural aspects, means moving from socialist-authoritarian structure to market based-liberal structures. In the literature, there are many studies which point out labor force and capital are not significant on the economic growth. In addition, the literature focuses on the importance of institutions on the economic growth. In this study, we compare the countries which were quickly away from the socialist structures with the countries which were slow on the reforms. Our analysis depends on their economic growth with cross section. However, we know the importance of institutional aspects on the growth research; therefore, we applied 2SLS regression analysis and to determine the economic liberalism indicators we used political rights, civil liberties, years that were under the socialism, openness, secondary school ratio, and public spending/GDP ratio. In the late phase, GDP per capita, as an indicator of economic growth, is explained with an independent variable which is predicted in the first phase via liberalism variable, and labor-population ratio and constant capital stock GDP ratio variables used in Neo-classical Solow-type growth model.

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Zhu, Daigen, Canyu Yang, Yuan Wang, Bin Cheng, and Tingting Deng. "The Structure of 'The Structural Design of Shaft'." In 2017 International Conference on Economic Development and Education Management (ICEDEM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icedem-17.2017.25.

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Reports on the topic "International economic structure"

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Staiger, Robert, and Alan Sykes. The Economic Structure of International Trade-in-Services Agreements. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22960.

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Gage, Anastasia J., and Wamucii Njogu. Gender Inequalities and Demographic Behavior: Ghana/Kenya. Population Council, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy1994.1004.

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Ghana and Kenya were the first countries in sub-Saharan Africa whose governments recognized the potentially detrimental effects of rapid population growth on economic development and, as a result, adopted and implemented national population policies. This is one of three reports on the relationship between gender equity, family structure and dynamics, and the achievement of reproductive choice that was prepared by the Population Council for the 1994 International Year of the Family and the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. These reports provide critical reviews of the relationship between gender inequality and demographic behavior in three demographically significant, culturally distinct parts of the developing world: Egypt, India, and Ghana and Kenya. Their purpose is to help governments and international agencies design and implement policies that are affirmative of women, sensitive to the family’s central role in resource allocation and distribution, and effective in achieving broad-based population and development goals.

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Taşdemir, Murat, Ethem Hakan Ergeç, Hüseyin Kaya, and Özer Selçuk. ECONOMY IN THE TURKEY OF THE FUTURE. İLKE İlim Kültür Eğitim Vakfı, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26414/gt010.

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Fundamental transformations await the world’s economies in the upcoming 20 years. For Turkey to be able to achieve its desired level of prosperity, current structural problems must be solved and preemptive policies must be developed regarding global developments. For Turkey to attain prosperous and virtuous society of the future, Turkey needs a sustainable, long-term, fast-growing economy based on social justice. The Economy in the Turkey of the Future report provides a holistic vision for achieving the infrastructure of the prosperous and virtuous society of the future. The report meticulously analyzes Turkey’s contemporary economy in the light of data and presents the necessary fields to focus on for the future and which kinds of policy ought to be handled with what kind of a perspective in accordance with the advantages and disadvantages. The report touches upon three global trends and their potential impact on national economies and Turkey. It then addresses social justice, sustainability, in the context of long-term economic growth, demographic dynamics and the workforce, Islamic finance, international trade, and sectors deemed strategic. The report focuses on the structural properties that determine the long-term economy rather than short-term economic fluctuations. Many of Turkey’s short-term problems arise from the lack of long-term policies. To this end, the report’s most important emphasis is on the need for long-term policies.

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Malek, Mohammad Abdul, Aiko Kikkawa, Yasuyuki Sawada, and Abdul Kalam Azad. Rural Development in Bangladesh Over Four Decades: Findings from Mahabub Hossain Panel Data and the Way Forward. Asian Development Bank Institute, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/ppxg8315.

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The Mahabub Hossain Panel Data (MHPD) was initiated in 1988 and maintained by and named after the late Mahabub Hossain, a well-known agricultural and development economist who led a number of reputed organizations in Bangladesh (Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies and BRAC) and in the region (International Rice Research Institute). We portray the historical context, sampling evolution, survey structure and methodology, and academic and policy contributions of the MHPD with some lessons learned for the next step forward. The MHPD has tracked rural households for a period of over 3 decades (1988–2014) with five waves of household surveys covering over 2,800 households and has collected a wide range of information on household composition, schooling of household members, assets, cropping intensity and patterns including cost and return, employment and income, consumption, participation in different government and nongovernment programs. We reviewed several books and journal articles authored by Mahabub Hossain and related academic papers and documents and collated information on MHPD, including (i) mapping out information on past and ongoing panel or cross-sectional household survey data series in Bangladesh; (ii) undertaking the review of all past rounds of MHPD survey documents, such as survey implementation plans, questionnaires, codebooks, databases, and processed data; (iii) consulting relevant stakeholders, including the past implementers of the surveys and the users of the data as needed to validate documented information; (iv) taking stock of the contribution of MHPD to academic literature and policy development; and (v) drawing a number of lessons learned for future data collection and policy making. The report aims to (i) serve as a comprehensive reference document for scholars and policy makers who wish to understand MHPD for possible use in their research; and (ii) provide a comprehensive baseline from which we can consider ways to enhance MHPD further to continue contributing to understanding the economic and social issues of today and near future. By compiling all associated research work based on MHPD, we offer a historical landscape of Bangladesh’s social and economic development and a credible explanation for the Bangladesh development model for global comparison.

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Dzebo, Adis, and Kevin M. Adams. The coffee supply chain illustrates transboundary climate risks: Insights on governance pathways. Stockholm Environment Institute, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.002.

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The interconnections between countries in a globalizing world continue to deepen and are central to the modern international economy. Yet, governance efforts to build resilience to the adverse risks and impacts of climate change are highly fragmented and have not sufficiently focused on these international dimensions. Relationships between people, ecosystems and economies across borders change the scope and nature of the climate adaptation challenge and generate climate risks that are transboundary (Challinor et al., 2017). Climate impacts in one country can create risks and opportunities – and therefore may require adaptation – in other countries, due to cross-border connectivity within regions and globally (Hedlund et al., 2018). These Transboundary Climate Risks (TCRs) may develop in one location remote from the location of their origin. This dynamic necessitates examining the governance structures for managing climate change adaptation. For example, with regard to trade and international supply chains, climate change impacts in one location can disrupt local economies and vulnerable people’s livelihoods, while also affecting the price, quality and availability of goods and services on international markets (Benzie et al., 2018). Coffee is one of the most traded commodities in the world with an immensely globalized supply chain. The global coffee sector involves more than 100 million people in over 80 countries. Coffee production and the livelihoods of smallholder coffee farmers around the world are at risk due to climate change, threatening to disrupt one of the world’s largest agricultural supply chains. The coffee supply chain represents an important arena for public and private actors to negotiate how resource flows should be governed and climate risks should be managed. Currently, neither governments nor private sector actors are sufficiently addressing TCRs (Benzie & Harris, 2020) and no clear mandates exist for actors to take ownership of this issue. Furthermore, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the main body for climate change policy and governance, does not provide any coherent recommendations on how to manage TCRs. This governance gap raises questions about what methods are likely to effectively reduce climate risk and be taken seriously by coffee market stakeholders. This policy brief explores different ways to govern TCRs, and how public and private actors view their effectiveness and legitimacy. Focusing on the Brazilian-German coffee supply chain, the brief presents a deductive framework of five governance pathways through which TCRs could be managed. It is based on 41 semi-structured interviews with 65 Brazilian and German public and private experts, including roasters, traders, cooperatives, associations and certification schemes, as well as government ministries, international development agencies, international organizations and civil society representatives.

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Werny, Rafaela, Marie Reich, Miranda Leontowitsch, and Frank Oswald. EQualCare Policy Report Germany : Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone. Frankfurter Forum für interdisziplinäre Alternsforschung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.69905.

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The policy review is part of the project EQualCare: Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone, a three-year international project involving four countries: Finland, Germany, Latvia and Sweden. EQualCare interrogates inequalities by gender, cultural and socio-economic background between countries, with their different demographics and policy backgrounds. As a first step into empirical analysis, the policy review aims to set the stage for a better understanding of, and policy development on, the intersections of digitalisation with intergenerational care work and care relationships of older people living alone in Germany. The policy review follows a critical approach, in which the problems policy documents address are not considered objective entities, but rather discursively produced knowledge that renders visible some parts of the problem which is to be solved as other possible perspectives are simultaneously excluded. Twenty publicly available documents were studied to analyse the processes in which definitions of care work and digital (in)equalities are circulated, translated and negotiated between the different levels of national government, regional governments and municipalities as well as other agencies in Germany. The policy review consists of two parts: a background chapter providing information on the social structure of Germany, including the historical development of Germany after the Second World War, its political structure, information on the demographic situation with a focus on the 60+ age group, and the income of this age group. In addition, the background presents the structure of work and welfare, the organisation of care for old people, and the state of digitalisation in Germany. The analysis chapter includes a description of the method used as well as an overview of the documents chosen and analysed. The focus of this chapter is on the analysis of official documents that deal with the interplay of living alone in old age, care, and digitalisation. The analysis identified four themes: firstly, ageing is framed largely as a challenge to society, whereas digitalisation is framed as a potential way to tackle social challenges, such as an ageing society. Secondly, challenges of ageing, such as need of care, are set at the individual level, requiring people to organise their care within their own families and immediate social networks, with state support following a principle of subsidiarity. Thirdly, voluntary peer support provides the basis for addressing digital support needs and strategies. Publications by lobby organisations highlight the important work done by voluntary peer support for digital training and the benefits this approach has; they also draw attention to the over-reliance on this form of unpaid support and call for an increase in professional support in ensuring all older people are supported in digital life. Fourthly, ageing as a hinderance to participation in digital life is seen as an interim challenge among younger old people already online.

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Rosser, Andrew, Phil King, and Danang Widoyoko. The Political Economy of the Learning Crisis in Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-2022/pe01.

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Indonesia has done much to improve access to education in recent decades but it has had little success in improving learning outcomes. This paper examines the political origins of this problem. It argues that Indonesia’s learning crisis has reflected the political dominance during the New Order and post-New Order periods of predatory political, bureaucratic and corporate elites who have sought to use the country’s education system to accumulate resources, distribute patronage, mobilize political support, and exercise political control rather than produce skilled workers and critical and inquiring minds. Technocratic and progressive elements, who have supported a stronger focus on basic skills acquisition, have contested this orientation, with occasional success, but generally contestation has been settled in favour of predatory elites. The analysis accordingly suggests that efforts to improve learning outcomes in Indonesia are unlikely to produce significant results unless there is a fundamental reconfiguration of power relations between these elements. In the absence of such a shift, moves to increase funding levels, address human resource deficits, eliminate perverse incentive structures, and improve education management in accordance with technocratic templates of international best practice or progressive notions of equity and social justice—the sorts of measures that have been the focus of education reform efforts in Indonesia so far—are unlikely to produce the intended results.

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Meeker, Jessica. Mutual Learning for Policy Impact: Insights from CORE. Sharing Experience and Learning on Approaches to Influence Policy and Practice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/core.2021.005.

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On 23 June 2021, Southern Voice and the Institute of Development Studies co-hosted an online dialogue which aimed to enhance efforts to inform and influence policy by sharing learning between CORE projects, at different stages in their policy engagement activities, on their approaches and experiences at sub-national, national, and regional levels. The event was attended by over 70 participants from across the CORE cohort and highlighted the experiences of CORE partners, Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP), International Centre for Research on Women (ICRW), and Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE). This learning guide captures the practical insights and advice from the event to help inform the practice of both participants and other projects across the portfolio. The guide is structured around the key challenges identified in influencing policy, particularly within the changing parameters of the current pandemic, highlighting key messages and examples from the three partners.

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Rahmé, Marianne, and Alex Walsh. Corruption Challenges and Responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Institute of Development Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.093.

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) consistently scores in the lowest rungs of global indexes on corruption, integrity and wider governance standards. Indeed, corruption of different sorts pervades public and corporate life, with strong ramifications for human development. Although the DRC is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural resources, its people are among the globe’s poorest.Corruption in the extractive industries (minerals and oil) is particularly problematic in terms of scale and its centrality to a political economy that maintains elites and preserves the highly inequitable outcomes for the majority. The politico-economic elites of the DRC, such as former President Joseph Kabila, are reportedly significant perpetrators but multinationals seeking valuable minerals or offering financial services are also allegedly deeply involved. Corruption is therefore a problem with national and international roots.Despite national and international initiatives, levels of corruption have proven very stubborn for at least the last 20 years, for various reasons. It is a structural and not just a legal issue. It is deeply entrenched in the country’s political economy and is driven both by domestic clientelism and the fact that multinationals buy into corrupt deals. This rapid review therefore seeks to find out the Corruption challenges and responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Grand level corruption shades down into the meso-level, where for instance, mineral laden trucks are systematically under-weighted with the collusion of state officials. With severe shortfalls in public funding, certain public services, such as education, are supported by informal payments. Other instances of petty corruption facilitate daily access to goods and services. At this level, there are arguments against counting such practices as forms of corruption and instead as necessary survival practices.To address the challenge of corruption, the DRC is equipped with a legal system that is of mixed strengths and an institutional arsenal that has made limited progress. International programming in integrity and anti-corruption represents a significant proportion of support to the DRC but much less than humanitarian and governance sectors. The leading international partners in this regard are the EU, US, UNDP, UK, African Development Bank, Germany and Sweden. These partners conduct integrity programming in general governance issues, as well as in the mineral and forest sectors.The sources used in this rapid review are gender blind and converge on a very negative picture The literature ranges from the academic and practitioner to the journalistic and investigative, and taken as a whole, is of good quality, drawing on different types of evidence including perceptions and qualitative in-country research. The sources are mostly in English with two in French.

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Lindo-Ocampo, Gloria Inés, and Hilda Clarena Buitrago-García. English for Business Course. Thematic Unit: Business Events. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.24.

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This didactic unit is aimed at the fifth semester students of the Business Administration, Marketing and International Business program, who have already completed the four basic levels of the Open Lingua program. This proposal seeks to develop skills and competencies that allow them to perform in different fields related to private, public and solidarity economy companies, and in various mediation and negotiation processes at national and international levels. The instructional design of this unit contains real-life situations, focused on the world of business, that allow students to interact in various types of business events. The grammatical and lexical concepts, necessary to interact successfully in these types of communicative situations, are introduced and applied. The educational activities are designed to offer opportunities to interact in business conferences, international exhibitions, and seminars, among others. The contents are framed in natural and meaningful contexts. This leads to a greater understanding of the type of language used in business and the way it is used to communicate. The contents are structured in three lessons in which the level of complexity of the topics, tasks, texts and transitions (4Ts) have been considered. Also, various types of activities that activate and reinforce previous knowledge and that, subsequently, evaluate the progress of the students, are included.

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