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Dubyna, Maksym, Nataliia Kholiavko, Artur Zhavoronok, Yuriy Safonov, Denys Krylov, and Yuliia Tochylina. "The ICT Sector in Economic Development of the Countries of Eastern Europe: a Comparative Analysis." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 19 (January 11, 2022): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.18.
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The purpose of the article is to study the impact of the ICT sector on economic development of countries based on the comparative analysis of this sector development in some Eastern European countries. Within the article, economic development of the outlined countries in 2010-2019 was studied and analyzed. The analysis of the impact of the ICT sector on the GDP formation allowed to single out certain groups of countries under this indicator and to identify the characteristics that are inherent to them. Using the correlation-regression analysis made it possible to analyze the ICT impact on economies development of Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Authors paid a special attention to the study of the influence of various factors on the ICT sector development. Accordingly, an analytical study of the dependence of the ICT sector weight in the GDP of the countries on the following parameters: enterprises that employ ICT specialists; enterprises that provided training to develop/upgrade ICT skills of their personnel; percentage of the ICT personnel in total employment; using Internet for Internet banking, % of individuals; enterprises who have ERP software package to share information between different functional areas; enterprises selling online (at least 1% of turnover), % of enterprises; online purchase in the last 12 months, % of individuals; enterprises having received orders via computer mediated networks, % of enterprises. Within the article, the features of the ICT sector development in the COVID-19 context are examined, and it is analyzed how the pandemic has affected the development of this sector in long and short terms. The study showed that the ICT sector today already plays a key role in the development of the national economies. Countries where the sector is developing faster show better performance and economic development.
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Lewandowska, Małgorzata Stefania. "Blending Innovation Types in Order to Achieve International Competitiveness. Multi-country Approach." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (August 31, 2021): 1223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.114.
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The relationship between innovation and international competitiveness is the subject of many research studies. The aim of the paper is to examine the association between the introduction of product innovation individually and in pairs with process and marketing innovation and the exporting of enterprises from 13 European Union countries, mainly from Central and Eastern Europe. The study used anonymized micro data from the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) for 2012-2014. Based on the sample of 98 809 enterprises, 14 models were built using path analysis with the Bonferroni correction, one for the whole sample and 13 for each of the country studied. The analysis indicates positive link between the introduction of product innovation on sales activity on foreign markets of the enterprises of the surveyed countries (measured by exporting), but only for Germany and Spain. Surprisingly, adding process or marketing innovation to product innovation in most of the cases has an adverse effect on exporting.
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Meyer, Klaus. "Enterprise Transformation and Foreign Investment in Eastern Europe." Journal of East-West Business 4, no. 1-2 (August 28, 1998): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j097v04n01_02.
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Xu, Xinpeng, Xun Li, and Fuxia Gao. "Prevention of labor employment risk using fuzzy inference systemin China-invested enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe under belt and road initiative." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 8333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-189655.
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The “Belt and Road” initiative (BRI) enhances the cooperation between China and countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), and expands the scale of China-invested enterprises in CEE countries continuously. But it also results in the increase in investment risks. Meanwhile, large differences between the international labor market and the domestic employment environment have led to the inadaptability of some enterprises’ overseas employment policies, triggering many labor disputes, and producing adverse effects on their overseas business expansion. To resolve the problems, this paper attempts to study the measures to prevent labor employment risks using fuzzy inference system for China-invested enterprises in CEE. For this, it performs analysis for the scale, structure, labor quality, wages and benefits, and labor law system of labor employment in CEE countries, and proposes to prevent and resolve the labor employment risks by strengthening government labor cooperation, familiarizing with local labor law systems, and respecting local management culture etc.
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Glinkowska-Krauze, Beata, Iegor Chebotarov, and Viacheslav Chebotarov. "Comparative Studies of National Business Cultures in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe: the Basics for Improving International Entrepreneurship in Poland and Ukraine." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 23, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.23.01.
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Based on the work of Hofstede, Trompenaars, Lewis, and Rapaille, the founders of the theory of national business cultures and comparative economic studies, the characteristics of corresponding scientific areas are identified: cross-cultural management, cross-cultural communications, and cross-cultural marketing, including their methodological and practical aspects. Using the classic measuring parameters of national business cultures (“Individualism,” “Power Distance,” “Masculinity,” “Uncertainty Avoidance,” “Long-Term Orientation,” “Indulgence”), a comparative analysis is carried out on the example of Poland, Ukraine, Germany, France, and Hungary; the results of the authors’ own development of this interdisciplinary problem are presented. On this basis, new approaches are proposed in establishing mutually beneficial international cooperation between Polish and Ukrainian enterprises, not only in Europe but also in other regions of the world.
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Lillich, Richard B., and Burns H. Weston. "Lump Sum Agreements: Their Continuing Contribution to the Law of International Claims." American Journal of International Law 82, no. 1 (January 1988): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000074169.
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Since there exists no international judicial system to adjudicate international claims in the ordinary course of events, individuals and business enterprises with grievances against a foreign country have looked, both jointly and severally, either to the “espousal” of their claims by their government—a discretionary act guaranteeing no ultimate redress—or, assuming their government has been able to negotiate a compromis with the foreign country involved, to the adjudication of their claims by an ad hoc international tribunal, almost always one without funds from which to pay awards once rendered. However, the volume and complexity of the claims spawned by World War II, the arrival of Marxist governments in Eastern Europe and elsewhere, and the emergence of an economically restless Third World have rendered the espousal process increasingly less effective; and efforts to establish ad hoc international tribunals have been almost uniformly unproductive during the past four decades (the Algerian Accords establishing the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal being the rare exception that proves the general proposition).
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Leszczyński, Dariusz. "Exploration of Key Success Factors that Influence Business Performance: The Experiences of Women Micro-entrepreneurs from Mazovia Voivodeship of Poland." International Journal of Management and Economics 51, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2016-0020.
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Abstract Women-owned businesses are one of the fastest growing categories of firms in the world, but they are greatly understudied in countries from the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) [Zapalska et al., 2005]. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between business success predictors and the performance of female-owned micro-enterprises from the Mazovia Voivodeship in Poland during the period 2011–2013, using an Internet-based survey questionnaire. The data were collected by the CAWI (computer assisted web interview) and CATI (computer assisted telephone interview) methods. Exploratory factor analysis, correlation coefficients analysis and multivariate regression models were deployed to investigate the empirical data. This study contributes to the limited body of literature on factors that positively affect the business performance of female entrepreneurial undertakings, using the context of the Polish experiences. Drawing on Gartner’s [1985] typology and “the resource-based view of the firm” theory, a theoretical research model was developed and verified empirically using three multivariate regression models. “Model A” displayed the highest explanatory power of the predicted dependent variable “Composite business performance” (R2 = 42,3). Our findings suggest that the most successful female business owners in the region were ideally 30–39 years old; completed a university education; had at least three years of business experience; displayed above average entrepreneurial orientation; and adopted a business strategy to deal with competitors. Moreover, the better performing women-owned micro-enterprises hired qualified and experienced employees (“hman capital”); offered products or services to domestic and international customers; were able to attract business sector clients; and had sufficient resources (“financial capital”). It is recommended that this research be replicated in other countries from the CEE region (e.g. Czech Republic) for comparative purposes.
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Thomas, Catherine. "Local Value Chains in European MNEs." Strategy Science 7, no. 2 (June 2022): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2022.0167.
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Ghemawat’s work in international business strategy demonstrates that Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) create value both by overcoming and by exploiting the price differences that exist at country borders. This paper evaluates the investment strategies of MNEs with subsidiaries in the 10 Central and Eastern Europe countries (CEEs) that had joined the European Union by 2007 through the lens of this insight. The data show that subsidiaries’ activities vary with the parent MNE’s home location. The CEE subsidiaries of Western European MNEs are more likely to be producing output that can be traded across country borders, particularly when their output differs from the main product of their parent company. The findings suggest Western European MNEs tend to invest in CEE countries to fragment value chains across the region, exploiting factor cost arbitrage opportunity in a semiglobalized world.
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Hogeforster, Max A., and Elina Priedulena. "The Significance and Impact of Innovation Networks of Academia and Business with a Special Emphasis on Work-Based Learning." Baltic Journal of European Studies 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2014-0016.
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Abstract The Europe 2020 Strategy puts the quality and relevance of education and training systems at the heart of EU’s efforts to improve innovation and competitiveness and to achieve intelligent, sustainable and inclusive growth. The development of partnerships between vocational schools or higher-education institutions and the business sector must be considered as a critical factor in identifying learning requirements, improving the relevance of education and facilitating access to education and learning. The growing lack of skills is one of the major challenges for companies that rely on more highly qualified personnel. To increase the cooperation between academia and the business world means to integrate small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), since 99.2 per cent of European businesses are SMEs. They are the blood cells of the European economy and are essential for growth, yet a very heterogeneous group that can only be integrated in cooperation networks by intermediate organisations which tackle the needs of this diverse group of businesses. Such a partnership of 17 universities and polytechnics, including the University of Latvia, was founded in 2010 and is shortly introduced as a best practice example.To stay competitive in the globalised world, companies need to be innovative and that requires cooperation with knowledge institutions. A survey conducted in 2013 revealed that one of the major obstacles for SMEs to improve their innovation capabilities is their inability to find qualified personnel. This corresponds to the huge challenges the labour markets face in Europe. Almost all countries report a growing lack of skilled workforce while at the same time youth unemployment is increasing. This gap between the current qualifications and the qualifications demanded by businesses sector can be overcome by a closer cooperation between enterprises and education facilities, on a national but also international level between Western and Eastern countries. The introduction of work-based education plays a crucial role in narrowing this divide.
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Bayandin, M. A., O. Yu Patlasov, and A. B. Bekmurzayeva. "Entrepreneurship in agricultural sector: international practice." Problems of AgriMarket 3 (September 30, 2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2021-3.2708-9991.06.
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The goal- at present there is no clear concept for the long-term development of infrastructure of agro-industrial complex in the republic, and the degree of support for agricultural sector is inferior to the level of advanced countries, which may lead to a restriction of the population's access to quality food. Methods - abstract-logical, monographic, sociological survey, economic-statistical, analytical. Results - the best world practice of rural entrepreneurship was reviewed. The experience of farmers of the Russian Federation, economically developed countries of the EU, Eastern Europe, advanced Asian States, including Japan and South Korea, is presented. It is indicated that the main condition for preservation and multiplication of the achievements of the AIC of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the socio-economic growth of rural settlements. The authors focus on the issue of ensuring food security - one of the main tasks of the economy of each country, the key areas of implementation of which are public support for agricultural sector, improving the quality of life of rural residents. The activity of agricultural producersis analyzed, problems of development of agribusiness in these countries and Kazakhstan are reflected, recommendations for their solution are presented. Conclusions - the following basic factors contributing to the formation and expansion of entrepreneurship in agro-industrial production are highlighted: improvement of the regulatory and investment base; business management, which implies transformation of the structure and advanced training of specialists of enterprises of agro-industrial complex, as well as the heads of peasant (private) farms. Access to markets is a serious problem for small and medium-sized enterprises in agricultural sector, which has a significant impact on the sphere of agricultural production and processing of agricultural products. The research results can be used in the development of measures to support SMEs in agricultural sector at the regional level.
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Bublyk, Yevhen, Oleksandra Kurbet, and Roman Yukhymets. "Price convergence on the national gas markets of the Eastern European region." Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 612–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(4).2022.47.
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Establishing institutional arrangements for regulating gas markets toward price convergence is one of the crucial integrational factors. The strategy of the firm and economic development management depends on it. The paper aims to assess the characteristics of price convergence on the natural gas markets of the Eastern European region. This region is relevant for Ukraine in a number of parameters. The assessment was made based on Eurostat data for different groups of consumers, excluding taxes, using the standard deviation detection method of price convergence for 15 countries in 2007–2020. Despite the revealed generally positive price convergence on the natural gas markets in the considered countries after 2014, obtained results showed three points that highlight the heterogeneous structure of the process. First, an even movement toward a single price is detected in groups of large households (the standard price deviation of the price decreased in 2014–2020 from 2.7 to 1.9 euro per Giga Joule or 1.5 times) and medium industrial enterprises (the standard deviation decreased from 1.0-1.7 to 0.6-1.1 or 1.5-1.8 times). Second, the prices for the largest industrial enterprises in considered countries approached the fastest (the deviation decreased from 2.0 to 0.5). Third, in the segment of small enterprises, the deviation even increased from 2.1 to 2.2 (1.05 times). This result highlights the gap in the institutional mechanisms of European integration and sources of uncertainty for the small firms’ management. AcknowledgmentThe paper was funded as a part of the “Determination of institutional conditions for the development of the exchange segment of the gas market” research project (No. 0122U002205), conducted at the State Institution Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the NAS of Ukraine.
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Gyamfi, Solomon, and Jan Stejskal. "Cooperating for knowledge and innovation performance: the case of selected Central and Eastern European countries." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(4).2020.22.
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The open innovation concept thrives on knowledge and information flow; their sources for the current innovation performance of the selected Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have since triggered research interest. This research aimed to explore the different sources of knowledge and information for innovation and the extent to which these different sources contribute to the innovation performance of small and medium-sized enterprises in some selected CEE countries. The study assesses the influence of different knowledge and information sources and their relationships in SMEs engaged in manufacturing activities for innovation performance in the selected CEE countries using structural equation modeling. Data were sourced from the anonymized European Community Innovation Survey (CIS, 2012). The results show that internal sources of information and knowledge from innovative internal activities highly influence SMEs’ innovation performance in these CEE countries. Additionally, SMEs in the selected countries’ sources of information and knowledge influence firm cooperation arrangements. The result is significant for SMEs and policymakers to ensure fostering information and knowledge sharing and support of creating valuable knowledge for innovation, most importantly, in the aftermath of financial and economic crisis. AcknowledgmentThis work was supported by a grant provided by the scientific research project of the Czech Sciences Foundation Grant No. 20-03037S.
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ZHURBA, Ihor, Ihor NESTORISHEN, and Serhiy MATYUKH. "ECONOMICS OF TOURISM INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 304, no. 2(2) (March 18, 2022): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-304-2(2)-1.
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The authors of the study analyzed the current state and prospects of development of the tourism industry in Ukraine and the world. The authors note that in the conditions of military aggression of the Russian Federation Ukraine suffers significant economic, financial and social losses. According to many experts, Ukraine’s economy expects a significant reduction (approximately 30-45%) of GDP. In addition, due to the significant level of globalization of the international economy and the close economic interconnections of economic systems of national economies, there will be a significant decline (decline) in economic development not only in Eastern Europe but in the world as a whole. Thus, today the issues of directions of economic recovery of Ukraine’s economic potential, as well as the place and role of the tourism industry in the postwar recovery of the domestic economy are becoming increasingly important in Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to develop guidelines for the systematization of risk factors for domestic tourism, as well as to determine the directions and vectors of the restoration of the tourism business in Ukraine in the postwar period. The authors of the study noted that according to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), tourism is one of the most dynamic sectors of global exports in the world. The average annual growth rate of the global tourism industry averaged about 5% per year. By 2022, tourism provided up to 10% of gross world income and every tenth job in the world is directly or indirectly generated by tourism. However, the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has destroyed the economy of the tourism sector, leading to unprecedented consequences for jobs and businesses. The current crisis has also revealed some shortcomings in the management and readiness of the industry, as well as in the ability to respond to current challenges and threats. Restoring the confidence of tourists and participants in the tourism chain, stimulating demand and accelerating the resumption of tourism urgently requires political action at the national and international levels, as well as improved coordination. The crisis is an opportunity to rethink the development of tourism. Recovery should include transforming the sector, changing tourism destinations, transforming the tourism ecosystem, bringing innovation and investing in sustainable tourism. The authors have formed measures to restore the tourism sector in the world. The study analyzes domestic trends in the development of the domestic industry in the prewar period, identified new trends in the geography of foreign tourists, as well as summarizes the directions of recovery of the domestic tourism sector.
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Rudawska, Edyta. "Sustainable marketing strategy in food and drink industry: a comparative analysis of B2B and B2C SMEs operating in Europe." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, no. 4 (June 7, 2019): 875–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-05-2018-0171.
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Purpose The paper aims to make a contribution by providing a comprehensive understanding of the scope of the implementation of sustainable marketing tools in SMEs operating in the food and drink industry in Europe. The focus will be put on the identification of differences between companies operating in business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-customer (B2C) context. Design/methodology/approach The empirical basis is a survey of 770 European SMEs, of which 369 operate in Western European countries (including UK, Germany and Spain) and 401 in Central and Eastern Europe (including Poland, Croatia and Russia). The respondents in the particular countries were stratified according to company size, measured by the number of employees. The research covered 316 micro companies, 5 small companies and 209 medium ones. The questionnaire was completed by the managing directors of the enterprises (CEOs) or heads of the marketing departments (CMOs). The research was conducted between April 2016 and January 2017. An in-depth analysis of the findings helped to identify differences between the two groups of SMEs, i.e. operating in the B2B and B2C context, in terms of the extent of sustainable marketing implementation. The non-parametric U Mann–Whitney test was used to examine the significance of the differences between the two groups of companies. Findings The research results suggest that both groups of B2B and B2C companies implement sustainable marketing tools to some extent. However, in most cases, B2B organizations do it to a significantly greater extent. Nevertheless, these activities relate mainly to those tools, which are directly visible to customers, both institutional and individual, such as packaging, product ingredients or certificates. To a lesser extent, they involve marketing activities of an internal nature, such as production process and the level of energy, water or resources used. Originality/value To the best knowledge of the author, this is the first empirical research study on the implementation of the sustainable marketing concept in SMEs operating in European countries. The study is a comparative analysis of the phenomenon between B2B and B2C companies, which has not been previously researched.
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Chobanova, Yordanka. "Multinational corporations and foreign investors in CEE: Western European multinationals in the CEE agro-food industry: The cases of Nestle, Unilever and InBev." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 124 (2008): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0824031c.
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Using Systems of Innovation Approach (SI) and International Business (IB) literature, this paper analyzes the level of embeddedness of Multi?national Enterprises (MNEs) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). MNEs are discussed as they link the host country economy with the global economy by their regional and global networks. The expansion and successful embeddedness of West European multinational firms is crucial for the industrial integration of CEECs into the EU. The focus of the study is on the largest food processing com?panies, which invested in the region - namely Nestl? Unilever and InBev. The paper discusses the motives of investment and the entry strategies of food MNEs, outlines their contribution to the local development and stresses on the national actors as forces to embedded foreign direct investment (FDI). The paper discovered that EU membership facilitated the processes of global reorganizations of Nestl?, Unilever and InBev in CEE. All the three MNEs object of this research closed partially or completely plants all over CEE (and Western Europe). Hence, in a liberal trade regime it is very difficult to talk about long-term embeddedness of MNEs. It seems that the global strategies of the companies and the size of the market are the factor, which pre-determines the level of embeddedness of food MNEs in a certain economy and not so much the national actors and institutions. .
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Yakupov, Roman Aleksandrovich, and Dar'ya Viktorovna Yakupova. "“There would be no unilateral détente!”: financial sector of theCOMECON countries in the late 1970s – early 1980s as a source of Western political influence." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 5 (May 2021): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.5.36127.
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The object of this research is the processes that took place in the COMECON member-states due instability of the financial sector. The subject of this research is the impact of the economic factor upon the evolution of bipolar system of international relations and sociopolitical sustainability of the Soviet Union during the 1979 – 1983. The article provides a scientific assessment of extent of awareness of the US intelligence on the financial solvency of the COMECON member-states, their ability to meet repayment schedules for both interest and debts, and the consequences of possible default of any of the countries during the financial crisis. The authors set the task to analyze the target points of foreign analytics regarding the “dependency” of Western European enterprises on their Eastern business partners, as well as clarify the extent to which a significant decline in trade between the East and the West affected the Soviet and Western European economy. The use of unpublished foreign and domestic archival documents, as well as foreign periodicals define the novelty of this research. This article is first to disclose the information on how the United States turned the severe financial problems of Eastern European countries for the purpose of political pressure on such issues as Afghanistan, crisis in Poland, and construction of the Soviet gas pipeline. Leaning on the introduced into the scientific discourse CIA documents, assessment is given to the effectiveness of trade and economic policy of the United States and its Western European allies in relation to Eastern Europe. The article also analyses the support of centrifugal tendencies in the economy of the Eastern European countries of the Soviet bloc.
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Collins, J. Markham, and Michael L. Troilo. "National factor effects on firm competitiveness and innovation." Competitiveness Review 25, no. 4 (July 20, 2015): 392–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-02-2015-0009.
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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to investigate how national-level characteristics such as country wealth, a floating exchange rate and European Union (EU) membership influence firm-level perceptions of competition and firm-level innovation. Greater understanding of these relationships can promote more effective policymaking as well as add to the existing academic conversation regarding national factors and firm competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach – The authors’ data consist of a panel of 27 countries in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia from 2002 to 2009 with a total of nearly 27,000 firms from the World Bank Enterprise Survey. The authors utilize a multinomial logistic regression to estimate firm-level perceptions of both domestic and foreign competition upon decisions to introduce new products and manage new product costs. The authors then estimate the probability of innovation (introduction of a new product/service, obtaining international quality certification) using a logistic regression. The marginal effects of the key explanatory variables for country wealth, floating exchange rate and EU membership are calculated. Findings – While EU membership heightens perceptions of competition, firms in the EU are less likely to introduce new products or services. On the other hand, a firm in an EU member country is more likely to obtain international quality certification than one that is not. Both country wealth and a floating exchange correlate with enhanced perceptions of competition and innovation as expected. Originality/value – The first finding regarding heightened perceptions of competition yet lower likelihood of introduction of new products/services among EU firms is surprising. Beyond adding to the empirical store of knowledge regarding the relationship of national factors to firm competitiveness, it suggests that more needs to be done with regard to innovation policy. The authors offer a general recommendation to employ more public–private partnerships for innovation among small and medium enterprises, as this has been effective in other parts of the world.
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Smit, Daniël S. "EU Freedoms, Non-EU Countries and Company Taxation: An Overview and Future Prospect." EC Tax Review 21, Issue 5 (October 1, 2012): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2012024.
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Practice shows that the Member States of the European Union maintain a diversified range of economic relations with non-EU Member States. A large number of non-EU-based enterprises are carrying on business in the European Union. Conversely, numerous EU-based enterprises are also carrying on business outside the territory of the Union. Accordingly, trade and investment between Member States and non-Member States is nowadays similarly promoted by abolishing or reducing tax or other obstacles to international flows of goods, services and/or investment between the Member States and third countries. One may recall in this regard the large number of economic integration agreements which the Union has concluded over the past decades with countries all around the world, such as countries in Eastern Europe, the Euro-Mediterranean countries and the African, Caribbean and Pacific states and which, to a greater or lesser extent, provide for liberalization of trade and investment between the Union and the respective non-Member State. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union itself also provides for a substantial degree of economic openness vis-à-vis third countries, particularly by means of the Treaty provisions relating to the free movement of capital. It is this unique legal relationship between the EU Member States vis-à-vis the rest of the world that this article takes as a starting point. It examines and assesses the extent to which the impact on Member States' corporate income tax systems of the liberalization provisions included in the above instruments is similar, or should be similar, to the impact that the free movement provisions included in the Treaty have on Member States' corporate income tax systems in an intra-Union context.
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Gál, Zoltán, and Gábor Lux. "FDI-based regional development in Central and Eastern Europe: A review and an agenda." Tér és Társadalom 36, no. 3 (August 23, 2022): 68–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17649/tet.36.3.3439.
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This review article reflects on thirty years of FDI-dependent development in Central and Eastern European regions (with a special emphasis on the Visegrad countries). The modernisation potential of FDI-led European integration is examined from a critical and comparative perspective. The authors argue that the FDI-led “Dependent Market Economy” (DME) model has fallen short of its anticipated modernisation potential, while other, potentially lucrative development alternatives have been neglected. While early-stage benefits were considerable, the development model now faces signs of exhaustion and an increasing number of contradictions. The paper builds on previous original research by the authors, as well as a review of international academic literature to describe the limitations and trade-offs of the DME development model, followed by an overview of three alternate growth paths for the future.
In the macro-level perspective, it is argued that long-term catching-up rates across Central and Eastern Europe over 30 years have been limited, and signs of slowdown are increasingly apparent. Likewise, FDI does not seem to contribute significantly to domestic capital accumulation. On the micro-economic and regional levels, limited income effects are coupled with intangible risks and trade-offs. Strengthened socio-economic and territorial disparities ultimately pose problems for both metropolitan core regions and peripheries, while low capital embeddedness and limited spillovers denote weak territorial integration. It I advanced that the DME model may exacerbate future structural crises and exogenous shocks, and finally, that a development model dependent on exogenous capital structures shows curtailed capability to explore, learn, and benefit from beneficial growth opportunities.
The paper makes the case that, while the DME model cannot be realistically dismantled in the foreseeable future without considerable risk to the CEE economies, a comprehensive diversification agenda should seek to gradually reduce its risks and foster alternate sources of growth. Embedding foreign capital into local economic networks represents one possible compromise, coupled with growing supplier networks and anchoring value creation in business services as well as innovation and R&D activities. However, alternate sources of development are also to be explored. The new revival of industrial policies in Europe and across the world opens opportunities before previously ‘inconceivable’ state-led development initiatives, including support for the emergence of new national champions. Last but not least, a strengthening domestic SME sector with competitive medium-sized enterprises and locally embedded production networks should serve to strengthen entrepreneurial ecosystems in domestic capital accumulation and value creation. Together, these and similar steps have the capability to shift the balance from the DME model towards a more competitive and resilient “successor model” where the interests of FDI and domestic development can be fruitfully reconciled.
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Karaman Kabadurmus, Fatma Nur. "Antecedents to supply chain innovation." International Journal of Logistics Management 31, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-04-2019-0096.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine organizational and environmental (competition, capital scarcity and organization of labor) factors that affect firms' innovation activities within the supply chain.Design/methodology/approachThis study empirically examines the factors that affect firms' innovation activities using firm-level data from the last round of Business Environment Enterprise Performance Surveys (BEEPS). The analysis covers major supply chain functions: production, delivery and support systems.FindingsThe study shows that drivers of innovation vary with the type of innovation activity; as such, innovation efforts across supply chain functions should prioritize strategic resources that will create competitive advantages. Our results also reveal that sustainability efforts in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) region should prioritize labor market reforms over capital market reforms.Originality/valueCurrent research on innovation and supply chain issues does not explicitly analyze innovations that occur in different sustainable supply chain functions, and empirical studies that focus on the determinants of innovations in the supply chain network are very limited. The data used in this study cover 30 economies in EECA, many of which are low- and middle-income countries, and thus contribute to the implementation of sustainable practices in developing countries.
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Shtuler, Iryna, Ivan Cherlenyak, Alla Domyshche-Medyanik, and Sergii Voitovych. "Conditions of formation and stimulation of the activators of innovative development of Ukraine." Problems and Perspectives in Management 15, no. 4 (December 22, 2017): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.15(4).2017.13.
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Western analysts are still pessimistic about the prospects of technological (innovative) business in Eastern Europe. Not only unsatisfactory domestic economic processes, but also the current global economic structural and industrial transformations are the factors of the decline and backlog in Ukraine. However, unfortunately there is no doctrine in Ukraine to overcome them. The paper deals with the problems of regulation and stimulation of the innovation component of economic growth of enterprises, industries and regions through integrated use of all possible activators. Transformational and overtaking economies are imposed to follow inertial growth strategy based on the ideology of neo-liberalism and market fundamentalism. A flexible and effective protectionist policy and state strategy to stimulate the growth of sectors are especially important. The new government policy of economic growth of Ukraine should take into account that innovatization and intellectualization of macroeconomic processes are the defining vectors in a global terms. This new policy should integrate the concepts of innovatization and renewal innovation of industrial foundation of the country. “Falling out” of the process of intellectualization of economic life would mean the loss of even theo¬retical perspectives to catch up the leading countries of economic progress. The role of the state, its “hard” and “diffuse” institutions should be rethought in the process of the development of a modern market infrastructure and institutions of developed market relations in Ukraine. So the ways of state impact on socio-economic processes should be improved. Comprehensive incentive mechanisms such as activators of innovative processes are necessary to develop in the global competition and “global” fight against protectionism instead of clear policy prescriptions.
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Zioło, Monika, and Lidia Luty. "Disproportions in the level of innovation in European Union countries." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2023, no. 166 (2023): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2022.166.57.
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Purpose: One of the most important areas of reflection on innovation and innovativeness is regional policy and issues related to the development of the economy. The phenomena of globalisation and pressure to create a knowledge-based economy means that not only enterprises, but also countries are forced to optimise the use of their potential on a macro, meso or micro scale. For this reason, the issue of innovativeness is connected with particular economic entities and sectors of the economy, with the activity of state, regional and local authorities and the European Union. In the conditions of deepening European integration, stimulating innovation of territorial socio-economic systems is an important instrument of economic policy at the international, national and regional levels. The aim of the study is to assess the level of innovativeness of the region in spatial and dynamic terms. Multivariate Statistical Analysis will be used to determine the aggregated indicator based on data taken from Eurostat database. Design/methodology/approach: The implementation of the objective will be achieved through the evaluation and comparison of the level of innovativeness of EU countries with the use of a synthetic measure, estimated by using one of the model methods of linear ordering of objects in the years 2015, 2018 and 2021. In the proposed method, the synthetic measure is determined using the distance of the examined objects from the model objects. The dynamic approach will allow to determine the directions of changes. The level of innovation of regions (EU countries) determined by a number of indicators that were adopted in four areas: human capital, finance, business activity and intellectual property protection. Findings: The region's innovativeness is a multidimensional phenomenon, which is directly unmeasurable, hence the need to use statistical methods when measuring it. Obtained results will allow to assess the studied phenomenon, build a ranking and identify countries with a high, medium or low level of innovation. The results of the analyses confirmed that it is advisable to consider innovation by plane, because in this case there is a greater differentiation of countries. Due to the level of innovation, the highest positions in the ranking were taken by Sweden, Germany, Finland and Austria, at the end of the ranking were countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Poland, Latvia, Bulgaria and Romania. In the area of innovative activities, Estonia ranked very high being classified in the group I of the most innovative countries. The country is characterized by high employment in innovative enterprises, significant expenditure on innovation and a large share of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) introducing product innovations. The fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are reducing the distance to more innovative EU countries should be assessed positively, as evidenced by lower values of the coefficients of variation in 2021 compared to 2015. Keywords: innovation of regions, dynamics, Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Category of the paper: research paper.
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Ana, Maria-Irina. "Tourism industry in the new Europe: trends, policies and challenges." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0053.
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Abstract This paper provides an examination of tourism in the New Member States of the European Union from the date of accession until the last year for which data is available (2014), assessing not only the importance of tourism for the New Member States economy, but also the factors and trends that might affect this industry. Predictions for tourism after joining the EU had been confident and the statistical findings confirmed that the outcomes had been to a great extent encouraging and favourable. Considerable research has been devoted to tourism in the developed countries from Europe, the so-called Old Member States, but rather less attention has been paid to tourism in the Central Eastern Europe, the New Member States region. In this regard, the paper will start with an overview of the current state of the literature on this topic, section that precedes a presentation of European bodies and policies in the travel and tourism field. According to The World Bank Database (World Tourism Organization, 2016), the number of international inbound tourists in the countries Newest Members of EU increased on average three times and in many cases this is partly a consequence of the Community’s accession policy and the market oriented policies in the new Member States (Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General of the European Commission, 2007). Time series will be analysed in order to identify specific trends in the tourism industry, but also in an attempt to characterize the European integration impact on the New Member States’ tourism. Main future challenges and opportunities in the travel and tourism industry will also be sketched, so the paper to better serve not only participants in the academic community and practitioners in the tourism business, but also financial market parties or consultants.
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Georgiana, Noja Gratiela, and Moroc Andrei. "Labour Mobility Within the Eu: Major Effects and Implications for the Main Sending and Receiving Economies." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i1.p87-100.
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The paper aims to analyse the effects induced by labour mobility within the European Union, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects for major sending and host economies in terms of the overall economic activity, empowering the business enterprise sector and labour market, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, asylum seekers) migration. Labour mobility within the European Union is an important coordinate of the economic integration process and one of the freedoms granted to the member states, with significant consequences upon their economies. Nevertheless, the international labour migration mainly resides from wage differentials, working conditions or opportunities between sending and host economies, thus proving to be an important symbol of global economic inequality. Taking into consideration all these aspects, our analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed (LSDV) and random (ECM) effects models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries and ten New EU Member States, respectively a complex set of indicators compiled during 2000-2014 and 2006-2015. The models are processed through OLS and GLS methods of estimation, as well as by using the correlated panels corrected standard errors (PCSE) method, being completed by in-sample and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances both for natives and foreign population (decreases in employment rates and lowering wage levels). Still, one of the most important positive effects of immigration reflected by the results obtained is represented by an increase in the number of innovative enterprises in the host country, thus confirming the theories linking migration to innovation. In terms of labour emigration, there is evidence to attest that it generates positive effects on the main sending economies from Central and Eastern Europe on the GDP per capita, earnings and exports, especially through remittances, but the overall negative impact is predominant.
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McKay, John P. "Private Enterprise in Eastern Europe: The Non-Agricultural Private Sector in Poland and the GDR, 1945–1983. By Anders Åslund. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985. xvi + 294 pp. $29.95.)." Business History Review 60, no. 1 (1986): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115955.
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Dikova, Dessislava, Arjen van Witteloostuijn, and Simon Parker. "Capability, environment and internationalization fit, and financial and marketing performance of MNEs’ foreign subsidiaries." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 24, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 405–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-01-2016-0003.
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Purpose Extant work in international business (IB) involves a partial contingency-theoretic perspective: a holistic view of the impact of bundles of contingencies on an outcome variable is missing. The purpose of this paper is to adopt a contingency approach to study multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiary performance in the appropriate context of European transition economies at the beginning of the current millennium. Design/methodology/approach Methodologically, the authors introduce abduction as a line of inquiry into IB and management to develop new theoretical insights, and apply the novel empirical general interaction method to estimate bundle effects. In so doing, the authors contribute to the further development of a theoretical and empirical toolkit to revitalize holistic, or configurational, quantitative research in IB and management. Findings The authors find that capability fit is a necessary condition for high MNE subsidiary marketing performance, whilst environment fit is particularly critical for high MNE subsidiary financial performance. Research limitations/implications A key limitation is that this is a cross-section study. Practical implications This study offers insights as to subsidiary fit into Eastern Europe, indicating fitting entry and establishment modes. Originality/value This paper offers a novel holistic approach to IB, both in terms of theoretical and empirical methodology.
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Smith, Robert, and Gerard McElwee. "The “horse-meat” scandal: illegal activity in the food supply chain." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 26, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-08-2019-0292.
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Purpose Food supply chain theory and practice generally assumes that the business practices and processes involved are ethical, legal and value-adding when this is not always so, as demonstrated by the ongoing 2013 horse-meat scandal. Although it is ostensibly a UK-based affair, it encompasses the meat processing industry across Europe. This study, thus, aims to examine supply chain criminality and to highlight “scandal scripts” which amplify underlying issues. Design/methodology/approach A systematic review of extant literature on the scandal adds to that body of work, updating the existing narrative to include a detailed analysis of convicted “industry insiders”, highlighting supply chain issues involved in the frauds. Micro-stories of businessmen involved are presented to enable an empirical exploration of their illegal involvement in the meat trade. Using storied data from accounts of the scandal as contemporary examples, emerging themes and issues are outlined through a mixed methods qualitative approach consisting of ethical covert research, using documentary research strategy underpinned by narrative inquiry. Findings Media coverage perpetuated various myths notably that the fraud was carried out by “shadowy”, Eastern European “mafia figures” exploiting the extended food supply chains. The analysis is aided by the use of media hypothesis. Far from being a mafia-inspired fraud, the criminal activity was organised in nature and committed by insider businessmen. The findings demonstrate that supply chains are complex and require an understanding of storied business practices, including the ethical and illegal. Research limitations/implications From an academic perspective, there are implications such as the dearth of academic research and policy-related studies into food fraud possibly because of the difficulty in obtaining data because of access to such enterprises and entrepreneurs necessitating reliance upon documentary sources and investigative journalism. Practical implications There are distinct policy implications, particularly the need to legislate against international criminal conspiracies and everyday ordinary organised food frauds perpetuated. Lax penalties do little to prevent such crimes which need to be taken more seriously by the authorities, and treated as major crime. In formulating food laws, rules and regulations, greater cognisance should be taken to consider how supply chains in the food industry could be better protected from predatory criminal actions. Originality/value This novel qualitative study will enable academics and practitioners to better understand illegal enterprise, food fraud and risk management from both operational and supply chain perspectives and will be useful to investigators by furthering our understanding of entrepreneurial practice and morality in the food industry.
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Ilhan-Nas, Tülay, Emrah Koparan, and Tarhan Okan. "The effects of the CSR isomorphism on both CSP and CFP." Journal of Asia Business Studies 9, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-11-2014-0086.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the interrelationships between corporate social responsibility (CSR) isomorphism of headquarters (HQs) and their subsidiaries as well as corporate social performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) at the subsidiary level. Design/methodology/approach – This study tested these relationships through canonical correlation analyses. The data used were drawn from corporate HQ and 63 subsidiaries, which were publicly listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange in 2007. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used in the study. Findings – The results generally indicated that the isomorphism between the CSR practices of the HQ and those of their subsidiaries could impact both the CSP, especially the product and employee dimensions, and the CFP. No relationship was found to exist between the CSP and CFP. Originality/value – Despite extensive interest by scholars and practitioners in the subject area, relatively little is known about the management of CSR by the multinational enterprises (MNEs) (Meyer, 2004), as the literature does not systematically examine the effects that occur on employee performance following the diffusion of CSR among the MNEs subsidiaries. Extending earlier literature on CSR, by integrating the effect of the CFP, the present study focuses on the effects of isomorphism between the CSR practices of the MNEs and those of their subsidiaries on both CSP and CFP. Further, the study examined the interrelation of CSP and CFP from the perspective of international management. Given the increased interest in corporate governance matters at the international level, CSR plays a central and fundamentally important role in the corporate governance of the MNEs because of both globalization forces and the pressures exerted by stakeholders. In this context, this paper is one of the first to explore the transfer of CSR practices from the MNEs to their subsidiaries. The effect of CSR on performance is an important research question, especially for emerging markets (Ibrahim and Angelidis, 1995; Waddock and Graves, 1997; Ghazali, 2007; Johnson and Greening, 1999). Despite the importance of this issue, however, until recently, only a limited discussion has been evident in the literature on CSR in the international arena with particular reference given to the emerging economies. Studying the effects of the CSR isomorphism on the performance in Turkish context is justified in three ways. First, Turkey is the largest emerging economy in Eastern Europe, the Balkans and the Middle East (Tatoglu et al., 2003, p. 7). It presents the emerging nature of the market and the transitional characteristics of the institutional environment (Cavusgil et al., 2002). Second, the drivers for CSR in Turkey, such as the other emerging markets whose institutional characteristics and economic fundamentals is similar, are exogenous and institutional rather than endogenous factors (Ararat and Gocenoglu, 2006, p. 11). Excluding the philanthropic activities, the very first manifestations of CSR were observed in the business conduct of MNEs in Turkey (Ararat and Gocenoglu, 2006, p. 11). MNEs have a dominant and leader role in Turkey for CSR practices. Finally, the subsidiaries operating in Turkey are less likely to resist the transfer of the organizational policies and practices such as human resource management policies (Sayim, 2010, 2011) and organizational culture (Ilhan, 2008). In fact, they want to even transfer the policies and practices from MNEs (Sayim 2010, 2011; Ilhan, 2008). Therefore, Turkish context provides a good case to test the effects of the CSR isomorphism on the performance.
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Iaroslav, Petrunenko, Iryna Khmarska, Tetiana Tkachenko, Hanna Koptieva, and Veronika Komandrovska. "The Importance оf Small and Medium Enterprises in the Economic Development of Eastern Europe." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (August 5, 2021): 898–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.84.
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An important engine of economic development of the country is the development of small and medium enterprises. At the same time, small and medium-sized businesses, being elements of the economic system, have a significant impact on the overall economic growth of the country. Thus, there is a mutual influence of economic units on the economy as a whole. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of small and medium-sized enterprises of small and medium-sized enterprises on the gross domestic product on the example of Eastern European countries. Methods: analysis, description, observation, comparison, generalization, induction, deduction, grouping, systematization, tabular and graphical representation. Results: The level of ease of doing business in Eastern Europe was analyzed according to the Ease of doing business ranking and it was found that the Czech Republic and Poland are among the 40 countries in Eastern Europe ranked 40th and 41st out of 190 possible. It is established that the subjects of small (including micro-enterprises) and medium-sized enterprises belonging to the non-financial sector, in the structure of all enterprises of the non-financial sector of each of the studied countries occupy more than 90%. It was found that a significant share in the structure of small and medium enterprises in Eastern Europe is occupied by micro-enterprises, while the share of medium-sized enterprises is the lowest. The results of regression analysis to determine the impact of small and medium enterprises on the economic growth of countries obtained by establishing the dependence of GDP on Turnover of the non-financial business economy by size class of employment. Revealed a high dependence of GDP Turnover of the non-financial business economy by size class of employment in all surveyed countries in Eastern Europe.
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Todeva, Emanuela. "Comparative Business Networks in Eastern Europe." Journal of East-West Business 6, no. 2 (January 5, 2001): 95–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j097v06n02_05.
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Gelbuda, Modestas, Klaus E. Meyer, and Andrew Delios. "International business and institutional development in Central and Eastern Europe." Journal of International Management 14, no. 1 (March 2008): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2007.05.011.
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Jaklič, Andreja, Krzysztof Obloj, Marjan Svetličič, and Luka Kronegger. "Evolution of Central and Eastern Europe related international business research." Journal of Business Research 108 (January 2020): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.06.046.
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Hjort, Katrin Erna. "Window on Eastern Europe." Business Ethics: A European Review 5, no. 3 (July 1996): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1996.tb00154.x.
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Michailova, Snejina. "Constructing management in Eastern Europe." Journal of World Business 38, no. 3 (August 2003): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-9516(03)00016-6.
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Staicu, Daniela. "Financial sustainability of social enterprise in Central and Eastern Europe." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 907–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2018-0081.
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Abstract Recent years have seen a burgeoning interest in social enterprise across Europe. In Central and Eastern European countries, the transition to a market economy stimulated civil society initiatives, and opened new pathways for entrepreneurial initiatives, including the pioneering establishment of the first social enterprises. Eight of the Central and Eastern European countries studied acknowledge the functioning of approximately 24000 social enterprises ‘hidden’ among a variety of existing legal forms, out of which 15172 associations and foundations undertaking some economic activity. Relatively little consideration has been given to the longer-term growth and performance of these hybrid organizational forms. To succeed, these ventures must adhere to both social goals and financial constraints. It implies that common forces from multiple actors - government and other public bodies, banks, corporations, investment funds as well as individuals join efforts. Business failure among social enterprises has been attributed to various difficulties related to size, a lack of resources, and finance and funding issues. It is essential to understand which revenue streams ensure financial sustainability in the case of the social enterprise. This paper analyzes the entrepreneurial dimension of social enterprise activity in eight Central and East European countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia, addressing the question of social enterprise revenue streams. Most social enterprises examined are aware of the need to insure financial stability to their social mission and are actively securing and combining a blend of income streams, in order to avoid overdependence on one source of income and insure sustainability. None of the countries are solely depending on market sources. Research limitations were encountered when analyzing the variety of revenue streams due to the fact that some country reports presented also the dimension of a specific revenue, whereas others do not comprise specific numbers.
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Grant, Wyn. "Business associations in Eastern Europe and Russia." Journal of Communist Studies 9, no. 2 (June 1993): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523279308415209.
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Geib, Peter, and Lucie Pfaff. "Eastern and Central Europe." Journal of East-West Business 5, no. 4 (May 10, 2000): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j097v05n04_05.
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Globokar, Tatjana. "Intercultural Management in Eastern Europe." International Studies of Management & Organization 26, no. 3 (September 1996): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1996.11656687.
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Vaduva, Sebastian, Bruce D. Keillor, and Michael d'Amico. "Emerging entrepreneurship in Eastern Europe." International Journal of Management Practice 1, no. 3 (2005): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmp.2005.008039.
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Lee, Sang M., and Silvana Trimi. "Developing Business Education Infrastructure in Eastern Europe: Albanian Experience." International Journal of Public Administration 27, no. 11-12 (October 2004): 869–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/pad-200037353.
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Staicu, Daniela. "Policy framework and legal forms of social enterprise in Central and Eastern Europe." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0093.
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AbstractIn Central and Eastern European countries, the transition to a market economy stimulated civil society initiatives that in the past had been either discouraged or had become part of the Communist state system, and opened new pathways to entrepreneurial initiatives. The 1990s was an open window to the creation of a significant number of non-profit organizations, including the pioneering establishment of the first social enterprises. When these countries became members of the European Union, the process of legal institutionalization of social enterprises started to be discussed and has taken place at various stages. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the policy frameworks and the legal forms and of social enterprises in eight countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The research seeks to determine the extent to which the development of national policy frameworks influences the development of legal forms under which social enterprises operate. For the purpose of this analysis, data were collected from relevant to this subject country reports, studies, laws released between 2009 and 2016. The research shows that European social enterprises are often ‘hidden’ among existing legal forms either as associations and foundations with commercial activities, cooperatives serving general or collective interests and mainstream enterprises pursuing an explicit and primary social aim. Further research needs to be done to determine the potential for growth of entities operating as associations and foundations with commercial activities. Furthermore, the research concluded that the countries with specific laws on social entrepreneurship generate 61 % of the social economy activity in Central and Eastern European countries. Further research needs to be done to determine if introducing a social enterprise specific legal form, will stimulate the development of the business models under which social enterprises operate and implicitly growth.
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Murray, David J., and Marek Kucia. "Business Integrity in Transitional Economies: Central & Eastern Europe." Business Ethics: A European Review 4, no. 2 (April 1995): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1995.tb00232.x.
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Gheorghe, Catalin, and Oana Panazan. "Model for Industrial Business Relocation in Eastern Europe." MATEC Web of Conferences 343 (2021): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134307011.
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Relocation of production is an operation by which a company transfers part or all of its production capacity from one country to another or from one city to another. It is a current problem for industrial and other business, a visible consequence of the globalization of the world economy. Moving the company is an activity that involves a high consumption of resources over a long period of time so it must be treated with great responsibility. Being a long-term decision, it must be supported by research to determine all the factors involved and the effect they, individually or in groups, have on relocation. The article aims to identify, group and eliminate overlaps between the criteria considered in the literature. The paper presents a different approach compared to other research. The factors that determine the relocation based on a large number of researches have been identified. Subsequently, the factors were synthesized into 8 groups. For each group the most important measurement indicator was selected taking into account a large number of variants. 12 Eastern European countries were selected for which data were accessed on the 8 criteria used from international databases. Statistical data processing led to a multiple regression equation that allows the determination of the score obtained by each state analysed. The scores thus obtained were statistically processed and a cubic equation was established. Such relationships allow the identification of solutions that states must undertake to attract investors. The results can be used by companies, regardless of their size, as a large number of scientifically proven factors have been taken into account.
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Admiraal, Wilfried, and Ditte Lockhorst. "E-Learning in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises across Europe." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 27, no. 6 (December 2009): 743–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242609344244.
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Shyra, Taras, Kostiantyn Salyga, Vasyl Derii, Igor Prykhodko, and Svitlana Shymkiv. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF CORPORATE SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF COUNTERING THREATS TO DOING BUSINESS." Business: Theory and Practice 22, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2021.13396.
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The principal purpose of the study is to determine the main parameters of corporate security development in the enterprise in the context of determining the level of impact of external and internal threats. The study uses survey methods on the main internal and external threats that may affect the corporate security of enterprises. The purpose of the practical part of our study is to determine the level of these threats to corporate security. The methodological basis of our study is the method of expert evaluation, which was conducted by interviewing people involved in the process of corporate security management of enterprises, as well as methods of the hierarchical organization using matrices of pair-wise comparisons. The major results of the study can be considered determining the hierarchy of influence of each of the threats affecting the corporate security of industrial enterprises, which will allow optimizing the security system and directing its activities to more pressing issues. Our method of the hierarchical organization of threats to corporate security does not take into account the specifics of the corporate security system of industrial enterprises in most European countries and now can be freely implemented mainly in industrial enterprises of Eastern Europe. The proposed method of assessing external and internal threats is currently optimized for the activities of industrial enterprises in Eastern Europe, including Ukraine and Poland. In the following, at an expansion of the given research, there is a possibility of introducting this methodology to the enterprises of other countries or other profiles. The relevance of this study lies in determining the level of threats that affect the corporate security of industrial enterprises. The methodology for assessing the level of influence of these threats is universal, therefore it can be used in the event of a change in the main threats, it is extremely relevant in the context of rapid globalization changes in the world.
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Vlachos, Vasileios A. "International business spillovers in South Eastern Europe: members of the stability pact." International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies 4, no. 2 (2011): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijepee.2011.039567.
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Zapalska, Alina, Georgine Fogel, and Dallas Brozik. "Banking Systems in Eastern Europe." Journal of East-West Business 5, no. 4 (May 10, 2000): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j097v05n04_06.
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Nizaeva, Mirgul, and Ali Coskun. "Investigating the Relationship Between Financial Constraint and Growth of SMEs in South Eastern Europe." SAGE Open 9, no. 3 (July 2019): 215824401987626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019876269.
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This study investigates the determinants of financial constraint and its impact on the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in South Eastern Europe (SEE). In this study, enterprise data from the fifth round of the Business Environment and Enterprise Survey (BEEPS V) undertaken in 2012-2016 were used, and an empirical analysis including ordered probit, probit, and feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) specifications was conducted. The findings evidence that financial constraint is significantly detrimental to SME growth in the region. Moreover, SMEs operating in trade sector perceive access to finance comparatively less, whereas mature enterprises perceive it as more constraining. Among country-specific factors, high banking sector concentration adversely affects access to finance, whereas more domestic credit provided to private sector mitigates the financial constraint perception of SMEs.
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White, John B., Morgan P. Miles, and E. James Randall. "Innovative Financial Technologies To Facilitate Trade With Eastern Europe." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 8, no. 3 (October 4, 2011): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v8i3.6150.
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The European Economic Community is overshadowing the great market potential of the emerging, newly liberated Eastern Bloc countries. Entering these formerly communist markets is challenging because of a lack of sound economies and weak currencies. This paper develops a model whereby North American businesses enter these markets and accept local currencies for products and services, purchase local goods with the local currency and then sell these goods through international commodity exchanges.
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Czerwonka, Leszek, and Jacek Jaworski. "Capital structure determinants of small and medium-sized enterprises: evidence from Central and Eastern Europe." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 28, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-09-2020-0326.
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PurposeThe main aim of the paper is to examine the small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs) capital structure determinants in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) (Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania).Design/methodology/approachThe authors used panel models to analyze financial data of 15,253 companies operating in the years 2014–2017.FindingsThe authors confirmed the dominant role of firm-specific factors. Industry and country variables explain only 4% of debt variability of the surveyed companies. The direction of influence of the diagnosed firm-specific factors is consistent with the pecking order theory. About one-fourth of SMEs in CEE hold a stock of debt capacity. It negatively affects the share of debt in the capital. The authors did not confirm the influence of the systematic industry business risk.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations of the study are (1) the inclusion of only six CEE countries in the sample; (2) the exclusion of microenterprises from the sample; (3) the capital structure relationships are observed following the applications of static panel; (4) the endogeneity issue has not been addressed in the model.Practical implicationsThis study shows that business-friendly institutional environment is an important factor influencing the indebtedness of companies. It increases the leverage and, consequently, the return on equity, especially in CEE countries.Originality/valueSME analyses in CEE countries are not as frequent as for other regions. Despite the classical determinants of the SMEs' capital structure, the authors have included debt capacity and systematic industry business risk in this study.