Journal articles on the topic 'International commercial organisation'
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Донцова, Lyudmila Dontsova, Артёменко, and I. Artemenko. "Detecting Bribes to Foreign Authorities During Audit and Related Services." Auditor 1, no. 12 (December 12, 2015): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16750.
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Th e article focuses on the role of Audit organisation in competing against bribing foreign authorities during
international commercial deals through disclosing such facts and taking measures according to the Law.
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Ferkins, Lesley, Gael Mcdonald, and David Shilbury. "A model for improving board performance: The case of a national sport organisation." Journal of Management & Organization 16, no. 4 (September 2010): 601–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2010.16.4.601.
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AbstractThe transition of many sport organisations from being predominantly volunteer-administered and anchored in an amateur ethos to professionally managed entities has created unique challenges for the governance of sport. This paper provides a contribution to the governance literature through the presentation of a situational case where a four-stage model, drawn from an action research approach, has been used for developing a board's strategic capability and subsequent improvement in organisational performance. Action research is founded on the premise that change and research are not mutually exclusive and that dual foci on improving practice and developing theory are possible (Coghlan & Brannick, 2001). Utilising a national sport organisation (NSO) in New Zealand the study developed and tested a structured model for improving board functioning and, specifically, strategic contribution. While the case to which the model has been applied is an NSO, the model and the subsequent reflections have value for non-profit as well as commercial entities particularly with regard to a greater understanding of the mechanisms associated with balancing the performance and conformance roles of the board.
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Blussé, Leonard. "X. The Run to the Coast: Comparative Notes on Early Dutch and English Expansion and State Formation in Asia." Itinerario 12, no. 1 (March 1988): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300023421.
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Certain stages of the European expansion process into Asia during the Age of Commercial Capitalism lend themselves well to the comparative historical approach because of the startling similarities and contrasts they offer. The Dutch and English commercial leaps forward into the Orient, for instance, occurred at the same time in the organisational framework of chartered East India Companies - the English East India Company (EIC) and the Dutch Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) — which, moreover, chose the same theatre of action: Southeast Asia (Banten, Spice Islands) and South Asia (Surat and Coromandel). But although the aims, modes of operation and organisation of the two companies had much in common, these nonetheless each finally carved out their own sphere of influence in the trading world of Asia - the Dutch in Southeast Asia and the English in South Asia. While this consolidation process was taking place, the EIC and VOC gradually shed their semblance of being purely maritime trading organisations and, towards the second half of the eighteenth century, acquired the character of territorial powers. A shift in the balance of power also occurred between the two companies: if the Dutch were still paramount in the seventeenth century, the English totally overshadowed them as powerbrokers in Asian waters during the eighteenth. Did this transition of maritime hegemony occur gradually or should we rather speak of a ‘passage brusque et rapide’ as Fernand Braudel has suggested? Was it, as the traditional explanation has it, the inevitable outcome of the decline of the Dutch Republic to a second-rate power in Europe, or were local Asian developments, be they political or commercial, also involved?
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Ayinde, Adeboye Titus, and A. A. Oladoyinbo. "Work Value and Occupational Hazard as Correlates of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Among Employees of International Brewery Plc. Ilesa, Nigeria." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 29 (October 31, 2016): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n29p156.
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The importance of organisational citizenship behaviour can never be over emphasised in organisation striving for competitive advantage. Thus, this study examined employees’ organisational citizenship behaviour in relation to factors such as perceived work value, occupational hazard and the combined influence of both factors on organisational citizenship behaviour among employees of International Brewery Plc, Ilesa, Osun State. This is with a view to determining factors that influence organisational citizenship behaviour among workers. Primary data were used for the study. The data were collected from the 269 respondents, which cut across eleven departments: Production, Distribution, Technical, Commercial, Research and Development, Security, Management Information, Quality Assurance, Human Resource, Personnel, Accounting and Audit and Financial department using stratified random sampling technique. Three standardized Psychological Scales were used in the study. These were the Work Value Facet of Personal Life Value Questionnaire (WVFPLV), Organisational Safety Climate Scale (OSCS), Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Checklist (OCB-C). Data collected were analyzed using the appropriate descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Results showed a significant relationship between work value and organisational citizenship behaviour among employees of International Brewery Plc, Ilesa {r (267)=0.350), P 0.05}. The study concluded that work value has and occupational hazard jointly determined organisational citizenship behaviour.
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Douglas, Heather, Buriata Eti-Tofinga, and Gurmeet Singh. "Hybrid organisations contributing to wellbeing in Small Pacific Island Countries." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 9, no. 4 (September 3, 2018): 490–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-08-2017-0081.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the contributions of hybrid organisations to wellbeing in small Pacific island countries. Design/methodology/approach The concept and different forms of hybrid organisations are examined, and then the operation and contributions to wellbeing of three Fijian hybrid organisations are considered. Findings Hybrid organisations in this region operate with a commitment to the common good and an ethic of care. Fijian hybrid organisations improve social and economic wellbeing for individuals, families and communities by providing employment, schools and training facilities, financial and support services, sustainable agriculture projects and facilitating networking. These services improve individual and community social and economic wellbeing, build resilience, add to personal and family security, offer opportunities for the future, advance leadership skills and sustain the environment. Commercial activities that support these organisations in their wellbeing endeavours include product sales, service fees, project levies and investment income. Research limitations/implications Generalisability beyond the Pacific region is not assured, as this review only examines hybrid organisations in small Pacific island countries. Practical implications Hybrid organisations offer an alternative pathway to achieve a sustainable enterprise economy, an approach that is more culturally relevant for the Pacific region. Policies to nurture the development of these organisations, and research into the startup, operation, impact and effectiveness of different hybrid organisation models would help to improve wellbeing in this region. International charities and aid agencies could advance the wellbeing of people living in this region by supporting the development of hybrid organisations. External agencies seeking to support hybrid organisation development are advised to consider providing funding through a regional agency rather than engaging directly with national governments. Social implications Developing a robust hybrid organisation sector will improve social and economic wellbeing for people living in small island nations. Originality/value As one of the first studies to examine wellbeing and hybrid organisations, this review adds to hybrid business theory by its consideration of small Pacific island countries. The authors add to existing understandings of how hybrid organisations contribute to social and economic wellbeing for individuals, families and communities. The review identifies each form hybrid organisational form adopts. Each has a central commitment to generating social and economic value but different revenue sources. The review adds valuable new knowledge to the limited scholarship of this region by identifying the philosophical foundations and contributions to wellbeing of these hybrid organisations. A future research agenda and policy development process is proposed to improve wellbeing and advance hybrid organisations in the region.
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Clinch, Peter. "FLAG: The New Internet Gateway to Foreign Law Holdings in UK National and University Libraries." International Journal of Legal Information 31, no. 1 (2003): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500010325.
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Where in the UK can I locate the most extensive collection of the current legislation for the Cayman Islands?Which library has a comprehensive set of the World Trade Organisation International Trade Law Reports?Where can I find verbatim debates on bills as they pass through the New Zealand House of Representatives?Where are good collections of international environmental or commercial law?What are the opening hours and access conditions for a visiting researcher wishing to use the official publications collection of a particular major UK university?
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Clinch, Peter. "Flag The New Internet Gateway to Foreign Law Holdings in UK National and University Libraries." Legal Information Management 2, no. 4 (2002): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669600001444.
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Where can I locate in the UK the most extensive collection of the current legislation for the Cayman Islands? Which library has a comprehensive set of the World Trade Organisation International Trade Law Reports? Where can I find verbatim debates on bills as they pass through the New Zealand House of Representatives? Where are good collections of international environmental or commercial law? What are the opening hours and access conditions for a visiting researcher wishing to use the official publications collection of a particular major UK university?
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Lucas, Stephen, and Yuriy Maltsev. "The Development of Corporate Law in the Former Soviet Republics." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no. 2 (April 1996): 365–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300059030.
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The State enterprise was the most conspicuous symbol of the socialist economy. In the late 1980s the gradual demise of the command system based on State ownership and the restructuring of economic relations were accompanied by the introduction of a variety of new forms of commercial organisation into the Soviet legal system.
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Veenhof, Klaas R. "Ancient Assur: The City, its Traders, and its Commercial Network." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 53, no. 1-2 (2009): 39–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002249910x12573963244205.
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AbstractThe ancient city of Assur was an important emporium and a central place in the trade between Mesopotamia and Anatolia during the nineteenth-eighteenth centuries BC. Its traders exported to Anatolia large quantities of tin and expensive woolen textiles, which were sold for silver and gold, shipped back to Assur. The traders, traveling with donkey caravans, used a network of colonies and trading stations, where they could live and work on the basis of treaties with the local rulers. After a description of Assur’s commercial role, the activities, organization and status of the traders are analyzed. First of those in Anatolia, with reference to the colonial system and the main Anatolian emporia. Next of those in Assur—“merchant-bankers”, investors (in joint-stock funds), wholesale dealers, and moneylenders—and their relations to the “City-Hall”, the economic and financial heart of Assur, and the “City-Assembly”, whose decisions and verdicts reveal elements of a commercial policy and attempts to promote its interests. While the city, whose trade covered a particular circuit of a much wider international network, also had to consider local and international interests, the “colonial” traders were more focused on financial profits, also via the local trade in copper and wool. But the tensions due to diverging interests were restricted and the Assyrians were able to maintain a stable, profitable and highly developed commercial system for more than two centuries.Durant les dixneuvième et dix huitième siècles avant J.-C. la cité-état d’Assur fut un grand centre de commerce. Ses marchands exportaient des quantités d’étain et de laines de prix à l‘Anatolie, les y vendaient contre de l’or et de l’argent, et rentraient chez eux la bourse pleine d’argent. Des caravanes d’ânes, qui assuraient le transport, sillonnaient un réseau de colonies et de comptoirs. Les marchands assyriens pouvaient s’installer là-bas et y mener leur négoce grâce aux traités conclus entre les autorités assyriennes et les princes. La description de la fonction commerciale d’Assur est suivie d’une série d’analyses portant sur les activités des marchands, de leur organisation et de leur statut. Ce sujet cohérent nous mène d’abord en Anatolie pour regarder de près son système de colonies et ses principaux comptoirs. Ensuite à la ville d’Assur, avec ses ‘banquiers-commerçants’, ses investisseurs (des fonds remis aux sociétés commandites), ses commerçants de gros et ses prêteurs. Les relations entretenues par ces quatre groupes avec ‘l’hôtel de ville’ ‐ le cœur battant de l’économie et des finances d’Assur ‐, et ‘l’assemblée municipale’ sont explorées. Les décisions et les verdicts de cette assemblée retiennent notre attention parce qu’on y décèle des traces d’une politique commerciale et des tentatives d’avancer les intérêts commerciaux d’Assur. D’une part il fallait que la ville, dont les opérations commerciales s’étendaient sur un circuit distinct intégré au vaste réseau international, tenait compte aussi des intérêts locaux et internationaux. D’autre part les profits- y inclus ceux provenant du négoce anatolien de la laine et du cuivre ‐ étaitent le point de mire des ‘marchands-colons’. Néanmoins, les tensions dues à ces intérêts divergents étant limitées, durant plus de deux siècles les Assyriens surent maintenir un système de commerce stable, productif, et très sophistiqué.
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Roessler, R., P. Herold, H. Momm, and A. Valle Zárate. "Organisation of breeding under difficult framework conditions – the case of smallholder pig breeding in mountainous areas in Northwest Vietnam." Archives Animal Breeding 55, no. 6 (October 10, 2012): 590–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-55-590-2012.
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Abstract. The concentration process in the international livestock breeding industry has led to an increasing competitive pressure for existing regional livestock breeding institutions. This represents an almost insuperable barrier for the competitive organisation of livestock breeding under difficult framework conditions, particularly in developing countries. The present study aimed at identifying possibilities how to develop the organisation of livestock breeding under difficult framework conditions, taking smallholder pig breeding in mountainous areas in Northwest Vietnam as example. Information was collected from group discussions with small-scale pig producers in Son La province and interviews in various private and public breeding institutions across northern Vietnam, complemented by information from documents. Results show that smallholder pig breeding is influenced by numerous external private and public factors, respectively institutions. These include small private boar keepers and medium-sized commercial pig farms at village and district level, but also globally acting private breeding companies and relevant legislations. Considering the identified institutional framework situation of smallholder pig breeding at village level and the generally positive attitude of smallholders towards cooperative structures, the establishment of boar keeper cooperatives is recommended as a first step in the development of a competitive breeding organisation at village level. Altogether, the current situation of smallholder pig breeding at village level makes the establishment of village breeding programmes reasonable, given a more rigorous implementation of supportive legislations that promote and recognise the self-determination of the proposed cooperative breeding organisations.
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Nguru, Aristide Kahindo. "THE ATTITUDE OF OHADA LAW COUNTRIES TOWARDS THE CISG." Journal of Law, Society and Development 3, no. 1 (September 12, 2016): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-9515/1090.
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Disparities in national laws are likely to result in uncertainty which, in turn, creates obstacles to international commerce. It is acknowledged that strong investment flows cannot be achieved without a secure legal and commercial environment. Mindful of such a need, states decided to harmonise sales law internationally. To this end, in 1980 they adopted the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods known as the Vienna Sales Convention or the CISG. The CISG has led a number of countries, including the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) law states, to modernise their local sales law. However, only three of 17 countries that constitute the OHADA community have ratified the CISG. OHADA law countries give the impression of favouring a more regional approach to the unification of sales law rather than the CISG’s global approach by implementing a local Commercial Uniform Act. Their indifference towards the CISG is not without consequences for commerce in the OHADA region. This article seeks to demonstrate that the lack of ratification of a universal convention, as for example the CISG, poses a danger to commercial dealings. It also intends to show that the CISG is not hostile to regional uniform sales laws of the OHADA Commercial Uniform Act type. It concludes that OHADA countries do not need to be afraid of their acceptance of the CISG and recommends that it be ratified.
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Mangan, David. "Regulating for decent work: Reflections on classification of employees." European Labour Law Journal 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952520905142.
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The International Labour Organisation hosted the Sixth Regulating for Decent Work Conference in its centenary year of 2019. As part of these three days, I had the pleasure to chair a panel posing the prescient question: ‘Are the Categories of “Employee” and “Self-Employed” Still a Valid Tool to Allocate Labour Rights?’ In this brief introduction, I outline the product of that panel by situating classification as part of an interplay between labour and commercial law.
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Emmer, Pieter. "The Organisation of Global Trade: the Monopoly Companies, 1600–1800." European Review 22, no. 1 (February 2014): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798713000677.
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In the early modern period (1500–1800), shipping and trade within Europe were the domain of individual merchants and small companies organised on a temporary basis. Outside Europe, however, new financial and commercial institutions such as permanent joint stock companies came into existence in order to limit the risks. These large institutions played an important role in inter-continental trade and shipping, albeit that their role in Asia differed from that in the Atlantic, where small companies as well as individual merchants remained the dominant form of organisation. In addition, privateers played an important role in the Atlantic economy in times of war while piracy could flourish in those parts of the overseas world where the Iberian trade circuits bordered on those of France, England and the Dutch republic. The conclusion points to the fact that a direct link between the overseas expansion of Europe and its industrialisation might be difficult to construct, but that the creation of long distance trading companies created the institutional environment that must have facilitated Europe's rapid economic growth after the middle of the eighteenth century.
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James, Mark, and Guy Osborn. "The Olympics, transnational law and legal transplants: the International Olympic Committee, ambush marketing and ticket touting." Legal Studies 36, no. 1 (March 2016): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12095.
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This paper concerns the origination, development and emergence of what might be termed ‘Olympic law’. This has an impact across borders and with transnational effect. It examines the unique process of creation of these laws, laws created by a national legislature to satisfy the commercial demands of a private body, the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It begins by critically locating the IOC and Olympic law and examining Olympic law as a transnational force. Using two case studies, those of ambush marketing and ticket touting, it demonstrates how private entities can be the drivers of specific, self-interested legislation when operating as a transnational organisation from within the global administrative space and notes the potential dangers of such legal transplants.
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Batuev, Mikhail, and Leigh Robinson. "What influences organisational evolution of modern sport: the case of skateboarding." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 8, no. 5 (November 12, 2018): 492–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-10-2017-0052.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the processes that influence the evolution of a modern sport. It focusses on the case of international skateboarding: the sport that was recently included into the Olympic Games. Design/methodology/approach An inductive research strategy was informed by the notions of evolution of modern sport, prolympism and new institutionalism. The primary data were collected through a series of interviews and supplemented by the analysis of documents, press and social media. Findings The paper analysed how the organisation of international skateboarding has changed to date and identified three major determinants of its evolution: values of the activity, commercial interests and the Olympic movement. The following recurring discussion themes emerged: the link between commercialism and legitimisation of sport; bureaucratisation under the Olympic movement; and tensions between prolympism and values of skateboarding. Research limitations/implications A limitation of the case study method is that any conclusions refer to this particular sport and their applicability to other sports lies within analytical generalisation. Still sport governing bodies and policy makers can learn from the evolution of international skateboarding and analyse potential issues and consequences for other emerging sports. In terms of theoretical implications, the study highlights legitimisation as one the key characteristics of evolution of modern sport, which should be considered along with previously established criteria, such as bureaucratisation, commercialisation and professionalisation. Originality/value The study extends the existing research on evolution of modern sports by examining a very rich contemporary case of skateboarding, the internationally growing sport with unique organisational arrangements. It contributes to knowledge of the evolution towards legitimisation of emerging sports, but also towards sportification of popular culture and society.
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Wang, Zhiqiong June, and Andrew L. Terry. "The Impact of China's Regulatory Regime on Foreign Franchisors' Entry and Expansion Strategies." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 7 (2012): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000569.
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AbstractSince the “open doof” policies adopted by China in 1978 ended 30 years of isolation, introduced massive economic and legal reforms, encouraged foreign investment and resurrected private enterprise, China has become the world's second largest and fastest growing economy. In these circumstances, the development of franchising was inevitable. However, in addition to the normal commercial and cultural issues which challenge any franchise system in its international expansion, foreign franchisors proposing to enter China have faced additional regulatory obstacles. Market entry, participation in particular business sectors, and even the use of franchising as a method of business operation and expansion have all raised complex regulatory issues.This paper addresses the liberalisation of market access for foreign franchise systems under China's World Trade Organisation accession commitments, and the new regulatory regime for franchising in China under the 2007 Commercial Franchise Regulation.
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Morgan, Ashlee, Daryl Adair, Tracy Taylor, and Antoine Hermens. "Sport sponsorship alliances: relationship management for shared value." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 4, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-12-2013-0044.
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Purpose – Using a case study of an international sport event, the purpose of this paper is to examine the inter-organisational relationship between a sport event property and its corporate sponsors. Design/methodology/approach – Interviews were conducted with personnel from the national sport organisation responsible for the delivery of this major event, and from four of its corporate sponsorship partners. Findings – The findings indicated that both formal and informal governance were critical to the relationships underpinning these sponsorship alliances. From a dyadic perspective, it was found that the satisfaction of sponsorship partners had two key elements: tangible commercial benefits from the sponsor-sponsee alliance, and the less tangible but nonetheless valuable relationship support within the partnership. In short, partner satisfaction and alliance stability stemmed from relational constructs and the balance of formal governance mechanisms. Originality/value – This paper explores the variables that generate value and maintain alliance stability for improved sponsorship governance. These findings, while focused on a single case study, have implications for research in the field of sponsorship and to the area of business-to-business relationships more broadly.
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Wróbel, Anna. "MULTILATERALISM OR BILATERALISM: THE EU TRADE POLICY IN AN AGE OF THE WTO CRISIS." Ekonomika 92, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2013.0.1626.
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Abstract. The aim of the study is to analyze the EU trade policy in the age of the World Trade Organization (WTO) crisis. In addition to the WTO membership and a number of international agreements within this organisation, the EU is a party to many bilateral trade agreements and negotiating further. It is the side effect of the protracted negotiations in the WTO under the Doha Development Round. The paper discusses the process of proliferation of bilateral trade agreements in the world economy and its importance for the EU. The article is divided into three parts. Part One identifies the determinants of the WTO crisis. Part Two discusses the process of proliferation of bilateral trade agreements in the world economy. Part Three analyzes the EU trade policy and the system of the EU preferential trade agreements. It also examines trade relations of the EU with the Republic of Korea, India, and the United States of America as an illustration of the new EU trade strategy.Key words: bilateralism, European Union, common commercial policy, World Trade Organisation
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Lawrence, Tania. "Performance excellence: the path to becoming a global leader." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15058.
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Shifting from a domestic focus to a global focus requires a rethink of business elements — organisation, people, process and culture. To achieve transformational change towards its own global leadership aspiration, Woodside led the commission of a study into global performance excellence. Twelve companies with a global footprint, and more than 150 people with substantial international experience, participated in the study to identify the elements of success that underpin technical and commercial drivers for global growth. The study found that achieving internal congruence across the business elements is necessary to maximise value on the global stage. Sustainable growth is achieved through a focus on direction setting, optimising global capability, applying adaptable business models, and leveraging networks and connections. Relevant to companies that have a global footprint or who are seeking to expand, this extended abstract highlights the practical initiatives to achieve performance excellence. The study findings also serve as a basis for companies to validate areas of strength and opportunity for improvement in organisational performance and capability to meet the challenges that can arise. Other hallmarks of success, such as the importance of an organisation-wide global mindset, worldwide presence, and brand and industry recognition are discussed, providing a frame of reference to support the realisation of a company's strategic vision and performance objectives. The extended abstract illustrates how these elements can be applied in a variety of ways and to varying levels of detail to reflect any stage of development, complexity and maturity of a company, thereby translating a global vision into results.
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Rundh, Bo, and Patrik Gottfridsson. "Delivering sports events: the arena concept in sports from a network perspective." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 30, no. 7 (August 3, 2015): 785–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-06-2013-0131.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the arena concept is used in sports marketing. The prevailing situation and the development of the arena concept require a combination between sport, business and entertainment. Design/methodology/approach – To fulfil the aim of this study, we have used a qualitative method in the form of a case study. Secondary data and personal interviews were mainly used. Even though an interview guide was used, the key informants were allowed to tell their stories freely and discuss the development of the arena concept over time. Field observations have also been an important input in the process. Findings – In delivering the sport event, there is a complex set of actors that must interact and intervene with each other. This paper contributes to the sport marketing field by analyzing the market situation in a network perspective. It also gives an idea of the relative positions of the organisations making up the network. When a sport club is delivering a sport event, there is a complex set of actors that must interact and intervene with each other, which those actors are and what they bring to the network depends on if you consider the network from a non-commercial sport point of view, or from a business and commercial point of view. In a traditional perspective, the side of the network that is based on the non-commercial or sport side consists of actors that are volunteers and engaged in the team for the fascination of sport. Research limitations/implications – The arena concept has been an important part in building relationships with different business actors in relation to the surrounding actors and the community. The activity-resource-actor model provides the analytical tools for analyzing the actors, resources and activities for developing the marketing strategy for a sport club. Originality/value – This paper provides a unique insight into how a sports club has been able to use different resources to create a successful incubation from primarily being a non-profit organisation. The arena concept has been an important part in building relationships with different business actors in relation to the surrounding actors and the community.
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Norris, Andrew J., and Patrick McKinley. "The central Arctic Ocean-preventing another tragedy of the commons." Polar Record 53, no. 1 (October 26, 2016): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741600067x.
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ABSTRACTArctic sea ice is melting, slowly but inexorably. As the ice disappears, mankind will be afforded access to regions and activities, including commercial fishing, that have been inaccessible for our entire recorded history. There is currently no regulatory body or mechanism in the high seas Arctic (also referred to as the central Arctic Ocean) to conserve and manage fish stocks, the distribution and concentration of which are poorly understood, and that might be the target of commercial fisheries. This article examines the extent and nature of ice recession in the Arctic, and its likely effect on the accessibility of central Arctic ocean fisheries to commercial exploitation. It then discusses what is known of Arctic fish stocks, both those already extant, and those that might become established or enhanced as a result of changing environmental conditions. It examines international regimes for managing fish stocks that exist either in whole or in part in global maritime commons, and existing fisheries governance mechanisms in the Arctic, and finds them to be lacking. Finally, using the Bering Sea Arctic pollock stock collapse case study as a historical analogue, this article contends that the time is now for putting in place a regional fisheries management organisation to manage and conserve central Arctic Ocean fish stocks.
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Jagodic, Tone, and Zlatko Mateša. "The position of an athlete in sponsorship contacts regarding Olympic games." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu 57, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31141/zrpfs.2020.57.136.275.
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Sponsorship of individual athletes is not mainly based on intellectual industrial rights, but rather rests more on personal rights. As they are athletes involved in international competitions, they must adhere to the rules of various organisations. If an athlete wants to participate in Olympic Games, then s/he is obliged to respect the rules of IOC and NOC, and sign the Olympic Declaration which includes the code of suitability. Rule 40 of the Olympic charter is the key provision which must be respected throughout the Olympic Games. In Germany in the Bundeskartellamt (BKA)case of 2017, an administrative procedure was initiated against the German Olympic Sport Confederation and the IOC which revealed that the current application of rule 40 of the Olympic charter for athletes and sponsors in Germany limited competition and that DOSB andIOC are abusing their dominant position. The decision was based on the specific German legal context and does not apply to other jurisdictions. This means that the new rules ofDOSBin general are not applicable to other NOCs. DOSBandIOC proposed changes to their rules. IOC warned that widening new DOSB directions would threaten financial mechanisms of Olympic solidarity and the organisation of true global games with global participation. The pressure of top athletes, particularly from commercial sport, will grow and we can expect more intensive future discussions at both international and national levels. IOC and NOC will have to change the approach towards athletes on the one hand and not disregard the principle of solidarity towards most athletes who come from underdeveloped parts of the world and from not so media attractive sports.
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Kayadibi, Saim. "SMIIC Forum 2012." American Journal of Islam and Society 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v30i2.1150.
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Organized by the Standards and Metrology Institute for Islamic Countries(SMIIC), a subsidiary organ of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation(OIC), this forum was held on November 6-9, 2012, at Turkey’s Cornelia DeLuxe Resort in Belek. The 160 delegates, who came from thirty-five countries,represented the National Standardisation Bodies (NSB), important nationalorganizations of member countries, and such international organizationsas the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), the InternationalElectrotechnical Commission (IEC), the European Committee forElectrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC), the Standardisation Organisationfor the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GSO),the Turkish Standards Institution (TSE), the Turkish Accreditation Agency(TURKAK), the Saudi Standards Metrology and Quality Organization(SASO), the Malaysian National Metrology Laboratory (SIRIM), the InternationalLaboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC), the OIC GeneralSecretariat, the Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation(COMCEC), the Statistical Economic and Social Research andTraining Centre (SESRIC), and the Islamic Centre for the Development ofTrade (ICDT).Also present were media outlets, representatives of various governmentbodies, officers from the Presidency of Religious Affairs of the Republic ofTurkey (DIYANET), and academics from significant international universities.One of the forum’s main objectives was to create a platform to bring togetherexperts and professionals from the fields of standardization, accreditation, andmetrology in order to discuss these areas’ current circumstances within OICmember countries and at the international level ...
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Javed, Ghazala, Ritu Priya, and Deepa V. K. "Protection of Traditional Health Knowledge: International Negotiations, National Priorities and Knowledge Commons." Society and Culture in South Asia 6, no. 1 (January 2020): 98–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2393861719883069.
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Traditional knowledge (TK) is under debate in the contemporary world for its inherent value and need for protection from ‘biopiracy’. International consensus is proving difficult on defining its scope and ambit of protection. Traditional health knowledge (THK) is a promising domain of TK which, due to its immense economic and commercial value, is prone to misappropriation. International provisions exist for protection and definitions of TK and related resources at various fora such as the Convention on Biological Diversity. Proposals to protection of TK under Intellectual Property Right regimes are being addressed by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). The text of a proposed treaty is being debated at WIPO’s Intergovernmental Committee on Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC-GRTKF). This article spells out the issues being negotiated at the WIPO-IGC-GRTKF. With THK characterised in a tiered manner based on its secret or diffused public availability, consideration of customary law is an imperative. India proposed that the national governments be given status of knowledge holders for THK in the public domain and fiduciary rights in case of closely held/associated THK. The article finds that a comprehensive national policy instrument and sui generis law for the protection of THK have become especially urgent in the light of international debates. It also proposes that, rather than Intellectual property (IP), the framework of a ‘knowledge commons’ for just sharing of TK and its innovations may be a better option.
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Ruth, Thomas J. "The Shortage of Technetium-99m and Possible Solutions." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 70, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-032020-021829.
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Following a major shortage of 99Mo in the 2009–2010 period, concern grew that the aging reactor production facilities needed to be replaced. Most producers were using highly enriched 235U (HEU) as the target material. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the International Atomic Energy Agency sought to remedy these issues by removing HEU from medical isotope production and implementing full cost recovery to enable new production entities to compete with the existing multipurpose reactor facilities, which were heavily subsidized by their respective governments. This review examines the various approaches to producing 99Mo and/or 99mTc with a critical eye toward their potential success in ( a) producing the medical isotopes and ( b) being able to successfully enter and compete in the market. Because many of the new approaches are adapting existing technologies for commercial businesses, some of the details are of a proprietary nature and not available for in-depth technical review.
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Okey-Wokeh, C. G., C. C. Obunwo, and O. K. Wokeh. "Evaluation of Water Quality Index Using Physicochemical Characteristics of Ogbor River in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i1.6.
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The study was carried out to evaluate water quality index (WQI) of Ogbor River, a freshwater system flowing through the commercial city of Aba, Southern Nigeria using selected physicochemical parameters. The levels of the physicochemical parameters were determined using standard analytical procedures in the Laboratory. The values obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Excel spreadsheet (Version 16).Water Quality index was calculated using mean values of the selected nine parameters and the World Health Organisation standard for drinking water. The result of physicochemical parameters used showed that Dissolved Oxygen (DO) with mean 4.44 ± 0.70 mg/L, and Nitrate (NO3- ) with mean 7.58 ± 6.25 mg/L were below National and International standards. The value of WQI calculated was 83.05. The result revealed that Ogbor River water quality was very poor, so it is unfit for human consumption, and should be treated to avoid water related diseases.
Keywords: Characteristics, Evaluation, Ogbor River, Physicochemical, Water Quality Index
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Frausing, Mikael. "Et lykkeligt fornuftsægteskab? Turistforeningen for Danmark mellem hjemstavnsturisme og eksportturisme ca. 1888-1967." Kulturstudier 1, no. 1 (November 30, 2010): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ks.v1i1.3882.
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Artiklen baserer sig på undersøgelser af Turistforeningen for Danmarks virke med hovedvægt på perioden 1923-1945. Nedsættelsen af „Udenrigsministeriets Udvalg for Turistpropaganda i Udlandet" i 1934 betød en gennemgribende forandring, hvor staten for første gang involverede sig aktivt i Turistforeningens organisation<br />og arbejde. Turisme blev herved i højere grad opfattet som et eksporterhverv og indrettet efter sit økonomiske indtjeningspotentiale. Hermed lagdes grunden til den organisation og den turismeopfattelse, som kom til at dominere efterkrigstidens danske turisme, mens tidligere, konkurrerende syn på turismen på sigt marginaliseredes. En gennemgang af Turistforeningens brochurer og udgivelser<br />vil i øvrigt demonstrere, at „Danmark som turistland" repræsenteredes i meget forskellige og konkurrerende diskurser, lige fra en hjemstavnsorientering med vægt på oldtid, landskaber og landbokultur til det „moderne Danmark" med levende byliv, uhøjtidelig harmoni, ungdommelighed og social ansvarlighed. Overordnet betød mellemkrigstiden både i organisation og repræsentation en forskydning af turistarbejdet fra provinsens lokale, folkelige forankring til byernes, primært københavnske, erhvervsinteresser.<br /><br />Abstract: A Happy Marriage of Convenience?<br />The Danish National Tourist Organization c.1888-1967<br />Turistforeningen for Danmark was the Danish National Tourist Organization from 1923-1967. It replaced Den danske Turistforening which dissolved in the turmoil following World War I, and was itself replaced in 1967 by Danmarks Turistråd. This article offers an outline of the development of Turistforeningen for Danmark with a main focus on the interwar-period 1923-1939. Through an analysis of the organization's activities to attract foreign visitors as well as to<br />„enhance"the travel of Danes within their own country it is shown, how two distinct understandings of „tourism" co-existed, and was balanced against each other, within the organization. Commercial interests, primarily based in Copenhagen and the larger tourist destinations, saw tourism as an economic activity and an „exporting trade" to be exploited in an ever-increasing international tourism<br />market. On the other hand were the more than 100 local tourist associations, to a large degree non-commercial, which saw tourism as an educational or „ideal" activity, meaning cultural and educational where visiting scenery, prehistoric sites, historic town centres and seeing local customs should teach locals and visitors alike about the region and the nation at large. The basic partnership<br />between commercial interests and local tourism was maintained throughout the period, but government involvement in 1935 made Turistforeningen for Danmark a state-sponsored organization, dramatically increasing the available funding, but also shifting the balance within the organization in favour of commercial interests.<br />It also meant noticeable changes in the representations of Denmark through brochures and guidebooks and the beginnings of a modern tourism discourse of 'fairy-tale Denmark', stressing tranquillity, laid-back city-life, social welfare and design. This development was halted by World War II, but though co-operation (as well as organizational debate) persisted throughout the 1950's and 1960's, the commercial and professional understanding of tourism became increasingly dominant, thereby pushing different ways of managing and thinking about tourism to the margins.<br />
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Jaggi, Anju, Anthony Gilbert, Mindy Cairns, and Rachel Dalton. "Our Pathway To A Successful Non-Medical Research Strategy – A Culture Shift Five Years On." International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 26, no. 6 (June 2, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2019.26.6.2.
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Background/Aims There is increasing evidence that research-active healthcare provider organisations provide better quality care, increased treatment options and improved clinical outcomes. Delivering evidence based clinical care and a high academic profile was identified as a key strategic objective at a tertiary orthopaedic hospital in the UK. Methods In 2013, the organisation appointed a Director of Therapies and a Consultant physiotherapist with protected time to develop a therapies research strategy. Focus groups were held across the directorate (140 staff across all pay bands and grades including non-professional staff) to identify current research activity, barriers and enablers to developing a research active department. Data were analysed thematically and findings used to inform a 5-year research strategy. Results Five key actions were identified: (1) identifying research programmes in clinical teams; (2) research as a key team objective; (3) provide appropriate research training and education; (4) identify talent and research champions; (5) develop external collaborations with appropriate academic and commercial partners. In 2014, a commercial grant was successful and a therapies research coordinator was appointed to support staff training and research processes. In 2016, a 2-year grant received from the hospital charity supported this ongoing role alongside funding with a higher education institute to provide methodological support, writing skills and grant applications. To date, this has resulted in six peer-reviewed articles and further external funding. Novice researchers have been supported resulting in a National Institute for Health Research PhD fellowship and two National Institute for Health Research internships to build capability. Clinical teams have identified research programmes to maximise resources and time. Of the total number of registered projects, 41% of were submitted to national/international scientific conferences compared to only 16% in 2014. Conclusions The key to a successful research strategy in a clinical setting requires clear strategic support, leadership, talent spotting and training. However, dedicated resources and investment is required for delivery of projects to publications.
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Fernández-Vázquez, Daniel, Nicolas Rozès, Joan Miquel Canals, Albert Bordons, Cristina Reguant, and Fernando Zamora. "New enzymatic method for estimating fumaric acid in wines." OENO One 55, no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.3.4825.
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This work aims to develop a new enzymatic method for analysing fumaric acid in wines. Fumaric acid is a very effective lactic acid bacteria inhibitor that is widely used in the food industry as an additive (E297). Using it to inhibit malolactic fermentation has recently been authorized by the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV). However, the official analytical method for fumaric acid involves the classical HPLC method for organic acids, which is overly complicated for use in wineries. This research proposes a very simple and efficient enzymatic method that allows the simultaneous determination of L-malic acid and fumaric acid. The method uses a commercial enzymatic kit for L-malic acid and adds a supplementary step in which the fumarase enzyme is added to transform fumaric acid into L-malic acid. The results obtained show that this method could be used in different media (synthetic solution, white wine, red wine and white grape juice). This article also proposes a modification of the enzymatic method to be applied when the L-malic acid concentration of the sample is very high.
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Koltay, András. "The Freedom of Speech of Religious Communities and their Protection from Freedom of Speech in the Hungarian Legal System." Religion and Human Rights 8, no. 1 (2013): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18710328-12341241.
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Abstract In keeping with the general European conception of freedom of speech, the Hungarian legal system achieves an appropriate balance between the interests vested in the protection of religious communities and the freedom of expression. In itself the injury, the feeling of hurt caused by criticism or even vilification of religion does not provide adequate grounds for the restriction of speech (an exception from this is the prohibition applicable to commercial communications published in the media). The new constitutional system has not changed this approach. The relevant passages of the new Churches Act are primarily declarative in nature. When examining these provisions which, at first sight, appear to give preference to churches over associations performing religious activities in a broader context, it becomes apparent that, in respect of the freedom of speech of religious communities as well as the protection of such communities from the freedom of speech, no distinction is made between these two types of organisation, the legal status of which are otherwise different.
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Johnsen, Hans E., Marianne H. Hoffmann, Tobias W. Klausen, Ulla H. Davidsen, Olav J. Bergmann, Martin Boegsted, Mette Nyegaard, Anne Bukh, and Karen Dybkaer. "Health Technology Assessment of Multiplex Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Screening for Translocations at Diagnosis in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia." European Oncology & Haematology 00, no. 04 (2010): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/eoh.2010.04.0.39.
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It is predicted that gene diagnostics will become fundamental for future individualised treatment strategies in cancer patients following initial technological investigations and a step-by-step clinical validation. This report is a health technology assessment (HTA) of the use of a novel gene diagnostic assay in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with a focus on the technology, the patient, the organisation and economic aspects. In 202 patients with AML, a diagnostic bone marrow or a peripheral blood sample was available for gene analysis, identifying favourable risk translocations by a commercial (HemaVision®) multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) screening assay covering 28 fusion transcripts. The multiplex RT-PCR technology identified five fusion transcripts in five samples not identified by conventional cytogenetics and increased the number of patients identified as having a favourable prognosis from 16 to 21; one translocation identified by cytogenetics was not found by RT-PCR analysis. Using a prospective questionnaire analysis, a convincing 95% (19/20) patient acceptance was documented for the diagnostic genetic analyses and the outcomes. However, patient understanding requires individual time and dialogue, in accordance with patient rights and modern individualised treatment strategies. The implementation of this strategy may benefit from already existing research laboratories forming a homogenous organisation using standardised technologies, which will make Denmark a high-quality partner in international clinical trials of new therapeutic strategies. The average economic cost per patient analysed using this technique is €600, which represents a modest <1% increase in the total average cost of €75,000 for AML treatment. In conclusion, this HTA documented that the technology complements classic fluorescencein situhybridisation (FISH) and provides additional information that can be used in response evaluation via already existing laboratories, but not without an increase in expense for health authorities. However, the increase in cost is limited compared with the costs of therapy and new drugs.
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WATSON, MATTHEW. "The eighteenth-century historiographic tradition and contemporary ‘Everyday IPE’." Review of International Studies 39, no. 1 (February 21, 2012): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210511000799.
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AbstractThis article focuses on Adam Smith's largely sympathetic response to the Rousseauian critique of the moral degeneracy of modern ‘economic man’. It thus emphasises his philosophical ambivalence towards commercial society over the textbook IPE presentations which ascribe to him an almost wholly unreflexive market advocacy. In doing so it provides important methodological lessons for the study of Everyday IPE today. Arnaldo Momigliano has identified a decisive break in historical method in the eighteenth century, of which Smith and Rousseau were key exponents. However unwittingly, contemporary Everyday IPE scholars are the spiritual heirs of the eighteenth-century move from writing public histories of the state to writing private histories of unnamed individuals who embody the most recent phase of human sociability. The eighteenth-century economic man was conceptualised in relation to evolving forms of economic organisation, where the economy in turn was thought to reflect the prevailing system of ‘manners’. Smith united with Rousseau in the belief that their society's bourgeois politeness allowed materialist ideologies to corrupt the moral autonomy of the individual. The historical method underpinning such concerns also allows Everyday IPE scholars to ground similarly-styled attempts to understand threats to moral autonomy arising from the struggle over economic surplus today.
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BOWN, CHAD P., and JENNIFER A. HILLMAN. "Bird Flu, the OIE, and National Regulation: The WTO's India–Agricultural Products Dispute." World Trade Review 15, no. 2 (March 2, 2016): 235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000701.
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AbstractThis paper provides a legal-economic assessment of issues arising in the Panel Report over the WTO's India–Agricultural Products dispute, one of a growing list of disputes arising at the intersection of the WTO and domestic regulatory policy over human, animal, or plant health. This dispute featured allegations that India's import measures applied against avian influenza- (AI-) infected countries over poultry and related products were too restrictive, in light of the World Organisation for Animal Health's (OIE's) scientifically motivated standards and guidelines. We rely on insights from a set of economic models of commercial poultry markets in the presence of negative externalities such as AI. We use such models to motivate critical tradeoffs arising at the intersection of government regulatory regimes designed to deal with AI and how they fit alongside trade agreements such as the WTO and standard-setting bodies such as the OIE, which combine to impose constraints on regulatory and trade policy. While we find the institutional design of the OIE to be well-motivated and we are in broad agreement with the overall thrust of the Panel Report in the dispute, we also highlight a number of subtle issues which pose long-term challenges for the multilateral trading system's ability to balance trade rules with public health concerns.
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Wheen, Peter, Shaun Kim, Martin Lawrence, and John Ridley. "Ecological engineering for climate mitigation and adaptation—a case study for the North West Shelf." APPEA Journal 51, no. 2 (2011): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10065.
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This paper introduces the Australian-developed Ocean Nourishment technology, as well as the science, its regulation, and its potential commercial application for the North West Shelf. Ocean nourishment is a form of ecological engineering, designed to transfer carbon from the ocean's sunlit surface zone to the largest carbon sink on the planet: the ocean. It is a scaleable and economical form of bio-mimicry; simulating the ocean's natural biological processes. Nourishing the surface ocean with macronutrients increases the movement of atmospheric CO2 into the deep-ocean carbon store. Short lifecycle microscopic plants—which are prolific carbon consumers—use sunlight to process the added nutrients. This additional marine productivity leads to reduced CO2 levels in both the upper ocean and in the atmosphere. Dispersing nitrogen alone allows the potential long-term (1,000 years) removal of one tenth (0.8 Gt carbon/annum) of present anthropogenic emissions. In addition to carbon sequestration, there is a desirable by-product of the process. The increased marine productivity will lead to increased fish stocks, which will assist in feeding the world's human population. Individual licensed sites would be capable of sequestering 5–8 Mt of CO2 at $25–35 per tonne. This is estimated to produce an additional harvest of 300,000 tonnes of fish each year. The path to commercialisation for such a promising technology with global reach and untried application requires focussed scientific application. Establishing revenue streams for carbon sequestration or fisheries enhancement is complex. International regulation is being addressed by the LondonConvention/London Protocol of the International Maritime Organisation.
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Tarasov, A. A. "Arranging the Process of Raising Syndicated Loans." Finance: Theory and Practice 22, no. 6 (December 26, 2018): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2018-22-6-121-131.
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The article presents the main aspects of organisation, formation and management of a syndicate of banks in the syndicated lending market. A syndicated loan is provided to a borrower by two or more creditor banks on equal terms within one loan documentation package. This market has the following main characteristics: significant amounts of financing; transactions are organised and syndicated by the largest investment and commercial banks; standard legal documentation; centralisation of agency function. The syndication process is a key factor in a successful transaction in the syndicated lending market. The research objective is a structured description of the syndication business process in the credit market. The following tasks have been set and solved: 1) determining the optimal syndication schedule; 2) transactional and legal documents classification; 3) development of methods of risk management of the syndication process. The methodological basis is the process approach to the formation of a syndicate and the role distribution among the bank transaction participants (organisers, underwriters, bookrunners, agents). Based on the regulatory specifics of syndicated lending, legal documents of the process (mandate letter, confidentiality agreement, syndication letters) have been described. The optimal schedule has been proposed to implement a syndicated loan transaction. It includes five stages: 1) planning; 2) formation of a “senior” syndicate; 3) formation of a “common” syndicate; 4) management of the final structure of the syndicate; 5) legal closing of the transaction. Marketing materials (investment presentation, information memorandum) and key transaction activities (press releases publication and bank meeting) have been examined. Key risks of syndicated lending have been defined and described; they include market risk underwriting and funding. From a practical point of view, the article is of interest for representatives of the Russian commercial and investment banks and corporate borrowers who plan to attract corporate financing in the international syndicated lending market.
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Bellman, Lina, and Hans Lind. "Valuation standards and methods: are Sweden’s (still) different?" Journal of European Real Estate Research 12, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-04-2018-0020.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the methods and standards of valuation used by Swedish professional property valuers when appraising commercial properties and factors affecting those standards. The study builds on a 2002 comparative study of valuers in four European countries by McParland et al. (2002), but focuses specifically on property valuers in Sweden. Design/methodology/approach In 2010-2011, a questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews with about half of the authorised property valuers in Sweden. Another questionnaire was emailed to all authorised property valuers in Sweden 2015 and again about half participated. Findings Analysis of the results shows some new trends in used and preferred standards and methods. Although Swedish valuers still rely mainly on local guidelines, they now increasingly use international standards and company guidelines, which may indicate a growing, if indirect, form of internationalisation. Swedish valuers still use discounted cash flow as their primary method, but their use of comparative methods has increased. Originality/value The data in this comparative study of valuation standards and methods over time used were collected from a specific group of property valuers authorised through the professional Swedish organisation Samhällsbyggarna (Swedish Professionals for the Built Environment), which contributes to an insight in the presiding of the harmonisation of valuation methods and standards.
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Pandy, Bharti, and Priya Rao. "HR Knowledge Disclosure by Leading Banks: Cases from KSA." 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(10).
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The backbone of any economy relies on the performance of its banking industry. Besides financial capital, human resources (HR) capital plays a significant role in the sustainability of this industry. For the existence and effectiveness, the financial sector makes extensive use of human capital (Kamath, 2007). Like financial reports, human capital reporting indicates the health of any organisation. The stakeholders, around the globe, recently started showing keen interest in monitoring the effectiveness of HR. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), holding 27% of the GCC total banking assets (FitzHerbert, 2020), is no exception to disclosing HRrelated information in the annual reports of its banks. The banking regulatory system of KSA is almost at par with the international standards laid down concerning banking supervision. KSA's banking industry is unique as it is considered to be the leader of the Islamic world where all banks must adhere to the Sharia banking law (Kamali, 2000). The regulatory authority of the KSA banking industry, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), annually reported its HR information related to training and development, employee fairness, incentives, diversity and inclusion of female employees and people with determination. By setting an example, SAMA encourages commercial banks to follow good practices to disclose HR information in their annual reports. Though not enforced by the regulatory authority, the KSA banks recently started to disclose HR information in their annual reports. Keywords: Human resources, disclosure, HR information, Saudi Banks
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Hayes, Kathryn J., and J. Anneke Fitzgerald. "Managing occupational boundaries to improve innovation outcomes in industry-research organisations." Journal of Management & Organization 15, no. 4 (September 2009): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200002522.
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AbstractCommercialisation activities combining the discoveries of one occupational group, such as scientists, with the commercial skills of managers involve interactions across occupational and organisational cultures. This article explores the challenges posed by working across occupational and organisational boundaries, and describes management techniques developed informally in four Australian organisations to address barriers to knowledge transfer. It identifies the existence of Knowledge-stewarding Communities of Practice (CoP) that span organisational boundaries and impact commercialisation outcomes. It also presents recommendations for management practice based upon diversity management and innovation theories. The context of the study is Australian hybrid industry-research organisations composed of academic, government and industry personnel. Semi-structured interviews with a total of twenty scientists, engineers and managers focused on their experiences of knowledge sharing across organisational and occupational cultures, and methods used to manage these boundaries. The existence and efficacy of boundary-crossing individuals and boundary object strategies are explored. A generic process management model of innovation is extended to acknowledge and accommodate occupational and organisational cultural proclivities towards exploration or exploitation, and to stimulate future research.
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Hayes, Kathryn J., and J. Anneke Fitzgerald. "Managing occupational boundaries to improve innovation outcomes in industry-research organisations." Journal of Management & Organization 15, no. 4 (September 2009): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.15.4.423.
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AbstractCommercialisation activities combining the discoveries of one occupational group, such as scientists, with the commercial skills of managers involve interactions across occupational and organisational cultures. This article explores the challenges posed by working across occupational and organisational boundaries, and describes management techniques developed informally in four Australian organisations to address barriers to knowledge transfer. It identifies the existence of Knowledge-stewarding Communities of Practice (CoP) that span organisational boundaries and impact commercialisation outcomes. It also presents recommendations for management practice based upon diversity management and innovation theories. The context of the study is Australian hybrid industry-research organisations composed of academic, government and industry personnel. Semi-structured interviews with a total of twenty scientists, engineers and managers focused on their experiences of knowledge sharing across organisational and occupational cultures, and methods used to manage these boundaries. The existence and efficacy of boundary-crossing individuals and boundary object strategies are explored. A generic process management model of innovation is extended to acknowledge and accommodate occupational and organisational cultural proclivities towards exploration or exploitation, and to stimulate future research.
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Tatham, Peter, Jennifer Loy, and Umberto Peretti. "Three dimensional printing – a key tool for the humanitarian logistician?" Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 5, no. 2 (August 3, 2015): 188–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-01-2014-0006.
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Purpose – 3D printing (3DP), which is technically known as additive manufacturing, is being increasingly used for the development of bespoke products within a broad range of commercial contexts. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential for this technology to be used in support of the preparation and response to a natural disaster or complex emergency and as part of developmental activities, and to offer a number of key insights following a pilot trial based in the East African HQ of a major international non-governmental organisation. Design/methodology/approach – Using an illustrative example from the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) field this paper demonstrates, from both a theoretical and practical standpoint, how 3DP has the potential to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian logistic (HL) operations. Findings – Based on the pilot trial, the paper confirms that the benefits of 3DP in bespoke commercial contexts – including the reduction of supply chain lead times, the use of logistic postponement techniques and the provision of customised solutions to meet unanticipated operational demands – are equally applicable in a humanitarian environment. It also identifies a number of key challenges that will need to be overcome in the operationalisation of 3DP in a development/disaster response context, and proposes a hub-and-spoke model – with the design and testing activities based in the hub supporting field-based production at the spokes – to mitigate these. Research limitations/implications – In addition to an extensive review of both the HL and additive manufacturing literature, the results of the pilot trial of 3DP in support of humanitarian operations, are reported. The paper recommends further detailed analysis of the underpinning cost model together with further field trials of the recommended organisational construct and testing of the most appropriate materials for a given artefact and environment. Practical implications – 3DP has the potential to improve the response to disasters and development operations through the swift production of items of equipment or replacement spare parts. With low capital and running costs, it offers a way of mitigating delays in the supply chain through on site fabrication to meet an identified requirement more swiftly and effectively than via the traditional re-supply route, and it allows for adaptive design practice as multiple iterations of a product are possible in order to optimise the design based on field testing. Social implications – The logistic challenges of responding in a disaster affected or development environment are well documented. Successful embodiment of 3DP as part of the humanitarian logistician’s portfolio of operational techniques has the potential to deliver more efficient and effective outcomes in support of the beneficiaries as well as a sense of empowerment in relation to problem solving. In addition, it has the longer term potential for the creation of a new industry (and, hence, income source) for those living in remote locations. Originality/value – The research demonstrates that, whilst 3DP is increasingly found in a commercial environment, its use has not previously been trialled in a humanitarian context. The research reported in this paper confirms the potential for 3DP to become a game-changer, especially in locations which are logistically difficulty to support.
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Donnellan, Paul P., Donal Gill, Deanna Hynes, Olive Gallagher, and Seamus Leonard. "Something to sing about: A global choir of cancer survivors—Building bridges." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e20505-e20505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e20505.
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e20505 Background: 68% of cancer patients live at least 5 years after diagnosis and many are cured. Cancer survivors continue to need support. Music is energising, affirming and therapeutic. More funds are needed for cancer research so that more patients become long-term survivors. In 2012 Galway University Hospital founded 'Something To Sing About' (STSA.ie), a not-for-profit organisation to support cancer survivors and cancer research. Methods: Local publicity brings small bands of cancer survivors together rehearsing the same music at the same time every week (Wednesday 7pm) in a local hall, hospital or hotel, each with its own local musical director. The music is selected by a representative music committee and music therapist. Musical instruction is disseminated by the chief musical director via website and social media. A plenary rehearsal takes place every 3 months. All profits from events and music sales are allocated to cancer research projects through an open peer-reviewed grant-application process. Results: In 6 months STSA has grown from concept to network of 20 centres with total membership of 251 cancer-survivors. Immediate feedback has been extremely positive as assessed by personal communication and facebook activity (currently 1,025 ‘likes'). Over 100 singing-survivors participated in the first plenary rehearsal. All commercial venues have donated their meeting rooms gratis. Internationally there is one participating centre in Brisbane, Australia, with others signalling their intention to join in 2013 including: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York; 14 breast cancer support centres in UK; and one centre in the Czech Republic (updated at meeting). STSA members are particularly keen on establishing links with other cancer patients abroad. Professional musicians are pledging support and suggesting fund-raising collaborations. Conclusions: Cancer survivors continue to need ongoing support and find the music therapy and group therapy provided by STSA most beneficial. Cancer survivors are very interested in supporting cancer research. STSA has the potential to become a major international cancer support network and cancer research foundation.
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Lowe, D. J., and R. Leiringer. "Commercial management in project‐based organisations." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 10, no. 1 (March 2005): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13664380580001060.
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Waterman, Luke, Mónica Rivas Casado, Emma Bergin, and Gary McInally. "A Mixed-Methods Investigation into Barriers for Sharing Geospatial and Resilience Flood Data in the UK." Water 13, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091235.
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With increases in average temperature and rainfall predicted, more households are expected to be at risk of flooding in the UK by 2050. Data and technologies are increasingly playing a critical role across public-, private- and third-sector organisations. However, barriers and constraints exist across organisations and industries that limit the sharing of data. We examine the international context for data sharing and variations between data-rich and data-sparse countries. We find that local politics and organisational structures influence data sharing. We focus on the case study of the UK, and on geospatial and flood resilience data in particular. We use a series of semi-structured interviews to evaluate data sharing limitations, with particular reference to geospatial and flood resilience data. We identify barriers and constraints when sharing data between organisations. We find technological, security, privacy, cultural and commercial barriers across different use cases and data points. Finally, we provide three long-term recommendations to improve the overall accessibility to flood data and enhance outcomes for organisations and communities.
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Kemp, Linzi J., Megan Mathias, and Maryam Raji. "Representative bureaucracy in the Arab Gulf states." International Journal of Public Sector Management 32, no. 3 (April 8, 2019): 230–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-07-2017-0198.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to apply the lens of representative bureaucracy (RB) to women’s representation at management level in governments and government-owned companies in Arab Gulf states (AGS), and to consider the implications for government stability, legitimacy and performance.Design/methodology/approachData were analysed of the numbers of men and women in management positions (8,936), of government and government-owned companies (846), for the six countries of the AGS. Analyses were conducted on the presence/absence of women in management for ten industry types.FindingsGovernments and government-owned companies in the AGS were identified as hybrid (public/private) institutions. Women were found to be underrepresented at management levels in public sector bureaucracy; women clustered in a narrow range of industries; all countries returned a high result of zero female managers in these industries.Research limitations/implicationsThis research is limited by data collected from a single source, “Eikon”, which is a commercial database. The implication of these results is a benchmark for future studies on women’s representation at management level in governments and government-owned companies of Arab Gulf countries.Practical implicationsThe practical implication of this study is for concerted government intervention to address gender inequality in management of governments and government-owned companies across the AGS.Originality/valueThis is the first study of RB in AGS and extends the theory of RB to a new geographical and cultural context. There is value in application of RB to government and government-owned companies as a regional form of hybrid public–private organisation.
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Simba, Amon. "A matter of entrepreneurial decisions: Dairibord Holdings Limited (DHL) in Zimbabwe." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 8, no. 3 (September 20, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-12-2017-0269.
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Subject area Entrepreneurship. Study level/applicability Postgraduate and undergraduate. Case overview The case study focussed on the dairy sector in the southern African country of Zimbabwe. It offered an analysis of the management and business development approaches DHL employed in the country’s dairy sector. The narrative detailed how DHL’s commercial performance progressively declined overtime. Several factors including operational inefficiencies, intensive competition, political, socio-economic issues and natural disasters were attributable to its decline. To mitigate DHL’s business development challenges, Antony and his top management’s reprised “restructure, expand and diversify” strategy only achieved inconsistent commercial results. The scale and size of these results unequivocally necessitated radical entrepreneurial methods to turnaround its fortunes. It was indeed a matter of entrepreneurial decisions! Methodology The case study used secondary analysis as its main strategy for generating relevant data. The rationale for adopting the principles of secondary analysis was to take advantage of quality archived data, public and readily available information concerning DHL’s commercial performance. Setting up to undertake secondary analysis for the purpose of DHL’s narrative was less-expensive, and it was less time-consuming when compared to structured interviews and self-administered questionnaires. Hence, it was deemed appropriate for producing a narrative on a company whose archived financial reports and publicly available research information were accessible. Relevant course levels DHL’s narrative is relevant for students studying entrepreneurship, business management and international business at postgraduate and undergraduate levels. Theoretical basis The multi-dimensional constructs of entrepreneurship and strategic management provided the theoretical basis for constructing a narrative about DHL’s business activities in Zimbabwe’s dairy sector. Particularly, the entrepreneurial decision-making paradigm offered some insight, direction and guidance in analysing the strategies Antony and his top management team applied in their planning and management at DHL. Equally, strategic management theories provided useful instructions for exploring business development issues in a rapidly changing business terrain that was presented by the dairy sector in Zimbabwe. Expected learning outcomes By the end of the lesson students will have had the opportunity to identify the features of an organisation with an entrepreneurial mind set; evaluate the importance of making entrepreneurial decisions in a rapidly changing market such as the dairy industry in Zimbabwe; explore the sort of issues faced by large enterprises in establishing an entrepreneurial architecture; develop an appreciation of the importance of practicing entrepreneurial leadership in rapidly changing business conditions; analyse the importance of developing an effective strategy while considering strategic options necessary to withstand markets such as the dairy sector in Zimbabwe that are characterised with rapid changes. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject Code: CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
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RADICIC, DRAGANA, DAVID DOUGLAS, GEOFF PUGH, and IAN JACKSON. "COOPERATION FOR INNOVATION AND ITS IMPACT ON TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR EUROPEAN SMES IN TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES." International Journal of Innovation Management 23, no. 05 (May 29, 2019): 1950046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919619500464.
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Drawing on a sample of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in traditional manufacturing industries from seven EU regions, this study investigates how cooperation with external organisations affects technological (product and process) innovations and non-technological (organisational and marketing) innovations as well as the commercial success of product and process innovations (i.e., innovative sales). Our empirical strategy takes into account that all four types of innovation are potentially complementary. Empirical results suggest that cooperation increases firms’ innovativeness and yields substantial commercial benefits. In particular, increasing the number of cooperation partnerships has a positive impact on all measures of innovation performance. We conclude that a portfolio approach to cooperation enhances innovation performance and that innovation support programs should be demand-led.
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Ashurbeyli, Igor R. "Asgardia’s project for a new module to expand Space Station." AEROSPACE SPHERE JOURNAL, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30981/2587-7992-2020-106-1-24-33.
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Private sector involvement in the International Space Station (ISS) is becoming increasingly important as commercial organisations provide services and hardware to enhance the orbital operations of the Space Station which, in November 2020, marked two decades of continuous occupation. During the first Asgardia Space Science & Investment Conference, held in Germany in October 2019, a project to add a new commercially procured docking module to the ISS was announced as a key step to expanding the permanent human presence in low Earth orbit. Dr Igor Ashurbeyli, General Designer, provides a technical overview of the project and the industrial partnership arranged to deliver it.
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Menkes, Marcin. "Cooperation Between the European Union and International Organisations in the Field of Commercial Policy." Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne, no. 3 (September 15, 2009): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssp.2009.3.13.
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Smith, G. H., E. H. Owens, and I. Reading. "Water Fraction Measurement in Marine Fuel Emulsions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 219, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/147509005x10549.
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The proposal, from the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), to limit further the emissions from marine diesel engines came into effect in May 2005. This has considerable consequence for the management and operation of ship diesel plant. One method that has been shown to limit the emissions of NOx is the addition of quantities of water as an emulsion into the heavy fuel oil (HFO) before it is injected into the burners. This reduces the peak combustion temperature, improves atomization of the diesel fuel, and can reduce emissions by as much as 30 per cent. A key component for an efficient and cost-effective system is a method to monitor the water content to an accuracy sufficient to allow the mix to be adjusted to meet the needs of the varying engine loads. This paper briefly presents the environmental, legislative, and technical background. The principle aim is, however, to describe the experimental work examining the application of an in-line optical sensor. Laboratory tests on HFO, having a room temperature viscosity of 180 cSt, were undertaken at two nominal temperatures, 80 and 130°. These tests provide empirical evidence that an in-line optical monitor could determine water fraction within the emulsion to the accuracy requirement (better than 3 per cent) and over the operational water content range (15-33 per cent water to oil). A hypothesis is presented to explain the changes in the optical scattering characteristics of the oil/water emulsion with water content. Additional results are presented that demonstrate the use of two commercial viscometers to quantify the oil/water fraction. It was concluded that the measurement of emulsion viscosity can be related to water fraction but that the current instruments do not have the required resolution and have serious limitations due to their temperature sensitivity. A key requirement for further work is that the scattering properties of the emulsion be investigated in greater detail. In particular a test must be undertaken at temperatures in the region of 170°. Also, the instrument must be developed to cope with the wide variety of diesel fuels that a ship may take on at bunkering facilities around the world.
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Schmidt, Torben, Denis Kuehnel, Sebastian Mueller, Alexander Pichotta, Kai Uwe Radomski, Andreas Volk, and Sigurd Knaub. "Inactivation of Zika Virus By Solvent/Detergent Treatment or Pasteurization." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 2630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.2630.2630.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Since 2015 Zika virus (ZIKV) has spread within the Americas and even before in other regions. In 2016, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the ZIKV as a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC). Therefore, it is very important to confirm the pathogen safety of blood plasma products. These products generally demand an effective donor selection as well as robust pathogen elimination/reduction steps within the manufacturing processes. Here, we provide experimental evidence that both solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment and pasteurization effectively inactivate ZIKV. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The ZIKV inactivation capacity of the pasteurization step and the S/D treatment for different products and process conditions were investigated. Therefore, in-process material from commercial batches was collected and spiked with ZIKV in a ratio of approximately 1:10. Viral loads were determined prior to the safety steps and at pre-defined intervals during the individual processes to investigate the inactivation kinetics. Each process was investigated in duplicate runs. RESULTS: Sixty minutes after S/D treatment the viral titer was below detection limit during manufacturing of human plasma resulting in mean ZIKV reduction factor (LRF) of ≥ 6.78 log10. For immunoglobulin (IgG) after 240 min of S/D treatment the LRF was determined to be ≥ 7.00 log10. ZIKV was inactivated ≥ 6.18 log10 after 480 min by S/D treatment during the manufacture of factor VIII. During pasteurization of human albumin ZIKV infectivity was already below the detection limit after the heat-up phase. This finding was confirmed by subsequent test samples up to 2 hours. A LRF of ≥ 7.48 log10 was demonstrated. CONCLUSION: We showed that different S/D treatment procedures inactivate the ZIKV to below the detection limit. This effect was seen independently of various product matrices or the choice of S/D reagent at various concentrations and temperatures, while taking product-specific treatment times into consideration. We also showed that pasteurization is a very efficient inactivation step for the ZIKV. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of S/D treatment against even newly emerging lipid-enveloped viruses like ZIKV in the manufacturing of human plasma and derivatives thereof, such as IgG or factor VIII. Disclosures Schmidt: Octapharma: Employment. Kuehnel:Octapharma: Employment. Mueller:Octapharma: Employment. Pichotta:Octapharma: Employment. Radomski:Octapharma: Employment. Volk:Octapharma: Employment. Knaub:Octapharma: Employment.