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1
Hudec, Martin. "The Development of International Economic and Monetary Cooperation in Europe." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 11, no. 39 (June 1, 2018): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stcb-2018-0003.
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Abstract Since the end of the World War II, Europe has gone a long way on the path of a new era of socio-economic integration, continually battling and overcoming the political and economic fragmentation of earlier eras and less developed economies. The various difficulties and interruptions of the process involved, the European integration, since the 1952 European Coal and Steel Community, ranged from an initial small group to a large community comprising most European countries, the gradual removal of market barriers leading to the introduction of a customs union to the single market. Furthermore, the creation of Economic and Monetary Union and the adoption of the common currency have become the culmination of the whole process of economic integration, since the euro is used daily by 338.6 million Europeans in 19 EU member states. The aim of our research article is to closely analyze the development of the economic and monetary integration of Europe, since we believe that the single currency project represents a great success for the European Union as the result of long-term efforts on currency and economy stability, progress and economic growth.
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Blazyca, George. "Economic integration in Eastern Europe: a handbook." International Affairs 67, no. 2 (April 1991): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2620908.
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Baykov, Andrey A. "Economic Regionalism as a Planetary Phenomenon. Theory And Methodology of Comparison." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 10, no. 4 (November 28, 2017): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-38-53.
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Nowadays integration could be considered as worldwide-political phenomenon with its multielement structure. The growing integratedness allows the little and medium states to build a constructive conversation with important players, equalize the growth rates, life quality as well as to contribute to settlement of international conflicts. This article deals with the theory and methodology of Economic Integration in Europe. The author investigates the roots of integration processes in after-war period in Europe. With establishment of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951 the integration became a key element of international policy. The author revises the evolution of the Integration theory from implementing of “federalism” term till development of comparative integration area in international relations science. The author used original foreign and Russian sources for preparing the current article.
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Sada, Sotaro, and Yuichi Ikeda. "Regional economic integration via detection of circular flow in international value-added network." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): e0255698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255698.
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Global value chains are formed through value-added trade, and some regions promote economic integration by concluding regional trade agreements to promote these chains. However, it has not been established to quantitatively assess the scope and extent of economic integration involving various sectors in multiple countries. In this study, we used the World Input–Output Database to create a cross-border sector-wise network of trade in value-added (international value-added network) covering the period of 2000–2014 and evaluated them using network science methods. By applying Infomap to the international value-added network, we confirmed two regional communities: Europe and the Pacific Rim. We applied Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition to the value-added flows within the region into potential and circular flows, and clarified the annual evolution of the potential and circular relationships between countries and sectors. The circular flow component of the decomposition was used to define an economic integration index. Findings confirmed that the degree of economic integration in Europe declined sharply after the economic crisis in 2009 to a level lower than that in the Pacific Rim. The European economic integration index recovered in 2011 but again fell below that of the Pacific Rim in 2013. Moreover, sectoral economic integration indices suggest what Europe depends on Russia in natural resources makes the European economic integration index unstable. On the other hand, the indices of the Pacific Rim suggest the steady economic integration index of the Pacific Rim captures the stable global value chains from natural resources to construction and manufactures of motor vehicles and high-tech products.
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Petrovic, Pero, and Miroslav Antevski. "Regional economic integration in Europe: Effects and open issues." Medjunarodni problemi 58, no. 1-2 (2006): 84–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0602084p.
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In analyzing regional economic integration in Europe the authors pay special attention to the development in the European Union, for other forms of regional or sub regional integration at the continent are in fact mostly transitional and provisional, and directly connected with EU. The authors argue that in spite of considerable success and high level of integration of the EU, several important open issues remain in that process. They are results of mixed character of European integration: political and economic. Too many kinds of interests are of opposed character, and it is very hard to harmonize them in real politics. The main problems in the EU have their cause in the nature of European integration: international competitiveness of European economy, social character of European states, national productivity, challenges of enlargement.
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Tsagari, Anastassia. "Economic and political integration in Europe: international dynamics and global context." International Affairs 70, no. 4 (October 1994): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624618.
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WYPLOSZ, Charles. "Deep Economic Integration: Is Europe a Blueprint?" Asian Economic Policy Review 1, no. 2 (December 2006): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2006.00030.x.
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Penninx, Rinus. "International migration and related policies in europe 1950 - 2015." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 96, no. 2 (2016): 18–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1602014p.
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Immigration in Europe has been shaped by: a) its particular development in time; b) the geographical patterns of migration within and towards European countries; and c) the shifting types of migration and characteristics of migrants involved. The first part of this contribution outlines changes in these three basic migration-related factors. Migration outcomes are not haphazard nor are these the result of unhindered economic push and pull factors in a free market. Immigration policies of receiving countries do greatly influence the volume and patterns of migration, the place of settlement and the characteristics of migrants. Regulations on conditions of residence and integration do furthermore influence significantly the position of immigrants in their new destination, among others by setting conditions for their stay (residence rights) and access to the labour market. The second part of this chapter outlines the migration and integration regimes that have been developed by states of different parts of Europe and by the European Union. In conclusion, immigration has become a relevant phenomenon in all EU countries. However, as a consequence of different timing of immigration, different socio-economic contexts and varying governmental migration and integration policies, European countries are confronted with different forms migration (immigration, emigration, transit migration) and with different types of migrants. European states have also developed different governmental policies of migration and integration. Historically, a common denominator in the framing of European policies is that countries do not see themselves as immigration countries; they are immigration countries against their will. In recent times, such framing is reinforced by populist and nationalist movements that see immigrants not only as economic competitors, but also as a threat to the national "culture and world views". The more Europe needs immigrants for economic and demographic reasons, the less they are welcomed for cultural and political reasons.
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Krasniqi, Malush. "European Economic Integration in Kosovo." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 3 (April 30, 2016): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i3.p105-112.
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Topics addressed, European economic integration, as well as with important phenomenon, which is facing Kosovo in recent years, since the post-war process. The process of international economic integration is one of the most important phenomena of the contemporary world economy. The trend of international economic integration is the reconstruction of the country devastated by war, is an undeniable necessity, the only reason to catch the trend of the world's economic development. Kosovo has a very favorable position, bridging the central Balkans with the possibility of Development extraordinarily large because the Europe could have connected in short way with two continents. The main goal: increasing economic cooperation, the creation of new strategies for accelerating the process, fulfilling the standards required in the EU, the extent of market economy, regulation of relations with neighbors, etc. Topics that will discuss is European economic integration, the way how to reach to where we want is a road with many challenges and barriers, with special emphasis will be elaborated the process of stable and association, agreements signed by Kosovo, always having as target strengths and weaknesses of these agreements in the economic aspect of the country. Republic of Kosovo, respectively, institutions and people, are fully committed to the European integration process with the intent to join the EU.
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Drèze, Jacques H., Alain Durré, and Jean-François Carpantier. "Fiscal Integration and Growth Stimulation in Europe." Recherches économiques de Louvain 80, no. 2 (2014): 5–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800002098.
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SummaryWith the current sovereign debt crisis, the incompleteness of economic integration in the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has become patent, leading to an intense debate among academics and policy makers. Much of the debate concerns fiscal rules and austerity measures, both of which weigh on growth prospects. In this paper we look at the main structural shortcomings of EMU through the lens of general equilibrium theory. We address two issues (international sharing of macroeconomic risks and coordinated growth stimulation) which are at the heart of the sustainability of EMU. We propose: (A) a specific scheme for mutual insurance of macroeconomic risks; (B) locating responsibility for demand policies at the EMU level, with ambitious investment programs (public, or fiscally-neutral private) as main instrument.
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Cobham, David. "Economic integration and financial liberalization: prospects for Southern Europe." International Affairs 69, no. 2 (April 1993): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621648.
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Likarchuk, Daria, Neonila Krasnozhon, Oleksandr Kuchyk, Oksana Kundeus, and Olha Andrieieva. "Theoretical and practical views of political integration in Central and Eastern Europe." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 72 (March 7, 2022): 912–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4072.55.
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The objective of the work was to analyze integration theories such as federalism, functionalism, neofunctionalism, the multilevel governance model and the interstate concept. Using the systemic-integral method, we analyze the main interpretations of modern integration models. The study also used special methods typical of international relations theory. The interstate concept is the most effective, because without denying the importance of integration, it focuses on the preservation of cultural and economic diversity. The experience of Poland, the Czech Republic, and the Baltic States, in particular Latvia, is a valuable integrating example for Ukraine. The results summarize that the countries analyzed received several advantages for the economic and military spheres through integration processes. It is concluded that in the experience of integration of the Balkans and the central-eastern countries, the importance of European integration processes is evident. The comparison of Ukraine and Latvia showed the importance of being a member of the North Atlantic Alliance for security guarantees and political consolidation. At the same time, the Czech Republic's accession to NATO has contributed to the reform and modernization of military affairs.
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Burgoon, Brian. "Immigration, Integration, and Support for Redistribution in Europe." World Politics 66, no. 3 (July 2014): 365–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887114000100.
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Immigration poses individual or collective economic risks that might increase citizen support for government redistribution, but it can also generate fiscal pressure or undermine social solidarity to diminish such support. These offsetting conditions obscure the net effects of immigration for welfare states. This article explores whether immigration's effects are mediated by the economic and social integration of immigrants. Integration can be conceptualized and measured as involving the degree to which immigrants suffer unemployment rates, depend on welfare-state benefits, and harbor social attitudes similarly to the native population. Such integration may alter how immigration reduces solidarity and imposes fiscal and macroeconomic pressures, but does not much alter how immigration spurs economic risks for natives. Where migrants are more integrated by such measures, immigration should have less negative or more positive implications for native support for government redistribution and welfare states than where migrants are less integrated. The article explores these arguments using survey data for twenty-two European countries between 2002 and 2010. The principal finding is that economic integration, more than sociocultural integration, softens the tendency of immigration to undermine support for redistributive policies.
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Israel, Sabine, Franziska Buttler, Cathrin Ingensiep, and Christian Reimann. "Connected Europe(ans): does economic integration foster social interaction?" Journal of Contemporary European Studies 25, no. 1 (September 14, 2016): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2016.1198687.
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Petiteville, Franck. "Les processus d'intégration régionale, vecteurs de recomposition du système international ?" Études internationales 28, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 511–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703774ar.
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Since the late eighties, the new regionalism is the most important wave of regionalism ever experienced in the world: every continent is now involved in one or several regional integration processes. This article aims at assessing the real impact of these processes on the international System. The method consists of comparing and building typologies of the main regional integration processes which have been created out of Europe, according to four criteria: the sense of the integration, the quality of political cooperation between the member states, the degree of economic integration, and the degree of institutional and political integration. The outcome of the analysis is that, except from Europe, integration is rarely scheduled to go deep or has a real chance to go deep in the short term. Hence the ability of the new regionalism to shape the international system deeply remains quite limited.
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SAVELIEV, Yevhen, and Vitalina KURYLYAK. "International economy: deepening and expanding research potential in Ukraine." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2021, no. 11 (December 22, 2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2021.11.045.
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The topical issues of the development of the research potential of Ukraine in the field of international economics , capable of creating scientific support for the foreign economic activity of entrepreneurial structures and government organizations in the context of world and European integration, have been investigated. The creation of the infrastructure of research organizations specializing in the international economics has been substantiated, in particular, the feasibility of creating research institutes in the USA and Canada, Europe, and the Center for International Agricultural Business. The article considers the expediency of conducting research on the issues of cooperation with interstate integration associations of countries, including the EU, ASEAN, TPP, APEC, BRICS, for the implementation of the country's foreign economic policy. A special place in the system of international economics research should be occupied by the problems of Industry 4.0 and the leadership of Ukrainian IT companies in the system of global economic competition. The state of the staffing of research activities in international economics is analyzed and proposals for training of highly qualified specialists in international economics in large industrial centers: Kharkov, L’viv. Dnieper, Odessa and Zaporizhia are formulated.
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Ćurić, Predrag, Dragan Petrović, and Rankica Marelj. "European Monetary Integration as a Development Factor of Eurocurrency Market." ECONOMICS 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eoik-2017-0004.
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Summary Economic interconnection among the European countries influenced the birth of a single economic space with a common monetary policy. In addition, the abolition of the gold standard represented an important external factor that followed the same path. In parallel with these processes, the conditions were created for developing a Eurocurrency market which favoured financial integration of Europe, as well as the creation of a single European currency. In accordance with such economic flows, Eurocurrency market emerged as a distinguished international financial market, crucial for the development of international banking. Thus, business entities were allowed to access the capital which represents the transfer of the international accumulation of the exporting country onto the European capital market, thereby resulting in more efficient financing of the member states. Thanks to similar economic effects, these processes of European monetary integrations have become imperative to other countries in the region.
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LEE, Jong-Wha. "Comment on "Deep Economic Integration: Is Europe a Blueprint?"." Asian Economic Policy Review 1, no. 2 (December 2006): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2006.00031.x.
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MURASE, Tetsuji. "Comment on "Deep Economic Integration: Is Europe a Blueprint?"." Asian Economic Policy Review 1, no. 2 (December 2006): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2006.00032.x.
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Golden, Miriam A. "International Economic Sources of Regime Change." Comparative Political Studies 37, no. 10 (December 2004): 1238–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414004269821.
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Italy’s 1992 elections marked the end of political dominance by Christian Democracy (DC). The conventional account of the collapse of the DC’s vote to less than 30% focuses on the breakup of the Soviet Union, which is said to have freed Catholic voters to switch to new regionalist protest parties. The author documents that this argument is empirically inadequate. Evidence shows that electoral districts more exposed to international trade were where the DC lost larger vote shares and where the Northern League received more support. These findings corroborate that social groups linked to small firms in the north and center whose products were exported throughout Europe underwent electoral realignment in response to the economic opportunities offered by the 1991 Maastricht Treaty. The author argues that DC was not credible in providing national macroeconomic policies that would have allowed Italy to partake fully of the opportunities offered by European economic integration.
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Henning, C. Randall. "Systemic Conflict and Regional Monetary Integration: The Case of Europe." International Organization 52, no. 3 (1998): 537–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081898550653.
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Existing explanations of European monetary integration, emphasizing economic interdependence, issue linkage, institutions, and domestic politics, take a predominantly regional approach. In the international monetary thesis developed here, I argue that U.S. policy disturbances, transmitted through the international monetary system, created compelling incentives for European states to cooperate on exchange-rate and monetary policy. I develop a general theory of macroeconomic power, based on open economy macroeconomics, and show how the exercise of such influence can drive regional monetary integration. This article then tests the international thesis with reference to monetary integration within the European Union by examining four periods in which the United States acted to stabilize the international monetary system and seven episodes in which it disrupted the system. European governments and central banks reduced regional monetary cooperation when the United States supported system stability and strengthened it after each episode of disruption. The evidence thus strongly supports the inference that the link is causal.
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Pierucci, Andrea, and Giancarlo Vilella. "L'Europa antagonista e riformatrice." ARGOMENTI, no. 26 (September 2009): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/arg2009-026002.
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- The book develops the analysis in two parts, which are linked, although deal with different aspects: one concerns the concepts of antagonism and innovation as EuropČs characteristics, the other concerns strategies and difficulties of integration process in XXI Century. Institutional and administrative reforms, as well as functioning machinery and economic and enlargement strategies are analysed in depth. This helps to understand why Europe must in the futureact on the basis of clear strategies and cope the international challanges by innovation.Parole Chiave: Europa; prospettive; strategie.Keywords: Europe; Perspectives; Strategies.
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Höhmann, Hans‐Herman. "Sovietperestroika,economic reform and integration problems in Eastern Europe." Journal of Communist Studies 5, no. 1 (March 1989): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523278908414952.
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Biti, Vladimir. "Post-imperial Europe: Integration through Disintegration." European Review 28, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798719000279.
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In the post-imperial East Central Europe after the dissolution of the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and Russian empires, disappointment was commonplace. The imperial successor states were involved in revengeful animosities with neighbouring states, torn by their majority population’s hatred of domestic minorities, bereft of tens of millions of their co-nationals who had remained in now foreign nation-states, exposed to huge influxes of refugees, and embittered by the territorial concessions that they were forced to make. By contrast, the newly established nation-states were plagued by miserable social and economic conditions, poor infrastructures, unemployment, inflation, rigid and immobile social stratification, and corrupt and inefficient administrations. Such developments gave rise to huge and traumatic deportations and migrations of populations, which, paradoxically, simultaneously immensely increased the mobility of their imagination. Using the technique of ‘subversive mimicry’, these nationally indistinct elements established cross-national transborder communities as the zones of ‘national indifference’ within the new nation-states. Carried by the energy of their longing, these communities introduced imbalances, fissures, and divisions into the nation-state communities, which determined their belonging.
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Grin, François. "European Economic Integration and the Fate of Lesser-Used Languages." Language Problems and Language Planning 17, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.17.2.01gri.
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SOMMAIRE L'intégration économique de l'Europe et le sort des langues moins répandues L'intégration économique de l'Europe déploie déjà ses effets dans des domaines importants de la vie publique et privée, et cette tendance ne peut qu'être renforcée par l'entrée en vigueur du "marché unique". Cet article analyse les conséquences de cette évolution sur ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler les langues moins répandues en Europe. En se basant sur un modèle de commerce international avec coûts de transaction, ainsi que sur un modèle d'allocation du temps, on montre que l'intensification du commerce intra-communautaire et l'accroissement du revenu auront des effets différents selon la langue minoritaire considérée. Appliquées à douze langues minoritaires européennes, ces prévisions indiquent que cinq d'entre elles se retrouveront en meilleure posture, que quatre risquent de pâtir du processus, et qu'il n'est pas possible, en l'état, de risquer des pronostics pour les trois dernières. Ces résultats peuvent servir à orienter, en direction des langues qui en auront le plus besoin, les ressources nécessaires à leur survie et à leur développement dans une Europe plus intégrée. RESUMO Europa ekonomia integrigo kaj la sorto de malpli uzataj lingvoj La europa ekonomia integrigo jam havas efikon ce gravaj medioj de la publika kaj privata vivo, kaj la multe disanoncita programo de la "interna merkato" povas nur pli-fortigi tiun tendencon. La artikolo ekzamenas la konsekvencojn de ekonomia integrigo je la malpli uzataj lingvoj de Eüropo. La rezultoj de internacikomerca modelo kaj tempo-disdona modelo montras, ke la intensigo de komerco ene de la EK kaj la antaüvidata kresko de enspezoj malsame efikos ce la diversaj minoritataj lingvoj. Aplikante tiujn teoriajn antaǔdirojn al grupo de dek du eǔropaj minoritataj lingvoj, la artikolo montras, ke kvin el ili verŝajne trovos sin en pli favora situacio, kvar verŝajne perdos forton pro ekonomia integrigo, kaj mankas antautaksebla efiko ce la restantaj tri. Tiuj rezultoj povas helpi taksi, kiuj minoritataj lingvoj bezonos apartajn zorgojn kaj atenton per konservaj kaj disvastigaj programoj por teni ilin florantaj en pli integrita Eüropo.
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EPSTEIN, RACHEL A., and JULIET JOHNSON. "Uneven Integration: Economic and Monetary Union in Central and Eastern Europe." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 48, no. 5 (October 6, 2010): 1237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02111.x.
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Barnes, Samuel H. "Christian Trade Unions and European Integration." Relations industrielles 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2014): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021649ar.
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Summary Christian trade unions of the countries of « Little Europe » have established organizations to coordinate their European activities and to represent their interests before the agencies concerned with European economic integration. They have been forced to seek allies in order to increase their influence. In this search they have two major alternatives: they can work closely with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, or they can try to increase their influence within the Christian Democratic political milieu. This article describes the supranational structure of the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions and analyses the problems of orientation with which its supranational activities has confronted it. The present article was suggested by a broader study of Christian trade unionism in the world. A grant from the Social Science Research Council enabled the author to visit several European countries during the summer of 1959, and this assistance is gratefully acknowledged. Additional research was accomplished in Europe in the summer of 1961.
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MOLLE, WILLEM, and AAD MOURIK. "International Movements of Labour under Conditions of Economic Integration: The Case of Western Europe." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 26, no. 3 (March 1988): 317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1988.tb00318.x.
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Georgiana Noja, Gratiela, and Liana Son. "Challenges of International Migration in a Globalized World: Implications for Europe." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2, no. 3 (2015): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.23.2001.
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The research conducted aims to identify and assess the interdependencies between international migration and labour market outcomes, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects on sending, and destination countries, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, refugees) migration. International migration as one of the most important frontiers of globalization represents a major challenge globally, with significant economic consequences, especially for Europe, where large migrant flows have emerged in the context of European integration. Moreover, recently there is an increased waves of refugees and asylum seekers targeting Germany, Austria, Sweden or Turkey as main destination countries coming through Eastern and Central Mediterranean or Western Balkans routes. The analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed and random effects models, as well as dynamic models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries (Germany, Austria, Sweden, Italy and Spain) and three New EU Member States since 2007 and 2013 (Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia). We used a complex set of indicators (national accounts – GDP total, per capita, per person, employed; labour market – employment, unemployment, wages, secondary and tertiary education; migration specific data – immigration flows and stocks, asylum seekers and refugees, emigrant stocks), compiled during 2000-2014. Moreover, we used a SEM model (Structural Equations Modelling) to better capture the labour market impacts of international migration for the selected EU countries. The models are processed through OLS, GLS, and MLE methods, as well as by using panel corrected standard errors, and are completed within and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances (slight decrease in employment rates and wage levels), which largely vary from one country to another. On the long-run, the negative effects of immigration tend to predominate. From the emigration perspective, the findings show some positive effects of labour emigration on sending countries, by enabling to upgrade the living standards for those remaining, mainly through remittances. Still, there is a negative impact generated on the size and structure of internal labour force and, on the long run, this is proving to be extremely negative (slow GDP per capita growth rates).
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Ashford, Nigel. "Economic and social cohesion in Europe: a new objective for integration." International Affairs 69, no. 2 (April 1993): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621664.
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Cherkasova, E. "Spain: Opinion on European Integration." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2014): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-11-48-53.
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The article analyzes the changes that characterize Spanish approach to political aspects of European integration, and more specifically, the approach of different political parties to the process. Spanish political circles and even think tanks pay relatively little attention to theoretical aspects of European integration, whereas practical relations with the EU are of paramount importance. This is due to the fact that the question of belonging to the EU was settled in Spain long ago and definitively. Majoritarian character of Spanish democracy facilitates the transfer of powers from Brussels to Madrid, i.e. objectively favors the choice of federalization. Nevertheless, Spain continues to upload its national preferences onto the EU decision-making process. In recent years, Spain’s influence and authority in the EU have declined because of the economic crisis. This loss of authority will be overcome as soon as the economic growth is resumed. Constantly emphasizing its belonging to the core of the EU, the “Old Europe”, and to the core of the euro zone, maintaining close relationship with the Latin group within the EU, Spain has consistently advocated a united and strong Europe with a Common Foreign and Security Policy.
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Lymar, Margaryta. "European integration in the foreign policy of Dwight Eisenhower." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 7 (2019): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.07.27-36.
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The article deals with European integration processes through the prism of the President Eisenhower foreign policy. The transatlantic relations are explored considering the geopolitical transformations in Europe. It is noted that after the end of World War II, Europe needed assistance on the path to economic recovery. Eisenhower initially as Commander in Chief of NATO forces in Europe, and later as the U.S. President, directed his foreign policy efforts to unite the states of Western Europe in their post-war renovating and confronting the communist threat. For that reason, Eisenhower deserved recognition by the leading European governments and became a major American figure, which symbolized the reliable transatlantic ally. Eisenhower’s interest in a united Europe was explained by the need for the United States in a strong single European partner that would help to strengthening the U.S. positions in the international arena. The United States expected to control the European integration processes through NATO instruments and mediated disputes between the leading European powers. Germany’s accession to the Alliance was determined as one of the key issues, the solution of which became the diplomatic victory of President Eisenhower. The U.S. government was building its European policy based on the need to integrate the Western states into a unified power, and therefore endorsed the prospect of creating a European Economic Community (EEC). It was intended that the union would include Italy, France, Germany and the Benelux members, and form a basis for the development of free trade and the deeper political and economic integration of the regional countries. It is concluded that, under the Eisenhower’s presidency, Europe was at the top of priority list of the U.S. foreign policy that significantly influenced the evolution of the European integration process in the future.
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Krivov, Sergey, and Vitaly Tolkachev. "Neutrality: Integration Processes in Europe." Contemporary Europe 5, no. 91 (October 1, 2019): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope52019100109.
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Beker, Emilija. "Economic aspects of globalization." Privredna izgradnja 48, no. 3-4 (2005): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0504135b.
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Economic aspects of globalization are related to the increasing economic integration and interdependence on a global level through the processes of overall trade and financial liberalization and deregulation, minimization the role of the state, domination of market principles and mechanisms, and appearance of new actors on international economic scene. Ideological background of the new globalization wave is neoliberalism or market fundamentalism that is institutionalized in the form of trilateralism in international economic relations. Trilateralism includes concentrating the power of governing and regulation of international relations on three regional blocks in the world economy (SAD, Western Europe and Asia) and three international economic institutions (IMF, WTO and WB) that regulate specific area of international economic relations. Although globalization represents huge potential for creation of enormous economic prosperity these benefits aren't evenly distributed, so there exists an increasing gap between the wealthy and the poor that deepens the discontents of the globalization process. Considering that the only alternative is autarky and isolation of economy, globalization cannot be an option, but a reality that must be accepted, however, not at the cost of annulling national interests and sovereignty, degrading economic positions and initiating enormous social tensions.
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Fiszer, Józef M. "Kryzys integracji europejskiej czy kryzys Unii Europejskiej? Przesłanki i skutki." Przegląd Europejski, no. 3-2015 (January 31, 2016): 82–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.15.5.
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There is no doubt that the European Union, as a result of the European integration, is an unprecedented entity in the history of international relations. It is a symbol of a new, uniting Europe, which decided to eliminate war forever. Unfortunately, the idea of “eternal peace” has not materialised fully yet. The article aims to present the European Union at present, facing an ongoing crisis. The article discusses strengths and weaknesses of the EU, which – although it became substantially stronger expanding to the East – does not cope with many economic, political, social and international problems nowadays. The main thesis is the statement that the EU requires a complete overhaul so that it might continue to develop and be the European integration drive. If it does not happen, the EU will start to disintegrate and will finally collapse or become nothing more but just a free trade zone.
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Rosenbloom, Joshua L. "The Extent of the Labor Market in the United States, 1870–1914." Social Science History 22, no. 3 (1998): 287–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021763.
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During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the spread of railroad and telegraph networks in the United States and Europe, the introduction of steamships on transatlantic routes, and the laying of transatlantic telegraph cables initiated a period of pronounced economic integration within and between countries (Williamson 1996; Thomas 1954; Chandler 1977; Perloffet al. 1965; James 1978). This period was also characterized by a rapid pace of growth and pronounced international convergence in standards of living among the countries of western Europe, North America, and Australia (Maddison 1991). Jeffrey Williamson (1996) has recently argued that the increasing integration of factor markets, especially labor markets, in this era was a crucial factor in the pace of international convergence.
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Niedźwiecki, Artur. "Decay of Liberal Democracy in Europe." Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssp.2022.2.1.
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This article aims to present an evolution of the liberal model of world politics along with the potential consequences of this change at the level of the European integration project, taking into account the tools of the school of law and economics. The work elucidates basic elements of the idea of liberal democracy, both in internal (legal and economic system) and external dimensions (attitude to supranational organisations). The liberal order described in the text is confronted with critical statements delivered by creators of the concept of illiberal democracy, according to whom crisis of the paradigm of law and international economy can be currently observed. The recession of the liberal model of global politics is manifested in the tendency to modify the constitutional framework of particular countries and the decomposition of integration processes that have been anchoring liberal order in a united Europe so far. According to the author, the above phenomenon may initiate a split in the Western world, leading to the breakdown of its political unity and the beginning of the era of uncertainty, as a prelude to the emergence of a new order on the Old Continent, the framework of which is not yet known.
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Cobham, David. "European economic integration, The European economy and The national economies of Europe." International Affairs 69, no. 3 (1993): 597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622384.
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Dorn, David, and Josef Zweimüller. "Migration and Labor Market Integration in Europe." Journal of Economic Perspectives 35, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.35.2.49.
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The European labor market allows for the border-free mobility of workers across 31 countries that cover most of the continent’s population. However, rates of migration across European countries remain considerably lower than interstate migration in the United States, and spatial variation in terms of unemployment or income levels is larger. We document patterns of migration in Europe, which include a sizable migration from east to west in the last twenty years. An analysis of worker-level microdata provides some evidence for an international convergence in wage rates and for modest static gains from migration. We conclude by discussing obstacles to migration that reduce the potential for further labor market integration in Europe.
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Kenealy, Daniel, and Konstantinos Kostagiannis. "Realist Visions of European Union: E.H. Carr and Integration." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 41, no. 2 (December 20, 2012): 221–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305829812464571.
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The past 15 years have seen an explosion of interest in the scholarship of E.H. Carr. As a founding figure of the realist approach to International Relations, as a philosopher of history and as a historian of the Soviet Union, Carr made important contributions. His work on the post-war political organisation of Europe has been somewhat neglected. While not going so far as to argue for the introduction of ‘another E.H. Carr’ – Carr the European integration theorist – this article argues that Carr’s specific brand of realism has much to say not only about the establishment, but also about the subsequent development, of the European Economic Community. Carr’s realism was, we argue, capable of understanding change in international society. This understanding was grounded in an appreciation of the role of power and morality in international politics and stands in sharp contrast to the emphasis on the structural factors that are prized by neorealists. While Carr’s vision of post-war Europe has not materialised in its entirety, it captures some of the crucial fault lines that animate the European project. Building a bridge between European integration studies and Carr’s realism will provide a fruitful avenue through which classical realism can once again begin to engage with developments in international politics.
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Prica, Ivana. "Financial services liberalization and international integration in South Eastern Europe." Ekonomski anali 53, no. 178-179 (2008): 122–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0879122p.
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The first part of this paper analyses the regulatory framework for international trade in financial services within the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO), with special attention paid to the open issues including the scope of prudential measures and capital mobility limitations. The process of the international integration of the South Eastern Europe (SEE) countries is mainly dictated by their goal of EU integration. With regard to the services' sectors, a major liberalization step on the way is WTO accession. Of the countries in the region only Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro are still not WTO members and in order to become members significant liberalization commitments will be demanded of them. For this reason the second part of the paper deals with concrete financial liberalization commitments undertaken by the original WTO members in SEE and the newly WTO acceded SEE member countries. The last part of the paper provides a quantitative analysis of these commitments by means of the measurement of liberalization indices in the banking sectors in SEE countries. This is to provide a general idea of the scope of liberalization that may be required from a SEE country in order to achieve WTO membership on the road to EU integration.
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Gibb, R. A., and W. Z. Michalak. "Foreign Debt in the New East-Central Europe: A Threat to European Integration?" Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 1 (March 1993): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110069.
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East-Central Europe (Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia—ECE) is one of the least known parts of the world in English-language geography. In spite of its proximity to Western Europe and the European Community (EC) it has received a very modest amount of attention from English-speaking geographers compared with that from German-speaking and French-speaking colleagues. Studies of political and economic geography of the ECE are also hampered by the lack of appropriate methodology and theory. Some of the most important issues involved lie in the economic sphere of transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. In the current paper, an attempt is made to survey and evaluate the size and character of existing debt stocks owed to the West by ECE and then to assess their likely impact on the political and economic geography of Europe and the EC. It is concluded that the international financial community is making it politically difficult for the countries in the region to persist with their structural reforms and stabilization policies. The future political and economic geography of ECE and EC depends, to a large extent, on the ability of the Western financial system to respond to the long-term needs of the region.
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Roman, Monica. "Financial effects of the international migration in Europe: Modelling the decision to remit." Panoeconomicus 60, no. 4 (2013): 541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1304541r.
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This paper analyzes the behavior of Central and Eastern European migrants regarding money remitting to their country of origin and is based on data provided by the National Immigrant Survey of Spain. In order to analyze the impacts of migrants? demographic and economic characteristics on remitting behavior, the variables employed in the econometric model referred to individual factors, factors that evaluate the migrant?s links with the native country and those that account for the degree of migrant?s integration in Spain. The factors showing a stronger attachment to relatives and the country of origin have a positive impact on the decision to remit and on the remitted amounts, while the factors that point to the integration of the migrant into Spanish society have a negative and smaller impact on the remitting decision.
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Feigin, G. "Former Socialistic Countries: Integration into the World Economic Connections." World Economy and International Relations, no. 7 (2015): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-7-53-62.
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The article deals with the integration of the former socialist countries into the system of global economic transactions. The most important features and trends of this process during the last three decades are identified. The author makes a comparison between the foreign economic policy within the planned economy and that within the market economy. On the basic of this comparison two elements of market reforms (internal and external) are defined. The external element is considered as the integration into the world economic connections. The basic topic is the reform of foreign economic policy during the stage of transformation which began at the end of 1980th (in China at the end of 1970th). The author focuses on two indicators: international trade and foreign direct investments. The different groups of countries such as CIS, Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, China and Russia are considered. Dynamics of volumes of the international trade and foreign direct investments are analyzed and compared. The research covers practically the whole period of market reforms (until 2012). For identification of some trends the author considers and compares the data relating to 1993 (beginning of market reform period in most countries), 2000 and 2012. At the end a general assessment of the current positions of the former socialistic countries is proposed. The author identifies the key trends and gives explanations of them. The most important conclusion is that only China has become the important “global player”. Other former socialist countries still have major deficits that have to be overcome.
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Klymchuk, Iryna. "Global imperatives of economic component development of general secondary education in Ukraine." ScienceRise: Pedagogical Education, no. 5 (44) (September 30, 2021): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-4984.2021.241186.
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A literary analysis of economic issues of financing education by the state, in accordance with international law and globalization of the world economy in order to implement the right to quality education is presented. A conceptual analysis of the system of improving the financing of educational institutions in Ukraine, in particular the specifics and various mechanisms for raising funds and international cooperation of developing countries with developed countries and international programs has been conducted. In addition, the results of international assistance to Ukraine, including financial assistance at the level of general education – international charitable assistance in the form of an international project "House of Europe", within the international programs "Erasmus +" and "European Solidarity Corps" are analyzed. The international program "House of Europe" is presented, which supports creative cooperation between Ukrainian organizations, educational institutions and their partners from the EU and the UK, finances the development of cultural infrastructure and educational programs for young people. Also presented is the Erasmus + Program (2021–2027), an EU program to support and develop education, training, youth and sport in Europe. The program focuses on the social integration of young people, the environmental and digital development of developing countries, and the participation of young people in democratic life.
According to the results of joint activities within the international program / project "House of Europe", the international program "Erasmus" and the European Solidarity Corps, the most defined criteria for the quality of general secondary education are identified, namely: objective assessments of educational institutions - student performance tests, the probability of successful entry into prestigious colleges and universities after graduating from primary and secondary school; as well as subjective assessments - attendance of classes, received assessments (success), students' interest in certain training courses / programs, taught in an educational institution.
Statistics on the activities of the "ESC Summary" / European Solidarity Corps and "Erasmus +" for 2019–2020 according to the reporting "ESC Summary" / European Solidarity Corps and "Erasmus +" are presented
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STOIKA, Viktoriia. "Problems of Ukraine’s integration into the European Union." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, no. 146 (2020): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.146.33.
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European integration and the identification of obstacles to full membership in the European Union. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological and theoretical basis of the article is the fundamental provisions of economic theory, the works of scientists and economists in the field of international economic relations and integration. Findings: The article explores the problems of Ukraine’s integration into the EU. The study analyzed the attitude of Ukrainians towards European integration, identified the main arguments for and against accession to the EU countries, as well as the main internal and external threats of the integration process. It has been determined that in recent years the proportion of the population that has supported Ukraine’s accession to the EU has significantly increased. From the integration into the EU, Ukrainians primarily expect to expand the space of their own capabilities and the country's internal development in accordance with modern world trends. It is concluded that the population considers a high level of corruption in the country, problems in the Donbass and the inefficiency of public administration as the main obstacles to this process. Most residents of Ukraine consider it necessary to implement European reforms, but the consequence of their implementation has identified significant problems in terms of their real social effect. It is determined that Ukraine in some macroeconomic indicators lags significantly behind the EU countries, continues to lose its position in the global ranking of countries in terms of economic competitiveness, and remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. A significant problem for the development of Ukraine is the labor migration of the population and, in particular, the increase in the number of illegal migrants - Ukrainians in Europe. The main achievements in the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU are analyzed and the main threats to the further European integration are identified. It is concluded that Ukraine needs to develop its own “action plan” for the possibility of realizing national interests, taking into account the interests of the parties involved in the integration process. Originality/value: The mood of Ukrainian society, the current position of the state, the main obstacles and priorities that Ukraine faces on the way to the EU have been analysed in detail.
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Verovšek, Peter J. "The Immanent Potential of Economic and Monetary Integration: A Critical Reading of the Eurozone Crisis." Perspectives on Politics 15, no. 2 (June 2017): 396–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592717000081.
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The Eurozone crisis revealed fundamental flaws in the institutional architecture of the Economic and Monetary Union. Its lack of political steering capacity has demonstrated the need for a broad but seemingly unachievable political union with shared economic governance and a common treasury. Agreement on further measures has been difficult to achieve, as different actors have imposed divergent external criteria for the success of the Eurozone. As part of their heritage in Western Marxism, the critical theorists of the Frankfurt School sought to overcome such problems by identifying internal standards for social criticism. Building on their understanding of immanent critique, I argue that the Eurozone already contains the normative principles necessary to support greater political integration. While the citizens of Europe must provide the democratic legitimation necessary to realize this latent potential, the flaws revealed by the crisis are already pushing Europe towards greater transnational solidarity.
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Aleksandrova, Olena. "New Stakeholders Changing Europe." Skhid, no. 1(165) (February 29, 2020): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2020.1(165).222715.
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The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the stakeholders’ impact on the development of the European Union and identifies prospects for the stakeholders’ development and building out appropriate institutions for Ukraine. Globalization, transition of a number of Western countries to the initial stage of an information society, formation of the world economic system, formation of a "risk society" - all these and other factors have led to the transformation of stakeholders in the European Union. The new stakeholders, namely, the global civil society, the transnational capitalist class, the blurred middle class and the precariat, the knowledge-class, the under-class are changing the foundations of the modern world order. Against the background of globalization, the global economic crisis of 2008-2013, many countries are trying to avoid considerable shocks by deepening cooperation, participation in certain integration processes, coordination with other countries or international organizations to address issues of stabilizing their own socio-economic situation. Ukraine has also chosen this strategy by signing and ratifying the Association Agreement with the EU in 2014. For Ukraine, the example of the enlargement of the European Union in 2004 is a heuristic, because the mechanism of admission of new participants is still relevant today. The key components of the country's preparation algorithm were economic transformations, democratization of the country's governance, increase of energy efficiency, and synchronization of legal norms with the EU.
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Voronkov, L. S. "ON VARIETY OF INTEGRATION PROCESSES IN EUROPE." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(31) (August 28, 2013): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-4-31-98-105.
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On the basis of analysis of integration processes between Nordic, Benelux countries and post-soviet states in Europe the author expresses hesitations in accepting the integration experiences gained by the EU as the criterion of efficiency and the pattern for the post-Soviet space. He does not consider that an involvement of all countries with market economy into processes of regional integration, if they do not try to achieve certain political aims through integration, is the universal regularity in the globalized world. In these cases neither free trade zones nor custom unions can be considered as integration stages, but they continue to be the tools for further development of trade. The author proposes to assess the EU evolution with regard to the legal norms of international organizations, where state sovereignty of members is strengthened, not given up to supernational bodies. In case the idea of reestablishment of an unified state on the remains of the former USSR, linked to the necessity to hand over the recently acquired sovereignty to it, is laid down to the ground for practical measures of integration, this kind of integration will hardly be attractive to the potential post-Soviet participants. This perspective is hardly desired for Russia either. The integration path of the EU reflects the peculiarities of the European situation and specific interests of its member states. Many details of the EU activity are not applicable to other integration groupings in Europe and membership criteria in every of them is not universal. Any efforts to construct integration processes in the post-Soviet space in accordance to the EU model without proper consideration to integration experiences of other countries and to political, economic, social, cultural, demographic, military peculiarities of the countries concerned seem to be not acceptable and founded.
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ALIGICA, PAUL DRAGOS. "Structural constraints: implications of economic dualism for the development and international integration of South Eastern Europe." Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 5, no. 3 (December 2003): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14613190310001610751.
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