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Journal articles on the topic 'International and municipal law – Europe, Eastern'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Nemec, Juraj, and David Špaček. "The Covid-19 pandemic and local government finance: Czechia and Slovakia." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 32, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-07-2020-0109.

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PurposeThe current Covid-19 crisis research focuses especially on epidemiologic and macro-level socioeconomic aspects. It only marginally covers impacts on local budgets. Our intention is to enrich the existing limited debate on this dimension.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a qualitative research approach and is based on secondary research and information available in restrictive regulations of national governments, data published by governmental bodies, international statistics and media articles published before 30 June 2020. The authors also conducted six non-structured online interviews with the leading question: “How do you see the current and future impacts of the pandemic on local public finance?”FindingsAvailable information on Czechia and Slovakia indicates that the level of municipal fiscal imbalance as the result of the Covid-19 crisis is not proportional to the situation on the central level, and municipal financial resources are not commensurate with their responsibilities as outlined by the constitution and the law. Because the reaction of the central government in both countries to this situation has been inadequate, municipalities will face problems with service delivery in some areas, especially in culture and sport.Originality/valueThe authors enrich the growing debate about the current Covid-19 crisis and its consequences and focus on local government finance in two selected countries from Central and Eastern Europe.

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Čandrlić - Dankoš, Ivana. "Mogućnosti korištenja audita sustava upravljanja kvalitetom za unaprjeđenje učinkovitosti javne uprave." Oeconomica Jadertina 7, no. 1 (November 12, 2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/oec.1351.

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According to the international requirements of ISO 9001:2015, the conducting of the audit of the quality control system is a key prerequisite for checking the compliance of the system with the international standards requirements and the requirements of the organization's quality management system that applies them. The results of conducted internal audits contain information related to irregularities (noncompliance with the required norms), and recommendations for improvement, all of it aimed towards improving the existing business practices. Simultaneously, the analysis of the position of the Republic of Croatia on international competitiveness charts shows a significant lag in relation to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The analysis of the comparison of the Republic of Croatia with other countries based on the analysis of international competitiveness shows lagging in all segments of competitiveness. Consequently, in line with the recommendations of the European Commission as part of the convergence program of national reforms in the Republic of Croatia, the weakness of the system is also reflected in the (non) efficiency of the public sector that needs to be improved. The work of local and regional self-government units (hereinafter referred to as management) in the Republic of Croatia is supervised by State administration bodies, institutions responsible for conducting business of legal and/or natural persons, assemblies in towns and counties, and within municipalities the municipal council as well as internal audit units and internal auditors if the management has implemented a quality management system according to one of the international standards. The question arises about the possibility of using audits as a form of quality management control as a strategic tool for improving the work of the administration, or more precisely the increasing of the efficiency of the system and raising the level of competitiveness. This paper gives a brief overview of the efficiency of the Croatian public administration presented through international competitiveness charts, an overview of the forms of work management oversight, with special emphasis on monitoring specificities according to the international standard ISO 9001:2015 and the Quality Control and Auditing Guidelines standard methodology and the ISO / IEC 19011: 2012. Professional and scientific literature regarding the experiences and the role of internal auditing in public administration has been consulted. The concluding remarks analyze the possibilities of using internal audits as the basis for improving the quality of the management system.

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Popa, Radu D. "Bibliographic Checklist on International Law Research: Eastern European Countries." International Journal of Legal Information 22, no. 2 (1994): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073112650002480x.

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Doing research in international law for the countries of Eastern Europe is very often frustrating, time consuming and eventually fruitless. One of the reasons is the language barrier; another is the scarcity of clear, reliable sources, even in the vernacular languages of those countries; finally, there is always considerable delay in receiving legal information for Eastern Europe. In compiling the present research guide I have tried to take into account all these discouraging factors and offer a new perspective to the user, an optimistic one rather than pessimistic one. Therefore, I included only English language sources, produced in the United States and Western Europe, because they tend to be widely available, reliable and generally up to date. By doing so I hope to dispel the reluctance that American lawyers, law teachers and students have about materials in languages other than English.

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4

Gylfason, Thorvaldur. "Reforms in Eastern Europe." Journal of World Trade 29, Issue 3 (June 1, 1995): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1995020.

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5

Kirby, Michael. "The common law and international law – a dynamic contemporary dialogue." Legal Studies 30, no. 1 (March 2010): 30–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2009.00138.x.

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International law, as expressed in treaties and in customary law, is of growing importance in municipal jurisdictions throughout the world. Some barriers to the use of international law in national courts are identified. Occasionally, they include scepticism and even hostility about this body of law. However, the past 60 years have witnessed a remarkable change in judicial attitudes in final courts in most Commonwealth countries.In the UK, the impact of Europe has helped create an ‘incoming tide’. In South Africa, India and Canada, constitutional provisions have stimulated the change. New Zealand is now affected by its Bill of Rights Act. But, in Australia, none of these forces was available and decisional authority adhered for decades to strict dualism.The changing pace of utilisation of international law in the UK and Australia are described. In the UK, the Human Rights Act 1998 now consolidates a trend already happening in the courts. In Australia, the Mabo decision in 1992 effectively endorsed the Bangalore Principles on the municipal application of international human rights norms. This paper describes the contrasting case-law. In the foregoing countries, it concludes with a response to criticisms of judicial utilisation of international law and a suggestion of the proper jurisprudential basis that can be identified to sustain a judicial process that is now well advanced in the countries surveyed.

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6

Nardin, Terry. "Moral Renewal: The Lessons of Eastern Europe." Ethics & International Affairs 5 (March 1991): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1991.tb00227.x.

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Nardin uses the Eastern European experience of the late 1980s and the works of Adam Michnik and Vaclav Havel to demonstrate the traditional cosmopolitan Kantian notion of morality in the “appeal to universal human values.” Nardin uses three major elements to argue the impossibility of such a concept: “the law of nature,” based on Stoic and Judeo-Christian foundation, focusing on reason and rationality of the individual rather than custom or divine authority; the uniqueness of various cultures challenging the universal “cosmopolitan” outlook on morality; and the differences among universal principles of morality relative to personal human experiences throughout time. Nardin concludes that the moral renewal in Eastern Europe is evidence that destructive consequences of moral diversity do not preclude a civil society once agreements on authoritative principles and laws are institutionalized. Each individual's own ethical conduct and internal moral guidance offer the basis for criticism and reform of law through membership in particular communities and common humanity.

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7

Dunne, Timothy. "International law, rights and politics: developments in eastern Europe and the CIS." International Affairs 70, no. 4 (October 1994): 813–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624628.

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8

Karadjova, Mariana. "Property Restitution in Eastern Europe: Domestic and International Human Rights Law Responses." Review of Central and East European Law 29, no. 3 (2004): 325–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573035042132932.

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AbstractThis article presents an overview of how those East European countries that are members of the Council of Europe have approached the problems of restitution as a means of reparation for past injustices. In doing so, attention will be paid to: the entitled persons and the extent of restitution; the underlying motivations vis-à-vis the form of reparation (restitution in kind or compensation), and attitudes towards minority groups and foreigners as part of the restitution process. Emphasis will also be given to the role played by international instruments (the ECHR and its future Protocol 12, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, various UN resolutions, etc), as well as by judicial institutions (the European Court of Human Rights, the UN Human Rights Committee) in the evolution of the restitution process in Eastern Europe in general, and regarding such issues as equality between foreigners and nationals as well as minority and religious groups and the elaboration of an international standard of restitution as reparation for abuses of human rights in particular. The bodies of the ECHR have managed to avoid problems related to restitution and reparations for past injustices by arguing that the right of restitution is not guaranteed by art.1 of Protocol 1 to the the ECHR. But the entry into force of a new Protocol 12 to the Convention will likely result in changes being made in this thought process, at least as regards the position of foreigners. If measures denying restitution, owing to the claimant's nationality, were taken after ratifi cation of Protocol 12, the way should be opened in the future to foreigners (in addition to procedures before the UN Human Rights Committee) to more effectively defend their rights relative to such restorative measures: notably, the possibility of seizing the Strasbourg Court with claims relating to justifi cation for "unequal treatment". The right to remedy the injustices committed to the victims of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law has appeared with increasing frequency on the agenda of the UN Commission on Human Rights. Furthermore, in its recent case law, the UN Human Rights Committee has evidenced a concern over several questions relating to the respect of possessions; it has already opted for the proposition that any discrimination on the basis of nationality in restitution legislation can be deemed to be a violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Lastly, after ratifi cation of Protocol 12, we can expect a link to be forged between the vision of the UN Commission on Human Rights and that of the European Court of Human Rights that may—in the future—lead to the elaboration of a common international mechanism regulating restitution as a means for the reparation of abuses of human rights.

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WILSON, ELIZABETH, and DANA ŠVIHLOVÁ. "DEVELOPING MUNICIPAL CAPACITY FOR EIA IN SLOVAKIA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 01, no. 04 (December 1999): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333299000363.

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Effective implementation of environmental policy proves difficult in many countries. Even where there is a comprehensive policy framework, the capacity for implementation at the local level may be weak. In some countries of central and eastern Europe, such as Slovakia, local government has acquired new environmental responsibilities, but lacks the capacity for exercising these roles. The Slovakian environmental impact assessment (EIA) law, for example, gives local government a role as a channel for public comment. However, most municipalities lack the technical expertise or political experience to play an effective role in the EIA process. This paper describes a project supported by the UK Know-How Fund with Slovakian partners to develop municipal capacity. It offers a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of the programme, and emphasises the need for training in EIA to relate to municipalities' other environmental responsibilities. It draws some conclusions on cross-national learning between local government in central and western Europe.

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10

Tomuschat, Christian. "Special Theme: Symposium on the History of International Law Scholarship in Central Eastern and Eastern Europe." Baltic Yearbook of International Law Online 7, no. 1 (2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115897-99000020.

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Mälksoo, Lauri. "Insula deserta? Thoughts on the History of International Law Scholarship in Central Eastern and Eastern Europe." Baltic Yearbook of International Law Online 7, no. 1 (2007): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115897-99000021.

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12

Trachuk, Petro, Uliana Mykhaylyshyn, Ihor Dashutin, Olena Hubska, and Yevhen Hetman. "The municipal authorities of Eastern European countries: Financial and economic aspects." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 26 (February 21, 2020): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.26.02.38.

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Description: The purpose of the article is to study theoretical and practical aspects of local government organization and activities in Eastern Europe. The subject of the article is the issues of legislative support of the financial and economic bases of functioning of the municipal authorities of the Eastern Europe Statesю Methodology. In the course of study general scientific and special methods were used, which are the means of scientific research. In particular, comparative legal method was used for the analysis of the norms of substantive law of Eastern European countries, scientific categories, definitions and approaches. Historical and legal method gave an opportunity to reveal the meaning of the concepts of «local budget», «local self-government», to highlight the development of scientific views on specific issues. System analysis method was applied for an integrated generalization of the features of each country under consideration. The system-structural method made it possible to determine the state and government objective factors in the financial and economic spheres. The results of the study. It is recognized that due to the relatively low share of income, the entire financial system of municipalities is unstable, as well as the economic conditions in which local self-government operates. Although the analysis showed that the size of municipal budgets gradually increased, in the end they do not correspond to the level of inflation in these countries Practical implications. To ensure the autonomy of local government, it is especially important to manage the own revenue base of the territories and reduce their dependence on subsidies from higher-level budgets. In our opinion, subsidies should cover only certain types of expenditures of either national or regional importance and ensure equalization of the financial situation of the territories. Value / originality. The analysis of the relevant legislation and legal literature of the countries in question allows us to conclude that the expenditure part of the minimum budget determined by the legislator is calculated according to the norms and standards established by representative higher authorities on the basis of the law and the available funds, while the revenues of the minimum budget should cover the minimum necessary expenses guaranteed by higher authorities.

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13

BAAZ, MIKAEL. "Dissident Voices in International Criminal Law." Leiden Journal of International Law 28, no. 3 (July 30, 2015): 673–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156515000357.

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Since the end of the Cold War, societies from the former Soviet Union and others throughout Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America have overthrown dictators and other authoritative rulers in the hope of allowing democracy, the rule of law, and human rights. In some cases, the change has been violent and drawn out, while in other cases the change has been quick and (more or less) non-violent. Regardless of whether the change has been violent or not, a crucial question during and after transition is: In what ways should post-authoritarian and/or post-conflict societies deal with their ‘evil’ past in order to ‘enable the state itself to [once again] function as a moral agent’? This question constitutes the very core of what is known as ‘transitional justice’ (TJ).

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14

Medushevskiy, Andrey. "Global Constitutionalism and Legal Fragmentation: The Populist Backslide in Central and Eastern Europe." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.4.393-440.

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<p>Globalisation has provoked a deep transformation in international law, political affairs and governance with contradictory consequences. It has stimulated the cosmopolitan project of global constitutionalism, transnational integration and the unification of democratic standards. However, it also resulted in the fragmentation of international affairs, the deterioration of constitutional democracy and a feeling of a growing shortage in democracy on national and international levels of governance. Trying to balance the impact of these two opposing trends, the author analyses the positive and negative effects of globalisation on constitutional development regarding such issues as transnational constitutionalisation, democracy and national sovereignty, the changing place of multilayer constitutionalism, the international separation of powers, and the system of global governance in the establishment of transnational constitutional democratic legitimacy. From this point of view, the populist backslide in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) looks dangerous and unforeseen, but it is a systemic and potentially predictable reaction of global regions on the uneven character of integration, the lack of democratic legitimacy and a new answer to the contortions and dysfunctions of global governance. An adequate response to these challenges could be found in a new concept of constitutional integration based on ongoing dialogue between the transnational and national actors of legal globalisation. This dialogue is possible by using a conflict-mediation strategy, elaborated by international experts, especially, for the deliberation of complex and protracted conflicts, which have no clear practical solutions in the short to medium term.</p>

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15

Wallace, Helen. "Studying Contemporary Europe." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 2, no. 1 (April 2000): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-856x.00028.

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The study of contemporary Europe has attracted growing attention in mainstream political science and international relations. Both studies of the European Union and cross-country comparisons of various political phenomena in different European countries are beginning to enrich our understanding of the process and limitations of integration. This growth of interest has also been stimulated by the opening up of central and eastern Europe which has encouraged scholars to address the issues of transformation using the tools of comparative politics. In addition, studies of Europeanisation are now being more systematically related to broader international developments and to the process of globalisation. British scholars, and British-based scholars, are making important contributions to the debates in political science and international relations. This review article traces some of the strands of this development.

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Sobell, Vladimir. "The Reconciliation Between China and Eastern Europe." Washington Quarterly 10, no. 2 (June 1987): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01636608709450723.

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17

Hare, Paul. "State-building for the market economy in Eastern Europe." Acta Oeconomica 70, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 471–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2020.00032.

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AbstractKornai's earlier works embodied the idea that state institutions formed a system with a strong tendency to reproduce itself, and hence to resist minor reforms. Thus, at the end of socialism, huge changes were needed in politics, economics, and the law to build a new system oriented towards the market-type economy, which would again be stable, self-reinforcing and self-sustaining. Transition promoted the development of new states in Eastern Europe that conformed to the Copenhagen criteria for the EU accession. Were we too hasty in thinking that we had succeeded? The new systems are not returning to the previous one, and only in a few areas have the basic norms of a market-type economy been set aside in Hungary or Poland. But concerns arise at the interface between politics, law and economics – to do with the rule of law, the nature and role of the state, and the interactions between parliament, the executive and the judiciary. Unavoidably, there is also an interesting international dimension here, represented by the shift from the Warsaw Pact and CMEA to NATO and the EU. This paper explores these issues in the light of some of Kornai's recent analysis of developments in Hungary, while also drawing on his very insightful earlier works.

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18

Nowak, Manfred. "The Right of Self-Determination and Protection of Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe in light of the case-law of the Human Rights Committee." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 1, no. 1 (1993): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181193x00077.

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AbstractThe right of self-determination and protection of minorities in Central and Eastern Europe is discussed in the light of the case law of the Human Rights Committee, which shows that many traditional minorities in Central and Eastern Europe are to be qualified as minorities within the meaning of article 27 of the UN Covenant. The author concludes that the UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights still remains the only international treaty guaranteeing protection to minorities and providing measures of international supervision. He argues for a common and internationally binding European agreement providing adequate protection against minority rights violations, be it in the framework of the CSCE, Council of Europe or an enlarged European Communities.

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19

Berg, Andrew, Jeffrey Sachs, Richard E. Baldwin, and John Flemming. "Structural Adjustment and International Trade in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland." Economic Policy 7, no. 14 (April 1992): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1344514.

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20

Webb, David E., and David Kennedy. "The Limits of Integration: Eastern Europe and the European Communities." Common Market Law Review 30, Issue 6 (December 1, 1993): 1095–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola1993060.

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21

Tonelli, Simon James. "Migration and democracy in central and eastern Europe." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 9, no. 3 (August 2003): 483–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900309.

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Amidst the political changes that swept through central and eastern Europe following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the right to migrate was synonymous in the minds of many with the establishment of democracy. Although the political transition of the 1990s was preceded in some countries by a relaxation of their strict exit regimes, these were only minor measures in comparison with the profound changes to the system of population control ushered in by the political transition to democracy. A mosaic of migration patterns (ethnically based migrations, return migration, labour migration, transit migration) gathered pace during the 1990s throughout the vast region of the former Soviet bloc. As conflict and war broke out in different areas, notably in the Caucasus and south-east Europe, these migratory movements were inflated by huge numbers of refugees, asylum-seekers and displaced persons. The newly independent states underpinned their political transition towards democracy, the rule of law and the protection of human rights through membership of the Council of Europe and ratification of international conventions which included important guarantees for the rights and protection of migrants and their families. In May 2004, eight of these countries will join the European Union and after a transitional period become integral parts of the internal labour market with their populations enjoying the full freedom of movement rights of EC law. This article outlines the major migration trends in central and eastern Europe since the extension of democracy across the continent, highlights different aspects of labour migration in the region, including the impact of EU enlargement, and refers to some integration issues. This description is preceded by a series of brief historical, political and legal perspectives.

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22

Albi, Anneli. "“Europe” articles in the constitutions of Central and Eastern European countries." Common Market Law Review 42, Issue 2 (April 1, 2005): 399–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2005003.

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23

Pogany, Istvan. "Constitutional Reform in Central and Eastern Europe: Hungary's Transition to Democracy." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 42, no. 2 (April 1993): 332–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/42.2.332.

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24

Nuzov, Ilya. "Freedom of Symbolic Speech in the Context of Memory Wars in Eastern Europe." Human Rights Law Review 19, no. 2 (June 2019): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngz008.

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Abstract This article addresses the historic evolution and recent proliferation of memory laws that prohibit symbolic speech in Eastern Europe. A phenomenon of the latter part of the twentieth century, these laws traditionally enabled democracies to defend themselves against extreme ideologies by restricting symbols of totalitarian regimes. An analysis of recently adopted laws in Ukraine and Russia, however, demonstrates a shift away from these aims to restrictions on the use of symbolic speech as measures to counteract external security threats and competing historical narratives. In the climate of ‘memory wars’ in Eastern Europe, these laws are increasingly employed for the politics of memory and are likely to be misused for expedient political gains while running afoul of international human rights law, including freedom of expression and other norms embodied in the European Convention on Human Rights. The article concludes that drafting these types of laws narrowly and derogating from freedom of expression obligations in times of emergency might help to ensure their compliance with international law.

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von der Dunk, F. G. "Challenges and Opportunities: The European Communities and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe." Leiden Journal of International Law 3, no. 2 (December 1990): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001515.

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The astonishing sequence of events during the past twelve months which have completely turned Eastern Europe upside down and mark the beginning of a new era of which nobody yet knows the outlines, has turned out to be of crucial importance for the future of the European Communities as well. One of the international fora where this is obvious, is the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. With Soviet President Gorbachov calling for a follow-up Conference this November, American President Bush willing to give Western Europe -read the E.C.- primary responsibility for the economic resurrection and political integration within the West of Eastern Europe; West German Chancellor Kohl totally preoccupied by German unification, British Prime Minister, Thatcher, and French President, Mitterand, unable to give Western Europe the lead, necessary and desired, the European Communites have a unique political opportunity to take some decisive steps towards the proclaimed ultimate goal of a European Union by further tightening the Communities and enforcing their autonomous role, inter alia within the CSCE. At the same time, those steps not only seem legally desirable, but e.g. with respect to that same CSCE, perhaps also necessary for purposes of international law!

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Delupis, Ingrid. "The USSR, Eastern Europe and the development of the Law of the Sea." International Affairs 61, no. 3 (1985): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2618702.

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Constantinides, Aristoteles. "The Involvement of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in Issues of Minority Protection." Leiden Journal of International Law 9, no. 2 (June 1996): 373–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156596000258.

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The close relationship between security and minority protection is more than ever before manifest in today's (eastern) Europe. The adoption of far-reaching substantive commitments in the fields of the OSCE, and its increasing intrusion upon traditionally internal affairs of states, constitutes a positive framework for minority protection. A constructive combination of implementation mechanisms, preventive diplomacy instruments, and dispute-settlement efforts has produced positive results. Primarily concerned with the maintenance of security in Europe, the OSCE involves itself in minority issues, subject to the (dis)advantages of its political character. Despite its inherent weaknesses, the OSCE system has already contributed to the protection of minorities in Eastern Europe in various ways during the political transition in the former communist states, and it is prepared to continue, especially in the absence of other more effective systems.

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28

Stef, Nicolae. "Institutions and corporate financial distress in Central and Eastern Europe." European Journal of Law and Economics 52, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 57–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-021-09702-9.

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29

Boyd, James. "Environmental liability reform and privatization in Central and Eastern Europe." European Journal of Law and Economics 3, no. 1 (March 1996): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00149082.

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30

Campbell, Kurt C., and Thomas G. Weiss. "The Third World in the Wake of Eastern Europe." Washington Quarterly 14, no. 2 (June 1991): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01636609109477682.

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31

Basora, Adrian A. "Central and Eastern Europe: Imperative for Active U.S. Engagement." Washington Quarterly 16, no. 1 (January 1993): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01636609309451438.

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32

Pentassuglia, G. "The EU and the protection of minorities: the case of Eastern Europe." European Journal of International Law 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 3–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/12.1.3.

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33

Kopecký, Petr. "Power to the executive! the changing executive–legislative relations in eastern Europe." Journal of Legislative Studies 10, no. 2-3 (June 21, 2004): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322274.

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34

Brada, Josef C. "Interpreting the Soviet subsididzation of Eastern Europe." International Organization 42, no. 4 (1988): 639–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300034007.

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In trade among the members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), prices of raw materials are lower and those of manufactured goods higher than comparable world prices. Because the Soviet Union is a net exporter of raw materials to, and net importer of manufactures from, the other CMEA countries, it benefits less from CMEA trade than it would from trading with the rest of the world, and the other CMEA members benefit more. This redistribution of the gains from trade is generally seen as a form of subsidization. One explanation of these subsidies is that they represent Soviet payments for political and military benefits provided by East European regimes; another is that the subsidies compensate Eastern Europe for the economic burden imposed by central planning and extensive economic ties to the Soviet Union. I argue that neither of these explanations is consistent with the type of economic and political relations that one would expect of the Soviet and East European regimes. In their place I offer an alternative explanation based on the Heckscher-Ohlin model of comparative advantage. The distribution of CMEA subsidies is shown to reflect the distribution of gains from trade that would arise among any group of economies forming a preferential trading scheme. I also argue that the willingness of members to belong to CMEA, even at the expense of paying subsidies, is that CMEA can be viewed as a club that provides benefits to members while imposing costs that may to some extent be unequal and unpredictable.

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35

Ștefan, George Marian, Vlad Nerău, Daniela Livia Traşcă, Daniela Nicoleta Sahlian, and Liviu Matac. "“Social Trilemma”: Empirical Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 4638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174638.

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This paper’s aim is to analyze the challenges that may arise to the harmonious and inclusive economic development of EU member states from Central and Eastern Europe in the larger context of the European Common Market and the free movement of capital. The theoretical framework on which this paper is based is represented by the thesis of “structural dependence on international capital” and “race to the bottom” competition to attract foreign investment and increase the convergence speed in the catching-up process. We have also tackled the consequences arising from the social cohesion perspective, pointing out that a country cannot have at the same time (1) a high degree of social equity; (2) free movement of capital, amid structural consequences that manifest themselves as a result of this freedom; and, (3) a robust position of foreign companies as a share of value added.

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Fabian, Adrian. "On the Legal Basis of the Lawmaking by Local Self-Governments – an International Overview." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 18, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 955–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/18.3.955-975(2020).

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The lawmaking by the local self-governments is one of the most characteristic of their activities. We can say, that municipal lawmaking is a universal part of the local self-government’s operation. This function is recognized by the Charta of Local Self Governments also. But, when we analized the scope of the lawmaking of the local self-governments in several countries, we will find as many differences, as similarities. This paper’s goal is to present an overview on the lawmaking of local self-governments, from international aspect, to point out those elements in the represented countries, which elements can highlight the main objects, legal meaning and background of local self-government’s lawmaking. The article deals from the point of view of its theme separated Western and Eastern European countries, USA and Canada, as well.

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Ely, John. "Green politics and the revolution in Eastern Europe?" Capitalism Nature Socialism 1, no. 4 (January 1990): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10455759009358404.

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Horne, Cynthia M. "International Legal Rulings on Lustration Policies in Central and Eastern Europe: Rule of Law in Historical Context." Law & Social Inquiry 34, no. 03 (2009): 713–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2009.01162.x.

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The transitional justice literature highlights various trade‐offs involved in the choice and implementation of lustration as a transitional justice measure in Central and Eastern Europe. This article examines how international legal body rulings on lustration laws have interpreted rule‐of‐law versus justice concerns. The European Court of Human Rights and the International Labour Organization have explored possible information problems, due process violations, employment discrimination issues, and bureaucratic loyalty concerns within the context of lustration. Three findings emerge from their legal rulings. First, contrary to popular notions, international legal bodies are not antilustration. The institutions are engaging with questions regarding the fair implementation, not the legality, of lustration laws. Second, the prioritizing of justice concerns during the transition efforts is highlighted as a way to lay a strong democratic foundation. Third, the organizations have emphasized the importance of placing rule of law in historical context, thereby situating post‐Communist societies within other posttotalitarian regime‐building narratives.

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Blay, Sam, and Andreas Zimmermann. "Recent Changes in German Refugee Law: A Critical Assessment." American Journal of International Law 88, no. 2 (April 1994): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2204107.

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Two of the most significant events of the 1980s were the fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent reunification of Germany. Since the beginning of the 1990s, however, the euphoria that greeted these events has given way to concern as Germany adopts measures to deal with the realities of reunification against a background of general political and economic instability in the former Communist states of Eastern and southeastern Europe. Of the many post-reunification problems, the influx of refugees into Germany has predominated.

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Shcherbovich, Andrey A. "Comparative analysis of the legislation in sphere of Internet governance in Central and Eastern Europe." Prawo 327 (June 11, 2019): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.327.21.

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The article deals with a comparative analysis of provisions of national legislation and draft legislation initiatives of the nations of Central and Eastern Europe on regulation of the Internet. Special attention is paid to legislative measures infringing human rights of Internet users. Here we need to stress the importance of international law which could guarantee realization of the human rights of users, as well as integrity of the Internet. Finally, the article suggests the most important provisions of the international rules for these purposes.

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Chiva, Cristina. "Ethnic Minority Rights in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of the Hungarian ‘Status Law’." Government and Opposition 41, no. 3 (2006): 401–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2006.00181.x.

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AbstractThe international controversy concerning the Hungarian ‘status law’ of 2001 attests to the vital importance of ethnic minority rights in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as within an enlarged European Union. The paper examines the unique challenges raised by the law from its initial adoption in June 2001 to its subsequent amendment in June 2003. It looks at the interaction between four principal kinds of actors: Hungary (a kin state legislating support for ethnic co- nationals in neighbouring countries), Romania and Slovakia (home states to sizeable Hungarian ethnic groups), the Hungarian minorities in Romania and Slovakia, and the European institutions that became involved in the dispute as mediators.

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Pogany, I. "International Human Rights Law, Reparatory Justice and the Re-Ordering of Memory in Central and Eastern Europe." Human Rights Law Review 10, no. 3 (August 19, 2010): 397–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngq027.

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Richter, Solveig, and Uwe Halbach. "A dangerous precedent? The political implications of Kosovo's independence on ethnic conflicts in South-Eastern Europe and the CIS." Security and Human Rights 20, no. 3 (2009): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502309789192496.

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AbstractKosovo's declaration of independence on 17 February 2008 has re-ignited debates about the interaction among the fundamental international legal principles of self-determination, sovereignty and territorial integrity. The question of conformity with international law was interrelated to scenarios on the political implications of secession. After more than one year the following article elaborates if the unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo had a precedent-setting impact for long-standing autonomist and secessionist conflicts in South-Eastern Europe and in CIS. The Kosovo-precedent formula had its biggest impact in the secessionist conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, where a powerful external actor Russia, made effective use of the precedent-formula in its coercive diplomacy against Georgia. Generally speaking, in South-Eastern-Europe, the independence of Kosovo had only minor destabilizing effects with the exception of Bosnia and Hercegovina and Macedonia where political entrepreneurs used the opportunity to play the nationalist card and to profit from worst case scenarios of a disintegration of their country.

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Mełgieś, Katarzyna. "CURRENT HEALTH LAW ISSUES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE(LUBLIN, 3 JUNE 2016, CONFERENCE REPORT)." Review of European and Comparative Law 2627, no. 34 (December 31, 2019): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.5077.

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On 3 June 2016 an international conference on Current Health Law Issues in Central and Eastern Europe took place at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. The conference was organised by the Department of Administrative Law at the Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administra-tion under the honorary patronage of the European Association of Health Law (EAHL). The aim of the above-mentioned meeting was to create the platform for exchange of experiences and sharing views by researches and experts from the field of health law from post-communist countries where transformation processes caused many changes in the health system, also in the perspective of their EU memberships. The foreign research centres represented at the conference were the Masaryk University in Brno from the Czech Republic, the National Academy of Management in Kiev and the Legislation Institute of Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine from Ukraine, the University of Ljubljana from Slovenia, and the Kauno Kolegija University of Applied Sciences from Lithuania. Polish speakers and other participants derived, among others, from the Medical University of Lublin, the Jagiel-lonian University, the University of Rzeszów and the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin.

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Grosescu, Raluca. "State Socialist Endeavours for the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to International Crimes: Historical Roots and Current Implications." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d’histoire du droit international 21, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 239–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340109.

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Abstract This article analyses the role of Eastern European socialist governments and legal experts in encoding the non-applicability of statutory limitations to international crimes. It argues that socialist elites put this topic on the agenda of the international community in the 1960s through two interrelated processes. On the one hand, legal scholars cooperated with Western European lawyers in order to enforce the idea that the international crimes codified by the Nuremberg Charter should not be subject to prescription. On the other hand, Eastern European governments proposed and enabled – through their cooperation with African and Asian states – the adoption of the 1968 UN Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, this instrument became an important tool for advancing prosecutions of international crimes committed under dictatorships and violent conflicts, particularly in Central Eastern Europe and Latin America.

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Montaguti, Elisabetta, and Marc Maresceau. "The relations between the European Union and Central and Eastern Europe: A legal Appraisal." Common Market Law Review 32, Issue 6 (December 1, 1995): 1327–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola1995064.

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Bernsand, Niklas. "Returning Chernivtsi to the Cultural Map of Europe: The Meridian Czernowitz International Poetry Festival." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 33, no. 1 (November 20, 2018): 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325418780453.

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This article is part of the special cluster titled Bukovina and Bukovinians after the Second World War: (Re)shaping and (re)thinking a region after genocide and ‘ethnic unmixing’, guest edited by Gaëlle Fisher and Maren Röger. Drawing on tropes, stories, and symbols emanating from lost layers of urban cultural diversity has been an important resource in post-socialist city branding in many cities in Eastern and Central Europe that saw significant ethno-demographic changes in connection with World War II. In Chernivtsi, this is usually framed by narratives emphasizing tolerance, cultural diversity, and Europeanness, notions that are prominent in myths about the city in German-speaking Central Europe. A common strategy here, found in municipal city branding and in commercial efforts to draw on the multiethnic past in restaurants and cafés, is to deemphasize difficult questions about what actually happened to the celebrated cultural diversity and soften or ignore the temporal break. The article analyses how the International Poetry Festival Meridian Czernowitz, that has taken place in Chernivtsi since 2010, works with the city’s culturally diverse past and its literary dimensions, drawing on tropes from both local multiculturalist narratives and on the Bukowina-Mythos popularised by intellectuals from German-speaking countries. Although the festival is not a venue for working through traumas, locating events in symbolically charged places such as the Jewish cemetery and highlighting Holocaust themes in poetry readings opens up for difficult questions where the lost cultural diversity might become something more than only a resource.

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Vadi, Maaja. "Snapshots of the transformation in Central and Eastern Europe." Journal of East European Management Studies 23, no. 4 (2018): 702–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2018-4-702.

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Zielonka, Jan. "Toward A More Effective Policy for Human Rights in Eastern Europe." Washington Quarterly 11, no. 4 (December 1988): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01636608809477511.

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Hoyer, Steny H. "The United States and Eastern Europe in the Next Four Years." Washington Quarterly 12, no. 2 (March 1989): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016366089094777754.

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