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1
Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. "Key Legal Issues in ICAO: A Commentary and Review." Air and Space Law 44, Issue 1 (February 1, 2019): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2019004.
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The Agenda of items in the Work Programme of the Legal Committee of ICAO for its thirtyseventh session comprised: Study of legal issues relating to remotely piloted aircraft; Consideration of guidance on conflicts of interest; Acts or offences of concern to the international aviation community and not covered by existing air law instruments; Consideration, with regard to CNS/ATM systems including global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), and the regional multinational organisms, of the establishment of a legal framework; Determination of the status of an aircraft – civil/State; Promotion of the ratification of international air law instruments; Safety aspects of economic liberalization and Article 83 bis; and Implementation of Article 21 of the Chicago Convention. These items reflect issues that have been discussed by the Legal Committee for some time and are repetitive and tired. Worthy as they are of continuing discussion, focus on them has seemingly precluded both the Secretariat and the Council of ICAO from looking at current and future legal challenges that the evolving aviation industry presents. Some of these challenges come from the megatrend of information technology which has artificial intelligence and internet technology as sub-sets that would affect many emergent applications which the aviation industry would be compelled to use. This article contains a commentary on the issues discussed at the Legal Committee as well as a review of issues that have a profound legal effect on current and future trends in aviation which the ICAO Assembly should hear about.
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Magdaleno, Sergio, Elisabet Lacarra, Carlos de la Casa, Manuel López, Roberto Roldán, and Nuria Blanco. "SBAS Guidelines for Shipborne Receiver: EGNOS Performance Based on IMO Res. A.1046 (27)." Annual of Navigation 26, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aon-2019-0008.
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Abstract The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) augments the open public service offered by the GPS in Europe making suitable the use of GPS for safety critical applications. EGNOS is designed according to the same standard [ICAO SARPs, 2018] such as US WAAS, Japanese MSAS, GAGAN in India, SDCM in Russia and KAAS in South Korea and provides over Europe both corrections and integrity information about the GPS system. As the European SBAS, EGNOS offers three services: Open Service, Safety-of-life Service and EDAS. In general, the EGNOS Safety-of-life (SoL) Service is intended for transport applications in different domains (and currently in use by Aviation) where lives could be endangered if the performance of the navigation system is degraded below specific accuracy limits without giving notice in the specified time to alert. This requires that the relevant authority of the particular transport domain determines specific requirements for the navigation service based on the needs of that domain. Even if the main objective of the SBAS systems is the civil aviation community, the advantages provided by this technology are very useful to users from other domains. In this sense, a new EGNOS service for maritime is currently under development with the objective to complement the existing maritime radionavigation systems (e.g. DGNSS) in the European region for enhanced accuracy and integrity information where there is no backup infrastructure or in poorly covered environments. One of the steps needed for the development of this new EGNOS maritime service is the definition of a minimum set of recommendations for receiver manufacturers to provide them with a clear view on how to design their SBAS receivers to be compliant with the requirements defined for such a service. For that, EC, GSA, ESA and ESSP SAS have been working together since 2016 to develop guidelines for manufacturers for the implementation of SBAS in shipborne receiver. These guidelines, developed in the frame of the SBAS Working Group created in the Special Committee (SC) 104 on Differential Global Navigation Satellite Systems (DGNSS) of Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM), define a minimum set SBAS messages to be compliant with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Resolution A.1046 and additionally provide a test specifications. This paper presents a summary of these SBAS guidelines as well as the preliminary list of tests that must be fulfilled to be compliant. Additionally, a preliminary performance assessment of the EGNOS maritime service based on IMO Res. A.1046 (27) for a 24-months period during 2016, 2017 and 2018 is presented. The performance parameters are calculated using real data to show what level of performance was attained by EGNOS. The assessment was done using both EGNOS ground monitoring stations (RIMS) and fault-free receivers, based on these guidelines, fed with actual data. The performance is shown for each performance parameter defined in the IMO Res. A.1046 (27) and for navigation in Ocean Waters and coastal waters, harbour entrances and harbour approaches. The paper also includes Service Coverage maps representing where EGNOS maritime service based on IMO Res. A.1046 (27) is fulfilling the requirements. Furthermore, GSA and ESSP, with the collaboration of The Norwegian Coastal Administration and Hurtigruten Cruises, carried out a GNSS data collection campaign of 10 days along the Norwegian coast with a trajectory through Trondheim to Kirkenes and Kirkenes to Bergen in February 2018. The aim of this data campaign was to assess EGNOS performance at user level in the maritime domain at high latitudes in Europe. The data campaign includes the navigation outside the MT27 region defined in EGNOS at that moment (70ºN). A performance assessment of EGNOS using some commercial receivers and a software receiver in line with the SBAS guidelines will be presented, showing the observed accuracy and availably results of the EGNOS solution.
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El-Sheimy, N., A. A. Abdelbary, N. El-Bendary, and Y. Mohasseb. "Preface: ISPRS Geospatial Week 2023." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences X-1/W1-2023 (December 13, 2023): 1151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-x-1-w1-2023-1151-2023.
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Abstract. The International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Geospatial Week 2023 (GSW’2023) is a combination of 29 workshops organized by the ISPRS Working Groups active in areas of interest of ISPRS. The Geospatial Week 2023 is held from 2–7 September 2023, at the Semiramis Cairo Hotel, on the magnificent river Nile, Egypt, and is convened by the Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport (AASTMT) acting as the local organizer. The GSW’2023 is the first in Africa and the Middle East. The conference was chaired by Prof. Naser EL-Sheimy and Prof. Ismail Abdelgafhar (President of AASTMT) as the Honorary Chair and host of the conference under the Auspices of H.E. Professor Mostafa Madbouly, Prime Minister of the Arab Republic of Egypt. The GSW’2023 is the fifth edition, after, Antalya Turkey in 2013, La Grande Motte France in 2015, Wuhan China in 2017, and Enschede The Netherlands in 2019. The following 29 workshops provide state of the art and future trends in geospatial, sensors, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and spatial information sciences technologies in their applications in many industries and economic sectors: Cultural Heritage Visualization and Virtual Restoration SpACE – Spectral Remote Sensing in the era of AI, Cloud and Edge Computing Youth Presentation Forum Openness in Geospatial and Remote Sensing Precision GNSS: Technology Advances and Applications for Navigation and Mapping Photogrammetric 3D Reconstruction for Geo-Applications (PhotoGA 2023) Geospatial Data Analytics for Physical Geography Impact Assessment on Environment, Health andSociety Intelligent Systems in Sensor Web and Internet of Things Underwater Mapping Workshop: Geospatial techniques for underwater documentation, mapping andmonitoring SO&C: Sensor orientation and calibration for mapping and navigation purposes Smart Forests – Forest ecosystem assessment and monitoring using Remote Sensing, ArtificialIntelligence, and Robotics Satellite Remote Sensing and Its Applications Advanced Data Preparation and Data Management for Geospatial and Remote Sensing Scenarios Laser Scanning 2023 NGC of AV: Navigation, Guidance and Control of Autonomous Vehicles ISSDQ 2023- Artificial Intelligence and Uncertainty Modeling in Spatial Analysis Semantics3D – Semantic Scene Analysis and 3D Reconstruction from Images and Image Sequences GeoHB 2023: Geo-Spatial Computing for Understanding Human Behaviours GI4SDGs: The Geospatial Information and SDG Nexus SARcon 2023 – SAR constellations and applications Digital Construction CrowdMapping: Crowdsourcing for Global Mapping Indoor 3D IAMS – Intelligent and autonomous mapping systems AI-PC: AI-based Point Cloud and Image Understanding UAV-based mapping with imaging and LiDAR systems: challenges, data processing, and applications 3DS Smart Cities – 3D Sensing for Smart Cities Robotics for Mapping – SLAM approaches for mobile mapping and robot intelligence MMT and HD Maps – Mobile Mapping Technologies and HD Maps Many of the workshops are part of well-established series of workshops convened in the past. They cover topics like UAV for mapping, laser scanning, Semantics3D, SARcon, ISSDQ hyperspectral imaging, and crowd sourcing and collaborative mapping with applications ranging from indoor mapping, smart forest and smart cities to global mapping studies and planetary mapping. The conference also includes for the first-time few workshops organized by other working groups from sister organizations and the ISPRS youth forum. In total 172 full papers and 423 extended abstracts were submitted by authors from 68 countries. 1400 reviews have been delivered by 283 reviewers. A total of 137 full papers have been accepted for the volume X-1/W1-2023 of the ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences (ISPRS Annals). Another 260 papers are published in volume XLVIII-1/W2-2023 of The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences (ISPRS Archives). The editors would like to thank all contributing authors, reviewers and all workshop organizers for their role in preparing and organizing the Geospatial Week 2023. Thanks to their contributions, we can offer an excessive and varying collection in the Annals and the Archives. The editors would like to extend their great appreciation to the President of AASTMT Prof. Ismail Abdel Ghafar for his great support in hosting the ISPRS GSW’2023. We also would like to extend our thanks to the members of the local organizing committee for great effort in making GSW’2023 conference a success, namely, Prof. Amr Ali Hanafi, Prof. Ahmed Shaker, Research Eng. Ayman Elzagh, Dr. Mengchi Ai, Dr. Adel Moussa, Dr. Yiran Luo, Mr. Yasser Elrashidi, Eng. Nagy K. Aly, Prof. Amira Zaki, Dr. Radwa Osman, Eng. Mohamed ElQurashi and Mr. Mohamed Abdallah Mahmoud. We hope you enjoy reading the proceedings. Editor: Prof. Naser El-Sheimy, Geospatial Week Director 2023, General Chair (University of Calgary, Canada)Co-Editors, The Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport:Prof. Alaa Abdelwahed Abdelbary, Chair Local Organizing CommitteeProf. Nashwa El-BendaryProf. Yahya Mohasseb
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El-Sheimy, N., A. A. Abdelbary, N. El-Bendary, and Y. Mohasseb. "Preface: ISPRS Geospatial Week 2023." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-1/W2-2023 (December 14, 2023): 1979–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-1-w2-2023-1979-2023.
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Abstract. The International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Geospatial Week 2023 (GSW’2023) is a combination of 29 workshops organized by the ISPRS Working Groups active in areas of interest of ISPRS. The Geospatial Week 2023 is held from 2–7 September 2023, at the Semiramis Cairo Hotel, on the magnificent river Nile, Egypt, and is convened by the Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport (AASTMT) acting as the local organizer. The GSW’2023 is the first in Africa and the Middle East. The conference was chaired by Prof. Naser EL-Sheimy and Prof. Ismail Abdelgafhar (President of AASTMT) as the Honorary Chair and host of the conference under the Auspices of H.E. Professor Mostafa Madbouly, Prime Minister of the Arab Republic of Egypt. The GSW’2023 is the fifth edition, after, Antalya Turkey in 2013, La Grande Motte France in 2015, Wuhan China in 2017, and Enschede The Netherlands in 2019. The following 29 workshops provide state of the art and future trends in geospatial, sensors, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and spatial information sciences technologies in their applications in many industries and economic sectors: Cultural Heritage Visualization and Virtual Restoration SpACE – Spectral Remote Sensing in the era of AI, Cloud and Edge Computing Youth Presentation Forum Openness in Geospatial and Remote Sensing Precision GNSS: Technology Advances and Applications for Navigation and Mapping Photogrammetric 3D Reconstruction for Geo-Applications (PhotoGA 2023) Geospatial Data Analytics for Physical Geography Impact Assessment on Environment, Health andSociety Intelligent Systems in Sensor Web and Internet of Things Underwater Mapping Workshop: Geospatial techniques for underwater documentation, mapping andmonitoring SO&C: Sensor orientation and calibration for mapping and navigation purposes Smart Forests – Forest ecosystem assessment and monitoring using Remote Sensing, ArtificialIntelligence, and Robotics Satellite Remote Sensing and Its Applications Advanced Data Preparation and Data Management for Geospatial and Remote Sensing Scenarios Laser Scanning 2023 NGC of AV: Navigation, Guidance and Control of Autonomous Vehicles ISSDQ 2023- Artificial Intelligence and Uncertainty Modeling in Spatial Analysis Semantics3D – Semantic Scene Analysis and 3D Reconstruction from Images and Image Sequences GeoHB 2023: Geo-Spatial Computing for Understanding Human Behaviours GI4SDGs: The Geospatial Information and SDG Nexus SARcon 2023 – SAR constellations and applications Digital Construction CrowdMapping: Crowdsourcing for Global Mapping Indoor 3D IAMS – Intelligent and autonomous mapping systems AI-PC: AI-based Point Cloud and Image Understanding UAV-based mapping with imaging and LiDAR systems: challenges, data processing, and applications 3DS Smart Cities – 3D Sensing for Smart Cities Robotics for Mapping – SLAM approaches for mobile mapping and robot intelligence MMT and HD Maps – Mobile Mapping Technologies and HD Maps Many of the workshops are part of well-established series of workshops convened in the past. They cover topics like UAV for mapping, laser scanning, Semantics3D, SARcon, ISSDQ hyperspectral imaging, and crowd sourcing and collaborative mapping with applications ranging from indoor mapping, smart forest and smart cities to global mapping studies and planetary mapping. The conference also includes for the first-time few workshops organized by other working groups from sister organizations and the ISPRS youth forum. In total 172 full papers and 423 extended abstracts were submitted by authors from 68 countries. 1400 reviews have been delivered by 283 reviewers. A total of 137 full papers have been accepted for the volume X-1/W1-2023 of the ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences (ISPRS Annals). Another 260 papers are published in volume XLVIII-1/W2-2023 of The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences (ISPRS Archives). The editors would like to thank all contributing authors, reviewers and all workshop organizers for their role in preparing and organizing the Geospatial Week 2023. Thanks to their contributions, we can offer an excessive and varying collection in the Annals and the Archives. The editors would like to extend their great appreciation to the President of AASTMT Prof. Ismail Abdel Ghafar for his great support in hosting the ISPRS GSW’2023. We also would like to extend our thanks to the members of the local organizing committee for great effort in making GSW’2023 conference a success, namely, Prof. Amr Ali Hanafi, Prof. Ahmed Shaker, Research Eng. Ayman Elzagh, Dr. Mengchi Ai, Dr. Adel Moussa, Dr. Yiran Luo, Mr. Yasser Elrashidi, Eng. Nagy K. Aly, Prof. Amira Zaki, Dr. Radwa Osman, Eng. Mohamed ElQurashi and Mr. Mohamed Abdallah Mahmoud. We hope you enjoy reading the proceedings. Editor: Prof. Naser El-Sheimy, Geospatial Week Director 2023, General Chair (University of Calgary, Canada)Co-Editors, The Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport:Prof. Alaa Abdelwahed Abdelbary, Chair Local Organizing CommitteeProf. Nashwa El-BendaryProf. Yahya Mohasseb
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Bilitza, Dieter, and Bodo Reinisch. "Preface: International Reference Ionosphere and Global Navigation Satellite Systems." Advances in Space Research 55, no. 8 (April 2015): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2015.02.021.
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Nurmi, Jari, Elena-Simona Lohan, and Stephan Sand. "International Conference on Localization and Global Navigation Satellite Systems 2011." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 3, no. 3 (July 2012): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jertcs.2012070106.
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Nilsson, Johnny. "GPS/GLONASS User Systems in Sweden." Journal of Navigation 45, no. 2 (May 1992): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300010766.
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A research and development programme performed in Sweden over a period of 9 years has created a substantial know-how on the design of satellite navigation user systems. Thus, a basic user system, called the GP & c Total System has been developed and tested over 3 years. This system can serve as a basis for the tailoring of an almost endless number of applications. The system is currently using data from the GPS satellites, but can also be operated with combined GPS/GLONASS receivers. The Swedish GP & c System is an example of how the communication, navigation and surveillance (CNS) concept and the various elements (ADS, ATM, etc.) for a new global Air Navigation System published by the ICAO FANS Committee can be implemented and integrated into a user-friendly operational system. The ICAO 10th Air Navigation Conference (5–20 September 1991) endorsed the FANS concept in which the main elements are based on the implementation of satellite navigation technology.
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Yakushenkov, A. "Satellite Navigation Systems for the USSR Merchant Marine." Journal of Navigation 38, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300038236.
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When the satellite era commenced more than a quarter of a century ago, one could hardly foresee the world wide revolution it heralded in the development of aids to navigation for merchant shipping. However, early investigations into the possible application of satellites to maritime needs led to an understanding of the powerful potential of satellite techniques for navigation. It became clear that if the international maritime community was really interested in a global all-weather, high-precision and commercially viable navigation system; such a system could only be satellite-based. This is evident from the situation that has recently arisen in IMO, where after exhaustive discussion on the mandatory carriage of electronic position-fixing equipment on ships in designated areas, the organization could not express a preference for any particular aid, until it was decided that efforts should be made to develop a global satellite navigation system capable of meeting a new standard of navigational accuracy. Moreover, in preparing the navigational accuracy standard, account was taken of experience gained with existing satellite navigation systems.
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Miller, Clyde A. "U.S. Programme for Development of Satellite Services for Air Traffic Control." Journal of Navigation 43, no. 1 (January 1990): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300013783.
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The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is conducting experimental programmes to support introduction of satellite navigation and communications services into the air traffic control system during the 1990 time period. This work programme is closely related to the activities that have been conducted by the ICAO Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS) Committee and will result in development of standards for avionics systems and services for the Global Positioning System (GPS), as well as digital voice and digital data link services. This paper summarizes the FAA programmes supporting the introduction of the new satellite services.
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Myszona-Kostrzewa, Katarzyna. "SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY MALFUNCTIONING OF SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS." Studia Iuridica, no. 97 (September 20, 2023): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2023-97.3.
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International liability is one of the most difficult legal issues related to satellite navigation applications. The 1972 Liability Convention provides that a launching State shall be absolutely liable to pay compensation for damage caused by its space objects on the surface of the Earth or to aircraft flight, and liable for damage due to its fault in space. The legal situation of artificial satellites, including navigation satellites, is determined by their assignment to space objects. Unfortunately, the term “space object” is also not specifically defined in international space law. The main purpose of this article is to determine whether damage caused by satellite navigation systems can be covered by the Liability Convention, whether the Convention refers only to direct physical damage resulting from the fall or collision of space objects or whether it also encompasses damage resulting from the malfunctioning of a navigation space object and intangible electromagnetic waves. It seems that the present regulations of the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention do not apply to satellite navigation and do not cover the damage caused by navigation’s intangible signals. Unfortunately, it is rather clear that the international community is unlikely to adopt uniform rules on liability for satellite navigation signals in the near future. However, the United Nations and its Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space remain to be the best platform to work on establishing the principles governing the issue of liability for damage caused by malfunctioning of satellite navigation systems and their signals.
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Beutler, Gerhard, Angelyn W. Moore, and Ivan I. Mueller. "The international global navigation satellite systems service (IGS): development and achievements." Journal of Geodesy 83, no. 3-4 (February 19, 2009): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-008-0268-z.
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Kubáč, Tomáš, and Jakub Hospodka. "Assessment of the Implementation of GNSS into Gliding." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 5, no. 4 (November 9, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2017.04.01.
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Global navigation satellite systems are increasingly part of our lives and many industries including aviation. Glider flying is no exception in this trend. Global navigation satellite systems were part of gliding since the early 1990s. First as official recording devices for simple evidence of sporting performances, then as navigation systems, anti-collision systems and emergency location transmitters. Development of recording application was initiated and supported by International Gliding Commission of World Air Sports Federation in way of certifications for flight recorders. The use of navigation and other modern instruments in gliders has brought many benefits but also risks. However, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages and these systems are now integral part of gliding. With this wide usage of global navigation satellite systems devices, there is great many possibilities how and in which way one can use these systems. Pilots must orient themselves in varied selection of products, which they can use to choose one solution, that fits him. Therefore, to find out how and if pilots use these devices, we created questionnaire survey among 143 Czech glider pilots. We found out, that 84% of them are using global navigation satellite systems devices for official record of flight and for navigation as well. More than half of pilots is using free, not built-in devices. Most common devices are mobile phones up to 5 inches of screen diagonal in combination with approved flight recorder without display. If pilots use mobile device for navigation, 52% of them is using one with Windows Mobile operating system, 33% use Android. Navigational software on these mobile devices is then almost tied between SeeYou Mobile, XCSoar and LK8000. Knowledge about usage preference of global navigation systems devices should help pilots with selection and overall orientation in subject.
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Szabova, Martina, and Frantisek Duchon. "Survey Of GNSS Coordinates Systems." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 24 (August 30, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n24p33.
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The use of satellite positioning systems to determine position in reference frame can introduce serious practical difficulties. The problem can be in the fields of navigation, map revision or cadastral surveying. It arises because in local area the local coordinate system were used. The problem can be solved by transformation between coordinates frame. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) don’t use same reference frame and it is important to know transformation between this systems. This paper works with information of many international organizations and their documents. It contains information about reference coordinate system of GNSS, information about local coordinates system used in North America, UK, and Europe.
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Dow, John M., R. E. Neilan, and C. Rizos. "The International GNSS Service in a changing landscape of Global Navigation Satellite Systems." Journal of Geodesy 83, no. 3-4 (February 19, 2009): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-008-0300-3.
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Dow, John M., R. E. Neilan, and C. Rizos. "The International GNSS Service in a changing landscape of Global Navigation Satellite Systems." Journal of Geodesy 83, no. 7 (March 27, 2009): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-009-0315-4.
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Gusev, I. V., and A. M. Golubitskiy. "Compatibility assessment of the reference frames orbital realizations broadcasted by the global navigation satellite systems with the International terrestrial reference frame (ITRF) during 2020–2023." Geodesy and Cartography 1004, no. 2 (March 20, 2024): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2024-1004-2-51-64.
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The compatibility assessment of the terrestrial reference frames orbital realizations broadcasted by the global navigation satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou) with the International terrestrial reference frame ITRF during 2020–2023 was performed. The assessment is based on the analysis of daily Helmert transformation parameters determined in the Information and Analysis Center for Positioning, Navigation and Timing of the Central Research Institute for Machine Building within calculating a posteriori ephemeris and time information for each constellation. Based on the daily Helmert transformation parameters, annual reference frames coincidence parameters RSS7 and Λ and their standard deviations StDRSS7 and StDΛ on the monthly, 10-day and daily averaging intervals were computed, characterizing the stability of terrestrial reference frames orbital realizations. The obtained results show the following level of coincidence between the terrestrial reference frames broadcasted by global navigation satellite systems and ITRF
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Ilcev, Dimov Stojce. "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GLOBAL AERONAUTICAL DISTRESS AND SAFETY SYSTEM (GADSS)." Aviation 22, no. 1 (August 20, 2018): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2018.4741.
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In this paper is introduced the first proposal for development of Global Aeronautical Distress and Safety System (GADSS) in 1999 by the author of this article. The GADSS is de facto the integration of space (radio and satellite) Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) with Tracking, Detecting and Search and Rescue (SAR) systems, which have to provide airmen with global communications and locating networks. The GPS, GLONASS and other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) provide precise positioning data for vessels, land vehicles and aircraft, but modern CNS demands need for enhanced services and augmentation of GNSS networks. Both networks have to be integrated under an GADSS umbrella with elements capable of being operated by any individual onboard aircraft to ensure prompt distress alert for SAR procedure. The enhanced concept of GADSS is that SAR authorities ashore and ships in the immediate vicinity of the aircraft in distress have to be rapidly alerted via radio and satellite communication systems and to assist in a coordinated SAR operations with the minimum of delay. In 2016, 16 years in delay, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has begun its process to amend international standards and recommended practices to align with GADSS concept. This paper will also introduce the necessary networks and equipment, which has to ensure harmonized and enhanced maritime and aeronautical global SAR systems.
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Zalewski, Paweł, Andrzej Bąk, and Michael Bergmann. "Evolution of Maritime GNSS and RNSS Performance Standards." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (October 22, 2022): 5291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215291.
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The primary means for electronic position fixing in use in contemporary maritime transport are shipborne GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers or DGPS (Differential GPS) receivers. More advanced GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) or RNSS (Regional Navigation Satellite Systems) receivers are able to process combined signals from American GPS, Russian GLONASS, Chinese Beidou (BDS), European Galileo, Indian IRNSS, and Japan QZSS. Satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) are still not commonly used in the maritime domain, especially onboard vessels certified under international SOLAS convention. The issues and weaknesses of existing International Maritime Organization recommendations, guidelines, requirements, performance standards, and policies on GNSS shipborne sensors are discussed and presented in the paper. Many problems that have already been dealt with in other means of transportation are still to be solved in the maritime domain. The integrity monitoring is addressed as the main issue, and recommendations based on solutions implemented in aviation and the latest research are proposed. Finally, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats awaiting maritime GNSS standardization process are outlined.
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Ramirez, Jorge, Dagoberto Salazar, Xavier Prats, and Cristina Barrado. "C3 in UAS as a Means for Secondary Navigation." Journal of Navigation 66, no. 1 (August 29, 2012): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463312000392.
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Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) navigate using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), but GNSS vulnerability precludes its use as the only means of navigation and requires a secondary means of navigation. A differentiating characteristic of UAS is their periodic communications with the ground station. This paper analyses the adequacy of employing UAS Command, Control and Communications (C3) as a secondary means of navigation. With no additional infrastructure, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to process C3 messages and to obtain the positions of the UAS. Navigation accuracy and integrity are calculated in a scenario with three UAS. The obtained results meet the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) requirements.
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Napier, M. E., and V. Ashkenazi. "Modern Navigation and Positioning Techniques." Journal of Navigation 40, no. 2 (May 1987): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300000436.
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Significant developments have taken place in navigation and positioning techniques at sea. These include radio, acoustic and inertial methods, and satellite based techniques. The latter consist of the Transit Doppler system, which has now been in operation for over 20 years, and the Global Positioning System which is due to be inaugurated in the early 1990s. These various systems are described in the paper, and their marine engineering, geodetic and geophysical applications discussed. The paper is based on a lecture presented at the Oceanology International Conference held at Brighton in March 1986.
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Beukers, John M. "Global Radionavigation – The Next 50 Years and Beyond." Journal of Navigation 53, no. 2 (May 2000): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346330000878x.
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This, and the following four papers, were first presented at the NAV99/ILA28 Conference on ‘Loran-C, Satellite and Integrated Systems for the 21st Century’ held at Church House, Westminster, London, 1st–3rd November 1999.Just 25 years ago, the author presented a paper at the 30th Annual Meeting of the United States Institute of Navigation (ION) entitled ‘Radionavigation in North America, the Next 25 Years’. The paper received much attention and was given the ION's Burka Award for the best paper of the year. The author attempted to predict the worldwide implementation of Loran-C and Omega while acknowledging that satellite technology was on the horizon. ‘Global Radionavigation – The Next 50 Years and Beyond’ builds on the previous paper and is an attempt to define the future of global radionavigation based upon a mix of terrestrial and satellite systems. The time it takes for satellite systems and augmentations to mature and the reasons for this extended period provide the foundation of the paper. Also discussed are: the time to achieve a full constellation of space vehicles having signal specifications that meet the requirements for safety-of-life, the political complexities to achieve international harmonisation of service, and the use of a common worldwide protected frequency spectrum. The need for terrestrial complements is presented from the standpoint of supporting satellite systems and as a back-up in the event of loss of satellite services.
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Azab, Mohamed, Ahmed El-Rabbany, M. Nabil Shoukry, Ramadan Khalil, and Akram Afifi. "Performance Analysis of GPS/GLONASS Precise Point Positioning." GEOMATICA 67, no. 4 (December 2013): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5623/cig2013-049.
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Precise Point Positioning (PPP) with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) has attracted the attention of many researchers over the past decade. Recently, the Russian global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) has been modernized and restored to near full constellation status, which has made it more attractive for positioning and navigation. Having two healthy systems, namely GPS and GLONASS provides a combination of both constellations, which in turn promises to improve the availability, positioning accuracy, and reliability of PPP solutions. This study investigates the effect of combining GPS and GLONASS dual-frequency measurements on the static PPP solution and its sensitivity to different processing strategies. Many data sets from five globally distributed International GNSS Service (IGS) tracking stations were processed using the Bernese GPS software package. The addition of GLONASS constellation improved the satellite visibility and geometry by more than 60%, and 40%, respectively, and improves the positioning convergence by up to 41%, 38%, and 19% in east, north, and up directions, respectively.
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Bondarev, S., and S. Verigo. "GLOBAL MARKET OF SPACE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-1-72-77.
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An analysis of consumer demand for products of the space industry has been presented. The main goals and objectives of the largest exporting countries, which present in the international markets of high-tech products manufacturers have been defined. The incentives for the development of space activities in individual countries and the possibility of commercialization in the system of promoting space products and services to international and domestic markets have been investigated. The current and forecast estimates of global exports as information products of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and remote sensing of the earth have been given.
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Leonidov, N. V. "Autonomous algorithms for monitoring the integrity of the navigation field in relation to GNSS GLONASS." Spacecrafts & Technologies 5, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26732/j.st.2021.1.05.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the existing algorithms of autonomous control of the integrity of the navigation field of the GLONASS system. The analysis is based on domestic materials and official foreign applications. At the beginning of the article, the concept of the integrity of the global navigation satellite system is given in the form in which it is used in International Civil Aviation Organization and among the developers of such systems. The differences between the common types of control of the integrity of the navigation field are shown. The modeling of individual operational characteristics, including the average geometric factor, visibility, and accessibility for different angles of the site, is carried out. The main solutions to the problem of reduced tactical and technical characteristics of the system are compared. The existing prerequisites for the improvement of the GLONASS system and for the use of small navigation spacecraft to eliminate the gap between GLONASS and competing global navigation satellite systems are listed. As a result, a variant of improving the circumstances for the application of these algorithms in unfavorable conditions in relation to the GLONASS system is proposed. It is shown that the low-orbit addition to the GLONASS system can significantly improve the tactical and technical characteristics of the complex as a whole and provide higher reliability of the system as a whole due to the operational maintenance of the integrity of the navigation field.
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Williams, Paul, Sally Basker, and Nick Ward. "e-Navigation and the Case for eLoran." Journal of Navigation 61, no. 3 (June 26, 2008): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463308004748.
Full textAbstract:
International discussions on the concept of e-navigation have identified a robust position-fixing system as one of the essential components. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are known to have vulnerabilities and onboard alternatives such as inertial systems have limitations. This paper considers the case for an enhanced version of the terrestrial radio-navigation system Loran to provide an alternative with performance comparable to GNSS. The paper reviews recent studies of inertial navigation systems and concludes that they do not present a fully capable backup to GNSS at present. Trials of enhanced Loran carried out in the UK by the General Lighthouse Authorities have shown that eLoran does have the potential to provide equivalent performance to GNSS over long periods and is a fully complementary system. The steps needed to provide eLoran on at least a regional basis, covering critical waterways, are considered. The international process for the specification and standardisation of eLoran is already underway and some projections are made about the timescale for full implementation, in the context of the introduction of e-Navigation. A version of this paper was first presented at NAV 07 held in Church House, London from 30th October – 1st November 2007.
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Dymkova, Svetlana. "EARTH OBSERVATION AND GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS ANALITICAL REPORT PART I (AVIATION AND SPACE)." SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL 8, no. 1 (2022): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2664-066x-2022-8-1-30-41.
Full textAbstract:
The EU Space Programme is a business growth enabler that stimulates the economy and pushes the bar of innovation. The EUSPA EO & GNSS Market Report is the ultimate guide to anyone who seeks to make the EU Satellite Navigation and Earth Observation technologies part of their business plan and develop new space downstream applications. More than ever society relies on innovative solutions to deal with the big data paradigm. Earth Observation (EO) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data is becoming increasingly important to these innovative solutions through dozens of applications that are emerging or already in use by citizens, businesses, governments, industry, international organisations, NGOs and researchers around the world. The study provides analytical information on the dynamic GNSS and EO markets, along with indepth analyses of the latest global trends and developments through illustrated examples and use cases. Using advanced econometric models, it also offers market evolution forecasts of GNSS shipments or EO revenues spanning to 2031. With a focus on Galileo/EGNOS and Copernicus, the report highlights the essential role of space data across 17 market segments including, Agriculture; Aviation and Drones; Biodiversity, Ecosystems and Natural Capital; Climate Services; Consumer Solutions, Tourism, and Health; Emergency Management and Humanitarian Aid; Energy and Raw Materials; Environmental Monitoring; Fisheries and Aquaculture; Forestry; Infrastructure; Insurance and Finance; Maritime and Inland Waterways; Rail; Road and Automotive; Urban Development and Cultural Heritage; and Space. This article represent the brief overview essential role of space data across 2 market segments including, Aviation and Drones and Rail, Road and Automotive.
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Mccarthy, Dennis D. "Report on the World Space Congress." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 156 (1993): 435–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900173681.
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The World Space Congress comprised of the 43rd Congress of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) and the 29th Plenary Meeting of the Committee of Space Research (COSPAR) was held in Washington, DC from 27 August to 4 September, 1992. Over 3000 people participated in the meetings where scientific papers were presented on such diverse topics as space travel, biological aspects of space travel, relativity, planetary atmospheres, space debris, space law, global change, launch vehicles, space station, space communication, navigation, Earth rotation, astrometry, satellite geodesy, use of lunar observations, and new observational techniques. Presentations dealing with the topics of this symposium are discussed, but complete reports will be forthcoming in the proceedings of the Congress.
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Thombre, Sarang, M. Zahidul H. Bhuiyan, Patrik Eliardsson, Björn Gabrielsson, Michael Pattinson, Mark Dumville, Dimitrios Fryganiotis, et al. "GNSS Threat Monitoring and Reporting: Past, Present, and a Proposed Future." Journal of Navigation 71, no. 3 (December 7, 2017): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463317000911.
Full textAbstract:
Vulnerability of satellite-based navigation signals to intentional and unintentional interference calls for a high-level overview of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) threats occurring globally to understand the magnitude and evolution of the problem. Therefore, a mechanism needs to be developed whereby disparate monitoring systems will be capable of contributing to a common entity of basic information about the threat scenarios they experience. This paper begins with a literature survey of 37 state-of-the-art GNSS threat monitoring systems, which have been analysed based on their respective operational features - constellations monitored and whether they possess the capability to perform interference-type classification, spoofing detection, and interference localisation. Also described is a comparative analysis of four GNSS threat reporting formats in use today. Based on these studies, the paper describes the Horizon2020 Standardisation of GNSS Threat Reporting and Receiver Testing through International Knowledge Exchange, Experimentation and Exploitation (STRIKE3) proposed integrated threat monitoring demonstration system and related standardised threat reporting message, to enable a high-level overview of the prevailing international GNSS threat scenarios and its evolution over time.
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Capuano, Vincenzo, Francesco Basile, Cyril Botteron, and Pierre André Farine. "GNSS-based Orbital Filter for Earth Moon Transfer Orbits." Journal of Navigation 69, no. 4 (November 26, 2015): 745–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463315000843.
Full textAbstract:
Numerous applications, not only Earth-based, but also space-based, have strengthened the interest of the international scientific community in using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) as navigation systems for space missions that require good accuracy and low operating costs. Indeed, already successfully used in Low Earth Orbits (LEOs), GNSS-based navigation systems can maximise the autonomy of a spacecraft while reducing the burden and the costs of ground operations. That is why GNSS is also attractive for applications in higher Earth orbits up to the Moon, such as in Moon Transfer Orbits (MTOs). However, the higher the altitude the receiver is above the GNSS constellations, the poorer and the weaker are the relative geometry and the received signal powers, respectively, leading to a significant navigation accuracy reduction. In order to improve the achievable GNSS performance in MTOs, we consider in this paper an adaptive orbital filter that fuses the GNSS observations with an orbital forces model. Simulation results show a navigation accuracy significantly higher than that attainable individually by a standalone GNSS receiver or by means of a pure orbital propagation.
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Petrović, Goran. "Article: View on Regulations Concerning Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) Service in Civil Aviation." Air and Space Law 49, Issue 2 (April 1, 2024): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2024018.
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This article presents the overall regulatory environment related to the provision of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) services in civil aviation. Through the evolution of international standards established by the Chicago Convention and through the development of CNS services, insight was given into the importance ofCNSservices in ensuring safe and efficient air traffic.The functions of the CNS system are presented and explained, as well as the key contribution of international organizations such as ICAO and International Telecommination Union (ITU) in the development of these services. Through research on the complexity of CNS services, the evolution in the past decades, the text explains the legal aspects related to civil aviation, but also international telecommunications and space activities that are related to civil aviation. The legal framework that regulates space activities, that is, the use of satellites in air traffic management, is especially covered. airspace (CNS/ATM). ICAO initiatives are additionally addressed, particularly the integration of satellite technology through Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS) and the legal significance of resolutions such as A32-19 on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) services from the 1998 Rio Conference. The narrative further examines the implementation of CNS/ATM concepts, legal considerations in air-ground communications, harmonization efforts, and the consolidation of resolutions for effective global implementation. The text concludes by highlighting ICAO’s ongoing commitment to align technological advancements with legal frameworks, promoting the seamless utilization of CNS/ATM systems worldwide. The significance of regional and national regulations, with a focus on European CNS regulations, is underscored for enhancing air traffic safety and fostering the development of CNS services. CNS Services, Chicago Convention, ICAO international standards, Annex 10, ICAO resolutions, CNS/ATM, ITU, FANS, GNSS, regional and national regulations
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Nie, Zhixi, Xiaofei Xu, Zhenjie Wang, and Jun Du. "Initial Assessment of BDS PPP-B2b Service: Precision of Orbit and Clock Corrections, and PPP Performance." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11 (May 22, 2021): 2050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112050.
Full textAbstract:
On 31 July 2020, the Beidou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) was officially announced as being commissioned. In addition to offering global positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services, BDS-3 also provides precise point positioning (PPP) augmentation services. The satellite orbit correction, clock correction and code bias correction of BDS-3 and other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are broadcast by the BDS-3 geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites through the PPP-B2b signal. The PPP-B2b service is available for users in China and the surrounding area. In this study, an initial assessment of the PPP-B2b service is presented, with collected 3-day PPP-B2b messages. Based on broadcast ephemeris and PPP-B2b messages, the precise satellite orbits and clock offsets can be recovered. This precision is evaluated with the precise ephemeris from the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ) analysis center as references. The results indicate that the accuracy of BDS-3 satellite orbits in the direction of radial, along-track, and cross-track is 0.138, 0.131, and 0.145 m, respectively, and for GPS a corresponding accuracy of 0.104, 0.160, and 0.134 m, respectively, could be obtained. The precision of clock offsets can reach a level of several centimeters for both GPS and BDS-3. Both the performance of static PPP and kinematic PPP are evaluated using the observations from four international GNSS monitoring assessment service (iGMAS) stations. Regarding static PPP, the average convergence time is 17.7 minutes to achieve a horizontal positioning accuracy of better than 0.3 m, and a vertical positioning accuracy of better than 0.6 m. The average positioning accuracy in the direction of east, north, and up-directions are 2.4, 1.6, and 2.3 cm. As to kinematic PPP, the average RMS values of positioning errors in the direction of east, north, and up are 8.1 cm, 3.6 cm, and 8.0 cm after full convergence.
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Zalewski, Paweł. "Integrity Concept for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships’ Position Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 2075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072075.
Full textAbstract:
The primary means for electronic position fixing currently in use in majority of contemporary merchant ships are shipborne GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers or DGPS (Differential GPS) and IALA (International Association of Lighthouse Authorities) radio beacon receivers. More advanced GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers able to process signals from GPS, Russian GLONASS, Chinese Beidou, European Galileo, Indian IRNSS, Japan QZSS, and satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), are still relatively rare in maritime domain. However, it is expected that such combined or multi-system receivers will soon become more common in maritime transport and integrated with gyro, inertial, radar, laser, and optical sensors, and they will become indispensable onboard maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). To be prepared for a malfunction of any position sensors, their state-of-the-art integrity monitoring should be developed and standardized, taking into account the specificity of MASS and e-navigation safety. The issues of existing requirements, performance standards, and future concepts of integrity monitoring for maritime position sensors are discussed and presented in this paper.
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Dymkova, Svetlana. "EARTH OBSERVATION AND GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS ANALITICAL REPORT PART II (TIMING & SYNCHRONISATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS, MARITIME AND INLAND WATERWAYS, RAIL AND AUTOMOTIVE TRANSPORT)." SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL 8, no. 2 (2022): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2664-066x-2022-8-2-24-34.
Full textAbstract:
The EU Space Programme is a business growth enabler that stimulates the economy and pushes the bar of innovation. The EUSPA EO & GNSS Market Report is the ultimate guide to anyone who seeks to make the EU Satellite Navigation and Earth Observation technologies part of their business plan and develop new space downstream applications. More than ever society relies on innovative solutions to deal with the big data paradigm. Earth Observation (EO) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data is becoming increasingly important to these innovative solutions through dozens of applications that are emerging or already in use by citizens, businesses, governments, industry, international organisations, NGOs and researchers around the world. The study provides analytical information on the dynamic GNSS and EO markets, along with indepthanalyses of the latest global trends and developments through illustrated examples and use cases. Using advanced econometric models, it also offers market evolution forecasts of GNSS shipments or EO revenues spanning to 2031. This article represent the brief overview essential role of space data across market segments including, timing & synchronisation of telecommunication networks, maritime and inland waterways, rail and automotive transport.
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Dong, Shao Wu. "Study on GNSS Time Reference System and its Traceability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 2031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.2031.
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This paper introduces briefly international standard time scale---theCoordinated Universal Time (UTC) and its realization, the time references and their traceability of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). GNSS is based on precision time measurement, an uniform internal time reference is necessary to ensure all parts in a GNSS run synchronously. All GNSS system have precision time reference systems, at the same time, it is necessary that the time reference should be traced to the international legal time standard, UTC, to ensure global time synchronous and uniform, it can be realized by establishing time comparison link with national time standard. A possible solution of GNSS time reference and its traceability for COMPASS is discussed.
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Šakan, Davor, Serdjo Kos, Biserka Drascic Ban, and David Brčić. "On Linear and Circular Approach to GPS Data Processing: Analyses of the Horizontal Positioning Deviations Based on the Adriatic Region IGS Observables." Data 6, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data6020009.
Full textAbstract:
Global and regional positional accuracy assessment is of the highest importance for any satellite navigation system, including the Global Positioning System (GPS). Although positioning error can be expressed as a vector quantity with direction and magnitude, most of the research focuses on error magnitude only. The positional accuracy can be evaluated in terms of navigational quadrants as further refinement of error distribution, as it was shown here. This research was conducted in the wider area of the Northern Adriatic Region, employing the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Service (IGS) data and products. Similarities of positional accuracy and deviations distributions for Single Point Positioning (SPP) were addressed in terms of magnitudes. Data were analyzed during the 11-day period. Linear and circular statistical methods were used to quantify regional positional accuracy and error behavior. This was conducted in terms of both scalar and vector values, with assessment of the underlying probability distributions. Navigational quadrantal positioning error subset analysis was carried out. Similarity in the positional accuracy and positioning deviations behavior, with uneven positional distribution between quadrants, indicated the directionality of the total positioning error. The underlying distributions for latitude and longitude deviations followed approximately normal distributions, while the radius was approximated by the Rayleigh distribution. The Weibull and gamma distributions were considered, as well. Possible causes of the analyzed positioning deviations were not investigated, but the ultimate positioning products were obtained as in standard, single-frequency positioning scenarios.
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Brčić, David, Renato Filjar, Serdjo Kos, and Marko Valčić. "On Global Ionospheric Maps based winter-time GPS ionospheric delay with reference to the Klobuchar model." Pomorstvo 33, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.33.2.11.
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Modelling of the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) represents a challenging and demanding task in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning performance. In terms of satellite Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT), TEC represents a significant cause of the satellite signal ionospheric delay. There are several approaches to TEC estimation. The Standard (Klobuchar) ionospheric delay correction model is the most common model for Global Positioning System (GPS) single-frequency (L1) receivers. The development of International GNSS Service (IGS) Global Ionospheric Maps (GIM) has enabled the insight into global TEC dynamics. GIM analyses in the Northern Adriatic area have shown that, under specific conditions, local ionospheric delay patterns differ from the one defined in the Klobuchar model. This has been the motivation for the presented research, with the aim to develop a rudimentary model of the TEC estimation, with emphasis on areas where ground truth data are not available. The local pattern of the ionospheric delay has been modelled with wave functions based on the similarity of waveforms, considering diurnal differences in TEC behavior from defined TEC patterns. The model represents a spatiotemporal winter-time ionospheric delay correction with the Klobuchar model as a basis. The evaluation results have shown accurate approximation of the local pattern of the ionospheric delay. The model was verified in the same seasonal period in 2007, revealing it successfulness under pre-defined conditions. The presented approach represents a basis for the further work on the local ionospheric delay modelling, considering local ionospheric and space weather conditions, thus improving the satellite positioning performance for single-frequency GNSS receivers.
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Kaselimi, M., N. Doulamis, A. Doulamis, and D. Delikaraoglou. "A SEQUENCE-TO-SEQUENCE TEMPORAL CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR IONOSPHERE PREDICTION USING GNSS OBSERVATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-813-2020.
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Abstract. This paper proposes a model suitable for predicting the ionosphere delay at different locations of receiver stations using a temporal 1D convolutional neural network (CNN) model. CNN model can optimally addresses non-linearity and model complex data through the creation of powerful representations at hierarchical levels of abstraction. To be able to predict ionosphere values for each visible satellite at a given station, sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models are introduced. These models are commonly used for solving sequential problems. In seq2seq models, a sequential input is entered to the model and the output has also a sequential form. Adopting this structure help us to predict ionosphere values for all satellites in view at every epoch. As experimental data, we used global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observations from selected sites in central Europe, of the global international GNSS network (IGS). The data used are part of the multi GNSS experiment (MGEX) project, that provides observations from multiple navigation satellite systems. After processing with precise point positioning (PPP) technique as implemented with GAMP software, the slant total electron content data (STEC) were obtained. The proposed CNN uses as input the ionosphere pierce points (IPP) points coordinates per visible satellite. Then, based on outcomes of the ionosphere parameters, the temporal CNN is deployed to predict future TEC variations.
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Sibilev, Vadim A., Sergey V. Kozik, and Gleb O. Alcybeev. "TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTING MEANS FOR CELESTIAL NAVIGATION." Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 14, no. 4 (September 13, 2022): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2022-14-4-535-545.
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The basis for ensuring the navigational safety of a ship is knowing the coordinates of its location at a given point in time. In modern conditions, the coordinates of the ship position in most cases are obtained using the global navigation satellite systems. However, there is a problem when using these systems, namely, failures in receiving navigation information from satellites. The causes of failures are interference to the radio signal of both natural origin and artificial (destructive) origin, caused by the interference of radio suppression equipment. A solution to the problem of detection of destructive interference in the radio channel of the satellite-receiver by using navigation on celestial bodies is proposed. The possibility of using navigation on celestial bodies in modern conditions implies efforts to improve this method and includes a set of measures. Among the set of measures, two directions are distinguished. The first direction is the improvement of the means for measuring the navigation parameters. The second direction is the improvement of the computing tools necessary for calculating the coordinates of the ship position, as well as solving navigational problems of ensuring navigation safety, namely, determining instrument corrections, providing time service on the ship, determining illumination and selection of luminaries for observation. The second direction of improving the navigation of the celestial bodies, namely, the identification of the trend in the development of computing means of navigation on the celestial bodies is considered in the paper. As a result of the work, the general trend of the global market which can be used to judge the growth and popularization of the maritime industry, is presented; the uneven development of the functionality of the presented programs is revealed; the advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon are described. As confirmation of the growing relevance, reports of the international analytical organizations indicating the growth of the marine radio electronics market by 8.1 % per year until 2025 are cited.
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CELMS, A., I. TREVOHO, P. KOLODIY, A. RATKEVICS, T. LIDUMNIEKS, and M. BRINKMANIS-BRIMANIS. "Development of GNSS measurement models with the use of base stations and radio modules." Modern achievements of geodesic science and industry 1, no. 47 (April 1, 2024): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33841/1819-1339-1-47-69-75.
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Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) historically been known as one of the newest technologies since the 1970s. GNSS originally developed for military purposes in the USA (GPS – Global Position System). There are several satellite systems in the world. Satelites, International Research Base Stations, regional/national and local base stations form a permanent geodetic frame. Research on the size and shape of the Earth-planet, climate, sea, urban planning. In geodesy, a network of global positioning base stations makes it possible to asses the movements of continents, land plates at international level. GNSS is an important technology in navigation, logistics, economics, land surveying and other “geo” sectors. GNSS equipment/receivers and their manufacturers are applying new designs and electronics. Initially GNSS instruments used with single frequency signal reception, later expanding the number of GNSS signal channels to two frequencies. Such technological improvements nowadays improve the certainty, reliability and accuracy – the overall quality – of GNSS measurements. The GNSS base station enables the surveyors, other user’s GNSS receiver to determine coordinates with an accuracy of two centimeters in real time (RTK) and with an accuracy of five millimetres using the accumulated post-processing data. Various types of factors hamper GNSS measurements. The GNSS signal (radio wave) travels in airspace, in urban environments and is a physical parameter. Any obstacle – tree, building walls, and atmospheric effect – makes GNSS measurements less accurate. The GNSS signal must be strong and free from attenuation and suppression effects. This study develops GNSS models that show the comparison, certainty and reliability of GNSS measurements using different types of GNSS techniques. Evaluation of Latvian Global Positioning Reference Station Network – LatPos system measurements against a corresponding RTK solution method using Latvian Global Positioning Network geodetic point (G2 class).
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Chen, Yongchang, Chuanzhen Sheng, Qingwu Yi, Ran Li, Guangqing Ma, and Jingkui Zhang. "Analysis and improvement of the Bancroft algorithm for GNSS satellite orbit determination." Measurement Science and Technology 33, no. 4 (January 7, 2022): 045002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac4434.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Satellite orbit information is crucial for ensuring that global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) provide appropriate positioning, navigation and timing services. Typically, users can obtain access to orbit information of a specific accuracy level from navigation messages or precise ephemeris products. Without this information, a system will not be able to provide normal service. In response to this problem, initial orbit information of a certain level of precision must be obtained to support subsequent applications, such as broadcasting or precise ephemeris calculations, thereby ensuring the successful subsequent operation of the navigation system. One of two ways to calculate the initial orbit of a GNSS satellite is to utilize ground tracking stations to observe satellite vector information in the geocentric inertial system; the second way is to utilize GNSS range observations and known orbit information from other satellites. For the second approach, some researchers use the Bancroft algorithm combined with receiver clock offset to determine the initial orbit of GNSS satellites. Because this method requires an additional known receiver clock offset, we study the dependence of the Bancroft algorithm on clock offset in GNSS orbit determination. By assessing the impact of errors of different magnitude on the accuracy of the orbit results, we obtain experimental conclusions. After comprehensively analyzing various errors, we determine the accuracy level that the Bancroft algorithm can achieve for orbit determination without considering receiver clock correction. Dual-frequency and single-frequency pseudorange data from International GNSS Service stations are used in orbit determination experiments. When a small receiver clock offset is considered and no correction is made, the deviations in the calculated satellite positions in three dimensions are approximately 979.3 and 1118.1 m (dual and single frequency); with a satellite clock offset, these values are approximately 928.8 and 1062.7 m (dual and single frequency).
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Ehlers, Tobias, Martin Portier, and Doreen Thoma. "Automation of maritime shipping for more safety and environmental protection." at - Automatisierungstechnik 70, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2022-0003.
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Abstract The demands on maritime shipping, one of the oldest and most international industries in the world, are increasing. The complexity of the transport chains, their constantly increasing size and the evolving regulatory requirements with regard to safety and sustainability continuously present new challenges. In addition, unforeseeable developments and the increasing utilization of the seas by other industries cause a constant uncertainty, by political and military conflicts along main shipping routes, as well as changed routing schemes caused by introduction of new environmental protection areas. Highly automated, remote-controlled or fully autonomous ships are intended to improve safety at sea and lead shipping into a more sustainable future. Experts in the maritime domain recommend the automation of ships (completely or partly unmanned) and the implementation of Artificial intelligence (AI) for more safety in navigation with a harmonized Maritime Cyber Risk Management. In a technology development platform such highly complex maritime systems can be validated and tested under realistic conditions, for instance to engage in determining positions more reliably and resiliently in view of the susceptibility and vulnerability of satellite-based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), such as GPS, GLONASS or Galileo.
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Korcz, Karol. "Main Aspects of a Maritime E-Navigation Project." Journal of KONES 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0061.
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Abstract Many devices and systems, including electronic ones, are used in the operation of sea-going vessels. Fast technological development in the field of electronics, radio communications and computer science inspires the more and more new proposals for the changes of these devices and systems. The rules and scope of sea-going vessels equipment, related to ensuring their safety, are strictly regulated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Considering the above, several countries have submitted to the IMO-Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) a proposal to prepare a vision of a broad strategy for incorporating new technologies in a structural manner, ensuring their compatibility with already existing different navigation and communication technologies and services. The overriding goal of this strategy would be to improve the efficiency, safety and reducing the cost of the entire system, providing global coverage and applicable to all types of sea-going vessels. In response to this proposal, the MSC decided to start work on the project “Preparation of e-navigation strategy”. The article presents the general concepts and goals of the e-navigation project. Priority needs of e-navigation users were also discussed. The key elements of the project are presented too. The radio communication aspects of the e-navigation project were also considered. Finally, the e-navigation Strategy Implementation Plan (SIP) and its progress were presented.
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Mackern, M. V., M. L. Mateo, A. M. Robin, and A. V. Calori. "A Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF), coordinates and velocities for South American stations: contributions to Central Andes geodynamics." Advances in Geosciences 22 (December 17, 2009): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-22-181-2009.
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Abstract. Satellite positioning systems allow the fixing of the location of a point on the Earth's surface with very good precision and accuracy. To do this, however, it is necessary to determine the point coordinates taking account the reference system and the movements that affect them because of tectonic plate movements. These reference systems are materialized by a significant number of continuous measurement stations in South America. In SIRGAS (Sistema de Referencia Geocéntrico para las Américas), there are four Analysis Centers that process the data collected from satellites of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), with the primary purpose to maintain the international terrestrial reference frame through calculation of the coordinates and velocities of the continuous GNSS stations of the SIRGAS-CON Network. In this work, we demonstrate the quality of the solutions from CIMA, one of the SIRGAS official processing centers operating in Mendoza, Argentina, in comparison with other South American processing centers. The importance of precise calculations of coordinates and velocities in a global frame is also shown. Finally, we give estimations of velocities from stations located within deformation zones in the Central Andes.
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Son, Pyo-Woong, Sul Gee Park, Younghoon Han, Kiyeol Seo, and Tae Hyun Fang. "Demonstration of the Feasibility of the Korean eLoran System as a Resilient PNT in a Testbed." Remote Sensing 15, no. 14 (July 18, 2023): 3586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15143586.
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With the increasing utilization of location information, attempts to improve the safety of absolute positioning coordinates, which have depended on global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), are underway. Among these, enhanced long range navigation (eLoran) is the most technically developed system. In Korea, related technologies have been developed since 2016, and a testbed for eLoran performance evaluation, which is currently in operation as a pilot service, was completed in 2021. We analyze the position accuracy of the eLoran pilot service to use it as an alternative when GNSS usage is challenging within Korea’s eLoran testbed. We evaluated the accuracy of the absolute position using the eLoran system by sailing up to 160 km away from the Incheon testbed transmitter according to four navigation stages (inland waterway, port approach, coastal, and ocean) classified by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). To validate the eLoran positioning performance in which an additional secondary factor (ASF) map is not provided, we propose a differential GPS (DGPS) position-based ASF estimation technique. Based on this study, Korea’s eLoran system can calculate the absolute position with an accuracy of approximately 15 m with 95% probability at the port-approach stage.
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Specht. "Method of Evaluating the Positioning System Capability for Complying with the Minimum Accuracy Requirements for the International Hydrographic Organization Orders." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 6, 2019): 3860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183860.
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According to the IHO (International Hydrographic Organization) S-44 standard, hydrographic surveys can be carried out in four categories, the so-called orders—special, 1a, 1b, and 2—for which minimum accuracy requirements for the applied positioning system have been set out. These amount to, respectively: 2 m, 5 m, 5 m, and 20 m at a confidence level of 0.95. It is widely assumed that GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network solutions with an accuracy of 2–5 cm (p = 0.95) and maritime DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) systems with an error of 1–2 m (p = 0.95) are currently the two main positioning methods in hydrography. Other positioning systems whose positioning accuracy increases from year to year (and which may serve as alternative solutions) have been omitted. The article proposes a method that enables an assessment of any given navigation positioning system in terms of its compliance (or non-compliance) with the minimum accuracy requirements specified for hydrographic surveys. The method concerned clearly assesses whether a particular positioning system meets the accuracy requirements set out for a particular IHO order. The model was verified, taking into account both past and present research results (stationary and dynamic) derived from tests on the following systems: DGPS, EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service), and multi-GNSS receivers (GPS/GLONASS/BDS/Galileo). The study confirmed that the DGPS system meets the requirements for all IHO orders and proved that the EGNOS system can currently be applied in measurements in the orders 1a, 1b, and 2. On the other hand, multi-GNSS receivers meet the requirements for order 2, while some of them meet the requirements for orders 1a and 1b as well.
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An, Xiangdong, Xiaolin Meng, Hua Chen, Weiping Jiang, Ruijie Xi, and Qusen Chen. "Modelling Global Ionosphere Based on Multi-Frequency, Multi-Constellation GNSS Observations and IRI Model." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12030439.
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With the emergence of BeiDou and Galileo as well as the modernization of GPS and GLONASS, more available satellites and signals enhance the capability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) to monitor the ionosphere. However, currently the International GNSS Service (IGS) Ionosphere Associate Analysis Centers (IAACs) just use GPS and GLONASS dual-frequency observations in ionosphere estimation. To better determine the global ionosphere, we used multi-frequency, multi-constellation GNSS observations and a priori International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) to model the ionosphere. The newly estimated ionosphere was represented by a spherical harmonic expansion function with degree and order of 15 in a solar-geomagnetic frame. By collecting more than 300 stations with a global distribution, we processed and analysed two years of data. The estimated ionospheric results were compared with those of IAACs, and the averaged Root Mean Squares (RMS) of Total Electron Content (TEC) differences for different solutions did not exceed 3 TEC Unit (TECU). Through validation by satellite altimetry, it was suggested that the newly established ionosphere had a higher precision than the IGS products. Moreover, compared with IGS ionospheric products, the newly established ionosphere showed a more accurate response to the ionosphere disturbances during the geomagnetic storms.
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Ward, N. "The Status, Development and Future Role of Radiobeacon Differential GNSS." Journal of Navigation 51, no. 2 (May 1998): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463398007747.
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Marine radiobeacons have been used to broadcast differential corrections for global navigation satellite systems (DGNSS) for nearly a decade. The method has become the accepted international standard for maritime applications. The background to the development of the system is described and the current status of radiobeacon DGNSS services around the world reported. The applications are discussed, including the function of radiobeacon DGNSS as the position sensor within integrated systems, together with the performance requirements imposed by associated systems such as ECDIS and Automatic Identification Systems. The advantages and disadvantages of the radiobeacon system in regulatory, administrative and technical terms are discussed and the potential for development of the system is considered. The future role of radiobeacon DGNSS in the overall mix of systems is assessed taking into account the introduction of geo-stationary overlays, and possibly Loran-C, for provision of DGNSS corrections.
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Yang, Hu, Longjiang Tang, Huizhong Zhu, Aigong Xu, and Bo Li. "A Concise Method for Calibrating the Offset of GPS Precise Satellite Orbit." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010008.
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A set of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) satellite orbit and clock offset are an essential prerequisite for precise application. However, abrupt changes in accuracy at the boundaries are prevalent in products provided by international GNSS services, resulting in decreased orbit interpolation precision near the daily boundary. In addition, the effect of this phenomenon is reflected in the deterioration of accuracy and the fluctuations in subsequent applications. In this study, time-weighted and equal-weighted calibrated methods were utilized for adjacent Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite orbits and the orbit variations were then corrected for the clock offset to ensure their consistency. The calibration method is evaluated based on the accuracy and smoothness of post-processing kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) and low earth orbit (LEO) precise orbit determination (POD) near the day boundary. In a variety of scientific applications, the results indicate that the proposed calibration method can effectively reduce the excessive differences near the day boundary between adjacent days. Near the boundary, maximum improvements for post-processing kinematic PPP, dynamic LEO precision orbit, kinematic LEO precision orbit are 41.5%, 9.4%, and 20.5%, respectively.
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Pasynok, Sergey L., Igor V. Bezmenov, Igor Yu Ignatenko, Efim N. Tcyba, and Vladimir E. Zharov. "Improving methods and facilities of Earth’s orientation parameters evaluation in Main metrological center of State service for time, frequency and Earth’s orientation parameters evaluation." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 5 (2020): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-5-16-21.
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The results of improvement of methods and facilities of Earth’s orientation parameters in Main metrological center of State service for time, frequency and Earth’s orientation parameters evaluatio in the last five years are considered. The hardware and software are modernized. As result Main metrological center of State service for time, frequency and Earth’s orientation parameters evaluation has program correlator now, the calculation thechnic was improved, Analysis Center of Main metrological center of State service for time, frequency and Earth’s orientation parameters evaluation was created. The Russian metrological institute of technical physics and radio engineering has satellite laser ranging station of new generation now. This station was created by Institute for precision instrument engineering. The new software for satellite laser ranging processing and lunar laser ranging processing was created. The new sofware of the global navigation satellite systems processing was developed. The software for very long base interferometry data processing and software for combination were modernized. Development of evaluation and predictioning facilities of Earth’s orientation parameters Russian metrological institute of technical physics and radio engineering was provided according to modern international direction. This allowed to provide work of evaluation and predictioning of Earth’s orientation parameters at the high international level.
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Кузин, С. П. "The key role of GNSS for monitoring geodetic parameters of the Earth." Научные труды Института астрономии РАН, no. 1 (October 29, 2021): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51194/inasan.2021.6.1.003.
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Глобальные навигационные спутниковые системы (ГНСС) являются основным инструментом для контроля геодезических параметров Земли, построения и постоянного контроля земной системы отсчета и связи измерений различных спутниковых геодезических технологий. ГНСС состоят из наземного сегмента (приемники ГНСС) и орбитальной группировки (навигационные спутники системы). Микроволновый диапазон сигналов ГНСС позволяет использовать данные системы при любых погодных условиях, а двухчастотные несущие позволяют, в значительной степени, исключить ионосферную задержку распространения сигналов. Помимо выполнения основных геодезических определений навигационные системы также могут быть использованы для решения социальных и других позиционных измерений, требующих высокой точности. В данной статье автором рассмотрены основные задачи, решаемые ГНСС, определены требования к точности продуктов навигационных систем и приведены направления развития наземной и орбитальных частей ГНСС, учитывая потребности мирового геодезического сообщества. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are a fundamental tool for monitoring geodesic parameters of the Earth, building and constantly monitoring the Earth’s reference system and connecting measurements of various satellite geodetic technologies. GNSS consist of a ground segment (GNSS receivers) and an orbital grouping (navigation satellites of the system). The microwave range of GNSS signals allows using these systems in all weather conditions, and the two-frequency carriers allow, to a large extent, eliminating the ionospheric delay of signal propagation. In addition to performing basic geodetic definitions, GNSS can also be used to solve social and other positional measurements that require high accuracy. In this article the author discusses the main tasks solved by GNSS, defines the requirements for the accuracy of navigation systems products, and provides directions for the development of the ground and orbital parts of GNSS taking into account the needs of the international geodetic community.