Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'International Association for Labor'
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Choko, Maude. "La liberté d'association au Canada et la liberté syndicale à l'OIT : synonymes?" Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111565.
Full textNghia, Pham Trong. "Incorporating the core international labour standards on freedom of association and collective bargaining into Vietnam's legal system." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4600.
Full textGorelli, Hernández Juan. "Delimiters of the right of vacations." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107245.
Full textEntre los distintos derechos que el Derecho del Trabajo reconoce al trabajador, el derecho de vacaciones se ha constituido en uno de losmás relevantes actualmente. Ahora bien, al respecto pueden surgir ciertas interrogantes: ¿A qué nos referimos cuando hablamos de vacaciones?; ¿Cuáles son los elementos que la componen?; ¿Cuál es su finalidad?En el presente artículo, el autor responde estas y otras preguntas, a la luz de diversos estudios doctrinarios, legislación internacional y jurisprudencia constitucional. Destaca, asimismo, el papel que cumple el Convenio 132 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo y la importancia del respeto de la libertad sindical.
White, Kirk. "The Development of IAM District Lodge 776 in Fort Worth, Texas, 1942-1946: A Case Study in the Growth of Organized Labor During World War II." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2205/.
Full textMadima, Takalani Samuel. "Freedom of association and the right to trade union activity : international labour standard in South African industrial laws." Thesis, University of Essex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333412.
Full textLemire, Louis. "Protection of trade union freedom of association under the International Labour Organisation and under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6018.
Full textREMIDA, VALENTINA. "Libertà di associazione sindacale e diritto di sciopero : l'impatto degli international labour standards a livello nazionale ed europeo." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1251.
Full textThe thesis analyses the impact of international labour standards about freedom of association on national legal systems and on the European level, to verify if they can reinforce the protection of collective social rights. The research starts from a survey of ILO sources on freedom of association, considered as a fundamental right to be promoted universally, and from the definition, provided by the supervisory bodies, conceiving strike as an “intrinsic corollary” of the right to organize. The thesis focuses on the use of international labour standards by judges in the context of the cooperation among judiciary authorities and quasi-judicial specialized bodies. In particular, the research considers some judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, as Demir and Enerji Yapi, where ILO instruments, together with the European Social Charter and the decisions of the European Committee of Social Rights, were used to extend the scope of art. 11 ECHR so as to cover the right to collective bargaining and collective action. In the light of the Lisbon Treaty modifications, the thesis considers, after the ECJ rulings in the Viking and Laval cases, if and how ILO standards and the recent ECHR case-law may have a positive impact on EU, stimulating a fairer balancing between economic freedoms and social rights.
REMIDA, VALENTINA. "Libertà di associazione sindacale e diritto di sciopero : l'impatto degli international labour standards a livello nazionale ed europeo." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1251.
Full textThe thesis analyses the impact of international labour standards about freedom of association on national legal systems and on the European level, to verify if they can reinforce the protection of collective social rights. The research starts from a survey of ILO sources on freedom of association, considered as a fundamental right to be promoted universally, and from the definition, provided by the supervisory bodies, conceiving strike as an “intrinsic corollary” of the right to organize. The thesis focuses on the use of international labour standards by judges in the context of the cooperation among judiciary authorities and quasi-judicial specialized bodies. In particular, the research considers some judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, as Demir and Enerji Yapi, where ILO instruments, together with the European Social Charter and the decisions of the European Committee of Social Rights, were used to extend the scope of art. 11 ECHR so as to cover the right to collective bargaining and collective action. In the light of the Lisbon Treaty modifications, the thesis considers, after the ECJ rulings in the Viking and Laval cases, if and how ILO standards and the recent ECHR case-law may have a positive impact on EU, stimulating a fairer balancing between economic freedoms and social rights.
Scott, Suzanne Pauline. "Education of child garment workers in Bangladesh, a case study of the memorandum of understanding involving the International Labour Organization, UNICEF, and the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq28719.pdf.
Full textTessada, José. "Essays on international economics and labor markets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43784.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 135-138).
This thesis consists of three separate essays related to international economics and labor markets. The first essay, with Francisco Gallego, looks at sudden stops, a main feature of developing countries in the last decades, and their effects on these countries. Using sector-level data on job flows for four Latin American countries, we find that sudden stops are associated with lower job creation and increased job destruction. Sectoral effects are related to financial indicators: sectors with higher dependence on external financing experience lower creation and sectors with high indicators of liquidity needs experience larger destruction. These results provide evidence of financial conditions being an important transmission channel of sudden stops within a country. The second essay, with Patricia Cortés, studies whether low-skilled immigration has led high-skilled American women to change their time use decisions. We find evidence that low-skilled immigration has increased hours worked by women with a graduate degree, especially those with a professional degree or a PhD and those with children. Our estimates suggest that the low-skilled immigration flow of the 1990s increased by 7 and 33 minutes a week the average time of market work of women with a Master's and a professional degree or a PhD, respectively. Low-skilled immigration increases the fraction of high-skilled women working more than 50 (and 60) hours a week, but decreases their labor force participation. Consistently, for these women, a decrease in the time spent in household work and an increase in reported expenditures on housekeeping services. Low-skilled immigration does not affect other education groups, except for a negative effect on labor supply.
(cont.) The third essay focuses on the effects of trade in services, modeled as formation of international production teams, in a diversity and trade model a la Grossman and Maggi (2000). For the two country case it is shown that when the tails of the countries' talent distributions satisfy a "similarity" condition, then free trade in goods replicates the integrated equilibrium. However, this condition is strong and it implies that generally international teams will change the allocation of agents, when trade in goods is already possible.
José A. Tessada.
Ph.D.
Rodrigues, Adão Rodrigo. "Essays In international trade and labor markets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104491.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 203-213).
This thesis develops empirical methodologies to investigate the effect of globalization on welfare and inequality both between- and within-countries. The first essay proposes a Roy-like model where workers are heterogeneous ill terms of their comparative and absolute advantage. We show that the schedules of comparative and absolute advantage (i) determine changes in the average and the variance of the log-wage distribution, and (ii) are nonparamnetrically identified from the cross-regional variation in the sectoral responses of employment and wages to observable sector-level demand shifters. Applying these results, we find that the rise in world commodity prices accounts for 5-10% of the fall in Brazilian wage inequality between 1991 and 2010. The second essay develops a methodology to construct nonparametric counterfactual predictions, free of functional-form restrictions on preferences and technology, in neoclassical models of international trade. First, we establish the equivalence between such models and reduced exchange models in which countries directly exchange factor services. This equivalence implies that, for an arbitrary change in trade costs, counterfactual changes in factor prices, and welfare only depend on the shape of a reduced factor demand system. Second, we provide sufficient conditions for the nionparainetric identification of this system. Together, these results offer a strict generalization of the parametric approach used in so-called gravity models. Finally, we use China's recent integration into the world economy to illustrate tile feasibility of our approach. The third essay investigates the connection between the recent rise in services trade and changes in labor market outcomes in different countries. We develop a theoretical framework where trade in services arises from the spatial unbundling of workers' task output. Transmission costs endogenously determine the magnitude of between-sector task trade both within a country ("outsourcing") and between countries ("offshoring"). We show that, while differentials in sectoral task prices decrease in response to outsourcing, they increase in response to offshoring. The heterogeneity in the composition of workers' task endowments controls responses in between- and within-sector wage inequality across countries.
by Rodrigo Rodrigues Adão.
Ph. D.
González-Olaechea, Franco Javier. "The International Labor Organization, Achievements and Challenges." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118071.
Full textEn el presente artículo se pretende realizar una revisión histórica acerca del surgimiento de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, así como su evolución con el paso del tiempo hasta llegar a la posición en la que se encuentra hoy en día, y su labor como protector del trabajador en tanto ser humano digno y no de la máquina.
Voloshchuk. "UKRAINIAN PARTICIPATION IN THE LABOR INTERNATIONAL DIVISION." Thesis, Київ 2018, 2018. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/33926.
Full textKoch, William L. "Three essays in technology, international trade and labor /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
Full textLiang, Yawen. "Essays on international trade and labor in Indonesia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58784.
Full textArts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate
Riker, David A. (David Andrew). "Essays on multinationals, trade, and international labor demands." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10839.
Full textLas, Heras Horacio Raúl. "International Labor Law Standards and Argentine Domestic Law." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117309.
Full textEl presente artículo intenta abordar la problemática, desde el punto de vista del derecho laboral, que se presenta en torno a la interpretación de normas laborales partiendo de un análisis de fuentes, ya sea tanto fuente interna como internacional. Con lo cual, el autor aboga por mantener la esencia del principio protector del derecho laboral lo cual llevará a conjugar normas de las diferentes fuentes para proteger tanto al trabajador como a la estructura institucional y legal del derecho interno de cada país.
Orsi, Davide. "Civil association and international society : Michael Oakeshott's political philosophy of international relations." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/70045/.
Full textHolland, Cody. "Labor standards and efficiency estimation of farms in the Kansas Farm Management Association." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13607.
Full textDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Michael Langemeier
The objectives of this thesis are to examine the labor requirements of Kansas crop and livestock enterprises and farms and the connection between labor efficiency and productivity, and other important farm characteristics including farm size and type. The derived labor requirements are compared to current KFMA labor requirements. Enterprise summary reports and a five year whole-farm panel data set from 1,016 Kansas Farm Management Association (KFMA) farms are used in the analysis. Whole-farm labor requirements are computed with and without an adjustment for managerial and overhead cost. Individual regressions will be estimated to determine the effects that farm size, type, region and profit margin have on labor requirements. The estimation results suggest that many of the current labor requirements still in use are accurate. However, there are enterprises with labor requirements that need updating. When the newly estimated requirements are compared to the previous KFMA requirements, 14 enterprises have lower labor requirements. Irrigated alfalfa showed the greatest decrease in labor required when compared to the previous standard, decreasing from 3.85 hrs/acre to 1.70 hrs/acre. Regression estimation results indicated that whole farm labor standards that were corrected for un-allocated overhead and managerial costs appear to be a more accurate representation of farm labor requirements.
Cacciatore, Matteo. "The Macroeconomics of International Trade, Regulation, and Labor Markets." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1390.
Full textThis thesis studies the role of product and labor market frictions for the propagation of shocks in closed and open economy. The first chapters focuses on the consequences of relaxing product and labor regulation for macroeconomic outcomes. Specifically, we study long and short to medium run effects of deregulation by developing a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model featuring endogenous producer entry and search and matching frictions in the labor market. We calibrate the model to reproduce salient features of countries belonging to the Euro Area which are characterized by large barriers to entry, firing restrictions and unemployment benefits. We analyze the effects of single policy changes and a global reform in which product and labor market regulations are set at the current U.S. level. Three main results emerge. First, we show that deregulation -- either partial or global - would trigger adjustment costs in the short run, increasing unemployment and reducing consumption. Long run welfare gains would make up for short run costs. Second, reforms are interdependent as the effects of a policy change in one market depend upon the level of regulation prevailing in the other. Third, regulation has important consequences for the business cycle properties of the economy. After a full deregulation, the Euro Area would become more responsive to exogenous disturbances but the absorption of shocks would be quicker. Our findings suggest that concerns about the negative effect of strict regulation for the speed of recovery from downturns could be well placed. The second chapter studies how country-specific labor market frictions -- hiring and firing restrictions and protection of unemployed workers -- affect the consequences of trade integration. We address this question in a two-country model of trade and macroeconomic dynamics with heterogeneous firms, endogenous producer entry, and search and matching frictions in the labor market. We study the dynamic effects of trade integration on unemployment and economic activity and the business cycle implications of stronger trade linkages. The model introduces a novel source of amplification and propagation of domestic and international shocks, as fluctuations in job creation and destruction affect the profitability of producer entry into domestic and export markets. Structural differences in labor markets translate into asymmetric entry and export dynamics across countries. As trade barriers are reduced, unemployment initially rises (falls) in countries with more rigid (flexible) labor markets. In the long run, average productivity gains ensure positive employment effects in both countries. Trade is always beneficial for welfare, but the economy with a rigid labor market gains less. Integration has also important business cycle consequences. In contrast to benchmark international real business cycle models, but consistent with the data, the model predicts that trade integration leads to increased business cycle synchronization. Volatility increases in the country with a rigid labor market, but it falls for the flexible partner
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
Voy, Annie. "Globalization and child labor /." Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1883686921&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textKlanarong, Nisakorn. "Female international labour migration from Southern Thailand /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk632.pdf.
Full textEwen, Geoffrey. "International unions and the workers' revolt in Quebec, 1914-1925." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0021/NQ27291.pdf.
Full textSchmutte, Ian. "International union activity politics of scale in the Australian labour movement /." Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/719.
Full textTitle from title screen (viewed 30 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy to the Discipline of Work and Organisational Studies. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
Annett, Kevin Daniel. "International labor migration : a comparative perspective on Canadian policy." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26357.
Full textArts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
Hernández-Luna, Yezid. "International trade and labor markets : empirical and theoretical evidence." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0547.
Full textI study the relationship between international trade and labor markets in three papers. In the first one, I find for the Colombian case, that together, the sector skill intensity and the international trade bring about more skill-biased technical change, increasing wage inequality, though such an effect is offset using temporary workers. In the second one, the analysis of a trade model with formal and informal heterogeneous firms, under full employment, shows that an openness policy decreases the average productivity of informal firms while makes formal to become informal, worsening welfare. However, forcing informal firms to become formal, increases average wages and raises welfare. In the third one, Diff in Diff estimates presents the impact of the 2003-2013 oil prices boom, on countries affected and not affected by the Dutch disease. In the former group, international trade flow increases although agriculture at a lower magnitude, while unemployment and informal labor decrease
Zapata, Victor [Verfasser]. "Essays on labor economics and international trade / Victor Zapata." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206592281/34.
Full textMcPherson, Alexander Hugh. "Scottish international skilled labour mobility." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1994. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5506/.
Full textMoghadam, Reza. "Wage determination : an international perspective." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1990. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3984/.
Full textMattina, Anne F. "Shattered silence : the rhetoric of an American female labor reform association /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250098488.
Full textTarnopolska, I. "Integration of social-labor relations of Ukraine into the system of international relations." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2018. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11352.
Full textKamei, Keita. "Essays on International Trade and Oligopoly." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199049.
Full textWarmsingh, Subordas. "Determinants and impacts of international labour migration in rural Thailand /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw277.pdf.
Full textChurch, Audrey Leigh. "International standards and domestic compliance: the issue of child labor." FIU Digital Commons, 2002. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2362.
Full textLuciy, V. I. "International labor migration and its impact on the world economy." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/86544.
Full textМетою магістерської кваліфікаційної роботи є теоретичне обґрунтування та розробка науково-методичних засад та практичних пропозицій, спрямованих на аналіз та оцінку впливу трудової міграції на економіку та її перспективи в умовах глобалізації.
Nefodova, A. A. "Migration policy and regulation of the international labor force migration." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2019. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/75548.
Full textThe master’s thesis examines the essence of the term “international labor migration”, the classification of this phenomenon and certain strategies of migration policy in order to prevent illegal labor migration. The focus was on the analysis of the existing migration policy strategies and the effectiveness of these strategies. The main aim of this research is to develop recommendations for improving the effectiveness of existing migration policy strategies and for making some changes to improve its effectiveness.
Amaya, Mariam, and Lindholm Markus Seppälä. "Experiences of international social work graduates entering the labor market." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-34158.
Full textMaro, Mkasafari Grace. "Economic impact of international labour migration on Lesotho's development, 1986-1998: towards an international labour migration policy for the Southern African region." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007496.
Full textOkusa, Maki. "Child labor in Asia : challenges and responses of the International Labour Organization in Thailand and India /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7779.
Full textXu, Jiajun. "Buying influence? : the international diplomacy behind donor financing of the World Bank's International Development Association." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4e90a729-0a79-457a-9497-b35defeae456.
Full textPoole, Jennifer Pamela. "Mobility and information flows in international trade and investment." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3277677.
Full textTitle from first page of PDF file (viewed October 10, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-109).
Adi, Rianto. "The impact of international labour migration in Indonesia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha2345.pdf.
Full textДомашенко, Марина Дмитрівна, Марина Дмитриевна Домашенко, Maryna Dmytrivna Domashenko, and D. S. Pimonenko. "Ukraine in international migration processes." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/86612.
Full textMcGowan, Danny. "Essays in entry, exit and international trade." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13422/.
Full textArkhiiereiev, Sergii I. "Ukrainian international business under influence of EU-Ukraine association agreement." Thesis, Харківський національний університет ім. В. Н. Каразіна, 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/39004.
Full textGilmour, Tony. "Network power: an international study of strengthening housing association capacity." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5393.
Full textGilmour, Tony. "Network power an international study of strengthening housing association capacity /." University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5393.
Full textOperating in the space between state, market and society, nonprofit housing associations are part of a new generation of hybrid organisations. Unlike traditional organisations delivering publicly subsidised affordable rental accommodation, governance is networked not hierarchical. The state can influence - through subsidy, regulation and direct intervention - though seldom chooses to directly control. Housing associations regularly partner with public sector agencies, private developers and other nonprofit or hybrid organisations. Networking is used to share resources, build local coalitions and increase institutional learning. This thesis uses a cross-national case study approach to develop frameworks leading to a deeper understanding of what housing associations are becoming. The topic is addressed through the research focus on how to strengthen housing association capacity, taken to be ‘the capability of an organisation to achieve goals’. Nine associations of three organisation types, selected from the city regions of San Francisco, Melbourne and Manchester, provided rich documentary and interview information. This was supplemented by interviews with senior staff at networked organisations identified through snowballing techniques. Organisational capacity is often seen as a set of attributes that housing associations possess, such as a mission statement and governance procedures. This has led to a narrow focus on capacity building through professionalisation, introducing management approaches from the private sector. The research findings suggest the importance of broader approaches to strengthening organisational capacity, for example though collaboration between associations by merger, group structure, or procurement partnerships. Capacity can also be built with assistance from both traditional and emerging networked support organisations. Trade and professional bodies, together with consultants, lobby organisations, researchers and community groups form part of a broader web. The success of contemporary housing associations depends not only on the skills of individuals working for the organisation, but their ability to make connections across the wider environment - organisational capacity strengthened through network power.
Shintaku, Koji. "Essays on International Trade and the Division of Labor within Firms." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/200426.
Full textBrown, Steven Raymond. "Labor relations in the NBA the analysis of labor conflicts between owners, players and management from 1998-2006 /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/988.
Full textChakrabarti, Anindya S. "Essays on macroeconomic networks, volatility and labor allocation." Thesis, Boston University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/34329.
Full textThis dissertation comprises three chapters on the network structure of the economy and its macroeconomic consequences. In the first two chapters, I analyze the relationship between macroeconomic volatility of individual countries and the international trade network the countries are embedded in. In the third chapter, I study the international migration network. In the first chapter, I show a regularity that European countries occupying more central positions in the intra-Europe trade network exhibit lower macroeconomic volatility. Intuitively the trade network has a core-periphery structure and the core is more stable than the periphery. This is puzzling because the core country is also more open to shocks coming from all other countries, which increases volatility. This relationship is informative in the context of the unsettled, classic debate on whether trade openness increases or decreases country-level volatility. Rather than considering an aggregate measure like trade openness, the idea of centrality provides a more comprehensive measure of the nature and strength of trade linkages as well as the identity of the trade partners, all of which have important effects on volatility. I construct a multi-country, multi-sector model subject to idiosyncratic productivity and liquidity shocks, and fully characterize the trade network generated in equilibrium. I calibrate the model to the European Union and I show that it closely replicates the observed negative relationship. Next, I extend the theory presented to incorporate a general network structure and its effects on volatility. From an empirical perspective, I construct an instrument based on geographic distance to establish the finding. From a theoretical perspective, I consider the possibilities of missing linkages and stochastic weights in the trade networks. The third chapter studies the European immobility puzzle. A theory of cross-country migration is devised in the form of labor mobility based on regional and sectoral productivity shocks in a multi-country, multi-sector setting. Differences across countries in socio-cultural and institutional factors induce a friction on such labor reallocation process. The model explains interstate migration network within the U. S. (frictionless benchmark) well. When applied to Europe, the model predicts a sizeable missing mass of migrants. Our estimates show this to be due to socio-cultural barriers.